Higher order QED corrections to deep inelastic scattering

人工智能是一门新兴的具有挑战力的学科。

自人工智能诞生以来,发展迅速,产生了许多分支。

诸如强化学习、模拟环境、智能硬件、机器学习等。

但是,在当前人工智能技术迅猛发展,为人们的生活带来许多便利。

下面是搜索整理的人工智能英文参考文献的分享，供大家借鉴参考。

人工智能英文参考文献一：[1]Lars Egevad,Peter Str?m,Kimmo Kartasalo,Henrik Olsson,Hemamali Samaratunga,Brett Delahunt,Martin Eklund. The utility of artificial intelligence in the assessment of prostate pathology[J]. Histopathology,2020,76(6).[2]Rudy van Belkom. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Activities ofa Futurist[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[3]Reza Hafezi. How Artificial Intelligence Can Improve Understanding in Challenging Chaotic Environments[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[4]Alejandro Díaz-Domínguez. How Futures Studies and Foresight Could Address Ethical Dilemmas of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[5]Russell T. Warne,Jared Z. Burton. Beliefs About Human Intelligence in a Sample of Teachers and Nonteachers[J]. Journal for the Education of the Gifted,2020,43(2).[6]Russell Belk,Mariam Humayun,Ahir Gopaldas. Artificial Life[J]. Journal of Macromarketing,2020,40(2).[7]Walter Kehl,Mike Jackson,Alessandro Fergnani. Natural Language Processing and Futures Studies[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[8]Anne Boysen. Mine the Gap: Augmenting Foresight Methodologies with Data Analytics[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[9]Marco Bevolo,Filiberto Amati. The Potential Role of AI in Anticipating Futures from a Design Process Perspective: From the Reflexive Description of “Design” to a Discussion of Influences by the Inclusion of AI in the Futures Research Process[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[10]Lan Xu,Paul Tu,Qian Tang,Dan Seli?teanu. Contract Design for Cloud Logistics (CL) Based on Blockchain Technology (BT)[J]. Complexity,2020,2020.[11]L. Grant,X. Xue,Z. Vajihi,A. Azuelos,S. Rosenthal,D. Hopkins,R. Aroutiunian,B. Unger,A. Guttman,M. Afilalo. LO32: Artificial intelligence to predict disposition to improve flow in the emergency department[J]. CJEM,2020,22(S1).[12]A. Kirubarajan,A. Taher,S. Khan,S. Masood. P071: Artificial intelligence in emergency medicine: A scoping review[J]. CJEM,2020,22(S1).[13]L. Grant,P. Joo,B. Eng,A. Carrington,M. Nemnom,V. Thiruganasambandamoorthy. LO22: Risk-stratification of emergency department syncope by artificial intelligence using machine learning: human, statistics or machine[J]. CJEM,2020,22(S1).[14]Riva Giuseppe,Riva Eleonora. OS for Ind Robots: Manufacturing Robots Get Smarter Thanks to Artificial Intelligence.[J]. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking,2020,23(5).[15]Markus M. Obmann,Aurelio Cosentino,Joshy Cyriac,Verena Hofmann,Bram Stieltjes,Daniel T. Boll,Benjamin M. Yeh,Matthias R. Benz. Quantitative enhancement thresholds and machine learning algorithms for the evaluation of renal lesions using single-phase split-filter dual-energy CT[J]. Abdominal Radiology,2020,45(1).[16]Haytham H. Elmousalami,Mahmoud Elaskary. Drilling stuck pipe classification and mitigation in the Gulf of Suez oil fields using artificial intelligence[J]. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology,2020,10(10).[17]Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland,Karin Bock. Bildgebung in der Mammadiagnostik –Ein Ausblick <trans-title xml:lang="en">Imaging in breast diagnostics—an outlook [J]. Der Gyn?kologe,2020,53(6).</trans-title>[18]Nowakowski Piotr,Szwarc Krzysztof,Boryczka Urszula. Combining an artificial intelligence algorithm and a novel vehicle for sustainable e-waste collection[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2020,730.[19]Wang Huaizhi,Liu Yangyang,Zhou Bin,Li Canbing,Cao Guangzhong,Voropai Nikolai,Barakhtenko Evgeny. Taxonomy research of artificial intelligence for deterministic solar power forecasting[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2020,214.