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摘要：赫尔穆特·施密特，西德的社会民主党总理，逝于11月10日，终年96岁。
他的聪明和粗暴时常会让听众意识到自己上当受骗和受到羞辱的时候已经太晚了。
赫尔穆特·施密特不仅发现了傻瓜令人讨厌，他还消灭了他们。
既然事实清楚，逻辑不可辩驳，那么，再有不同的意见就是白痴的表现。
Obituary: Helmut Schmidt Smoke and fire赫尔穆特·施密特烟与火Helmut Schmidt, Social Democrat chancellor of West Germany, died on November 10th, aged 96赫尔穆特·施密特，西德的社会民主党总理，逝于11月10日，终年96岁HE WAS so clever, and so rude with it, that his listeners sometimes realised too late that they had been outwitted and insulted. Helmut Schmidt did not just find fools tiresome. He obliterated them. The facts were clear and the logic impeccable. So disagreement was a sign of idiocy.他的聪明和粗暴时常会让听众意识到自己上当受骗和受到羞辱的时候已经太晚了。
赫尔穆特·施密特不仅发现了傻瓜令人讨厌，他还消灭了他们。
既然事实清楚，逻辑不可辩驳，那么，再有不同的意见就是白痴的表现。
He was impatient, too, with his own party, which failed to realise the constraints and dilemmas of power. It wanted him to spend money West Germany did not have, and to compromise with terrorists who belonged in jail. He was impatient with the anti-nuclear left, who failed to realise that nuclear-power stations were safe, and that the Soviet empire thrived on allies' weakness. And he was impatient with post-Watergate America, which seemed to have lost its will to lead.他还对没能意识到权力的约束和困境的他的政党感到不耐烦。
经济学人精品文章1．世界经济一路泥泞还是一路下滑?夏天已经走近了世界几大金融中心，可人们的心情却阳光不起来。
受各地经济悲观消息影响，股市已经连阴数周。
全球工厂生产放缓，消费者也愈发谨慎。
在美国，从房屋价格到就业增长的几乎每一项统计数据都显示疲软迹象。
虽然本周早些时候悲观气氛有所平缓，但也只是因为如美国零售业和中国工业生产等数据没有预想的那么糟糕而已。
全球范围内，经济增长正处于约两年前复苏开始以来的最低点。
那么现在的疲软只是复苏道路上的一滩泥泞，还是预示了全球经济恢复动力正在消退？大疲软从导致增长停滞的原因来看停顿应该只是暂时的。
首先，虽然这次的海啸重创日本GDP；打断供应链；尤其影响了4月全球工业产出量。
但经济统计数据显示暴跌的同时，一些更具前瞻性的迹象也表明将有一轮反弹。
比如美国汽车制造商的夏季生产计划表显示，那里的年GDP增长将至少提高一个百分点。
第二，是年初突然高企的油价导致了需求下降。
虽然更多的收入正从资金紧张的石油进口国流入坐享其成的产出国。
昂贵的燃油价格也打击了消费者信心，特别是在石油消费大国美国。
而且油价随阿拉伯世界动荡加剧而再度上扬的可能性也令人不安。
然而至少就目前来看，价格上涨的压力正在减弱。
美国的平均汽油价格虽然仍比年初高出21％，但已经开始回落。
这样应该可以促进消费者信心（并刺激消费）。
第三，许多新兴经济体推行货币紧缩政策是为了应对高通胀。
中国今年5月CPI攀升到了5.5％，印度商品批发价格增长也一举跃上9.1％。
以此为鉴，增速放缓在一定程度上倒是一个有利迹象，这恰恰说明这些国家的央行正采取行动，并开始取得成效。
即使是在对经济硬着陆风险忧心最重的中国，也没有迹象表明政府措施有矫枉过正之嫌。
其实更大的风险在于对世界经济疲软的担忧导致紧缩政策过早收兵。
在当前货币环境仍极其宽松的背景下，如果政府决心有所动摇将导致更高的通胀，最终使经济崩溃的风险大大增加。
也许大部分新兴市场正好需要一场减速来降温，但任何一个发达国家此刻却对此避之不及。
国际经济学_首都经济贸易大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.一个大国最优关税的实施会引起（）参考答案:以上皆正确2.美联储的数量宽松型货币政策可能会导致美元贬值。
参考答案:正确3.由于资本管制等因素，汇率往往偏离利率平价。
参考答案:正确4.经常账户顺差表示该账户下，贷方余额减去借方余额大于零。
参考答案:正确5.偏好风险的投资者，对未来的即期汇率有确定的预期。
参考答案:正确6.美国的劳动者通常（）参考答案:反对美国对外投资7.跨国公司存在的基本原因是（）参考答案:其全球生产和销售网络具有竞争优势8.脑力流失（brain drain）是指（）参考答案:高技能员工从发展中国家流向发达国家9.开放宏观经济下，一国外部平衡目标就是国际收支平衡。
参考答案:正确10.开放宏观经济环境下，内外平衡目标有时候是有矛盾的。
参考答案:正确11.财政政策是需求管理政策，而货币政策不是。
参考答案:错误12.蒙代尔分配法则的核心是财政政策和货币政策在实现内外平衡方面的分工。
参考答案:正确13.有效市场的含义是，市场参与者众多。
参考答案:错误14.在蒙代尔分配法则中，用货币供给量代表货币政策。
参考答案:正确15.外汇管制是支出转换型政策。
参考答案:正确16.中国国际收支双顺差的意思是“经常账户顺差，资本与金融账户顺差”。
参考答案:正确17.错误与遗漏账户是一个交易账户。
参考答案:错误18.顺差对一国是好的，多多益善。
参考答案:错误19.中国出口外汇储备增加了，表明中国国际清偿能力增加了。
参考答案:正确20.顺差往往带来该国货币带来升值的压力。
参考答案:正确21.支出增减型政策可以理解为财政政策或者货币政策。
参考答案:正确22.斯旺模型中，外部平衡的含义是经常项目平衡。
参考答案:正确23.如果一个国家的生产可能性曲线是凹向原点的，那么这个国家在以下哪种商品上是机会成本递增的（）参考答案:商品A和B24.社区无差异曲线的特点是（）参考答案:以上都对25.产品X对Y的边际替代率指的是（）参考答案:在同一条无差异曲线上，多生产1单位的X所必须放弃的Y的数量26.对本章生产的机会成本递增阐述错误的是（）参考答案:生产要素投入比例不变27.以下关于一个国家封闭条件下的均衡，哪项表述不正确（）参考答案:它的消费点位于生产可能性曲线的里面28.亚当·斯密认为，国际贸易的基础是（）参考答案:绝对优势29.外凸的生产可能性曲线表明生产过程中的机会成本（）参考答案:递增30.按照比较优势的原则，劳动丰裕的国家应该进口（）参考答案:资本密集型产品31.以下哪项不是重商主义倡导的观点（）参考答案:自由贸易32.比较优势理论是（）提出的参考答案:大卫·李嘉图33.如果国家A每1单位劳动时间可以生产3单位X或者3单位Y，国家B每1单位劳动时间可以生产1单位X或者3单位Y，那么（）参考答案:国家A在生产X上具有比较优势34.李嘉图解释比较优势理论的基础是（）参考答案:劳动价值论35.两个国家相对产品价格的差异可能是基于（）参考答案:以上都正确36.假定机会成本不变，大国和小国进行贸易（）参考答案:小国可能获得全部贸易利益37.如果国家A每1单位劳动时间可以生产3单位X或者3单位Y，国家B每1单位劳动时间可以生产1单位X或者3单位Y，如果国家A拿3单位X 交换3单位Y，那么（）参考答案:国家B获利6单位Y38.一个贸易上的小国不具备以下哪个特征:（）参考答案:地理面积上是小国39.中国国际收支顺差最大的贡献者是贸易顺差。
【经济学人】双语阅读：政治遗传学人体政治Science and technology科学技术The genetics of politics政治遗传学Body politic人体政治Slowly, and in some quarters grudgingly, the influence of genes in shaping political outlook and behaviour is being recognized在某些方面，塑造政治前景和行为的基因影响正在慢慢地被人们所接受，虽然还是不情愿。
IN 1882 W.S. Gilbert wrote, to a tune by Sir Arthur Sullivan, a ditty that went I often think it's comical how Nature always does contrive/that every boy and every gal that's born into the world alive/is either a little Liberal or else a little Conservative.在1882年，W.S吉尔伯特写的一首小诗-是为阿瑟-沙利文爵士的一首曲子而作，我一直认为，大自然的精工雕作是那么可笑/每个出生到这个世界上，并存活下来的男孩和女孩们/不是有一点自由倾向，就是有一点保守。
In the 19th century, that view, though humorously intended, would not have been out of place among respectable thinkers.在十九世纪，这个观点虽然有一点幽默的意味，但是在那些备受尊敬的思想家眼中，也并不是一无是处。
The detail of a man's opinion might be changed by circumstances.一个人意见的详细观点可能会由于环境而改变。
经济学人:自由交流:企业老板如何高效控制员工(1)Finance and Economics财经Free exchange自由交流Better, stronger, faster更好、更强、更快Labour-monitoring technologies raise efficiency—and hard questions.劳动力监督技术在提高效率的同时也带来种种难题。
