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一、单选题1.语言成分的借用，最常见、最突出的是（）A、词语的借用B、语音成分的借用C、词缀的借用D、语法结构的借用答案： A2.在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响的语言学流派是（）A、历史比较语言学B、心理语言学C、结构主义语言学D、社会语言学答案： C3.主要解释某个词语所代表事物的概念知识的一类词典是（）A、历史词典B、信息词典C、语言词典D、百科词典答案： D4.语汇是词和语的集这是合，下列关于“语”的表述，正确的一项是（）A、“语”是所有词组的集合B、“语”的意义是若干词的意义的加合C、“语”是可以拆分的语言片段D、“语”包括“固定词组”和“熟语”答案： D5.下列各项中，语义结构属于复合述谓结构的一项是（）A、这样做不值得B、他跑过去开门C、我们单位需要增加编制D、他们正在研究如何筹集资金答案： B6.从现有文字史的资料来看，最早出现的字符大多是（）A、记号B、笔画C、音符D、意符答案： D二、 判断题7.下列成对的词语中，属于相对反义词的一组是（ ）A 、成功—失败B 、合法—非法C 、本地—外地D 、勤劳—懒惰答案： D8.句子语调的高低升降变化表现最为明显的是（ ）A 、句首部分B 、句中部分C 、句终部分D 、句首和句终部分答案： C1.音强是指声音的强弱，它决定于振动所产生的基本频率。
A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误2.语言符号具有线条性的特征，意味着语言符号的组合，按照时间的顺序依次组合。
A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误3.心理现实是存在于客观现实与语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。
A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确4.语文学时期的语言研究，通过自觉地探索语言自身的规律来为古典文献的解读服务。
A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误5.语言学所研究的“语言”是指具体的话语。
A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误6.文字是人类社会信息传递的第一性的、最基本的手段。
语言学概论》期末考试复习题及参考答案语言学概论复题一、单项选择题1.音高取决于什么？A.发音体振动的振幅B.发音体振动的频率C.发音体振动的持续时间D.共鸣器的形状2.北京话“慢”单念时读[man]，但“慢慢儿”却有人读做[maimar]，前一音节的语流音变现象是什么？A.同化B.异化C.弱儿D.增音3.英语“worker”中的“-er”是什么？A.构词语素B.构形语素C.虚词语素D.词根语素4.下列汉语词语中的“儿”不属于词根语素（实义语素）的是什么？A.健儿B.女儿C.少儿D.花儿5.“吓唬”和“恐吓”在非理性意义上的主要差别是什么？A.语气意义不同B.感情色彩不同C.语体色彩不同D.形象色彩不同6.“XXX说服了XXX”中“XXX”是行为的施事，“XXX”是行为的受事，这种意义是什么？A.语汇意义B.语法意义C.语境意义D.蕴含意义7.语言成分的借用，最常见、最突出的是什么？A.词语的借用B.语音成分的借用C.词缀的借用D.语法结构的借用8.下列几种类型的社会方言中，具有排他性的是什么？A.行话B.黑话C.官腔D.贵族语言9.下列辅音音素都是XXX的一组是什么？A.[d。
l]B.[b。
k]C.[p。
n]D.[t。
v]10.从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是什么？A.音位B.音素C.音节D.音渡11.英语“students”中的“-s”是什么？A.虚词语素B.词根语素C.构形语素D.构词语素12.下列现象中不属于词法手段的是什么？A.虚词B.重叠C.轻重音D.词形变化13.下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是什么？A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.铁路民航/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究14.下列成对的词语中，属于相对反义词的一组是什么？A.成功—失败B.合法—非法C.本地—外地D.勤劳—懒惰15.造成“北京人多”一句歧义的主要原因是什么？A.一词多义B.不同的句法结构关系C.不同的语义结构关系D.不同的层次构造16.下列关于语言起源的表述中，正确的一项是什么？A.语言产生于人类对外界各种声音的摹仿B.语言产生于人们的相互约定C.语言是人类有意识地在短时间内创造出来的D.语言是人类在长期进化发展过程中创造出来的17.在儿童学会说话的过程中，“双词阶段”标志着儿童已经具备了语法能力，能够组合两个词来表达意思。
语言学纲要试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它主要研究语言的哪些方面？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 所有选项答案：D2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 社会语言学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音节B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C二、填空题4. 语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基认为，人类语言能力的基础是____。
答案：普遍语法5. 语言的三种基本功能包括表达功能、指称功能和____。
答案：交际功能6. 语言的两种主要类型是______和______。
答案：口语、书面语三、简答题7. 简述语言和言语的区别。
答案：语言是指一个社会群体共同使用的语言系统，它包括语音、语法、词汇等规则；言语则是个人使用语言进行交流的行为，它具有创造性和多样性。
8. 描述语言的任意性特征。
答案：语言的任意性指的是语言符号的音义关系是任意的，即符号的音形和它所代表的意义之间没有必然的联系，这种关系是由社会约定俗成的。
四、论述题9. 论述语言的演变过程。
答案：语言的演变是一个复杂的过程，它受到多种因素的影响，如社会变迁、文化交流、技术进步等。
语言演变可以分为语音演变、词汇演变、语法演变等方面。
随着时间的推移，语言会不断吸收新词汇，淘汰旧词汇，语音和语法结构也会发生变化，以适应社会和文化的需要。
五、翻译题10. 将以下句子从英语翻译成中文。
"Language is a tool for communication, but it is also a mirror of culture."答案：语言是一种交流工具，但它也是文化的镜子。
六、案例分析题11. 分析以下句子的语用含义。
“你今天真漂亮。
”答案：这句话可能在多种情境下使用，其语用含义可能包括赞美、恭维、讽刺等。
具体含义取决于说话人的语气、表情、语境以及与听话者的关系。
七、综合应用题12. 根据所学语言学知识，设计一个简单的语言学习计划。
语言学复习试题及参考答案I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1)1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness2. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language3. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying〞a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar4. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features5. The morpheme “vision〞in the common word “television〞is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic7. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.〞This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism10. “Alive〞and “dead〞are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above11. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context12. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act13. Language change is ______________.A. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematicB. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universalC. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematicD. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous14. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word “knight〞were pronounced, but in modern English, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is known as ________. A. sound addition B. sound lossC. sound shiftD. sound movement15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes16. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of _________.A. human brainB. human vocal cordsC. human memoryD. human18. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _________.A. the neuronsB. nerve pathwaysC. cerebral cortexD. sensory organs19. The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of ____ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.A. culturalB. grammaticalC. behaviorD. pragmatic20. According to the _______, the acquisition of a second language involves, and is dependent on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community.A. acculturation viewB. mentalist viewC. behaviourist viewD. conceptualist view得分21. People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.22. In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stopsand the voiceless unaspirated stops occur in the same phonemic context or environment.23. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.24. Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.25. The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.26. Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives〞and“performatives〞.27. Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to thesame Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.28. In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :He don’t know nothing.He don’t like n obody.He ain’t got none.29. The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.30.During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.III. Define Six of thefollowing ten terms, illustrate them if necessary (6 x 5).31. allomorph32. bound morpheme33. semantics34. reference35. synonymy,36. predication analysis,37. critical period hypothesis38. linguistic competence39. bilingualism4olinguisticsIV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary ( 4x10 ):1. How do you understand that language is arbitrary?2. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?3. Draw a tree diagram for the following statements:1 ) The people live a peaceful life in the countryside.2) He knows that I will come the day after tomorrow.4. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.参考答案及评分标准I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1) 每题一分1.D2.C3.D4.C5.D6. C7. A8. C9. B 10.C11D 12.C 13.A 14.B 15. C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.AII. True or False (10x1) 每题一分21.T 22.F 23.T 24.F 25.F 26.F 27.T 28.T 29.T 30.TIII. Define the following terms, illustrate them if necessary (5x6). 每题五分，能够举例不举例说明的扣二分。
福师1203考试批次《语言学概论》复习题及参照答案一一名词解释（20分）1词汇：一种语言中所有词和成语等固定用语旳总汇。
也指某作品或某一作家用语旳总汇。
可分为基本词汇和一般词汇两大部分。
2符号：人们用来指代某种事物旳标识3语法范围：几种互相对立而性质类似旳语法意义聚合在一起，形成一种更为概括旳类，就是语法范围。
二简答（45分）1地区方言旳形成有哪些原因？请简要阐明。
参照知识点：地区方言参看教材P2452词语旳搭配要受到哪些语义条件旳限制？参照知识点：词义旳组合参看教材P1013语言与思维旳关系？请简要阐明。
参照知识点：语言与思维参看教材P184语言与文化旳关系？参照知识点：语言与文化旳关系参看教材P385请简要阐明语法旳特性有哪些？参照知识点：语法旳特性参看教材P106—1086请简要阐明词义旳概括性表目前哪三个方面？参照知识点：词义旳特点参看教材P90—93三论述（35分）1怎样辩证地看待语言符号任意性旳特点，试举例论述。
参照知识点：语言符号旳特点参看教材P45—502请举例阐明语言发展旳原因。
参照知识点：语言发展旳原因参看教材P239—2433请举例阐明汉语语音审美形态重要表目前哪些方面？参照知识点：汉语语音审美形态参看教材P82—86语言学概论一、名词解释1．历时语言学。
专语语言学从纵旳方面，研究语言发展旳历史，观测其演变轨迹，例如汉语史、英语史等。
由于它从一种较长旳时段研究语言，研究语言旳发展动态，因此又叫历时语言学。
2．语言。
语言是人类最重要旳交际工具，同步也是思维工具。
3．符号。
符号，就是指代某种事物旳标识，记号，它是由一种社会旳全体组员共同约定用来表达某种意义旳标识和记号。
4．语言旳二层性。
第一，语言旳构造二层性指语言是由音位层和由音义结合旳符号序列层构成旳装置。
第二，语言旳底层是一套音位，语言旳上层是音义结合旳符号和符号旳序列，这一层又分语素、词、句子三级。
第三，语言构造二层性旳关键是以少驭多。
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章)Chapter I1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts andchecked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies thebasic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations ofthe sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is calledmorphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies themorphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not inisolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the writtenlanguage.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by Saussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.is one of the design features of human language which refers to the pheno n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguisticof the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, becauseA. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparativetook a (n) view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a __point of view. A. sociological…psychological B. psychological…sociologicalC. applied… pragmaticD. semantic and linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, __ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between __ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called__,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through __, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics46. Language 47. Phonetics 48Morphology 51. Applied Linguistics 53 Productivity 54. Displacement 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 ParoleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance ?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?III. 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or systematic)III. 3l.CIV. 