[20]Kagemoto Hiroshi. Forecasting a water-surface wave train with artificial intelligence- A case study[J]. Ocean Engineering,2020,207.[21]Tomonori Aoki,Atsuo Yamada,Kazuharu Aoyama,Hiroaki Saito,Gota Fujisawa,Nariaki Odawara,Ryo Kondo,Akiyoshi Tsuboi,Rei Ishibashi,Ayako Nakada,Ryota Niikura,Mitsuhiro Fujishiro,Shiro Oka,Soichiro Ishihara,Tomoki Matsuda,Masato Nakahori,Shinji Tanaka,Kazuhiko Koike,Tomohiro Tada. Clinical usefulness of a deep learning‐based system as the first screening on small‐bowel capsule endoscopy reading[J]. Digestive Endoscopy,2020,32(4).[22]Masashi Fujii,Hajime Isomoto. Next generation of endoscopy: Harmony with artificial intelligence and robotic‐assisted devices[J]. Digestive Endoscopy,2020,32(4).[23]Roberto Verganti,Luca Vendraminelli,Marco Iansiti. Innovation and Design in the Age of Artificial Intelligence[J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management,2020,37(3).[24]Yuval Elbaz,David Furman,Maytal Caspary Toroker. Modeling Diffusion in Functional Materials: From Density Functional Theory to Artificial Intelligence[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2020,30(18).[25]Dinesh Visva Gunasekeran,Tien Yin Wong. Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology in 2020: A Technology on the Cusp for Translation and Implementation[J]. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology,2020,9(2).[26]Fu-Neng Jiang,Li-Jun Dai,Yong-Ding Wu,Sheng-Bang Yang,Yu-Xiang Liang,Xin Zhang,Cui-Yun Zou,Ren-Qiang He,Xiao-Ming Xu,Wei-De Zhong. The study of multiple diagnosis models of human prostate cancer based on Taylor database by artificial neural networks[J]. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association,2020,83(5).[27]Matheus Calil Faleiros,Marcello Henrique Nogueira-Barbosa,Vitor Faeda Dalto,JoséRaniery Ferreira Júnior,Ariane Priscilla Magalh?es Tenório,Rodrigo Luppino-Assad,Paulo Louzada-Junior,Rangaraj Mandayam Rangayyan,Paulo Mazzoncini de Azevedo-Marques. Machine learning techniques for computer-aided classification of active inflammatory sacroiliitis in magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Advances in Rheumatology,2020,60(1078).[28]Balamurugan Balakreshnan,Grant Richards,Gaurav Nanda,Huachao Mao,Ragu Athinarayanan,Joseph Zaccaria. PPE Compliance Detection using Artificial Intelligence in Learning Factories[J]. Procedia Manufacturing,2020,45.[29]M. Stévenin,V. Avisse,N. Ducarme,A. de Broca. Qui est responsable si un robot autonome vient à entra?ner un dommage ?[J]. Ethique et Santé,2020.[30]Fatemeh Barzegari Banadkooki,Mohammad Ehteram,Fatemeh Panahi,Saad Sh. Sammen,Faridah Binti Othman,Ahmed EL-Shafie. Estimation of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) using New Hybrid Machine Learning Models[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2020.[31]Adam J. Schwartz,Henry D. Clarke,Mark J. Spangehl,Joshua S. Bingham,DavidA. Etzioni,Matthew R. Neville. Can a Convolutional Neural Network Classify Knee Osteoarthritis on Plain Radiographs as Accurately as Fellowship-Trained Knee Arthroplasty Surgeons?[J]. The Journal of Arthroplasty,2020.[32]Ivana Nizetic Kosovic,Toni Mastelic,Damir Ivankovic. Using Artificial Intelligence on environmental data from Internet of Things for estimating solar radiation: Comprehensive analysis[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2020.[33]Lauren Fried,Andrea Tan,Shirin Bajaj,Tracey N. Liebman,David Polsky,Jennifer A. Stein. Technological advances for the detection of melanoma: Part I. Advances in diagnostic techniques[J]. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology,2020.[34]Mohammed Amoon,Torki Altameem,Ayman Altameem. Internet of things Sensor Assisted Security and Quality Analysis for Health Care Data Sets Using Artificial Intelligent Based Heuristic Health Management System[J]. Measurement,2020.