Bosses have always sought control over howworkers do their jobs.企业老板总是在找办法来控制员工的工作方法。
Whatever subtlety there once was to this art, technology is now obliterating.不论这种方法以前有多么微妙，如今的技术正在完全毁灭掉。
In February Amazon received patents for a wristband apparently intended to shepherdlabourers in its warehouses through their jobs with maximum efficiency.2月，亚马逊获得了一款腕带多项专利——从表面上看，这款腕带是用来指导员工在仓库里最为高效地工作。
The device, were Amazon to produce and use it, could collect detailed information abouteach wor ker’s whereabouts and movements, and strategically vibrate in order to guide theiractions.如果亚马逊生产并使用这一穿戴设备，它将收集每位员工详细的行踪和运动信息，并以巧妙地震动方式指导员工的行动。
全国气候：政治搭台，科学唱戏Climate change 气候变化heated debate 激辩Nov 26th 2009From The Economist print editionWhy political orthodoxy must not silence scientific argument为何有了政治说法，还应有科学的辩论？Illustration by Claudio Munoz“WHAT is truth?” That was Pontius Pilate’s answer to Jesus’s assertion that “Everyone that is of the truth heareth my voice.” It sounds suspiciously like the modern argument over climate change.“真理是什么？”耶稣说完“相信真理的人都能听到我”之后，彼拉多随即如此问道。
听起来耳熟？在当代，气候变化引起的争辩就与此有相似之处。
A majority of the world’s climate sc ientists have convinced themselves, and also a lot of laymen, some of whom have political power, that the Earth’s climate is changing; that the change, from humanity’s point of view, is for the worse; and that the cause is human activity, in the form of excessive emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.国际上，大多数气候科学家不但说服了自己，也说服了很多门外汉（其中包括一些有政治影响力的人）--地球的气候正在改变；这种改变，从人道主义角度来看，是消极的；这种改变的始作俑者是人类，是他们通过排放超量的诸如二氧化碳的温室气体而造成的。
ambitions but their business cul t ure hasdeep provincial roots. They look back as much as forward. "We have existed since 1825 and have been doing the same thing since then," says Dieter Brand, chairman of the Sparkasse, or savings bank, in Bielefeld, the region's biggest town. In some sensesthe same is true of his corporate custom ers. Germany may have reformed and rearticulated its model in recent years. Butthe underlying skeleton is ancient, and perhaps inimitable.Two decades ago, the country seemed distinctly arthritic. The euphoria of unification in 1990 was followed by the sharpest recession since t he second world war.Some 50o,ooo manufacturing jobs were lost. Business was menaced by an overvalued n -mark, nimble Asian competitorsand unification's huge costs. The economy had become rigid and uncompetitive, moaned en t repreneurs. The then-president,Roman Herzog, cap t ured the zeitgeistin 1997 when he spoke of "the loss of economic dynamism, the torpor of society, an unbelievable mental depression". Reformers clamoured for elements of the Germanmodel, like vocational training and centralised wage bargaining, to be scrapped.Sha pi ng upInstead it was made more limber. Business outsourced some production to eastern Europe; fear of that process extracted concessions from German workers, who offeredflexibility on wages and work hoursin exchange for greater job security. In the subsequent decade manufacturing's shareof GDP rose even as it was falling elsewhere (see chart 3 on next page).In the early 2000s, with growth still inlow gear and unemployment in doubledigits, the then-chancellor, Gerhard Schroder, a Social Democrat, started another round of gruelling physiotherapy.His labour-market reforms reduced unemploymentbenefits and liberalised temporarywork. Since she became chancellor in2005 Mrs Merkel of the Christian Democrats has raised the pension age from 65 to67 and amended the constitution to require state and federal governments to cuttheir structural budget deficits to more or less zero (the template for what is now a Europe-wide agreement).Benefits thought to be sacrosanct were cut. Income inequality rose. But so did employment.Core workers in industrialfirms- the muscle behind Germany's manufacturing prowess- were not affected directly. But the rise in low-paid, insecure jobs has held down the cost of services, making it easier for factory workersto accept modest pay rises, points out Anke Hassel of the Hertie School of Governancein Berlin.The original assembly of the Germanmodel also dates to a recessionary crisis following hard on the heels of a unifica-I On the rebound 11GOP per pe r son,% change on p r evio u s yea r- Germany B rita i n- United States - E u r o a rea42+24----~----~----~----~- 6 1997 99 2001 03 05 07 09 * 1So u rc e: IM F • e sti ma te !for ecasttion: a 23-year-long slump starting in 1873,two years after Bismarck finally succeededin pulling Germany together into a single state. This Griindehrise and its prolongedaftermath forged new ideas