职称英语卫生类B级真题2014年

完形填空Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their 1 lungs .Two million people die 2 of it. The disease has 3 increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. Patients have to 4 take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop 5 as soon as they feel better. Doing that can 6 lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how 7 effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients 8 cured.It would also mean 9 fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They10 tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might 11 prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these 12 reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization 13 developed the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make 14 sure they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research 15 into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.A Biological ClockEvery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells __1plants __ when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells __2 insects when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal __3 affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur __4 because of the number of hours of daylight. In the short __5days of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration __6 flight twice each year. Birds __7 prevented from flying become restless when it is time for the trip，__8 but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which __9 parts of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain __10 seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These __11 cells tell a person when to __12 awaken，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr. Moorhead is studying __13 how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours._14 It can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said __15 such understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,：One Good Reason to Let Smallpox LiveIt’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980，when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it — one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?1 In reality, of course, it was naive to_2 imagine that everyone would let_3 go of such a potent potential weapon.1 Undoubtedly several nations still have_4 a few vials._5 And the last “official”stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia,2_6 for no obvious gain.Now American researchers have_7 found an animal model of the human disease, opening the__8 way for tests on new treatments and vaccines.So once again there’s a good reason to_9 keep the virus —just in_10 case the disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_11 deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia?_ 12 Simple Keep the virus_13 under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t14mea n the idea is wrong. If the virus__15 is useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity — not just a part of itDiet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of CancersDiet is second only to1 tobacco as a leading_1 cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease_2 in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to_3.cancer，but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity_4 play a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoided_5 if nobody was obese,”he said.While tobacco is linked to about 30_6 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol_7in about six percent.Obesity raises the_8.risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver. Its dangerous impact is_9 increased when combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK_10 that other elements of diet linked to cancer are_11 still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some_12 answers .Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the the_13 lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while lta1y and Spain have the highest. Eating at_14 least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key , principal scientist on EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers_15 including colorecta1, breast and prostate.Men Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of1 an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look _1 at domestic violence and health among men.“Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don’t hear about it_2 often,”Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle , one of the study's authors ，told Reuters Health. “They often don't tell_3 and we don't ask. We want to get the message out2 to men who_4 do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to_5 them.”The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical_6 abuse, such as threats that made them_7 fear for3 their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go)，and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner_8 violence in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and_9older，with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of_10 domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men_11 experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn’t as harsh as_12 that suffered by women in a previous study；20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of_13 womenMen who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems_14 than those who had not, especially older men, the_15 researchers found.Onec-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill. Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/ ADDS2，for example, are all treated with_1 combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be_2 simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.Now, two companies say they have done that for people just_3 starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have_4 developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market. Bristol-MyersSquibb sells one of them_5 under the name of Sustiva3. Gilead combined the_6 others Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.Combining drugs involves more than_7 technical issues. It also involves issues of competition_8 if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of_9 what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIV.In January the New England Journal of Medicine4 published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its_10 effectiveness to5 that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir_11 contains two drugs, AZT6 and 3TC7. The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with_12 fewer side effects8. Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, Glaxo Smith Kline.Glaxo Smith Kline reacted_13. to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration9 to_14 approve the new pill.There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, 15 pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders10. Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV.ExerciseWhether or not exercise adds_1 to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain_2 amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exercise_3which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should _4 take merits careful consideration. The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports.1 They fatigue to the_5 point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with__6 those of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is_7 of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is a question_8 hard _to answer. Individual variability is_9 too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The safe limit for exercise_10 depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will_11 serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of this heart and general health should be_12 determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The_13 other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should_14 choose depends upon one’s physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities.2 Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate_15 in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.3练习：Old And ActiveIt is well-known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A_1 recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world. A healthy long life is the result of the_2 improvement in social environment1.Scientists are trying to work_3 out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be_4 learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we_5 make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret_6ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly_7 beneficia l to the human body?Another factor_8 contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate. Although longer life should be celebrated, it is__9 actually considered a social problem. The number of older people had_10 double d in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs. The country could soon be_11 facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked_12 after,and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them.13 Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem2. Work can give the elderly a_14 sense of responsibility and mission in life. It’s important that the elderly play active15 roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing _1 them could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a __2 problem of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to 3 treat his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the _4 drug.，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials _5 for.4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly _6 marks appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are _7 printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential _8 side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. 9 Hence，no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will _10 begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，”Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who _11 prescribe the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn’t raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note —and won’t leave home _12 without. it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, _13 which approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider _14 updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where _15 does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.Hospital MistreatmentIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. __1 While |some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East1, _2 where |increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to_3 call in |outsiders to improve local facilities. 4 Thus|the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, _5 including South Korea and Japan.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East,2_6 surprising|it is not 6 that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least_7 twice as much |money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it.3 This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. _8For example the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other_9 for safety and comfort. 10 In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly _11 because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge engineers who prefer to find sollutions _12 to problems rather than do routine work in their home country.One major problem which_13affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents._14In any case, migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the_15 considerable financial benefits which they receive.。