[35]E. Lotan,C. Tschider,D.K. Sodickson,A. Caplan,M. Bruno,B. Zhang,Yvonne W. Lui. Medical Imaging and Privacy in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Myth, Fallacy, and the Future[J]. Journal of the American College of Radiology,2020.[36]Fabien Lareyre,Cédric Adam,Marion Carrier,Juliette Raffort. Artificial Intelligence in Vascular Surgery: moving from Big Data to Smart Data[J]. Annals of Vascular Surgery,2020.[37]Ilesanmi Daniyan,Khumbulani Mpofu,Moses Oyesola,Boitumelo Ramatsetse,Adefemi Adeodu. Artificial intelligence for predictive maintenance in the railcar learning factories[J]. Procedia Manufacturing,2020,45.[38]Janet L. McCauley,Anthony E. Swartz. Reframing Telehealth[J]. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America,2020.[39]Jean-Emmanuel Bibault,Lei Xing. Screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with artificial intelligence[J]. The Lancet Digital Health,2020,2(5).[40]Andrea Laghi. Cautions about radiologic diagnosis of COVID-19 infection driven by artificial intelligence[J]. The Lancet Digital Health,2020,2(5).人工智能英文参考文献二：[41]K. Orhan,I. S. Bayrakdar,M. Ezhov,A. Kravtsov,T. ?zyürek. Evaluation of artificial intelligence for detecting periapical pathosis on cone‐beam computed tomography scans[J]. International Endodontic Journal,2020,53(5).[42]Avila A M,Mezi? I. Data-driven analysis and forecasting of highway traffic dynamics.[J]. Nature communications,2020,11(1).[43]Neri Emanuele,Miele Vittorio,Coppola Francesca,Grassi Roberto. Use of CT andartificial intelligence in suspected or COVID-19 positive patients: statement of the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology.[J]. La Radiologia medica,2020.[44]Tau Noam,Stundzia Audrius,Yasufuku Kazuhiro,Hussey Douglas,Metser Ur. Convolutional Neural Networks in Predicting Nodal and Distant Metastatic Potential of Newly Diagnosed Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer on FDG PET Images.[J]. AJR. American journal of roentgenology,2020.[45]Coppola Francesca,Faggioni Lorenzo,Regge Daniele,Giovagnoni Andrea,Golfieri Rita,Bibbolino Corrado,Miele Vittorio,Neri Emanuele,Grassi Roberto. Artificial intelligence: radiologists' expectations and opinions gleaned from a nationwide online survey.[J]. La Radiologia medica,2020.[46]?. ? ? ? ? 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Clinical Implementation of Deep Learning in Thoracic Radiology: Potential Applications and Challenges.[J]. Korean journal of radiology,2020,21(5).[55]Mateen Bilal A,David Anna L,Denaxas Spiros. Electronic Health Records to Predict Gestational Diabetes Risk.[J]. Trends in pharmacological sciences,2020,41(5).[56]Yao Xiang,Mao Ling,Lv Shunli,Ren Zhenghong,Li Wentao,Ren Ke. CT radiomics features as a diagnostic tool for classifying basal ganglia infarction onset time.[J]. Journal of the neurological sciences,2020,412.[57]van Assen Marly,Banerjee Imon,De Cecco Carlo N. Beyond the Artificial Intelligence Hype: What Lies Behind the Algorithms and What We Can Achieve.[J]. Journal of thoracic imaging,2020,35 Suppl 1.[58]Guzik Tomasz J,Fuster Valentin. Leaders in Cardiovascular Research: Valentin Fuster.[J]. 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Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,258.[66]Siva Teja Kakileti,Himanshu J. Madhu,Geetha Manjunath,Leonard Wee,Andre Dekker,Sudhakar Sampangi. Personalized risk prediction for breast cancer pre-screening using artificial intelligence and thermal radiomics[J]. Artificial Intelligence In Medicine,2020,105.[67]. Evaluation of Payer Budget Impact Associated with the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Vitro Diagnostic, Kidneyintelx, to Modify DKD Progression:[J]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases,2020,75(5).[68]Rohit Nishant,Mike Kennedy,Jacqueline Corbett. Artificial intelligence for sustainability: Challenges, opportunities, and a research agenda[J]. International Journal of Information Management,2020,53.