about how capital, labour and the state should relateto one another.An 1884law created t he dual-board systemof corporate governance in its currentform, with a managing Vorstand answerableto a separate supervisory board.Among the supervisors were bankers,who provided "patient capital", and scientists, whose expertise was valued as highly.The vocational training system, set up during the 1880s, provided new producers of chemicals and machinery with skilled andloyal workers. Bismarck established the welfare state in part to cater to their needs.The way the health insurance systemworked required capital and labour to cooperate, paving the way for works councilsand, almost a century later, for mandatory representation for the workers on the supervisory boards of large companies.The "co-ordinated market economy"has withstood dictatorship, wars, revolutions and globalisation. It prizes trust, relyingon t he principle that nobody will"make full use of his freedom" by grabbing everything he can, says Wemer Abelshauser, an economic historian at the Universityof Bielefeld. Its elements are "soI Off balanceCur r e n t-accoun t ba l a n ces,% of GOP- Germany - E uro area - U ni t ed StatesBrita i n France - I ta l y8642~~~~~4-..--.-..-~~~~----~- 61997 99 2001 03 05 07 09 121So u r c e: IMF • Esti ma t e !Fore c a stThe Economist April 14th 2012tightly meshed", he has written, "that it would be difficult to replace any one of them wi t h an alien component."The trust and co-ordination may be national properties, but their roots are typicallyquite local. Before Bismarck, Germany's provinces, principalities andpalatinates often had rulers who werekeen to establish local industries. In 1678 Brandenburg's Great Elector gave Bielefeld the privilege of certifying the quality of lo cal linen, cementing its position as a cen t refor the textile trade. Centuries later Beckhoff's first customers made machines forthe furniture industry that had developedout of the crate-making trade that hadgrown with the export of textiles.Dozens of other regions can tell similar stories, and these concentrations have become part of the country's contemporary success. On a list of 100 clusters picked bythe European Cluster Observatory fortheir size, level of specialisation and loca tion in "innovative regions", Germany occupies 30 places.Germany experimented with American-style standardised production duringand after the second world war, which was one reason why it imported unskilledguest workers from Turkey and elsewhere. The Siren across the Atlantic called again in the 1990s and 2000s, urging Germany to deregulate, embrace services and maximise "shareholder value". When that callwas silenced by the financial crisis, "Germany had its consensus model to go backto," says Gustav Horn of the union-linked Macroeconomic Policy Institute.Small towns in GermanyHans Beckhoff, boss of the automation company that bears his name, does notcome off as a throwback. His silver-greyhair is modishly long, his collar unbuttoned.But some of his habits seem distinctlyold-fashioned. Take his approach todebt: he's against it. Investment in the companyis funded by him and his three siblings,the only shareholders. It is the samewith nearby Miele, a 113-year-old maker of kitchen equipment and white goods, with annual sales of €3 billion. This is not themost efficient way to run a company. With more leverage Mittelstand firms couldboost their pre-tax profit by several points, notes Arm in Schmiedeberg of Bain, a consultancy.He thinks they are wise not to.The point is not to maximise short-termprofit, says Markus Miele, a managing directora t his firm, bu t to aim at "where wewant to be when we hand over to the next generation." Mr Beckhoff says he fends off monthly offers to buy his company. Lack of financial ambition goes along with the observance of unwri tt en sumptuary laws."Families behind the Mittelstand live in an acceptable, modest and healthy way," saysMr Beckhoff.Maybe that is because they lean so ~~32 Briefing Germany's economic model~ heavily on the skilled workers the countryis so good at producing. Around half of German high-school students go on todual training in one of 344 trades, from tanner to dental technician. Many of t hecourses are set by unions and employers' federations. State and local governments provide the schools where apprentices get their theory. Chambers of commerce and industry run the exams. When foreignersask why youth unemployment is so low (just 8.2% compared wi t h Spain's so.s%), older Germans tou t the dual system.Young Germans are not so convinced; itis the first choice