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“容错—找错—辨错—拨错—改错”【摘要】容错—找错—辨错—拨错—改错，是一个在技术和社会领域中十分重要的概念。
文章首先介绍了容错的概念及其重要性，随后通过对容错技术的发展历程、找错的重要性、辨错的方法和策略、拨错实践案例分析以及改错的实施步骤的探讨，深入探讨了该概念在实际中的应用。
结合对容错技术的未来展望、容错对社会的影响及总结部分的总结，文章对容错—找错—辨错—拨错—改错的整个流程和对社会的重要性做出了全面的分析。
通过本文，读者可以深入了解容错技术的重要性以及其在各个领域中的应用，为提高工作效率和减少错误的发生提供了重要的参考。
【关键词】容错、找错、辨错、拨错、改错、引言、正文、结论、概念、重要性、发展历程、方法、策略、实践案例、实施步骤、未来展望、社会影响、总结。
1. 引言1.1 容错的概念容错是指系统或软件在面临错误或异常情况时能够维持良好的性能和稳定性，在不影响整体功能的情况下对错误进行处理或纠正的能力。
容错的概念源自计算机科学领域，是为了提高系统的可靠性和稳定性而提出的一个重要技术原则。
在现代计算机和信息技术的应用中，容错技术被广泛应用于各种系统和软件中，以确保系统可以在面对各种意外情况时继续正常运行。
容错技术的主要目标是保证系统在出现错误或异常情况时能够自动进行错误检测、定位和恢复，以避免错误传播和对系统造成严重影响。
通过引入容错机制，系统可以在出现错误时及时进行处理，提高系统的可靠性和稳定性，保证系统能够持续正常运行并提供稳定的服务。
容错技术的发展可以有效减少系统故障带来的损失，提高系统的效率和性能，为用户提供更加可靠和稳定的服务。
在当今信息化时代，容错技术已经成为各种系统和软件设计中必不可少的一环，对提高系统的可靠性和稳定性具有重要意义。
1.2 为什么容错十分重要容错在现代社会中起着非常重要的作用，尤其在技术领域中更是不可或缺的一项技术。
为什么容错十分重要呢？随着科技的不断发展和应用，各种系统和软件变得越来越复杂，而在这个复杂的环境中，错误是不可避免的。
语文测试题句子分析与改错题及答案解析句子分析与改错题及答案解析是一项重要的语文测试内容，通过学生对句子的分析和改正，可以检验他们对语法规则和句子结构的掌握程度。
本文将从几个方面进行句子分析和改错题的讲解，帮助学生更好地理解和运用语文知识。
一、句子分析句子分析是指对一句话进行结构和语法规则的解析，包括主语、谓语、宾语、状语等要素的确定。
下面以一个例句为例进行分析：例句：小明昨天去了公园。
分析：小明是主语，昨天去了是谓语，公园是宾语。
可以看出，这个句子是主谓宾结构，通过分析可以准确理解句子的意思。
二、改错题改错题是指对一句话中的错误进行修改，其中包括语法错误、标点错误、用词错误等。
下面以一个例句为例进行改错：例句：我的爸爸们很高兴。
改错：我的爸爸很高兴。
解析：爸爸是单数形式，所以在句子中应该使用单数形式的'爸爸'。
三、常见错误及解析1. 主谓不一致：主语是单数形式，而谓语却是复数形式，或者反过来。
例如：他们去了。
应该改为：他们去了。
2. 代词的错误使用：例如：我的书忘了。
应该改为：我的书忘了带/拿。
3. 时态错误：例如：我昨天买了一本书。
应该改为：我昨天买了一本书。
通过以上例子，我们可以看出在分析和改错题中需要注意的语法规则和常见错误。
在语文学习中，培养学生分析和改正句子的能力是非常重要的，不仅可以提高他们的语文水平，也可以培养他们的逻辑思维和语言表达能力。
结语：通过对句子分析与改错题的学习，可以帮助学生加深对语文知识的理解和记忆，提高语言表达能力。
同时，也需要学生在实际的写作和阅读中不断运用这些知识，不断遇到问题并进行分析和改正，从而逐步提高自己的语文水平。
希望本文对学生们的语文学习有所帮助。
英语专业八年级改错练习题及答案解析Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries couldbe avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____ pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____ University.The report indicates that million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternalDeaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____ families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the million infant and maternal deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Controlrespectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____risk categories.The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____two years apart.参考答案及解析:1 将had used 改为 used。
初中病句测试题目及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列句子中没有语病的一项是（）A. 为了提高同学们的环保意识，学校决定开展“绿色校园”活动。
B. 经过老师和同学们的共同努力，我们班的学习成绩明显提高了。
C. 通过这次活动，使我们认识到了团结协作的重要性。
D. 他不仅学习努力，而且成绩优异，因此被评为优秀学生。
2. 下列句子中，语序不当的一项是（）A. 我们应该珍惜时间，努力学习。
B. 他一边看书，一边做笔记。
C. 这本书的作者是谁，我还不知道。
D. 我先做完作业，然后再看电视。
3. 下列句子中，搭配不当的一项是（）A. 我们要提高环保意识，保护环境。
B. 他认真地完成了作业。
C. 他的态度非常严肃。
D. 我们的目标是提高学习成绩。
4. 下列句子中，成分残缺的一项是（）A. 我们要养成节约用水的好习惯。
B. 通过这次活动，我们学到了很多知识。
C. 他因为迟到了，所以被老师批评了。
D. 我们应该积极参加体育锻炼。
5. 下列句子中，语意重复的一项是（）A. 他反复强调了这个问题的重要性。
B. 这个方案需要进一步完善。
C. 他总是喜欢独来独往，不喜欢与人交往。
D. 他经常独自一人去图书馆看书。
6. 下列句子中，逻辑错误的一项是（）A. 只有努力学习，才能取得好成绩。
B. 因为天气晴朗，所以我们可以出去郊游。
C. 他虽然年纪小，但是懂得很多知识。
D. 他不仅学习好，而且品德也好。
7. 下列句子中，用词不当的一项是（）A. 我们应该尊重老师，听从老师的教导。
B. 他的行为令人费解。
C. 这个问题的答案显而易见。
D. 他总是喜欢独来独往，不喜欢与人交往。
8. 下列句子中，修辞不当的一项是（）A. 春天的校园里，鲜花盛开，香气扑鼻。
B. 他像一只勤劳的蜜蜂，不停地工作。
C. 他的脸色苍白，像一张白纸。
D. 他的声音如同雷鸣，震耳欲聋。
9. 下列句子中，标点符号使用不当的一项是（）A. 我们应该珍惜时间，努力学习。
数学改错笔记及试卷分析规范多米诺学习成长中心“饼干”老师很多同学不善于总结经验和教训，经常是同样或同类型的题目，这次做错了，下次还错。
那么，如何吸取教训、避免一错再错呢？其实，最有效的解决办法就是要学会从错题中总结规律。
◎及时分析出错的原因在做题中，一旦发现错误，首先做的第一步就是分析出错的原因。
要尽量减少因为马虎而造成的错误，马虎是一种很有杀伤力的不良学习习惯，大家必须克服。
一般的错题都是有一定原因的，比如说由于某个知识点没有掌握牢，或者说某个方法还不会灵活地运用。
根据出错的原因，第二步要做的就是找出一些配套的练习题，进行滚动式的反复练习，把所有和它相关的题型多做几道。
直到完全掌握了这种习题，包括它一般的出题方式和答题方法，这个错题就被攻破了。
可见，做错题并不可怕，重要的是你要从错误中找到原因，总结规律。
◎善用难题笔记和错题笔记学生最害怕的事就是考试时不会做题和做错题。
不会做题可能是因为觉得试题陌生或太难而无从下手；做错题是因为本该做对但因种种原因而做错了。
