英语语言学名词
-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1 现代语言学
一 绪论
1 Linguisitics: 语言学 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language
2 Phonetics: 语音学 The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is
called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants 元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变
3 Phonology: 音韵学The study of how sounds are put together and used in
communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone.
4 Morphology: 形态学The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form
words is called morphology. For example, boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher.
5 Syntax: 句法学 The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form
sentences is called syntax. For example, ”John like linguistics.”
6 Semantics: 语义学The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example:
Phonology
Phonology is the study of sound patterns of language (i.e. how sounds are arranged to form meaningful units) and the
function of each sound.
It reveals what are the possible combinations of sounds in a language and explains why certain words take the form
they do.
Phone音子: the smallest perceptible discreet segment of sound in a stream of speech
i) phonetic unit
ii) not distinctive of meaning
iii) physical as heard or produced
iv) marked with [ ]
Phoneme音位：are abstract mental units that represent sounds
i) phonological unit
ii) distinctive of meaning
iii) abstract, not physical
iv) marked with
Minimal pairs最小对比对: The sounds that cause changes in the changing of a word are
called the “minimal pairs”
Allophones音位变体：phonetic forms that don’t contrast are called allophones, they are the various pronunciations of
术语解释：
Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication.
Linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific and systematic study of language.
Design features（甑别性特征）: Design features refer to the defining properties of
human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
Arbitrariness(任意性): It means that there is no logical connection between
meanings and sounds
Productivity /creativity (创造性）: Language is productive or creative in that it
makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.
Recursiveness(递归性）: according to some linguistic theories , the capacity that
enables the grammar of a language to produce an infinite number of sentences.
Cultural transmission（文化传递性）：It refers to the fact that the details of the
语言学名词
语言学名词是用来描述和研究语言现象和语言结构的专门术语。下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释：
1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语音产生、传播和接收的学科，包括音素的分类、语音能力和语音现象等。
2. 语音：语言中的基本声音单位，通过调节声带、口腔和喉咙等发音器官产生。语音可以被分类为辅音和元音。
3. 辅音（Consonant）：通过喉咙、口腔和鼻腔等部位的阻碍或摩擦，产生的声音单位。
4. 元音（Vowel）：发音器官不受阻碍或摩擦，使空气顺畅通过口腔而产生的声音单位。
5. 语音形式学（Phonology）：研究语音符号在特定语言中的组合和分布规律的学科。
6. 语音规则（Phonological rules）：用来描述声音变化和音系结构的一套规则。
7. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言结构和组织的学科，包括句法、语义和语用等方面。
8. 句法（Syntax）：研究句子结构和成分之间的关系，以及句子的形式和结构组织。
9. 语义（Semantics）：研究词、短语和句子的意义和含义的学科。
10. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在特定语用背景下的使用和理解方式。
11. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究词汇的起源、结构、使用和意义等方面。 12. 词（Word）：语言中的基本意义单位，具有独立的意义和语法功能。
13. 词法（Morphology）：研究词的内部结构、形态变化和构词法的学科。
14. 语素（Morpheme）：语言中的最小意义单位，可以独立存在或者是其他词的构成组成部分。
15. 词义（Word meaning）：词语所表达的概念或事物的内涵。
16. 语篇（Discourse）：由句子和词组组成的扩展语言单位，表达完整的意义。