职称英语卫生类B级考试真题及答案2015年职称英语卫生类B级考试真题及答案不少考生开始备考2017职称英语考试啦，店铺整理了职称英语考试历年真题，下面是yjbys网店铺提供给大家关于2015年职称英语卫生类B级考试真题及答案，希望对大家的备考有所帮助。

第1部分：词汇选项(第1〜15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1.It was unfortunate that she had erased the message.A. heard ofB. rubbed outC. looked atD. spoken out2.He was obsessed with American horror movies.A. kept thinking aboutB. took advantage ofC. paid no attention toD. cared nothing about3. The firemen made a spectacular rescue yesterday.A. timelyB. wonderfulC. cleverD. cooperative4. I have earned a lot of money，but that is not the issue.A. goalB. taskC. pointD. key5 He endured unbearable agonies before he finally passed away.A. leftB. diedC. relaxedD. key6 The union called off the strike at the last minute yesterday.A. stagedB. lengthenedC. organizedD. cancelled.7. Oil leaking from a boat or ship may pose a hazard to drinking water.A. odorB. dangerC. diseaseD. smell8. There has been a lot of debate among us about the necessity to save money.A. discussionB. talkC.suggestionsD.ideas9. Your accusation is wholly without foundation.A. almostB. probablypletelyD. evidently10. The woman living next door is extremely slender.A. tallB. weakC.slimD. pale11. He came back home fatigued.A. exhaustedB. scaredC. worriedD. frightened12. She was unwilling to go, but she had no choice.A. readyB. angryC. sorryD. reluctant13. The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in October.A. markB. recordC. carryD. show14. I believe that her account of what happened is very accurate.A. simpleB. vividC. closeD. satisfied15. He based his conclusion on the evidence given by the prisoner.A. offeredB. workedC. madeD. satisfied第2部分：阅读判断(第16〜22题，每题1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的.信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

2014 年职称英语考试综合类 B 级试题及参考答案第1 部分：词汇选项(第1～15 题，每题 1 分，共15 分)下面每个句子中均有 1 个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定 1 个意义最为接近的选项。

1. There was an inclination to treat geography as a less importantsubject.A. pointB. tendencyC. result d. finding2. New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.a. amazingb. depressingc. predictabled. dull3. The committee was asked to render a report on the housingsituation.a. furnishb. copyc. publishd. summarize4. The group does not advocate the use of violence.a. limitb. regulatec. opposed. support5. The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicate.a. reproducedb. inventedc. designedd. reported6. The department deferred the decision for six months.a. put offb. arrived atc. abided byd. protested against7. The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten dayslater.a. easedb. appearedc. improvedd. relieved8. The uniform makes the guards look absurd.a. seriousb. ridiculousc. beautifuld. impressive9. Some of the larger birds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes.a. silentb. motionlessc. seatedd. true10. The country was torn apart by strife.a. povertyb. warc. conflictd. economy11. She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.a. actb. homeworkc. justiced. model12. A person ’s wealth is often ininverse proportion to their happiness.a. equalb. certainc. larged. opposite13. His professional career spanned 16 days.a. startedb. changedc. movedd. lasted14. His stomach felt hollow with fear.a. sincereb. respectfulc. terribled. empty15. This was disaster on a cosmic scale.a. modestb. hugec. commerciald. national参考答案：bdadaabbbcadddb第2 部分：阅读判断(第16 ～22 题，每题 1 分，共7 分)下面的短文后列出了7 个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A; 如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