我认为，要避免这两种情况，除了巩固书本基础知识外，平时要坚持做难题笔记和错题笔记。
如果能养成坚持做难题笔记和错题笔记的习惯，并在做笔记时加以分析，使难题不难，错误不再重犯，这会明显提高考试时答题的正确率。
下面，我们就来看看如何做难题笔记和错题笔记。
难题笔记准备一本专用记录本记下平时练习和各次考试时碰到的难题，并在难题旁注上关键难点、解题思路与方法，并列出该题若干种变化形式，举一反三。
这是根据碰到难题的先后顺序从纵向做难题笔记。
此外，还可以根据难题的性质从横向分别加以归类。
学生审题后不能把当前习题归入知识系统中相同或相似类型之中，是造成无法解题的关键。
同类型难题归在一起，见多识广，不致在考试解题时对不上号而无所适从，平时从纵向、横向两方面对碰到的所有难题进行分析归类并贮存在脑子里，下次碰到相同或相似的题目就不觉得难了，考试时碰到新难题的可能性也就不大。
英语考试改错技巧口诀英语考试改错技巧口诀英语作为一门国际性的语言，已经在中国得到普及。
我国把对英语的测试作为各项考试的基础。
接下来店铺搜集了英语考试改错技巧口诀，欢迎阅读查看，希望帮助到大家。
英语考试改错技巧口诀动词形，名词数；注意形和副；非谓动词细辨别；习惯用法要记住；句子成分多分析；逻辑错误须关注。
英语考试改错技巧一、查时态是否一致时态错误几乎是每年NMET短文改错中必设的改错题。
要有目的地去检查文中的每一个谓语动词的时态与上下文、语境以及该句的时间状语是否相符和一致。
例如：1.Today， it is much easier to be healthy than it is inthe past. (NMET‘ 93)is 应改为was，使之与时间状语in the past一致。
2.I had always wanted to return to the village aftermoving away. And it is really grea t to see most of my oldfriends again. (NMET’ 95)is 应改为was，与前面分句的时态一致。
3.They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a goodtime talking and laughing together .(NMET‘ 96) have 与前面句子中offered时态不一致，应改为had。
4.Hello，I learn about you from my English teacher，MissFang.(NMET’97)learn(得知)在这里不是表示一个经常发生的动作，应改为过去时learned。
(本来此处还可改为have learned，由于“短文改错” 题要求，每行只允许改一个错误，故have learned不能接受。
)5.My favourite sport is football.I was a member of ourfootball team.(NMET‘98)全文都是用的一般现在时，此句中的was显然与上下文语境不符，应改为am。
改错本方案改错本方案一、背景介绍近年来，随着教育的普及和发展，学生的学习质量成为了各级教育部门和学校关注的焦点。
然而，学生在学习过程中难免会浮现错别字、语法错误等问题，这不仅影响了学生的学习效果，也对学生的语言表达能力造成为了一定的影响。
因此，为了匡助学生改正错误，提高学生的语言表达能力，我们制定了改错本方案。
二、方案目标1. 提高学生的语言表达能力：通过纠正学生的错别字、语法错误等问题，匡助学生提高语言表达的准确性和流畅性。
2. 培养学生的自我检查和纠错能力：通过让学生自己找出错误并进行改正，培养学生的自我学习和纠错能力。
3. 增强学生对语言规范的认识：通过对常见错误进行整理和总结，匡助学生增强对语言规范的认识，避免犯类似的错误。
三、方案内容1. 改错本的编写：根据学生常见的错别字、语法错误等问题，编写改错本，包括常见错误的例子和正确的写法，并给出详细的解释和说明。
2. 练习册的设计：根据改错本的内容，设计相应的练习册，让学生进行练习。
练习册可以包括选择题、填空题、改错题等形式，以匡助学生巩固所学知识。
3. 学生自主纠错：在课堂上，教师可以给学生一定的时间自主纠错，学生可以根据改错本的内容找出自己作文中的错误，并进行改正。
教师可以在课后对学生的纠错情况进行评价和反馈。
4. 定期测试：定期对学生进行改错测试，检查学生对改错本内容的掌握情况，并对测试结果进行分析和评估，以便及时调整教学策略和方法。
四、方案实施1. 教师培训：在方案实施前，为教师进行相应的培训，使其熟悉改错本的内容和使用方法，掌握对学生进行纠错和评价的技巧。
2. 学生学习：将改错本和练习册发放给学生，让学生在课堂上进行学习和练习，并鼓励学生在课外进行自主学习和纠错。
3. 教师指导和评价：教师在课堂上对学生的纠错情况进行指导和评价，及时赋予学生反馈和建议，匡助学生提高纠错能力和语言表达能力。
4. 定期测试和分析：定期对学生进行改错测试，并对测试结果进行分析和评估，及时调整教学策略和方法，以提高教学效果。
小学六年级英语水平测试改错练习题学校名称：班级：学号：姓名：ually I go to school by train, because my home is near.2.She go to work by subway.3.What’s you name?4.Let us to help you with your homework.5.I want have a birthday party.6.She often play with her dog,Cody.7.They have a Computer lesson on every day.8.We had an art festival in the sixth of October last year.9.Children’s Day is our favourite holiday.10.I asked he to give the book to Sam.11.Open my presents to me, please.12.I like take photos.13.I can making cakes very well.14.Help my answer the questions.15.She would likes two cups of tea.16.Listen! The girl is read a book.17.My puppet are on the ground.18.The children want a ball. Please give one to they.19.He is not a policemen. He is a park keeper.20.Many boys is doing them homework in the classroom.21.Mike is taking on his coat.22.Jack always has a lots of questions.23.My birthday is in the 18th of May.24.There are a camera and a radio over there just now.25.Su Hai went for a walk in the park on Sundays.26.Wang Tao is as tall as Li Ming’s.27.David is 13, Jane is 12, David is one year younger than Jane.28.Jim is good at play basketball.29.Do your sister like singing?30.There are a lot of sign in the street.31.What does that means?32.Today is Saturday. Ben and her cousin Jack are at the zoo.33.You must keep quietly near the bird’s cage.34.