of just a fifth of highschool students, says Swen Binner of theBielefeld chamber of commerce. And thenumber of schoolleavers in owL is dropping by 2% a year while demand for skills is rising. Business is adapting by blurring the previously sharp distinction between vocationaland university training. Beckhoffnow offers "academic apprenticeships", which combine hands-on experience wi t h study at a technical university.The relationship between conscientious proprietors and diligent craftsmen isnot without conflict, but it is set in a governanceframework that contains disagree ments without stifling them, and can deliver flexibility. In the metal and electrical engineering sector, the heart of manufac turing, labour contracts still tend to be settledon an industry-wide basis (outsourcing trouble, as some bosses see it).Knowing what's kneadedThe entrepreneurs of owL are confidentthat global trends will continue to go their way. 5 billion people can reasonably aspire to join the 1 billion who are already well off, says Mr Beckhoff. It will take "a lot of engineering" to pull that off without environmentalruin and s t rife over resources,and t hat will provide ever more opportunities for manufacturers.As the aerospace industry turns to new materials like titanium and car makers shrink engines to boost efficiency, they provide machine-tool makers with new markets. And old markets can be refined as they grow. WP Kemper, a maker of baking equipment near Bielefeld, expects demand for dough to double over the next decade, as consumers in developing countries broaden their diets. The new generationof bakers will be unfamiliar with the mysteries of European bread, so Kemper is working on an "intelligent kneader" thatknows when dough is ready.Many Mittelstand firms are oligopolists, argues Mr Schmiedeberg, occupying niches so narrow that they attract few rivals. Increasingly, the niches are being defended with services, in t his context notthe term of derision it often is in manufacturingcircles. Beckhoff builds its own salesand maintenance networks, relying littleon dealers-unlike some of its non-Ger-I Making moreManufacturing,% o f G DP- Germany - I ta ly - E u roa r ea- United States Britain F r ance24222018 - 1614• ....... ~ 12 •10+1997 99 2001 03 05 07 09 10So u rc es: US B u r e au o f Econo mic Ana lys i s; Eu rost a tman competitors.The next stage is "hybrid value-added",in which the product is an outcome thatthe customer wants rather than the goodthat produces it. Wolf Heiztechnik of Bavaria is developing a contract under whichit sells t emperature control ra t her than heating equipment. "Every Chinese firmcan do the industrial part, not the whole hybrid," says Karl Lichtblau of IW Consult, a consultancy. Counting industry-related services, he reckons, manufacturing'sshare of GDP is more like 30% than 20%.In places like Bielefeld the future lookslike an extension of the past. Not everything changes at once, and institutions arethere to help out. When the machinebuilding department at Bielefeld's Universityof Applied Sciences looked in dangerof closing, industry drummed up interest among students to keep it open. IT's owL,a new initiative by machine builders, carpart suppliers and electronics companies, enlists universities to add intelligence to regionalproducts, like Kemper's smartkneader. "We are successful because we have companies behind us and companies ahead of us," says Mr Beckhoff. His advice to politicians: don't break the chain. But is the success of which he is justly proud enough? And is it something other countries can learn from?The platform for Germany's successI Paying lessUni t la b our c osts, t o tal economy, 2005=100B ri tain - Euro are a*- Uni t ed S t a t es - Germany12011010090807060,, , , , , , ,, , ,,, ,, , , ,,, , ..,1990 95 2000 05 10So u r c e: O E CD *Esti m ate 1990·94The Economist April 14th 2012looks precariously narrow. Vehicles, machines,electronic devices and chemicals account for more than half of Germany's exports, and exports provided nearly all Germany's growth from 2001 to 2007. Op timiststhink Germany can keep its shareof world trade, which grows twice as fast as global output, and thus stay ahead. Butthis is a big bet on a thin slice of the economy. Employment in manufacturingproper is less than a fifth of the total. In unglamorous,non-export oriented servicesGermany is in a much sorrier state. Stunted services depress incomes and investment. The OECD predicts that, as the population ages, potential growth will drop,falling below 1% by 2020. "The underlying issue is raising productivity in services and increasing