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. : The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have tofollow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.V 61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail. First of all, language is a system, becauseelements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrarybecause there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they areassociated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocalbecause the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirelyarbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for languageto have an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is productiveor creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. Theycan send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and Duality The duality nature of language means that language is a system, whichconsists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it. 4) Displacement Displacement means that language can be used to refer to thingswhichare present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. 5) Cultural transmission Human beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics isdescriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studiesand describes the data in an objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and adiachranic study? The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular pointin time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, notthe written? First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? The distinctionbetween langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance? American linguist N.Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the r ules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may havemistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences? Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? Language is arbitraryin nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第二章)Chapter 2：PhonologyI. 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both ChineseandEnglish.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and theydistinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called . English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue inthe mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels,semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into differentcategories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting onesound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of twoor more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22. A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speechsounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, , they are allb_______ sounds.24. Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other.25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms ofp____ of articulation.26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speechsound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27. S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s____ rules.29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broadtranscription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31. P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular languageand how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33. T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of thevocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]>34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress:word stress and s_________ stressIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.35. Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C.tongue D. vocal cords36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A.voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal37. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feat ure of asequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B.same C. exactly alike D. similar39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and theycan distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40. The sound /f/ is _________________. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voicedalveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C.suprasegmental features D. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C.allophone D. phoneme44. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the ____ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C.phonemes D. allophones <![endif]>IV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 48. international phonetic alphabet 49.intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53.phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?I. 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. 21. Aspiration 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place 26. stop 27.Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. Phonology 32.oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:IV. : Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctivevalue. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally acceptedsystem of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.51. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it isconcerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages52. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. Itstudies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.53. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. Itstudies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.54. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking alanguage. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.55. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.56. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords.57. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. 58. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing? 1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. 2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.59. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position ofthe tongue in the mouth. 2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. 3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels. 4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.60. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics? They differ intheir approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the。
普通语言学复习题与答案普通语言学复习题与答案语言学是一门研究语言的科学，它探究语言的结构、语言的演化、语言的使用等方面。
对于学习语言学的学生来说，复习是必不可少的一部分。
下面将为大家提供一些普通语言学的复习题及答案，希望能够帮助大家巩固知识。
1. 什么是语言的层次结构？答：语言的层次结构是指语言的不同层次之间的关系。
一般来说，语言可以分为音位、词汇、句法和语义四个层次。
音位层次是语言的最基本单位，是由不同的音素组成的。
词汇层次是由不同的词汇组成的，词汇是语言的基本单位，是表达意义的最小单位。
句法层次是由不同的句子组成的，句法研究句子的结构和组织。
语义层次是研究语言的意义，包括词义、句义和篇章意义等。
2. 什么是语音学？答：语音学是研究语言的音位层次的学科。
它主要关注语言中的音素、音节、音变等问题。
语音学研究的内容包括语音的产生、传播、接收和认知等方面。
在语音学中，还有一些基本概念需要了解，比如元音、辅音、音节结构等。
3. 什么是语义学？答：语义学是研究语言的语义层次的学科。
它主要关注语言中的词义、句义和篇章意义等问题。
语义学研究的内容包括词义的构成和变化、句义的逻辑结构和推理、篇章意义的组织和表达等。
在语义学中，还有一些基本概念需要了解，比如词义的多义性和歧义性、句义的合成和推理等。
4. 什么是语法？答：语法是研究语言的句法层次的学科。
它主要关注语言中的句子结构和句子的组织规律。
语法研究的内容包括句子的成分和句子的结构、句子的语序和句子的语法关系等。
在语法中，还有一些基本概念需要了解，比如句子的主谓宾结构、句子的修饰成分等。
5. 什么是语用学？答：语用学是研究语言的使用层次的学科。
它主要关注语言在交际中的使用和理解。
语用学研究的内容包括语言的言外之意、语言的意图和目的、语言的交际规则等。
在语用学中，还有一些基本概念需要了解，比如言外之意的推理、语言的指称和指代等。
以上是一些普通语言学的复习题及答案，希望能够帮助大家复习语言学知识。
《语言学概论》课程复习资料一、单项选择题：1.抽象思维的能力和灵活的发音能力相结合，表现为 [ ]A.聪明的才智B.潜在的能力C.人类的语言能力D.超级智慧2.语言是一种 [ ]A.自然现象B.个人现象C.社会现象D.正常现象3.语法的组合规则包括 [ ]A.词法和句法B.构词法和语法范畴C.句法和形态D.内部屈折和词序4.在语言学中，“pidgin”这个单词是指 [ ]A.鸽子B.洋泾浜C.商业D.外来语5.英语的 beer,汉语译为“啤酒”，这种类型的外来词叫做 [ ]A.音译B.意译C.音译加意译D.仿译6.把现代汉语第三人称代词写成“他”、“她”。
[ ]A.表示性的范畴B.表示格的范畴C.并不是表示性的范畴D.表示体的范畴7.汉藏语系诸语言表示语法关系多用( )，这是它们在结构类型上的共同特点之一。
[ ]A.声调B.重音C.词序和虚词D.词的形态变化8.现代汉语的“葡”和“玻” [ ]A.两个都是词B.两个都不是词C.前一个是词，后一个不是词D.后一个是词，前一个不是词9.藏语、维吾尔语、法语三种语言所属的语法结构类型按次序是 [ ]A.粘着语—屈折语—孤立语B.孤立语—粘着语—屈折语C.孤立语—屈折语—粘着语D.屈折语—孤立语—粘着语10.[p‘]、[t‘]、[k‘]三个音素的区别是( )不同。
[ ]A.发音方法B.清浊C.发音部位D.送气与否11.英语的重音是一种 [ ]A.音质音位B.非音质音位C.时位D.音位变体12.“雪花”和“花钱”的两个“花”的关系是 [ ]A.一词多义B.同音词C.同义词D.反义词13.词和句子都是 [ ]A.符号B.顺序C.符号的序列D.音标14.在社会变动较大或政治斗争激烈时，语言各构成要素中变化最大的是 [ ]A.语音B.词汇C.语法D.词义15.英语里的 football,汉语译为“足球”，这种类型的外来词叫做 [ ]A.音译词B.借词C.仿译词D.音译加意译16.词干 [ ]A.就是词根B.不是词根，但只能由词根构成C.可以由词根和词缀构成，不包括词尾D.由词根、词尾、词缀构成17.语言本身的性质和特点表现为 [ ]A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具B.语言是符号系统C.语言是思维工具D.语言是一种特殊的社会现象18.元音和辅音最本质的区别是 [ ]A.声带是否振动B.是否均衡紧张C.时间延续久暂D.气流是否受阻19.“拿一把锁把门锁上。
一、名词解释语言：从功能上看，语言是人类最重要的交际工具；从本质特征上看，语言是一套音义结合的符号系统；从社会特征上看，语言是一种特殊的社会现象。
言语：指人们掌握和使用语言的活动。
具有交流功能、符号功能、概括功能。
（即个人说话行为的结果，包括说话这个动作，说出来或写出来的话）语言学：以语言为研究对象，探求语言的本质和规律的一门独立的科学。
专语语言学：以某种具体语言为研究对象的语言学。
分为：共时语言学：以某一种具体语言为研究对象，从一个横断面去描写研究语言在某一个历史时期的状态。
历史语言学：以某一种具体语言为研究对象，研究语言在发展过程中的变化及其规律。
普通语言学：又叫“理论语言学”或“一般语言学”，是以人类一般语言为研究对象，研究探讨人类语言的性质、结构特征和共同的发展规律等，是语言学重要的理论部分。
组合关系：符号与符号组合起来的关系，包括语法结构关系和语义结构关系。
聚合关系：在语言链条的某一环节上能够相互替换的符号具有某种相同的作用，它们自然聚集成群，它们彼此之间的关系就叫做聚合关系。
语言符号的线条性：语言符号只能一个跟着一个依次出现，在时间的线条上绵延，不能在空间的面上铺开。
国际音标：是国际语音协会于1888年制定并开始使用的，其制定原则是：一个音素只用一个音标表示，一个音标只表示一个音素，音素和标写符号一一对应，不会出现混淆或两可的现象，有严式标音和宽式标音之分。
音位：在一种语言中具有对立关系的音素就是音位，它是具体语言中有区别意义作用的最小语音单位。
音质音位：以音素为材料构成的音位。
又称音段音位。
非音质音位：由音高、音重、音长构成的音位。
又称超音段音位。
音位变体：同属一个音位的几个音素，被看作是同一个音位在不同位置的代表，是同一个音位的不同的变异形式，它们被称为音位变体。
区别特征：具体语言中有区别音位作用的发音特征。
音位的双向聚合：是音位系统的主流，平行、对称是其重要的特点。
语流音变：是音位在和其他音位组合的时候，由于受说话时快慢、高低、强弱的不同和邻音的影响，可能发生不同的临时性的变化，这种变化就叫做语流音变。
语言学概论（八）期末考试复习题及参考答案一、单选题1.（2分）语言符号的任意性是指A.语言符号可以任意使用和创造B.绝大多数语言符号的能指和所指之间没有必然的理据关系C,可以任意使用语言符号绐事物命名D∙语言符号的能指和所指可以任意改变参考答案：B2.（2分）下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的•组是A.image1..pngB.image2.pngC.image3.pngD.Image4.png参考答案：B3.（2分）“汽车”和“轿车”是A.上下位词B.同义词C.等义词D.近义词参考答案，A4.（2分）下列几种社会方言中，具有排他性的一项是A.阶级习惯语B.行话C隐语D.学生腔参考答案：C5.（2分）下列关于亲属语言的表述中，不正确的项是A亲属语言是社会完全分化的产物B∙亲属语言之间具有历史同源关系C.语言亲属关系有亲疏远近的分别D.亲属语言间不存在语音对应关系参考答案：D6..（2分）“老郎鼓励我考大学”是A.生谓诃组B.兼语词组C.连动词组D.复句词组参考答案，B7.12分）目前己知的最古老的拼音文字是一A.古埃及文字8.占希腊文字C腓尼基文字D∙中国的甲骨文参考答案：C9.（2分）划分词类的最本质的标准是A.分布标准8.意义标准C.形态标准D逻辑标准参考答案，A9.（2分）外语学习中的后期阶段被称为A.中介语阶段B.目标语阶段C低平期D高原期参考答案I D10.（2分）英语“students"中的"∙s"是.A.虚词语素B∙词根语素C.构形语素D.构词语素参考答案：C11.（2分）认为“思维和语言各自发展,二者没仃关系”的学者不包括A.古希腊哲学家柏拉图B.法国哲学家迪卡尔C.英国哲学家座布斯D.苏联语言学家马尔参考答案：D12.（2分）以卜.不属于语言学的三大发源地的是A.中国B.埃及C.印度D希腊•罗马参考答案，B13.（2分）下列语言学流派中桀中研究语言本体的流派是A.功能语言学B∙社会语言学C认知语言学D.结构语言学春考答案：D14.（2分）下面词组中,结构类型与其他各组不同的•组是A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.民航大厦/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究辨考答案：C15.（2分）关于语言获得的原因，卜列学说中偏重于内部条件解择的一项是A.