---What’s the time? ---It’s at eight o’clock.35.What’s your sister job? She’s a nurse.36.Is your father and mother workers? Yes,they are.37.How old is your sister’s? She’s twenty.38.What are this? It’s an apple.39.Who’s that girl with long hairs?40.Is your brother speak English?41.Does he likes going fishing?42.He likes play games after class.43.Mr. Wu teachs us English.44.She don’t do her homework on Sundays.45.We can do well than them.46.The girl isn’t jump farther than her brother.47.My classmates rides a bike faster than Tom.48.The boy skate better than the girl.49.I do not well in P E.50.she don’t do well in English.51.She lives at a new house.52.I have some writing paper and a envelope.53.My favourite subject are English and Art.54.I think you’ll be good friend.55.Does he have some brothers or sisters.56.Who do you want to write?57.Can I have any writing papers?58.Do you as strong as your twin brother?59.He wants to do better, but do not know how.60.There is a bus very five minutes.61.Can you show me way to the park?62.Our teachers always come to school earlyer than us.63.Do you taller than your mother?64.How can I get the post office?65.The bus stop is in front the cinema.66.My birthday is in the 18th of May.67.Is it yours? No, it isn’t mine book. It’s his.68.I’d like to buy a cake with a lots of strawberries.69.Look, your pen is on the ground. Pick up it.70.What do you like? I like drink tea.71.He's going to see he parents today.72.Would you like go with us?73.Where are you going to do?74.He is going to watch a Beijing opera show.75.It's warm and sun today.76.We're going to do a picnic this afternoon.77.They're talking their plans for the weekend.78.She don't have any lessons today.79.He want to do better than Su Yang.80.My mother must do any exercise every day.81.Can you swim as faster as him?82.He doesn’t have any brothers and sisters.83.I am three years old than Ben.84.How many peoples are there in your family?85.She cann’t play basketball.86.Would you like going with me.87.She look very cool.88.I want to buy she a cake.89.Do you happy today?90.I always forget do my homework.lie’s mother name is Zhang Qingqing.92.You can park your toy car here.93.Nancy have a good time at Millie’s party.94.This is not my bag. My is on the chair.95.How are you? I’m very good. Thank you.96.Please give us two bottles of oranges.97.It’s about two kilometre away.98.What are in the box?99.It’s time go to bed now.100.You can go to school by a bus.101.Please give this new pencil-box for them. 102.He is asking Yang Ling how to get to there.103.Sorry. How can I get to the History Museum?104.He has a twin’s brother.105.The girl is15 minute younger than her night?106.Do you have some story book?107.Ben run faster than me.108.I’m eyes are bigger than his .109.Does Yang Ling older than you?110.Do the boys run as faster as the girls?111.His bag is heavier than Helen.112.Lucy and Lily are twin sister.st Sunday morning, I were in a bookshop. 114.I like the spring best.115.What about watch TV this evening?116.He is go to work there for two years. 117.Your father look younger than your uncle.118.There is a lot of rainy.119.Look! How big the rain is!120.In the winter, it often snows.121.It was quite snows yesterday.122.In spring, the trees get green .123.Yesterday, I was in home .124.There are a lot of sign in the street.125.What does that means?126.Today is Saturday. Ben and her cousin Jack are at the zoo. 127.You must keep quietly near the bird’s cage.128.---What’s the time? ---It’s at eight o’clock.129.Does Yang Ling older than you?130.Do the boys run as faster as the girls?131.His bag is heavier than Helen.132.Lucy and Lily are twin sister.st Sunday morning, I were in a bookshop.134.What colours is it?It is brown.135.She is in my left.136.What does she has in the locker?137.He is tall.He is America.138.Mrs Green likes walk down the street and enjoy the sunshine. 