wages in line with that," saysMr Tilford of the CER.Germany could do a lot more to perk up domestic demand. Deregulation of professionalservices would boost produc t ivityand inves t ment. Barriers to women working, including incentive-killing tax andbenefit regimes and a shortage of creches, should be removed. And Mr Tilford finds it "astonishing" that a country with a current-account surplus as big as Germany'sinsists on balancing its budget. Demographic decline could initially bea blessing, shifting power to workers as the workforce shrinks, with the subsequent increase in labour costs boosting domestic demand (see chart 4). Verdi, the services union, extracted a 6.3% pay rise from federal and municipal governments last month.In the engineering sector, where talks are under way, bosses are encountering amore assertive union. Domestic demand is expected to provide all this year's growth, partly because Germany's European trading partners are in such bad shape.Many of them would profit from becoming more like Germany in terms ofbuilding business success, but there are limits. Any leader with backing and boldness can imitate some of what Germanydid when its joints were stiffened, like raising the pension age (which France has onlyjust started on) or cutting social-security contributions, as Mr Sarkozy talks of do ing. Southern Europe's crash programmeof structural reform is partly inspired by Germany. The dual system may be exportable, though not overnight.But it is another matter to excel in highend capital goods or to assign to enterprise, unions and t he state roles that Germanyhas been practising, with disastrous interruptions,for more than a century. Duringthe crisis Italy introduced a short-time working scheme like Germany's, but the results were disappointing: Italian firmsand their workers could not mimic Germany's ordered flexibility. Germany canoffer lessons in how to get back into shape; but the essence of its model is rooted too deeply to be copied with ease. •。
《经济学人》常用词汇总结1、Absolute advantage 绝对优势2、Adverse choice 逆向选择3、Alternative cost 选择成本4、Arc elasticity of demand 需求的弧弹性5、Asymmetric information 非对称的信息6、Average cost 平均成本7、Average fixed cost 平均固定成本8、Average product 平均产品9、Average variable cost 平均可变成本10、Beta 投资的β11、Bond yield 债券收益12、Break-even chart 收支平衡图13、Budget line 预算线14、Bunding 捆绑销售15、Capital 资本16、Capital gain 资本收益17、Capitalism 资本主义18、Cardinal utility 基数效应19、Cartel 卡特尔20、Cobb-Douglas production function 科布-道格拉斯生产函数21、Collision 勾结22、Comparative advantage 比较优势23、Complements 互补品24、Constant-cost industry 成本不变行业25、Constant returns to scale 规模收益不变26、Consumer surplus 消费者剩余27、Contestable market 可竞争市场28、Contract curve 契约曲线29、Corner solution 角点解30、Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性31、Deadweight loss of monopoly垄断的无谓损失32、Deadweight loss of monopsony 买方垄断的无谓损失33、Decreasing-cost industry 成本递减行业34、Decreasing return to scale 规模收益递减35、Demand curve 需求曲线36、Demand curve of loanable funds 可贷资金的需求曲线37、Discount rate 贴现率38、Diversifiable risk 可分散风险39、Dominant firm 主导厂商40、Dominant strategy 优势策略41、Duopoly 双头垄断42、Economic efficiency 经济效率43、Economic profit 经济利润44、Economic region of production 生产的经济区域45、Economic resource 经济资源46、Economies of scope 围经济47、Efficient markets hypothesis 有效市场假说48、Endowment position 财富状况49、Engel curve 恩格尔曲线50、Equilibrium 均衡51、Excess capacity 过剩生产能力52、Expansion path 扩路径53、Expected monetary vale期望货币价值54、Expected profit 预期利润55、Expected value of perfect information56、Explicit costs 显成本57、External diseconomy 外部不经济58、External economy 外部经济59、First-mover advantages 先动优势60、Fixed cost 固定成本61、Fixed input 不变投入品62、General equilibrium analysis 一般均衡分析63、Giffen’s paradox 吉芬反论64、Implicit cost 隐成本65、Income-compensated demand curve 收入补偿的需求曲线66、Income-consumption curve 收入-消费曲线67、Income effect 收入效应68、Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性69、Increasing-cost industry成本递增的产业70、Increasing returns to scale 规模收益递增71、Indifference curve 无差异曲线72、Inferior good 劣质商品73、Innovation 创新74、Input 投入品75、Interest rate 利率76、Intermediate good 中间品77、Internal rate of return 部收益率78、Investment 投资79、Investment demand curve 投资需求曲线80、Isocost curve 等成本曲线81、Isoprofit curve 等利润曲线82、Isoquant 等产量曲线83、Isorevenue line 等收益线84、Kinked demand curve 折弯的需求曲线85、Labor 劳动86、Land 土地87、Law of diminishing marginal returns 边际收益递减率88、Lerner index 勒纳指数89、Learning curve 学习曲线90、Limit pricing 限制性定价91、Long run 长期92、Marginal cost 边际成本93、Marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价94、Marginal expenditure curve 边际支出曲线95、Marginal product 边际产品96、Marginal rate of product transformation 边际产品转换率97、Marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率98、Marginal revenue 