Public relationsPublic relations is a broad set of planned communications about the company，including publicity releases，designed to promote goodwill and a favorable image.Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm，usually in the form of press releases or press conferences.Since public relations involves communications with stockholders，financial analysts，government officials，and other noncustomer groups，it is usually placed outside the marketing department，perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management.This organizational placement can be a limitation because the public relations department or consultant will likely not be in tune with marketing efforts. Poor communication and no coordination may be the consequences. Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence on the public image，this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components of the public image mix.Publicity may be in the form of news releases that have favorable overtones for the company initiated by the public relations department.Publicity on the other handshould not be divorced from the marketing department，as it can provide a useful adjunct to the regular advertising.Furthermore，not all publicity is initiated by the firm；some can result from an unfavorable press as a reaction to certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial or even downright ill-advised.The point we wish to emphasize is that a firm is deluding itself if it thinks its public relations function，whether within the company or an outside firm，can take care of public image problems and opportunities.Many factors impact on the public image.Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business，such as its product quality，the servicing and handling of complaints，and the tenor of the advertising.Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable newsworthy events，and may even succeed in toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity，but the other components of the public image mix create more lasting impressions.51.A matter B form C system D direction52.A placed B approved C developed D changed53.A desire B quality C limitation D feature54.A images B methods C consequences D conclusions55.A in B for C on D at56.A all B that C waht D which57.Aserious B negative C favorable D unlikely58.A side B part C hand D area59.A produce B connect C involve D provide60.A Yet B Otherwise C Furthermore D Rather61.A make B result C tell D keep62.A activities B actions C performances D relations63.A tradition B contrast C nature D point64.A charge B over C care D note65.A manager B public C department D firm。

职称英语卫生类B级-63(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、第1部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.It is obvious that he will win the game.（分数：1.00）A.likelyB.possibleC.clear √D.strange解析：[解析] obvious意为“显而易见”。

clear意为“清楚”如：It is not clear whether the incident was an accident or deliberate. 还不清楚这一事件是意外的还是故意的。

likely、possible都有“可能”的意思。

strange意为“奇怪”。

2.There is no risk to public health.（分数：1.00）A.pointB.danger √C.chanceD.hope解析：[解析] risk意为“危险”danger也是这个意思。

chance意为“机会”，hope意为“希望”。

3.Did anyone call me when I was out?（分数：1.00）A.inviteC.answerD.phone √解析：[解析] call意为“打电话”，phone也是这个意思。

invite意为“邀请”，answer意为“回答，回电”。

4.It took us a long time to mend the house.（分数：1.00）A.buildB.destroyC.designD.repair √解析：[解析] mend和repair都有“修理”的意思。

Zhang San repaired the roof to ensure the house is windproof. 张三修理了一下房顶，使得房子不进风。

build意为“建设”，destroy意为“破坏”，design 意为“设计”。

5.I don"t quite follow what she is saying.（分数：1.00）A.believeB.understand √C.explainD.accept解析：[解析] follow此处有“理解”的意思。