139.It's 3 kilometers far from here.140.The boy likes flies kites a lot.141.Our teacher wants to know who does the cooking and wash the dishes in my home.142.Do you think Price-Low is a nice place buy things? 143."Could I have any onions?""Sorry,we don't have any here." 144.We don't go to the bed early on Sunday night.145."Where are you going to?""To my office."146.One of the dog is very big.All the others are very small.147.Our foreign teacher can speak a little Chinese,but not many. 148.The twins are new here.They are from American.149.How many sheeps can you see on the hill over there?150.The computer is old,and its keyboard is new.151.Is the TV in your home color or black or white?152.Your shoes are very nice,and his is very nice,too.153.I don't think it's time to go her home.154."Which bike is ubder the big tree?""Mike's."155."Aren't Lucy and Lily in different class?""Yes,they are." 156.Your coat is in the bed.Please put it on.157.You can see a desk,a chair and a clock in the picture.And what can you see in it?158.Mr.and Mrs.Brown want live in China very much.159.Is your brother speak English?160.Does he likes going fishing?161.He likes play games after class.162.Mr. Wu teachs us English.163.She don’t do her homework on Sundays. 164.Jim have a dictionary. Do you have one? 165.Kate has an apple. What does you have? 166.-What are they doing? -They is eating. 167.-Do Sam doing his homework? -No, he isn't. 168.The football is under the teachers' desk. 169.Who can find he?170.Can you fly a kite or to skate?171.There are many sheeps on the farm.172.I have many money in my pocket.173.My schoolbag is new. How about your?174.--Where is Tom? --He is in a books store. 175.There are 3 peoples in my family.176.There are much people in the street.177.Don't laugh at I.178.My mother wears new trouser today.179.He can play the volleyball.180.They don't go to school in sunday.181.He would like go to the supermarket.182.How much is the trousers? Fifty yuan.183.Shall we listening to music now? Good idea!184.Are there some pictures on the wall?185.How many computers can you look at in the picture? 186.There are three windows and a door on the wall. 187.I’d like you to go to the playground with I. 188.Let me telling you a story.189.We’re the same ages.190.Look, the book is there. Pick up it.191.My birthday is on the 18 of April.192.Does Ben and his brother like cartoons?193.I’d like to some balloons for my party. 194.Is it yours? No, it isn’t mine book. It 's his. 195.She isn 't as shorter as her sister.196.My father is tall than my mother.197.Who is taller, your or your father?198.Who 's ruler is longer, his or hers?199.Is She come from America?200.How can I get the Bank of China?201.Go along this street and the park is at your left. 202.You can take bus No.3 and get off at the three stop. 203.The thief stole my purse and run out of the shop. 204.There is interesting something in this book.205.Is he jump farther than his friend, Tom?206.I think Tom 's hair is shorter than Jack.207.Play basketball is Harry 's favorite sport.208.Getting there faster, you can take a taxi.209.The girl is15 minute younger than her sister.210.Do you have some storybooks?211.Ben run faster than me.212.I eyes are bigger than his.213.Would you please to close the door?214.Is this your pencil case? Yes. I think it 's Lucy 's. 215.Your pen is nice. Can I have a look at ?216.What 's four and seven? They 're eleven.217.What time do you have the breakfast?218.Please try the dress in.219.There is some people in the room.220.TheYang Ling is sitting under a big tree.221.What 's the time do you have lunch? At 12 o 'clock. 