边际收益99、Marginal revenue product 边际收益产品100、Marginal utility 边际效用101、Market 市场102、Market demand curve 市场需求曲线103、Market period 市场周期104、.Market structure 市场结构105、Market supply schedule 市场供给表106、Markup pricing加成定价107、Maximin strategy 最大最小策略108、Microeconomics 微观经济学109、Minmum efficient size of plant 工厂的最小有效规模110、Model模型111、Money income 货币收入112、Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争113、Monopoly 垄断114、Monopsony 买方垄断115、Moral hazard 道德风险116、Multinational firm 跨国公司117、Multiplant monopoly 多厂垄断118、Multiproduct firm 多产品厂商119、Mutual fund 共同基金120、Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡121、Natural monopoly 自然垄断122、Net-Present-Value Rule 净现值规则123、Nondiversifiable risk 不可分散的风险124、Nonprice competition 非价格竞争125、Normal goods 正常商品126、Oligopoly寡头垄断127、Oligopsony 买方寡头垄断128、Opportunity cost 机会成本129、Optimal input combination 最优投入品组合130、Ordinal utility 序数效用131、Pareto criterion 帕累托标准132、Partial equilibrium analysis 局部均衡分析133、Pecuniary benefits 货币收益134、Perfect Competition 完全竞争135、Perpetuity 不可兑换的公司债券136、Predatory pricing 掠夺性定价137、Present value 现值138、Price ceiling 最高限价139、Pric-consumption curve 价格-消费曲线140、Price discrimination 价格歧视141、Price elastic 富有价格弹性142、Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性143、Price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性144、Price floor 最低限价145、Price inelastic缺乏价格弹性146、Price leader 价格领导者147、Price system 价格系统148、Principal-agent problem 委托-代理问题149、Prisoner`s dilemma 囚犯困境150、Private cost 私人成本151、Probability 概率152、Producer surplus 生产者剩余153、Production possibilities curve 生产可能性曲线154、Production function 生产函数156、Profit 利润157、Public good 公共物品158、Quasi-rent 准租金159、Quota 配额160、Ray 射线161、Reaction curve 反应曲线162、Real benefits 真实收益163、Rent 租金164、Ridge lines 脊线165、Risk 风险166、Risk averter 风险厌恶者167、Risk lover 风险爱好者168、Risk neutral 风险中性169、Saving 储蓄170、Second-degree Price discrimination 二级价格歧视171、Selling expenses 销售费用172、Short run 短期173、Social cost 社会成本174、Static efficiency 静态效率175、Strategic move 策略举措176、Substitutes 替代品177、Substitution effect 替代效应178、Supply curve 供给曲线179、Supply curve of loanable funds 可贷资金的供给曲线180、Target return 目标收益181、Tariff 关税182、Technological changes 技术进步183、Technology 技术184、Third－degree price discrimination 三级价格歧视185、Tit for tat 针锋相对186、Total cost 总成本187、Total cost function 总成本函数188、Total cost 总固定成本189、Total revenue 总收益190、Total surplus 总剩余191、Total utility 总效用192、Total variable cost 总可变成本193、Trading possibilities curve 贸易可能性曲线194、Transaction cost 交易成本门195、Transferable emissions permits 可转让的排放许可证196、Two-part tariff 双重收费197、Tying 搭售198、Unitary elasticity 单位弹性199、Utility 效用200、Utility of possibility curve 效用可能性曲线201、Value of marginal product 边际产品价值202、Variable cost 可变成本203、Variable input 可变投入品204、von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function •纽曼--摩根斯坦效用函数204、Winners curse 赢者的诅咒205、Ability－to－pay principle（of taxation）（税收的）支付能力原则206、Absolute advantage(in international trade）(国际贸易中的）绝对优势207、Accelerator principle 加速原理208、Actual,cycical and structual budget 实际预算、周期预算和结构预算209、Adaptive expectations 适用性预期210、Adjustable peg 可调整钉住211、Administered（or inflexible）prices 管理（或非浮动）价格212、Adverse selection 逆向选择213、Aggregate demand 总需求214、Aggregate demand（AD）curve 总需求曲线215、Aggregate supply 总供给216、Aggregate suppy(AS) curve 总供给曲线217、Allocative efficiency 配置效率218、Antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法219、Appreciation（of a currency）（通货）升值220、Appropriable 可分拨221、Arbitrage 套利222、Asset 资产223、Asset demand for money 货币的资产需求224、Automatic（or built－in）stabilizers 自动（或在）稳定器225、Average cost 平均成本226、verage cost curve，long－run（ LRAC或 LAC）长期平均成本曲线227、Average cost curve， short－run（ SRAC或 SAC）短期平均成本曲线228、Average fixed cost 平均固定成本229、Average product 平均产品230、Average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向231、Average revenue 平均收益232、Average variable cost 平均可变成本233、Balance of international payment 国际收支平衡表234、Balance of trade 贸易余额235、Balance of current account经常项目余额236、Balance sheet 资产负债表237、Balanced budget 平衡预算238、Bank，commercial 商业银行239、Bank money 银行货币240、bank reserves 银行准备会241、进入壁垒Barriers to entry242、Barter 易货贸易243、Benefit principle（of taxation）（税收的）受益原则244、Bond 债券245、Break－even point（in macroeconomics）（宏观经济学中的）收支相抵点246、Bretton woods System 布雷顿森林体系247、Broad money 广义货币248、Budget 预算249、Budget,balanced 平衡预算250、Budget constraint 预算约束251、Budget deficit 预算赤字252、Budget,government 政府预算253、Budget line 预算线254、Budget surplus 预算盈余255、Built-in stabilizers 在稳定器见自动稳定器（automatic stabilizers）256、Business cycles 商业周期257、C＋I,C＋I＋G,or C＋I＋G＋X schedule C＋I,C＋I＋G或 C＋I＋G＋X表258、Capital(capital goods,capital equipment）资本（资本商品，资本设备）259、Capital consumption allowance 资本消耗补偿见折旧（depreciation）260、Capital deepening 资本深化261、Capital gains 资本利得262、Capital markets 资本市场263、Capital－output ratio 资本-产出比率264、Capital widening 资本广化265、Capitalism 资本主义266、Cardinal utility 基数效用267、Cartel 卡特尔268、Central bank 中央银行269、Change in demand vs．