The Difference between Man and ComputerWhat makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don’t yet account for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about what they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand，don't. In fact，computers don't even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program is to be a model of story understanding ，it should also read for a "purpose".Of course ，people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to find a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.However ，these physiological and social goals give rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find information about the name of a restaurant which serves_ the desired type of food ，how expensive the restaurant is，the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling learning goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer _might"want" to find out the location of a restaurant ，and read a guide in order to do so in the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer，it might well arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.Working MothersCarefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems，compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not ，there are a number of mothers who just have to work.. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot afford see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity. Many mothers are not cut out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home witha much loved infant ，they feel trapped and isolated.There are a number of options when it comes to choosing childcare.These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady across the street. In reality, however ，many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter how good the childcare may be ，some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a perfectly normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months，but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family members . Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in.All children are different. Some are independent ，while others are more attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do the best for your children ，it's not the quantity of time you spend with them，it's the quality that matters.The First BicycleThe history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791，Count de Sivrac delighted onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention ，a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an enlarged version of a children’s toy which had been in _ use_ for many years.Sivrac's "celeriferéhad a wooden frame，made in the _shape of a horse ，which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it ，you sat on a small seat ，just like a modem bicycle ，and pushed hard against the ground_with your legs —there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celeriferéand it had no brakes，but despite these problems the invention very much appealed to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding races up and down the streets.Minor injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst of speed_ . Controlling the machine was difficult ，as the only way to change direction was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and _turn it round while the front wheel was spinning in the air. "Celeriferés" were not popular for long ，however ，as the combination of no springs ，no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so，the wooden celeriferé was the origin of the modem bicycle.1。