222.It 's time for have some rest.223.Her gloves is too big and too old.224.Su Hai usually play the piano in the evening.225.These are beautifully flowers.226.We can say a lot of English.227.Show us they stamps, please.228.Does Jim write careful?229.What lessons do you have in Tuesday?230.The hot coffee near the clock is of the doctor.231.We had a English lesson in the afternoon.232.Sam goes to school by foot.233.Gao shan is thiner than his brother.234.Are your hair as long as hers?235.Yang Ling's uncle is stronger and tall than her father.236.There are a little dog and two cats under the tree. 237.My mum say Jimmy is also her child.238.I am three months older than he.239.Go along the street, and turn left at second crossing. 240.You can take bus No.2 and got off at the third stop. 241.I want to buy a interesting book about football.242.Where's Nanjing and Suzhou? In Jiangsu.243.He is asking YangLing how to get to there.244.It's about two kilometer away.245.Sorry. How can I get to the History Museum?246.We are same age.247.He is on holiday in china.248.They play the football every day.249.How many building are there in the street?250.I told him to took bus No.3 in front of the cinema.251.Su Yang's and Su Hai's cousin is thinner than them. st week, there is a Sports Festival at our school. 253.Christmas is on 25th of December.254.She reads as better as us.255.Shall we started our lesson now?256.It's about a kilometer way.257.The weather in winter is as colder as in spring. 258.It often rain in spring there.259.I very much like autumn.260.How many green watch can you see on the shell?261.Which season are you like best?262.It is half past then in Sunday morning.263.The boys and girls are talk about the football match. 264.Are you still in the bed?265.Nancy is going to play piano at the concert.266.I see a Beijing opera show last year.267.What are you go to do tomorrow?268.There are some orange juice in the glass.269.Tom is going to play basketball and his friends.270.The weather in New York is cold than in Nanjing.271.You need buy a new school bag.272.Peter likes make model planes at home.273.There are a hill, a lake and many trees near our house. 274.I would like to know many about you.275.David and Mike likes watching football games.276.Mike's parents are all doctors.277.What are you going to do in Sunday morning？278.Do you have breakfast at six? Yes, I have.279.I'm going to play the game and some friends.280.I read English for a hour every morning.281.There are two windows on the wall.282.The woman in black is old than Mrs. Black.283.We want to met Miss Gao on Sunday.284.How many maps are there in the study? There's two. 285.Is Tom ride a bike? Yes, he is.286.My brother is good in Chinese.287.He like playing football very much.288.Do you have any problems of your homework?289.How about go for a walk with us?290.Your mother looks young than her mother.291.Jim is not as stronger as the other boys.292.Is Yang Ling's kite higher than Liu Tao?293.Helen is doing well in PE than Nancy.294.I want to buy some presents to my friends.295.One of us are in the room.296.This is their plans for the weekend.297.I like read books about music.298.He often do homework at home.299.The girl in the yellow bowl is watching the snow. 300.Gao Shan is siting by the window.301.I have some writing paper an a envelope.302.My favourite subject are Maths and Science.303.Do he have any cousins?304.Who goes to school earlier, you and David?305.My mother look younger than my aunt.306.David swims fast than Jim.307.Please turn right at the five crossing.308.I would like to do your penfriend.309.I usually go rowing and fish.310.Jim have a dictionary. Do you have one?311.They has a map, and he has a picture.312.Kate has an apple. What does you have?313.We has some fish. What do you have?314.