change in quantity demanded 需求变化与需求量的变化270、Change in supply vs．supply in quantity 供给变动与供给且的变动271、Checking account（or bank money）支票（或银行货币）272、Chicago School of Economics （经济学）芝加哥学派273、Classical approach 古典理论274、Classical economics 古典经济学275、Classical theories（in macroeconomics）（宏观经济学中的）古典理论276、Clearing market 市场出清277、Closed economy 封闭经济见开放经济（open economy）278、Coase theorem 科斯定理279、Collective bargaining 集体谈判280、Collusion 勾结281、Collusive oligopoly 寡头勾结垄断282、Command economy 指令经济283、Commodity money 商品货币284、Common stock 普通股票285、Communism 共产主义286、Comparative advantage（in international trade）（国际贸易中的）比较优势287、Compensating differentials 补偿性（工资）差异288、Competition，imperfect 不完全竞争289、Competion，perfect 完全竞争290、Competitve equilibrium 竞争均衡291、Competitive market 竞争性市场292、Complements 互补品293、Compound interest 复利294、Concentration ratio 集中度295、Conglomerate 混合联合企业296、Conglomerate merger 混合兼并见兼并（merger）297、Constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变见规模报酬（returns to scale）298、Consumer price index 消费者价格指数（CPI）299、Consumer surplus 消费者剩余300、Consumption 消费301、Consumption function 消费函数302、Consumption-possibility line消费可能线见预算线（budget line）303、Cooperative equilibrium 合作性均衡304、Corporate income tax 公司所得税305、Corporation 公司306、Correlation 相关307、Cost，average 平均成本308、Cost，average fixed 平均固定成本309、Cost，average variable 平均可变成本310、Cost，fixed 固定成本311、Cost，marginal 边际成本312、Cost，minimum 最低成本313、Cost-push inflation 成本推动的通货膨胀314、Cost，total 总成本315、Cost，variable 可变成本316、Crawling（or sliding）peg 爬行（滑动）钉住317、Credit 信贷318、Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性319、Crowding-out hypothesis 挤出（效应）假说320、Currency 通货321、Currency appreciation（or depreciation ）通货升值（或贬值）322、Current account 经常见贸易余额（balance of trade）323、Cyclical budget 周期预算324、Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业325、Deadweight loss 净损失326、Debit 借方327、Decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减328、Deficit spending 赤字性支出329、Deflating（of economic data）（经济数据）紧缩330、Deflation 通货紧缩331、Demand curve（or demand schedule）需求曲线（或需求表）332、Demand for money 货币需求333、Demand-pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀334、Demography 人口学335、Depreciation（of an asset）（资产）折旧336、Depreciation（of a currency）（通货）贬值337、Depression 萧条338、Derived demand 派生需求339、Devaluation 降值340、Developing country 发展中国家见欠发达国家(less developed country)341、Differentiated products 差异产品342、Diminishing marginal utility，law of 边际效用递减规律343、Diminishing returns，law of 收益递减规律344、Direct taxes 直接税345、Discount rate 贴现率346、Discounting（of future income）（未来收人）折现347、Discrimination 歧视348、Disequilibrium 非均衡349、Disinflation 反通货膨胀350、Disposable income 可支配收入（DI）351、Disposable personal income 个人可支配收入352、Dissaving 负储蓄354、Division of labor 劳动分工355、Dominant equilibrium 占优均衡见占优战略（dominant strategy）356、Dominant strategy 占优战略357、Downward－sloping demand，law of 需求向下倾斜规律358、Duopoly 双头垄断359、Duopoly price war 双头垄断价格战360、Easy－money policy 宽松的货币政策361、Econometrics 经济计量学362、Economic goods 经济物品363、Economic growth 经济增长364、Economic reguation 经济管制365、Economic rent 经济租金见"经济租金"（rent， economic）366、Economic surplus 经济剩余367、Economics of information 信息经济学368、Economies of scale 规模经济369、Economies of scope 广度经济370、Effective tax rate 有效税率371、Efficiency 效率372、Efficiency－wage theory 有效工资理论373、Efficient market 有效市场374、Elasticity 弹性375、Employed 就业者参见"失业"（unemployment）376、Equal－cost line 等成本线377、Equal－product curve（or isoquant）等产量线378、Equilibrium 均衡379、Equilibrum（for a business firm）厂商均衡380、Equilibrium（for the individual consumer）单个消费者的均衡381、Equilibrium，competitive 竞争均衡见竟争均衡（competitive equilibrium）382、Equilibrium，general 一般均衡见一般均衡分析（general－equilibrium analysis）383、Equilibrium，macroeconomic 宏观经济均衡384、Equimarginal principle 等边际法则385、Exchange rate 汇率见外汇汇率（foreign exchange rate）386、Exchange-rate system 汇率制度387、Excise tax vs．sales tax 消费税和销售税388、Exclusion principle 排他原则389、Exogenous vs．