[69]Hoang Nguyen,Xuan-Nam Bui. Soft computing models for predicting blast-induced air over-pressure: A novel artificial intelligence approach[J]. Applied Soft Computing Journal,2020,92.[70]Benjamin S. Hopkins,Aditya Mazmudar,Conor Driscoll,Mark Svet,Jack Goergen,Max Kelsten,Nathan A. 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ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF DNA REACTIVE(MUTAGENIC) IMPURITIES IN PHARMACEUTICALS TOLIMIT POTENTIAL CARCINOGENIC RISK为限制潜在致癌风险而对药物中DNA活性（诱变性）杂质进行的评估和控制M7Current Step 4 versiondated 23 June 2014This Guideline has been developed by the appropriate ICH Expert Working Group and has been subject to consultation by the regulatory parties, in accordance with the ICH Process. At Step 4 of the Process the final draft is recommended for adoption to the regulatory bodies of the European Union, Japan and USA.M7Document History 文件历史The document is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. In no event shall the ICH or the authors of the original document be liable for any claim, damages or other liability arising from the use of the document.The above-mentioned permissions do not apply to content supplied by third parties. Therefore, for documents where the copyright vests in a third party, permission for reproduction must be obtained from this copyright holder.ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF DNA REACTIVE (MUTAGENIC) IMPURITIES IN PHARMACEUTICALS TO LIMIT POTENTIALCARCINOGENIC RISK为限制潜在致癌风险而对药物中DNA活性（诱变性）杂质进行的评估和控制ICH Harmonised Tripartite GuidelineICH三方协调指南Having reached Step 4 of the ICH Process at the ICH Steering Committee meeting on 5 June 2014, this Guideline is recommended for adoption to the three regulatory parties to ICHASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF DNA REACTIVE (MUTAGENIC) IMPURITIES IN PHARMACEUTICALS TO LIMIT POTENTIALCARCINOGENIC RISK为限制潜在致癌风险而对药物中DNA活性（诱变性）杂质进行的评估和控制1. INTRODUCTION概述The synthesis of drug substances involves the use of reactive chemicals, reagents, solvents, catalysts, and other processing aids. As a result of chemical synthesis or subsequent degradation, impurities reside in all drug substances and associated drug products. While ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances and Q3B(R2): Impurities in New Drug Products (Ref. 1, 2) provides guidance for qualification and control for the majority of the impurities, limited guidance is provided for those impurities that are DNA reactive. The purpose of this guideline is to provide a practical framework that is applicable to the identification, categorization, qualification, and control of these mutagenic impurities to limit potential carcinogenic risk. This guideline is intended to complement ICH Q3A(R2), Q3B(R2) (Note 1), and ICH M3(R2): Nonclinical Safety Studies for the Conduct of Human Clinical Trials and Marketing Authorizations for Pharmaceuticals (Ref. 3).原料药合成牵涉到使用活性化学物质、试剂、溶剂、催化剂和其它工艺助剂，导致在所有原料药及其制剂中会残留有化学合成或其降解产物、杂质。

VALIDATION OF COMPENDIAL PROCEDURES药典方法的验证Test procedures for assessment of the quality levels of pharmaceutical articles are subject to various requirements. According to Section 501 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, assays and specifications in monographs of the United States Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary constitute legal standards. The Current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations [21 CFR 211.194(a)] require that test methods, which are used for assessing compliance of pharmaceutical articles with established specifications, must meet proper standards of accuracy and reliability. Also, according to these regulations [21 CFR 211.194(a)(2)], users of analytical methods described in USP NF are not required to validate the accuracy and reliability of these methods, but merely verify their suitability under actual conditions of use. Recognizing the legal status of USP and NF standards, it is essential, therefore, that proposals for adoption of new or revised compendial analytical procedures be supported by sufficient laboratory data to document their validity.用于评估药品质量的检验方法需要满足不同的要求。