--What do Sam have? --He has a tin of chicken. 315.--What are they doing? --They is eating.316.--Is Tom clean the windows? --Yes, he is.317.--Do Sam doing his homework? --No, he isn't. 318.--Are the girls watching TV? --Yes, he are. 319.--Is Kate flying a kite? --Yes, she isn't.320.Her friend drawing a horse in that house now. 321.My mother is do the housework.322.All the students is playing games under the tree. 323.Lily are cleaning the blackboard.324.Tom can play violin.325.Jim can't skiing.326.The football is under the teachers' desk.327.Who can find he?328.Can you fly a kite or to skate?329.There are many sheeps on the farm.330.I have many money in my pocket(口袋).331.He like his Chinese teacher very much. Do you like yours? 332.My schoolbag is new. How about your?333.--Where is Tom? --He is in a books store.334.There are 3 peoples in my family.335.Is there any fish in the lake?336.There are much people in the street.337.Don't laugh at I.338.My mother wears new trouser today.339.He can play the volleyball.340.Can you put the toy car in your head?341.He can have a ice-cream.342.Can he ride a bike? Yes, he can't.343.Do you like sking? No, I don't.344.How many vase are there in the shop?345.What do you like? I like pumpkins masks. 346.They don't go to school in sunday.347.He would like go to the supermarket.348.Are you need a tape? Yes, I do.349.How much is the trousers? Fifty yuan. 350.Do you like swimming? No, I do.351.Shall we listening to music now? Good idea! 352.Are there some pictures on the wall?353.Kate and Jim has two boxes of chocolates. 354.What does you have?355.Do Tom have some rice?356.How much oranges can you see in the basket?357.How many circle are there?358.The card is a oval.359.Not forget to write to your father.360.What shape are the bag?361.How many computers can you look at in the picture?362.There are three windows and a door on the wall.363.Her friend drawing a horse in that house now.364.Do they wactching TV now?365.I have many money.366.Gao shan is thiner than his brother.367.Are your hair as long as hers?368.Yang Ling’s uncle is stronger and tall than her father. 369.There are a little dog and two cats under the tree. 370.My mum say Jimmy is also her child.371.I am three months older than he.372.Go along the street, and turn left at second crossing. 373.You can take bus No.2 and got off at the third stop. 374.I want to buy a interesting book about football.375.Where’s Nanjing and Suzhou? In Jiangsu.376.He is asking YangLing how to get to there.377.It’s about two kilometer away.378.Sorry. How can I get to the History Museum?379.We are same age.380.He is on holiday in china.381.They play the football every day.382.How many building are there in the street?383.I told him to took bus No.3 in front of the cinema. 384.Su Yang’s and Su Hai’s cousin is thinner than them. st week, there is a Sports Festival at our school.386.Christmas is on 25th of December.387.She reads as better as us.388.Shall we started our lesson now?389.It’s about a kilometer way.390.The weather in winter is as colder as in spring. 391.It often rain in spring there.392.I very much like autumn.393.How many green watch can you see on the shell?394.Which season are you like best?395.It is half past then in Sunday morning.396.The boys and girls are talk about the football match. 