天赋说B.摹仿说C强化说D剌激反应说参考答案；A16.（2分）传统上把汉字的单纯字符称为A偏旁B笔画C记号D.独体字参考答案，D17.（2分）北京话“面”单念时读作但“面包”却读作［mi?mpau）,这种语流音变现象是A溺化B.增音C同化D.异化春考答案：C18.（2分）汉语中的词类（词的语法分类）可以首先分出的两个大类是一A.基本词和非基本词B.实诃和虚词C.典型词和兼类词D.体词和谓词参考答案：B19.（2分）目前对于语言和思维的关系，比较一致的观点是A.有什么样的思维，就有什么样的语言B∙有什么样的语言，就有什么样的思维C思维对语言有•定影响，但更重要的是语言决定思维D.语言对思维有一定影响,但更重要的是思维决定语言参考答案，D20.（2分）听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是A.音素B.国i音C音位D.音节参考答案：D21.（2分）首先提出“能指”和“所指”这对概念的语言学家是A洪堡特B.索绪尔D.萨丕尔分考答案：B22.（2分）判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考A.相互理解程度B.语言结构的差异程度C.共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D∙地域临近程度参考答案，C23.（2分）语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在丁语言符号的A.任意性B.强制性C离散性D.系统性参考答案：A24.（2分）下列各项中，谓词和变元之间属于动作与结果关系的是A.写黑板B.打篮球C.织毛衣D.寄包裹参考答案，C25.（2分）从词的构造类型上看，汉语“动人”一词属于A.单纯词B.复合词D.简缩词参考答案：B26.（2分）语法的演变之所以比语汇缓慢，是因为A语法规则比较简单B.语法规则数量较少C.语法规则具有强制性D∙语法规则具有抽象性参考答案IC27.（2分）构形语素属于A.虚词语素B.词根语素C.自由语素D.黏若语素参考答案：D28.（2分）下列各组中,三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是A.席卷耳鸣地震B.打倒切断推翻C发光散热出气D.天地欢乐爱好弁考答案：A29.（2分）在语言谱系分类的层级体系中,域大的类别是一A.语族B.语支C.语系D∙语群参考答案，C30.（2分）从语音的社公功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是A.音位B.音素C.音节D.各渡参考答案：B31.（2分）人类语言和动物的交际方式A.完全一致B.有根本区别C有•定的差别D∙基本一样参考答案：B32.（2分）“我知道你很聪明。
I. Choose the best answer.1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human__________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal3. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole4. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics5. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics6. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice7. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme8. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones9. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as__________.A. glottisB. vocalcavity C. pharynx D. uvula10. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering11. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones12. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above13. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p] 14. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B.[ u ] C. [e] D. [ i ]15. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant16. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words17. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational 18. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six 19. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems20. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectionalaffix C. infix D. back-formation21. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition22. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending 23. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy24. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement25. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph26. The sentence structure is ________.A. onlylinear B. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical27. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite28. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational29. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical30. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator31. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional32. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings ofwordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.33. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome34. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate35. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex36. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth37. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes38. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis39. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above40. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense41. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy42. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms43. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context44. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning ofa sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual45. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive46. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century47. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the changebrought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act48._____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internalstructure of words and the rules by which words are form ed.49.A. Syntax B. Grammar C. Morphology D. Mo rpheme50._____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. Phonemes D. Sentences51.“-s” in the word “books” is_______.52.A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root53. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ___affix ____ and __bound root________.54. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact thatnoun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. 55. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy56. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic features57. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context58. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning ofa sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual59. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utterin the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive60. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to completesentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.65. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century66. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act67. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existingstate of affairs68. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about69. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle70. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures71. The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is __________..A. FirthB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Chomsky72. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of __________.A. functionB. meaningC.signs D. system73. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is __________.A. BoasB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Harris74. Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.A. SlotB. ClassC. RoleD. Cohesion75. __________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.A. TraditionalB. StructuralC. FunctionalD. Generative76. __________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.A. StratificationalB. CaseC. RelationalD. Montague77. In Halliday’s view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.A. personalB. heuristicC. imaginativeD. informative 78. The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane” is__________.A. On itB. stoodC. On it stoodD. Jane79. Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.A. empiricismB. behaviorismC. relationalismD. mentalism80. TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixII. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. linguistics2. competenceCompetence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious.A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.3. Synchronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.4. Sound assimilationSound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.5. AllomorphAllomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.6. phonology7. SyntaxSyntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.8. referential theory9. PerformativePerformative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as Watch out (= a warning).10. Locutionary actLocutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood.11. phonetics12. Complementary distributionComplementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.13. displacement14. sociolinguisticssociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the study of language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.15 Phoneme20 assimilation21 synonymy22 semanticsIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. T2. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T3. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. F4. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. F5. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. F6. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. F7. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase,verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.F8. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. T9. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. F10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. T11. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F12. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T13. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. T14. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. T15. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. F16. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, butcontext-dependent.F17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences F18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. F19.Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. T20. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.F21. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. F22. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. F23. Only human beings are able to communicate. F24. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. FIV. Fill in the blanks.1. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __verbal _communication.2. Saussure put forward two important concepts. ___ _______refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.3. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is metalingual function .4. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _diachronic linguistic__. ___ study.5. Consonant sounds can be either ___voiced. ______ or __ voiceless _ ___, while all vowel sounds are voiced.6. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __ friction ___.7. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __tongue ________ and the lips.8.In English there are a number of _diphthongs ___, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.9. Phonemes is the smallest linguistic unit.10. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __ air stream __ coming from the lungs.11. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _ vocabulary .12. All words may be said to contain a root ___morpheme _.13. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _morpheme level.14. A word formed by derivation is called a _derivative _ __, and a word formed by compounding is called a ___compound _ .15. A ___simple __ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16.A__subject __ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentencethat usually precedes the predicate.17. A __complex _ __ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.18. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an _ embedded _ clause.19. Major lexical categories are __open _ __ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.20. The theory of _ _Case ____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.21. __Semantics ___ can be defined as the study of meaning.22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __ direct____ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.23.Reference ___ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.24. Words that are close in meaning are called __ synonyms__.25. When two words are identical in sound, but differentin spelling and meaning, they are called homophones .26. The Prague School practiced a special style of __ synchronic ________ Linguistics.27. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between __ phonetics ________ and phonology.28. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was ___J. R. Firth _______. 29. Halliday’s Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, and the theory behind his Functional Grammar is __ systemic ________.30. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) __sociologically________ oriented functional linguistic approach.31. Structuralism is based on the assumption thatgrammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of ___distribution _______.32. In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as __Bloomfieldian ________ Age.33. ___Descriptivism _______ in language theories is characteristic of America.34. The starting point of Chomsky’s TG grammar is his ___ innateness _______ hypothesis.35. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a ___hypothesis-maker _______, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.V. Give the description of the following consonants and vowels in English[p] [b] [s] [z] [d] [k] [l] [t] [m] [h] [g] [j][u:] [ e ] [ ə: ] [ i: ] [ɔ: ] [æ] [ɜ: ] [ɑ: ]VI.Draw a tree diagram of the following sentences.1.The boy ate the apple.2.Mother gave a doll to my sister.3.Mother gave my sister a doll4.I read a interesting book.VII.Answer the following questions.1.The following conversational fragments is to some degree odd.To what extent can the oddness be explained by reference to Grice’s CP and what extent can the oddness be explained by reference to Grice’s CP and maxims?A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.Yes, B is cooperative. On the face of it, B’s statement is not an answer to A’s question. B doesn’t say “when.” However, A will immediately interpret the statement as meaning “I don’t know” or “I am not sure.” Just assume that B is being “relevant” and “informative.” Given that B’s answer contains relevant information, A can work out that “an accident further up the road” conventionally involves “traffic jam,” and “traffic jam” preludes “bus coming.” Thus, B’s answer is not simply a statement of “when the bus comes”; it contains an implicat ure concerning “when the bus comes.”2.Explain the following remarks with examples or make somecomments. “Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with meaning, but the difference between them can be traced to two different uses of the verb mean: (a) What does X mean?(b) What did you mean by X?”Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used. Pragmatics includes the study of(1) How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world;(2) How speakers use and understand speech acts;(3) How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the hearer.Pragmatics is sometimes contrasted with semantics, which deals with meaning without reference to the users and communicative functions of sentences.3.Can you make a brief introduction to some important schoolsand their influential representatives in modern linguistics?4.How many types of morphemes are there in the Englishlanguage? What are they?5.What are endocentric construction and exocentricconstruction?An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.如有侵权请联系告知删除，感谢你们的配合！。