第一篇The Making of a Success StoryIKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer,and the man behind it is Ingvar Kamprad,one of the world's most successful entrepreneurs.Born in Sweden in1926,Kamprad was a natural businessman.As a child,he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches,seeds,and pencils in his community.When Kamprad was17,his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades.Naturally he used it to start up a business一IKEA.IKEA's name comes from Kamprad's initials(I.K.)and the place where he grew up('E'and'A').Today IKEA is known for its modern,minimalist furniture1,but it was not a furniture company in the beginning.Rather,IKEA sold all kinds of miscellaneous goods.Kamprad's wares included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices2,including watches, pens and stockings.IKEA first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in1947.The fUrniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near Kamprad's home.Initial sales were veryencouraging,so Kamprad expanded the product line.Furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that IKEA became solely a furniture company in1951.In1953IKEA opened its first showroom in Almhult,Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture iti attractive settings,but in the early1950s,people ordered from catalogues.Thus response to the first showroom was overwhelmiig:people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it.This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive.By1955,IKEA was designing all its own furniture.In1956Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport.Kamprad was inspired.The man had given him a great idea:flat packaging3.Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers. IKEA tried it and sales soared.The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves,but over time,even this grew into an advantage for IKEA.Nowadays,IKEA is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency.This image has done wonders for the company,leading to better sales and continuedexpansion.Today there are over200stores in32countries.Amazingly, Ingvar Kamprad has managed to keep IKEA a privately-held company.In2004he was named the world's richest man.He currently lives in Switzerland and is retied from the day-to-day operations of IKEA.IKEA itself,though,just keeps on growing.31.Kamprad established IKEA withA.his personal savingsB.his father’s reward for his school performancerge profits from selling thingsD.his school’s support32.The author states in Paragraph5that flat packagingA.needs large space to assembly fumitureB.is a business concept inspired by KampradC.helps reduce transportation costsD.makes the company self-sufficient33.According to the passage.which of the following is NOT true？A.IKEA experienced rapid expansion since the late1950sB.IKEA designd its own products since1955C.IKEA sold all kinds of miscellaneous goods originallyD.Kamprad said his company after retirement34.what is the auther’s attitude towards IKEA’s future according toA.indifferentB.DoubtfulC.OptimisticD.Pessimistic35.The passage is developed primarily in terms ofA.analysis of a processB.examples that illustrate a problemanson and contrastD.sequence events答案：BCDCD第二篇Approaches to Understanding IntelligencesIt bays to be smart,but we are not all smart in the same way.You may be a talented musician,but you might not be a goodreader.Each of us is different.Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities.Psychologists have two different views on intelligence.Some believe there is one general intelligence.Others believe there are many different intelligences.Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.They do well on tests using words,numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests,and written or oral tests.Those who do poorly on one test,do the same on all tests.Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence.The brain of intelligence people use less energy during problem solving.The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction.Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of informationprocessing by the brain.Howard Gardner,a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education,has four children.He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test.Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesn’t think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling.He think that the human mind has different intelligences.These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life.Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences.Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.Gardner says that his theory is based on biology.For example,when one part of the Brain is injured,other parts of the brain still work.People who cannot talk because of Brain damage can still sing.So,there is not just one intelligence to lose.Gardner has Identified8different kinds of intelligence;linguistic,mathematical,spatial,musical, Interpersonal,intrapersonal,body-kinesthetic(身体动觉的),and naturalistic.36.What is the main idea of this passage？A.The importance of intelligenceB.The development of intelligence testsC.How to understand intelligenceD.How to become intelligent37.Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence？A.Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence testsB.Intelligent people do not do well on group testsC.Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral testsD.People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests38.Gardner believe thatA.all children are alikeB.children have different intelligencesC.children should take one intelligence testD.there is no general intelligence39.According to Gardner schools shouldA.promote development of all intelligencesB.test student's who do poorly on testsC.train students who do poorly on testsD.focus on finding the most intelligent students40.Gardner thinks that his theory has aA.musical foundationB.intrapersonal foundationC.linguistic foundationD.biological foundation答案：CDBAD第三篇The Workers'Role in ManagementTraditionally，it has been the workers'role to work and management's role to manage.Managers have planned and directed the firm's operations with little thought to consulting the labor force.Managers have rarely felt compelled to obtain the workers'opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees.At most，companies have provided“suggestion boxes”in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures.In recent years，however，many managementspecialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor-they have a vital stake in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore，major company decisions profoundly affect workers and their dependents.This is particularly true of plant closings，which may put thousands on the unemployment lines.Should workers，then play a stronger role in management？Workers should have a role in management.At the very least the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions.（A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions.）Between 1980and1985about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs，often with no warning. At least90days——notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust.Management should consult workers before closing a plant because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial decision making.There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policymaking groups.If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow，they will help to make improvements，their morale will rise，and their productivity will increase.As a further incentive they must be given a share in the company's profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans，bonuses，or rewards for efficiency and productivity.Finally，when a plant can no longer operate at a profit，the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.41.It can be inferred from Paragraph1that managersA.were not qualifiedB.seldom obtain workers opinionC.dislike suggestion workers opinionsD.never consulted the tapor torce42.In recent years，many management specialists have been arguing theyA.should have a say in management of the companyB.are no longer sellers of the productsC.are less affected by company decisions than beforeD.are able to make final decisions for the company43.The word rank-file Paragraph2is closest in meaning toA.seniorB.ordinaryC.intelligentD.capable44.According to the passage，what happened between1980 and1985A.About five million workers were laid off without advance noticeB.Managers consulted workers before closing a plantC.Workers did not make necessary concessionD.Many companies were closed because of strikes45.If not give a voice in managerial decision making，workersA.may lack the incentive to increase their productivityB.cannot get a share in the company’s profitsC.can still get bonuses for efficiency and productivityD.will not have the opportunity to purchase the plant 答案：BABAA。