397.Are you still in the bed?398.Nancy is going to play piano at the concert.399.I see a Beijing opera show last year.400.What are you go to do tomorrow?401.There are some orange juice in the glass.402.Tom is going to play basketball and his friends.403.The weather in New York is cold than in Nanjing.404.You need buy a new school bag.405.Peter likes make model planes at home.406.There are a hill, a lake and many trees near our house. 407.I would like to know many about you.408.David and Mike likes watching football games.409.Mike’s parents are all doctors.410.What are you going to do in Sunday morning？411.Do you have breakfast at six? Yes, I have.412.I’m going to play the game and some friends.413.I read English for a hour every morning.414.There are two windows on the wall.415.The woman in black is old than Mrs. Black.416.We want to met Miss Gao on Sunday.417.How many maps are there in the study? There’s two. 418.Is Tom ride a bike? Yes, he is.419.My brother is good in Chinese.420.He like playing football very much.421.Do you have any problems of your homework?422.How about go for a walk with us?423.Your mother looks young than her mother.424.Jim is not as stronger as the other boys.425.Is Yang Ling’s kite higher than Liu Tao?426.Helen is doing well in PE than Nancy.427.I want to buy some presents to my friends.428.One of us are in the room.429.This is their plans for the weekend.430.I like read books about music.431.He often do homework at home.432.The girl in the yellow bowl is watching the snow. 433.I have some writing paper an a envelope.434.My favourite subject are Maths and Science.435.Do he have any cousins?436.Who goes to school earlier, you and David?437.My mother look younger than my aunt.438.David swims fast than Jim.439.Please turn right at the five crossing.440.I would like to do your penfriend.441.I usually go rowing and fish.。
校对测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 下列词语中，书写正确的一项是：A. 穿流不息B. 穿流不息C. 川流不息D. 穿流不息答案：C2. 以下句子中，标点符号使用正确的一项是：A. 他问我：“你今天去图书馆吗？”B. 他问我，你今天去图书馆吗？C. 他问我：“你今天去图书馆吗”？D. 他问我，你今天去图书馆吗？答案：A3. 下列句子中，没有语病的一项是：A. 通过这次活动，使我们的团队合作能力得到了提升。
B. 通过这次活动，我们的团队合作能力得到了提升。
C. 这次活动使我们的团队合作能力得到了提升。
D. 我们的团队合作能力通过这次活动得到了提升。
答案：B二、填空题（每题3分，共15分）1. 请将下列成语补充完整：__________，必有一失。
答案：人有失手2. 请填写下列句子中缺失的部分：书籍是人类进步的__________。
答案：阶梯3. 请将下列句子中的错别字改正：他总是不假思索地就答应了。
答案：假—暇4. 请填写下列句子中缺失的成语：这件事情他__________，处理得非常妥当。
答案：游刃有余5. 请将下列句子中的错别字改正：他总是喜欢独断独行。
答案：行—行三、改错题（每题5分，共20分）1. 他经常帮助别人，因此受到了大家的赞扬。
答案：将“因此”改为“所以”。
2. 我们必须尽快采取措施，以防止这类事故不再发生。
答案：将“不再”改为“再次”。
3. 他虽然年轻，但是经验丰富。
答案：将“但是”改为“可是”。
4. 他不仅学习好，而且体育成绩也优秀。
答案：将“而且”改为“并且”。
四、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 请简述校对工作的重要性。
答案：校对工作是确保文本准确性和规范性的重要环节，它能够发现并纠正文本中的错误，包括错别字、语法错误、标点符号错误等，从而提高文本的质量，确保信息的准确传达。
2. 请说明在进行校对时应该注意哪些方面。
答案：在进行校对时，应注意以下几个方面：一是检查文本的语法结构是否正确；二是检查是否有错别字或用词不当；三是检查标点符号的使用是否规范；四是检查文本的逻辑性和连贯性；五是检查是否有遗漏或多余的信息。
第七章测试与改错编程大师说：“任何一个程序，无论它多么小，总存在着错误。
”初学者不相信大师的话，他问：“如果一个程序小得只执行一个简单的功能，那会怎样？”“这样的一个程序没有意义，”大师说，“但如果这样的程序存在的话，操作系统最后将失效，产生一个错误。
”但初学者不满足，他问：“如果操作系统不失效，那么会怎样？”“没有不失效的操作系统，”大师说，“但如果这样的操作系统存在的话，硬件最后将失效，产生一个错误。
”初学者仍不满足，再问：“如果硬件不失效，那么会怎样？”大师长叹一声道：“没有不失效的硬件。
但如果这样的硬件存在的话，用户就会想让那个程序做一件不同的事，这件事也是一个错误。
”没有错误的程序世间难求。
[James 1999]错误是一种严重的程序缺陷。
测试的目的是为了发现尽可能多的缺陷，并期望通过改错来把缺陷统统消灭，以期提高软件的质量。
但关于测试与改错实在没有什么高明的方法值得大书特书，也不能表现出程序员的聪明才智。
相反地，它们带来了更多的牢骚与痛苦。
因此在教学和开发实践中，测试与改错总是被当作万般无奈的工作踢到角落里。
医生可以把他的错误埋葬在地下了事，但程序员不能。
我们必须要学会测试与改错，并且把测试与改错工作做好。
7.1 对测试的理解测试的道理并不深奥，计算机专业人员都应该明白。
但就是这么简单的事，计算机专业的博士们也未必都已经理解。
有一天，一位比我聪明，编程比我快，学习能力比我强的计算机专业博士生恭恭敬敬地请我坐好，并且史无前例地削了苹果请我吃，为的是向我请教“软件工程”问题。
你必定以为这位仁兄好学之极。
非也，我和他同事三年来从未探讨过“软件工程”问题。
只因为他明天要去应聘，参加面试，生怕被人问倒，就央我当晚为他恶补一把“软件工程”。
他还特地问我“什么是白盒测试和黑盒测试？应该由谁来执行？”（有公司曾经这样面试应聘者）当我解释完测试的道理时，他叹了一口气说：“这些玩意儿我读大学十年来都没搞过，怎么能讲得出道理来。
唉，就去碰碰运气吧。
”我有“兔死狐悲”的感觉。