a r X i v :h e p -p h /9809533v 3 17 D e c 1998TTP 98-35Non-perturbative energy levels of two-fermion bound statesViktor Hund and Hartmut Pilkuhn Institut f¨u r Theoretische Teilchenphysik,Universit¨a t,D-76128Karlsruhe,Germany (e-mails:vh &hp@particle.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de)Abstract For the S-states of positronium and muonium,the terms of an expansion of energy levels in powers of the fine structure constant αare also members of a “recoil series”.The first two terms of that series are calculated to all orders in α.PACS number:36.10.Dr,03.65.Pm The calculation of energy levels to the order α6for the S-states of positronium and muonium (e −µ+)by Pachucki [1–3]has recently been confirmed for equal masses by en-tirely analytic methods [4].Both calculations use non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics (NRQED)[5].The only two-fermion equation which is solved nonperturbatively is the Schr¨o dinger equation for a particle of reduced mass µ=m 1m 2/m (m =m 1+m 2)in a Coulomb potential V =−α/r (¯h =c =1).Apart from a state-independent function F (µ/m )which is only numerically known for arbitrary m 1/m 2,all terms to order α6and α6log αcan also be arranged in a finite series in µ/m for the total cms energy E ,E =m +E 1+E 2+E log +E 3,(1)where E i is of the order µ(µ/m )i −1,and E log contains logarithms of mass ratios.In the following,E 1and E 2are derived to all orders in α,and most of the sixth-order terms E (6)3∼α6µ3/m 2of E (6)are confirmed (radiative corrections will be omitted).In combination with the complete expression for E (6),the series (1)increases the precision of QED bound state calculations for systems with m 1=m 2.Our method also reduces the gap between relativistic and non-relativistic expansions.The history of relativistic recoil expansions is long and sad[6–8].Frequently,one starts from a Dirac equation for an electron of mass m1in the potential V(r).The subsequent evaluation of recoil corrections of the order of m1/m2shows that most terms can be taken care of by replacing m1byµin the Dirac equation.Empirically then[6],E1follows from that equation.Similarly,theµ2/m-form has been found to orderα4for the hyperfine splitting, which is part of E2.But there has been no indication that to a given order ofα,the series (1)would end after afinite number of terms.For some P-states,hyperfine mixing requires in fact infinitely many terms already at the orderα4.The quantitative mixing disagrees with the standard hyperfine operator of the Dirac equation.On the contrary,this mixing follows easily from the Breit operators of NRQED.At the end,the Dirac equation approach has been completely abandoned for two-body systems.It is then remarkable that the nonperturbative use of the Schr¨o dinger equation leads to the form(1),in which E1is given precisely by the Dirac equation with reduced mass.For a state of angular momentum j,principal quantum number n and with the abbreviation j+12n−3 /8n3,(2)from which Pachucki’s result[2]follows for j+=1.We have recently derived a relativistic,Dirac-like two-fermion equation from perturbative QED[9],which explains this mystery and renders the calculation of E2trivial,again to all orders inα.The evaluation of E log and of the state-independent F(µ/m)requires the calculation of loop integrals,which remains to be done.The progress arises from the strict use of relativistic two-body kinematics in thefirst Born approximation,and from the reduc-tion to8×8components before Fourier transforming.Any system of two free particles of masses m1and m2satisfies the cms equation(p2−k2)ψ=0,where the eigenvalue k2can be expressed in terms of E2,m21and m22.It can be brought into the form k2=ε2−µ2E,µE=m1m2/E,ε=(E2−m21−m22)/2E.