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第二章 语音学
一、导读
2.1 语音研究
人类交际包括两种形式：语言交际 (linguistic communication)
和非语言交际(paralinguistic communication)。非语言交际包括手势、表情、眼神或图表等。语言交际包括口语（spoken language）和书面语 (written language)。在多数情况下，人们主要是通过口语进行交际。口语交际的媒介是语音 (speech sounds)，也就是说人们通过声道（vocal track）发出的音来表达意义。这种对语音的研究被叫做语音学 (phonetics)。
口语交际是一个复杂的过程。可以想象，当人们交际时，语音首先被说话者发出，然后，它在空气中被传递并被听话者接收。也就是说，口语交际包括三个基本步骤：语音的发出 → 语音在空气中的传导 → 语音的接收。 根据这三个步骤, 语音研究也自然地分成三个主要研究领域。对第一个步骤的研究是发声语音学(articulatory phonetics)，研究语音的产生。对第二个步骤的研究是声学语音学(acoustic phonetics)，研究语音的物理特征。对第三个步骤的研究是听觉语音学 (auditory phonetics），研究和语音感知有关的内容。
2.2 发音机制
语音是由各种发音器官（speech organ）而产生的。 因此，正确理解语音需要掌握相关的发音系统知识。人体发声器官（见《语言学概论》杨忠 主编，高等教育出版社2002：15）使流出的气流产生各种各样的变化，从而产生不同的音。肺部的气流是发声的原动力。肺部扩大时，空气从外流入，形成吸气音（ingressive sounds）。肺部收缩时，气流流经气管(trachea)、喉头（larynx）、咽腔（pharyngeal
cavity）再经口腔 (oral cavity)或鼻腔 (nasal cavity) 排除，形成呼气音 (egressive sounds)。
(完整word版)Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)
Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学
1. The phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介
Linguists are not interested in all sounds ；they are concerned with
only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs in so far
as they have a role to play in linguistic communication .These sounds are
limited in number .This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in
human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the
phonic medium of language ;and the individual sounds within this range
are the speech sounds.
语言学家也并不是对所有的声音感兴趣，他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音.这些声音在数量上是有限的。这些范围有限,但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的声音媒介，凡是在这个范围的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
2. Phonetics 语音学
2.1 What is phonetics？ 什么是语音学？
Phonetics is defined as the study of
the phonic medium of language;
英语语言学名词
-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1 现代语言学
一 绪论
1 Linguisitics: 语言学 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language
2 Phonetics: 语音学 The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is
called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants 元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变
3 Phonology: 音韵学The study of how sounds are put together and used in
communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone.
4 Morphology: 形态学The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form
words is called morphology. For example, boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher.
5 Syntax: 句法学 The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form
sentences is called syntax. For example, ”John like linguistics.”
6 Semantics: 语义学The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example:
1 Chapter 2：Phonology
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both
Chinese and English.
2 If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and
they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary
distribution.
3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.
5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing
in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of
the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine
called spectrograph.
8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three