2014年职称英语考试《卫生类A级》考试真题及答案本站原创| 2015-03-11分享到：一、词汇选项1.This was disaster on a cosmic scale.A.modestmercialC.hugeD.national2.New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.A.amazingB.depressingC.predictableD.dull3.A person’s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness.A.equalB.certainrgeD.opposite4.His professional career spanned 16 years.A.startedB.changedstedD.moved5.The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.A.easedB.improvedC.relievedD.appeared6.The group does not advocate the use of violence.A.limitB.supportC.regulateD.oppose7.She talt that she had done her good deed for the day.A.actB.homeworkC.jusuceD.model8.Some of the larget bieds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes.A.motionlessB.sitentC.seatedD.true9.There was an inclination to treat geography as aless imponant Subject.A.pointB.resuitC.findingD.tendency10.His stomach felt hollw with fear.A.sincereB.respectfulC.emptyD.ternbie11.The committee was asked to rendcr a report on the housing situation.A.copyB.publishC.summarizeD.furnish12.That uniform makes the guards look absurd.A.seriousB.beautifulC.impressiveD.ridiculous13.The department deferred the decision for six months.A.put offB.arrived atC.abided byD.protested against14.The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicated.A.inventedB.reproducedC.designedD.reported15.The country was torn apart by strife.A.conflictB.povertyC.warD.economy答案：CDDCD BAADC DDABA二、阅读判断16、The Feed Me Better campaign targeted a healthier diet at school childrenA RightB WrongC Not mentioned17、Everyone believed the campaign should be succeifulA RightB WrongC Not mentioned18、The ISER is an instuteA RightB WrongC Not mentioned19、The puoils in Gtreewwich said they said they liked the healthier mealsA RightB WrongC Not mentioned20、The nwmber of pupils who asked for sick leave decreasedA RightB WrongC Not mentioned21、The ISEK didnot do a comparative study on the impact of the new dietA RightB WrongC Not mentioned22、The healthier diet has helped school childrecn improue academicallyA RightB WrongC Not mentioned三、概括大意Aromatherapy(芳香疗法)1 Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine which is based on the use of very concentrated essential oils from theflowers,leaves,bark,branches or roots of plants which are considered tohave healing ptoperties.In aromatherapy these powerful oils are mixed with other oils,such as almond(杏仁)oil,or they are diluted(稀释)with water.These solutions(溶液剂)can be rubbed on the skin,sprayed in the air,or applied as a compress(敷药)。

第3部分：概括大意和完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题；（2）第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。

The Storyteller1.Steven Spielberg has always had one goal:to tell as many great stories to as many people as will listen.And that’s what he has always been about.The son of a computer scientist and a pianist,Spielberg spent his early childhood in New Jersey and,later,Arizona.From the very beginning,his fertile imagination filled his young mind with images that would later inspire his filmmaking.2.Even decades later,Spielberg says he has clear memories of his earliest years,which are the origins of some of his biggest hits.He believes that E.T.is the result of the difficult years leading up to his parent’s1966divorce,“It is really about a young boy who was in search of some stability in his life.”“He was scared of just about everything,”recalls his mother,Leah Adler.“When trees brushed againstthe house,he would head into my bed.And that’s just the kind of scary stuff he would put in films like Poltergeist.”3.Spielberg was11when he first got his hands on his dad’s movie camera and began shooting short flicks about flying saucers and World WarΙΙbattles.Spielberg’s talent for scary storytelling enabled him to make friends.On Boy Scout camping trips,when night fell,Spielberg became the center of attention.“Steven would start telling his ghost stories,”says Richard Y.Hoffman Jr.,leader of Troop294,“and everyone would suddenly get quiet so that they could all hear it.”4.Spielberg moved to California with his father and went to high school there,but his grades were so bad that he barely graduated.Both UCLA and USC film schools rejected him,so he entered California State University at Long Beach because it was close to Hollywood.Spielberg was determined to make movies, and he managed to get an unpaid,non-credit internship（实习）in Hollywood.Soon he was given a contract,and he dropped out of college.He never looked back.5.Now,many years later,Spielberg is still tellingstories with as much passion as the kid in the tent.Ask him where he gets his ideas,Spielberg shrugs.“The process for me is mostly intuitive(凭直觉的),”he says.“There are films that I feel I need to make,for a variety of reasons,for personal reasons,for reasons that I want to have fun,that the subject matter is cool,that I think my kids will like it.And sometimes I just think that it will make a lot of money,like the sequel(续集)to Jurassic Park.”23.Paragraph1___F___24.Paragraph2____A_____25.Paragraph3____E_____26.Paragraph4____D_____A.Inspirations for his moviesB.The trouble of making moviesC.A funny manD.Getting into the movie businessE.Telling stories to make friendsF.An aim of life27.Some of Spielberg’s most successful movies came from ____E___28.When Spielberg was a boy,he used to be scared of ____A_____29.Spielberg is very good at_____B____30.Spielberg says he makes movies for____C____A.almost everythingB.telling scary storiesC.a number of reasonsD.making children laughE.his childhood memoriesF.a lot of money。