(3) The free equation is converted into an explicit eigenvalue equation for E2by the substitution ρ=µE r,pρ=p/µE, ε=ε/µE=(E2−m21−m22)/2m1m2.(4) When the interaction is added,the Coulomb potential V(r)is transformed into V(ρ).The resulting dimensionless Dirac equation is[9]β+γ5(σ1+σhf)pρ+V(ρ)− ε ψ=0,(5)σhf=−iσ1×σ2V(ρ)m1m2/E2.(6) Theσ1andσ2are Pauli matrices;the productγ5σ1is normally written asα.For compar-ison,the hyperfineσhf of atomic theory sets E=m2and replaces V p by[V,p]/2.To begin with,we evaluate the hyperfine energies E hf byfirst-order perturbation theory. For orbital angular momentum l=j±12,they areE hf=2m21m22f+1/2(j2+ ε−κD/2)/(4γ3−γ),(7)2κD=2(l−j)j+,γ2=j2+−α2.(8) Special cases of this formula are found in[10].To orderα6and forκD=−j+,the quotient of the last two brackets in(7)isj2+ ε−κD/22jj+ 1+α2 12j2++32n2−j+2)−E(f=j−12)=23in∆E hf.Pachucki’s result for the part E(6)2,hf of E(6)2follows by approximating E2≈m2in the denominator of(7).The remaining two terms of E2appear in the hyperfine-averagedshift¯E=34E(f=0).They are conveniently evaluated by a non-relativisticreduction:With the approximation E2≈m2in the hyperfine operator,(5)is an explicit eigenvalue equation that permits the standard reduction by elimination of the small components.The resulting Schr¨o dinger equation is(1+p2ρ/2+V(ρ)− εSch)ψSch=0.(10) It has the familiar non-relativistic eigenvalues, εSch−1=−α2/2n2.The equation becomes quite powerful when its centrifugal barrier l(l+1)/ρ2is replaced by an effective barrier l′(l′+1)/ρ2,which includes the lowest-order spin-orbit and hyperfine couplings:l′−l≡δl=α2 −1f+1m .(11)The principal quantum number n=n r+l+1gets replaced by n∗=n r+l′+1=n+δl, and the eigenvalues E2Sch follow from(10)asE2Sch−m2=−α2m1m2/n∗2≈−α2m1m2(1−δl/n)2/n2.(12)To orderα6,one obtainsE Sch−m=−α2(1−δl/n)2µ/2n2−α4µ2(1−4δl/n)/8mn4−α6µ3/16m2n6.(13) This expression contains both terms of¯E(6)2and two of the three terms in¯E(6)3[2](note that (δl)2is quadratic in the hyperfine interaction).The third term arises from the S-D-mixing in second order perturbation theory and is not calculated here,E(6)SD=−44,and in∆E3,hf with a factor1.There are two more n−5-contributions to∆E3,hf,one from the hyperfine part ofδl,δhf=2α2µ2)in(13)(in the bracket followingα4µ2),and one from setting E2=m2−α2m1m2/n2in(7),which effectively enlarges all hyperfine effects by a factor1+α2µ/mn2.The total coefficient ofα6µ3/m2n5is then−43+89,in agreement with[1].For higher orders inα,the expansion(1)is conveniently replaced by the simpler expansion for ε−1=(E2−m2)/2m1m2ε=1+ ε1+ ε2+ εlog+ ε3,(14)3in which ε1is pure“Dirac”as in E1,and ε2is pure“hyperfine”.In other words,the non-hyperfine terms of E2are canceled to all orders inα.There is one more hyperfine contribution to∆E3,hf[1]which does not follow from(5):∆E3,hf=2µ3f+1α+16−n−1i=11REFERENCES[1]K.Pachucki,Phys.Rev.A56,297(1997)[2]K.Pachucki,Phys.Rev.Letters79,4021(1997)[3]K.Pachucki and S.G.Karshenboim,Phys.Rev.Letters80,2101(1998)[4]A.Czarnecki,K.Melnikov and A.Yelkhovsky,Phys.Rev.Letters(to be published)[5]W.E.Caswell and G.P.Lepage,Phys.Letters167B,437(1986)[6]G.Erickson,J.Phys.Chem.Ref.Data,6,831(1977)[7]R.Sapirstein and D.Yennie,in:Quantum Electrodynamics,World Scientific,Singapore1990[8]M.I.Eides and H.Grotch,Phys.Rev.A55,3351(1997)[9]R.H¨a ckl,V.Hund and H.Pilkuhn,Phys.Rev.A57,3268(1998)[10]M.E.Rose,Relativistic Electron Theory,Wiley1961[11]M.Malvetti and H.Pilkuhn,Phys.Rep.C248,1(1994)[12]Review of Particle Physics,European Physical Journal C3,1(1998)[13]Th.Mannel,Acta Physica Polonica B29,1413(1998)5。