induced variables 外生变量和引致变量390、Expectations 预期391、Expenditure multiplier 支出乘数参见乘数（multiplier）392、Exports 出口393、External diseconomies 外部不经济394、External economies 外部经济395、External variables 外部变量同外生变量（exogenous variables）396、Externalities 外部性397、Factors of production 生产要素398、Fallacy of composition 合成谬误399、Federal Reserve System 联邦储备系统美国的中央银行（centra bank）400、Fiat money 法定货币没有在价值（intrinsic value）401、Final goods 最终产品402、Financial economics 金融经济学403、Financial intermediary 金融中介404、Firm（business firm）厂商405、Fiscal-monetary mix 财政-货币政策组合406、Fiscal policy 财政政策407、Fiscal cost 固定成本见固定成本（cost，fixed）408、Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率见外汇汇率（foreign exchangs rate）409、Flexible exchange rates 弹性汇率制410、Floating exchange rates 浮动汇率制见弹性汇率制（flexibleexchange rates）411、Flow vs. stock 流量与存量412、Foreign exchange 外汇413、Foreign exchange market 外汇市场414、Foreign exchange rate 外汇汇率415、Fourfirm concentration rate 四企业集中度见集中度（concentration ratio）416、Fractional-reserve banking 部分准备金417、Free goods 免费品不属于经济品（economic goods）418、Free trade 自由贸易419、Frictional unemployment 磨擦性失业420、Full employment 充分就业421、Gains from trade 贸易利得422、Galloping inflation 急剧的通货膨胀见通货膨胀（inflation）423、Game theory 博弈论424、General-equilibrium analysis 一般均衡分析425、GDP deflator GDP紧缩指数426、GDP gap GDP缺口427、GNP 国民生产总值见国民生产总值（gloss national product）428、Gold standard 全本位制429、Government debt 政府债务430、Goverment expenditure multiplier 政府支出乘数431、Graduated income tax 累进所得税见个人所得税（income tax，personal）432、Gresham`s Law 格雷欣法则433、Gross domestic product，nominal（or nominal GDP）名义国生产总值(或名义GDP）434、Gross domestic product，real 实际国生产总值（实际GDP）435、Gross national product，nominal 名义国民生产总值（或名义GNP）436、Gross national product，real 实际国民生产总值（实际GNP）437、Growth accounting 增长核算438、Hedging 套期保值439、High-powered money 高能货币见基础货币（monetary base）440、Horizontal equity vs．vertical equity 横向平等与纵向平等441、Horizontal integration 横向整合见纵向整合与横向整合（integration， vertical vs．horizontal）442、Horizontal merger 横向兼井见兼并（merger）443、Human capital 人力资本444、Hyperinflation 恶性通货膨胀见通货膨胀（inflation）445、Imperfect competition 不完全竞争见不完全竞争（competition，imperfect）446、Imperfect competitor 不完全竞争者447、Implicit－cost elements 隐性成本要素显性货币成本（explicit money costs）448、Imports 进口见出口（exports）449、Inappropriability 不可分拨性见不可分拨（inappropriable）450、Inappropriable 不可分拨451、Incidence（or tax incidence）归宿，或税赋归宿452、Income 收入453、Income effect（of a price change）（价格变动的）收入效应454、Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性455、Income statement 收益表456、Income tax，negative 负所得税见负所得税（egative income tax）457、Income tax，personal 个人所得税458、Income velocity of money 货币的收入周转率459、Incomes policy 收入政策460、Increasing returns to scale 递增的规模报酬见规模报酬（returns to scale）461、Independent goods 独立品462、Indexing（or indexation）指数化463、Indifference curve 无差异曲线464、indifference map 无差异曲线图465、Indirect taxes 间接税见直接税（direct taxes）466、Induced variables 引致变量467、Industry 产业468、Inertial rate of inflation 惯性通货膨胀率469、Infant industry 幼稚产业470、Inferior goods 低档品或劣等品471、Inflation（or inflation rate）通货膨胀（或通货膨胀率）472、Inflation targeting 通货膨胀目标473、Innovation 创新474、Inputs 投入475、Insurance 保险476、Integration，vertical vs．horizontal 纵向整合和横向整合477、Intellectual property rights 知识产权478、Interest 利息479、Interest rate 利率480、Intermediate goods 中间产品481、International monetary system（also International financial system）国际货币制度（国际金融体系）482、Intervention 干预483、Intrinsic value（of money）（货币的）在价值484、Invention 发明485、Investment 投资487、Invisible hand 看不见的手488、Involuntarily unemployed 非自愿失业见失业（unemployment）489、Iron law of wages 工资铁律490、Isoquant 等产量见等产量曲线（equal product curve）491、Keynesian economics 凯恩斯经济学492、Keynesian school 凯恩斯学派见凯恩斯主义经济学(Keynesian economics)493、Labor force 劳动力494、Labor－force participstion rate 劳动力参与率495、Labor productivity 劳动生产率见生产率（productivity）496、Labor supply 劳动供给497、Labor theory of value 劳动价值论498、Laissez－faire（"leave us along"）自由放任（“别来管我”）499、Land 土地500、Least－cost rule（of production）（生产的）最低成本法则501、Legal tender 法定清偿物502、Less developed country（LDC）欠发达国家503、Liabilities 负债504、Libertarianism 自由放任主义505、Limited Liability 有限责任506、Long run 长期507、Long－run aggregate supply schedule 长期总供给表508、Lorenz curve 洛伦茨曲线509、Lowest sustainable rate of unemployment（or LSUR）最低可持续失业率510、Lump－of－labor fallacy 劳动合成谬误511、M1、 M2参见货币供应(money supply）。
The Economist 《經濟學人》常用詞彙總結1、絕對優勢（Absolute advantage）如果一個國家用一單位資源生產的某種產品比另一個國家多，那麼，這個國家在這種產品的生產上與另一國相比就具有絕對優勢。
2、逆向選擇（Adverse choice）在此狀況下，保險公司發現它們的客戶中有太大的一部分來自高風險群體。
3、選擇成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一種方式使用的某種資源，它所能生產的價值就是選擇成本，也可以稱之為機會成本。
4、需求的弧彈性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分別是價格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 為第二組值，那麼，弧彈性就等於-（Q1-Q2）（P1+P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1+Q2）5、非對稱的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市場中，每個參與者擁有的資訊並不相同。
例如，在舊車市場上，有關舊車品質的資訊，賣者通常要比潛在的買者知道得多。
6、平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是總成本除以產量。
也稱為平均總成本。
7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是總固定成本除以產量。
8、平均產品（Average product）平均產品是總產量除以投入品的數量。
9、平均可變成本（Average variable cost）平均可變成本是總可變成本除以產量。
10、投資的β(Beta）β度量的是與投資相聯的不可分散的風險。
對於一種股票而言，它表示所有現行股票的收益發生變化時，一種股票的收益會如何敏感地變化。
11、債券收益(Bond yield）債券收益是債券所獲得的利率。
12、收支平衡圖（Break-even chart）收支平衡圖表示一種產品所出售的總數量改變時總收益和總成本是如何變化的。
收支平衡點是為避免損失而必須賣出的最小數量。
13、預算線(Budget line）預算線表示消費者所能購買的商品X和商品Y的數量的全部組合。