我们这一群博士生三年来尽干些自欺欺人的事，到毕业时学问既不深也不博。
个个意志消沉，老气横秋。
长此以往，总有一天招聘会的大门前将贴出标语“博士与狗不得入内”。
以下是关于测试的几个重要观念。
7.1.1 测试的目的测试的目的是为了发现尽可能多的缺陷。
这里缺陷是一种泛称，它可以指功能的错误，也可以指性能低下，易用性差等等。
测试总是先假设程序中存在缺陷，再通过执行程序来发现并最终改正缺陷。
理解测试的目的是个很重要的意识问题。
如果说测试的目的是为了说明程序中没有缺陷，那么测试人员就会向这个目标靠拢，因而下意识地选用一些不易暴露错误的测试示例。
这样的测试是虚假的。
目前高校的科技成果鉴定会普遍存在类似的虚假现象。
我在读硕士时就亲身经历过这样的事。
我们的项目是研究集成电路制造过程中的成品率问题。
当时国内大多数工厂的集成电路成品率只有百分之几，我编写的示例程序可以将集成电路的成品率优化到98%。
示例效果是如此的好，以致一位评委（某厂的总工程师）不无讽刺地说：“采用你们的成果，我们可要发大财了。
”这个项目就轻易地通过了鉴定，并且不久后获得了电子工业部科技进步二等奖。
这就象在考试时通过作弊取得了好成绩而被表扬。
我那时尚且纯真，羞愧之余，不禁对高校科研成果的水平和真实性大失所望（现在我已不再失望，因为很少抱希望）。
一个成功的测试示例在于发现了至今尚未发现的缺陷。
测试并不仅是个技术问题，更是个职业道德问题。
7.1.2 测试的心理要求测试主要是由人而不是由机器执行，这就不免与心理因素相关。
为了测试的真实性，对测试的心理要求是“无情”。
这似乎太残酷了。
开发人员不能很好地测试自己的程序是因为做不到无情。
而测试人员如果做到了无情却会引起开发人员的愤怒，遭人白眼。
尽管已经明白了测试的目的是为了发现尽可能多的缺陷，但当测试人员真的发现了一堆缺陷时，却不可乐颠颠地跑去恭喜那个倒霉的开发者，否则会打架的。
7.1.3 测试的真理测试只能证明缺陷存在，而不能证明缺陷不存在。
这个真理告诉我们，对于一个复杂的系统而言，无论采取什么样的测试手段都不能证明缺陷已经不复存在。
“彻底地测试”只是一种理想。
在实践中，测试要考虑时间、费用等限制，不允许无休止地测试。
7.1.4 测试与质量的关系测试有助于提高软件的质量，但是提高软件的质量不能依赖于测试。
测试与质量的关系很象在考试中“检查”与“成绩”的关系。
学习好的学生，在考试时通过认真检查能减少因疏忽而造成的答题错误，从而“提高”了考试成绩（取得他本来就该得的好成绩）。
而学习差的学生，他原本就不会做题目，无论检查多么细心，也不能提高成绩。
所以说，软件的高质量是设计出来的，而不是靠测试修补出来的。
7.2 测试人员的选择测试需要开发人员参与吗？测试需要独立的测试小组吗？测试需要用户参与吗？让我们先看一看Microsoft公司关于测试的经验教训，再回答上述问题。
7.2.1 Microsoft公司的经验教训在80年代初期，Microsoft公司的许多软件产品出现了“Bug”。
比如，在1981年与IBM PC机一起推出的BASIC软件，用户在用“.1”（或者其他数字）除以10时，就会出错。
在FORTRAN软件中也存在破坏数据的“Bug”。
由此激起了许多采用Microsoft 操作系统的PC厂商的极大不满，而且很多个人用户也纷纷投诉。
Microsoft公司的经理们发觉很有必要引进更好的内部测试与质量控制方法。
但是遭到很多程序设计师甚至一些高级经理的坚决反对，他们固执地认为在高校学生、秘书或者外界合作人士的协助下，开发人员可以自己测试产品。
在1984年推出Mac机的Multiplan（电子表格软件）之前，Microsoft曾特地请Arthur Anderson咨询公司进行测试。
但是外界公司一般没有能力执行全面的软件测试。
结果，一种相当厉害的破环数据的“Bug”迫使Microsoft公司为它的２万多名用户免费提供更新版本，代价是每个版本10美元，一共化了20万美元，可谓损失惨重。
痛定思痛后，Microsoft公司的经理们得出一个结论：如果再不成立独立的测试部门，软件产品就不可能达到更高的质量标准。
IBM和其它有着成功的软件开发历史的公司便是效法的榜样。
但Microsoft公司并不照搬IBM的经验，而是有选择地采用了一些看起来比较先进的方法，如独立的测试小组，自动测试以及为关键性的构件进行代码复查等。
Microsoft公司的一位开发部门主管戴夫·穆尔回忆说：“我们清楚不能再让开发部门自己测试了。
我们需要有一个单独的小组来设计测试，运行测试，并把测试信息反馈给开发部门。
这是一个伟大的转折点。
”但是有了独立的测试小组后，并不等于万事大吉了。
自从Microsoft公司在1984年与1986年之间扩大了测试小组后，开发人员开始“变懒”了。
他们把代码扔在一边等着测试，忘了唯有开发人员自己才能阻止错误的发生、防患于未来。
此时，Microsoft公司历史上第二次大灾难降临了。
原定于1986年７月发行的Mac机的Word 3.0，千呼万唤方于1987年2月问世。
这套软件竟然有700多处错误，有的错误可以破坏数据甚至摧毁程序。
一下子就使Microsoft名声扫地。
公司不得不为用户免费提供升级版本，费用超过了100万美元。
[Cusumano 1995]7.2.2 测试人员的分工从Microsoft公司的教训中可知，公司内部对产品的测试（称为α测试），需要开发人员与独立的测试小组共同参与。
开发人员应该执行“白盒”测试，即测试源程序的逻辑结构以及实现细节（“白盒”是指看得见程序的内部结构）。
而独立测试小组应该执行“黑盒”测试，即按照规格说明来测试程序是否符合要求（“黑盒”是指看不见程序的内部结构）。
比如在测试一个模块时，“白盒”测试方法要对模块的所有代码进行单步跟踪测试。
而“黑盒”测试方法只需测试模块的接口是否符合要求，它关心程序的外部表现而不是内部的实现细节。
小型的软件公司可能没有条件设立独立的测试小组，也有可能测试小组人员不多而忙不过来。
这时，可以让开发小组的成员相互测试对方的程序。
这里要强调的是，α测试不能依赖于开发人员或者测试小组中的任意一方，必须是双方共同参与。
“白盒测试”必须由开发者自己执行，因为别的测试人员无法了解到程序的内部实现细节。
而“黑盒测试”必须由独立的测试人员执行，因为开发者难以做到客观、公正。
开发者在测试自己的程序时存在一些弊病：（1）开发者对自己的程序印象深刻，并总以为是正确的（自信是应该的）。
倘若在设计时就存在理解错误，或因不良的编程习惯而流下隐患，那么他本人很难发现这类错误。
（2）开发者对程序的功能、接口十分熟悉，他自己几乎不可能因为使用不当而引发错误，这与大众用户的情况不太相似，所以自己测试程序难以具备典型性。
（3）程序设计有如艺术设计，开发者总是喜欢欣赏程序的成功之处，而不愿看到失败之处。
让开发者去做“蓄意破坏”的测试，就象杀自己的孩子一样难以接受。
即便开发者非常诚实，但“珍爱程序”的心理让他在测试时不知不觉地带入了虚假成份。
软件产品正式发行前，在公司外部邀请一些用户对产品进行测试，称为β测试。
β测试的涉及面最广，最能反映用户的真实愿望，但花费的时间最长，不好控制。
一般地，软件公司与β测试人员之间有一种互利的协议。
即β测试人员无偿地为软件公司作测试，定期递交测试报告，提出批评与建议。
而软件公司将向β测试人员免费赠送或者以很大的优惠价格发行软件的正式版本。
7.3 测试的主要内容与常用方法有一次文学考试，问高尔基是哪国人。
一考生乐极而吟：“尔基啊尔基，你若不姓高，我怎知你是中国人。
”这是一种瞎猜法。
如果这种方法用于软件测试，人累死也测不出什么结果来。
不论是对软件的模块还是整个系统，总有共同的内容要测试，如正确性测试，容错性测试，性能与效率测试，易用性测试，文档测试等。
“白盒测试”是指开发人员从程序内部对上述内容进行测试，而“黑盒测试”是指独立的测试人员从程序外部对上述内容进行测试。
很多软件工程教材讲述了各种各样的测试方法并例举了不少示例[Pressman 1997] [Sommerville 1992] [杨文龙 1997]。
本节简明地讲述常用的测试方法及其道理。
7.3.1 正确性测试正确性测试又称功能测试，它检查软件的功能是否符合规格说明。
由于正确性是软件最重要的质量因素，所以其测试也最重要。
基本的方法是构造一些合理输入，检查是否得到期望的输出。
这是一种枚举方法。
倘若枚举空间是无限的，那可惨了，还不如回家种土豆有盼头。
测试人员一定要设法减少枚举的次数，否则没好日子过。
关键在于寻找等价区间，因为在等价区间中，只需用任意值测试一次即可。
