(完整word版)Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)
Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学
1. The phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介
Linguists are not interested in all sounds ；they are concerned with
only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs in so far
as they have a role to play in linguistic communication .These sounds are
limited in number .This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in
human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the
phonic medium of language ;and the individual sounds within this range
are the speech sounds.
语言学家也并不是对所有的声音感兴趣，他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音.这些声音在数量上是有限的。这些范围有限,但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的声音媒介，凡是在这个范围的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
2. Phonetics 语音学
2.1 What is phonetics？ 什么是语音学？
Phonetics is defined as the study of
the phonic medium of language;
英语语言学名词
-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1 现代语言学
一 绪论
1 Linguisitics: 语言学 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language
2 Phonetics: 语音学 The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is
called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants 元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变
3 Phonology: 音韵学The study of how sounds are put together and used in
communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone.
4 Morphology: 形态学The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form
words is called morphology. For example, boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher.
5 Syntax: 句法学 The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form
sentences is called syntax. For example, ”John like linguistics.”
6 Semantics: 语义学The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example:
1 Chapter 2：Phonology
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both
Chinese and English.
2 If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and
they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary
distribution.
3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.
5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing
in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of
the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine
called spectrograph.
8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three
英语语言学.txt 一、语言和语言学
1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language
任意性 arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系
二重性 duality 指语言由两层结构组成
创造性 creativity 指语言可以被创造
移位性 displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点
2、语言的功能（不是很重要）
信息功能 informative
人际功能 interpersonal
施为功能 performative
感情功能 emotive function
寒暄功能 phatic communication
娱乐功能 recreational function
元语言功能 metalingual function
3、语言学主要分支
语音学 phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音
音位学 phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列
形态学 morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则
句法学 syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则
语义学 semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义
语用学 pragmatics 在语境中研究意义
4、宏观语言学 macrolingustics
心理语言学 psycholinguistics 社会语言学 sociolinguistics 人类语言学 anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学 computational linguistics
5 语言学中的重要区别
规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的
描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的
共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言