a r X i v :h e p -p h /9711228v 1 4 N o v 1997hep-ph/9711228October 1997O (α)QED Corrections to Polarized Elastic µe and Deep Inelastic lN ScatteringDima Bardin a,b,c ,Johannes Bl¨u mlein a ,Penka Christova a,d ,and Lida Kalinovskaya a,caDESY–Zeuthen,Platanenallee 6,D–15735Zeuthen,GermanybINFN,Sezione di Torino,Torino,ItalycJINR,ul.Joliot-Curie 6,RU–141980Dubna,RussiadBishop Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shoumen,9700Shoumen,BulgariaAbstractTwo computer codes relevant for the description of deep inelastic scattering offpolarized targets are discussed.The code µe la deals with radiative corrections to elastic µe scattering,one method applied for muon beam polarimetry.The code HECTOR allows to calculate both the radiative corrections for unpolarized and polarized deep inelastic scattering,including higher order QED corrections.1IntroductionThe exact knowledge of QED,QCD,and electroweak (EW)radiative corrections (RC)to the deep inelastic scattering (DIS)processes is necessary for a precise determination of the nucleon structure functions.The present and forthcoming high statistics measurements of polarized structure functions in the SLAC experiments,by HERMES,and later by COMPASS require the knowledge of the RC to the DIS polarized cross-sections at the percent level.Several codes based on different approaches for the calculation of the RC to DIS experiments,mainly for non-polarized DIS,were developped and thoroughly compared in the past,cf.[1].Later on the radiative corrections for a vast amount of experimentally relevant sets of kinematic variables were calculated [2],including also semi-inclusive situations as the RC’s in the case of tagged photons [3].Furthermore the radiative corrections to elastic µ-e scattering,a process to monitor (polarized)muon beams,were calculated [4].The corresponding codes are :•HECTOR 1.00,(1994-1995)[5],by the Dubna-Zeuthen Group.It calculates QED,QCD and EW corrections for variety of measuremets for unpolarized DIS.•µe la 1.00,(March 1996)[4],calculates O (α)QED correction for polarized µe elastic scattering.•HECTOR1.11,(1996)extends HECTOR1.00including the radiative corrections for polarized DIS[6],and for DIS with tagged photons[3].The beta-version of the code is available from http://www.ifh.de/.2The Programµe laMuon beams may be monitored using the processes ofµdecay andµe scattering in case of atomic targets.Both processes were used by the SMC experiment.Similar techniques will be used by the COMPASS experiment.For the cross section measurement the radiative corrections to these processes have to be known at high precision.For this purpose a renewed calculation of the radiative corrections toσ(µe→µe)was performed[4].The differential cross-section of polarized elasticµe scattering in the Born approximation reads,cf.[7],dσBORNm e Eµ (Y−y)2(1−P e Pµ) ,(1)where y=yµ=1−E′µ/Eµ=E′e/Eµ=y e,Y=(1+mµ/2/Eµ)−1=y max,mµ,m e–muon and electron masses,Eµ,E′µ,E′e the energies of the incoming and outgoing muon,and outgoing electron respectively,in the laboratory frame.Pµand P e denote the longitudinal polarizations of muon beam and electron target.At Born level yµand y e agree.However,both quantities are different under inclusion of radiative corrections due to bremsstrahlung.The correction factors may be rather different depending on which variables(yµor y e)are used.In the SMC analysis the yµ-distribution was used to measure the electron spin-flip asymmetry A expµe.Since previous calculations,[8,9],referred to y e,and only ref.[9]took polarizations into account,a new calculation was performed,including the complete O(α)QED correction for the yµ-distribution,longitudinal polarizations for both leptons,theµ-mass effects,and neglecting m e wherever possible.Furthermore the present calculation allows for cuts on the electron re-coil energy(35GeV),the energy balance(40GeV),and angular cuts for both outgoing leptons (1mrad).The default values are given in parentheses.Up to order O(α3),14Feynman graphs contribute to the cross-section forµ-e scattering, which may be subdivided into12=2×6pieces,which are separately gauge invariantdσQEDdyµ.(2) One may express(2)also asdσQEDdyµ+P e Pµdσpol kk=1−Born cross-section,k=b;2−RC for the muonic current:vertex+bremsstrahlung,k=µµ;3−amm contribution from muonic current,k=amm;4−RC for the electronic current:vertex+bremsstrahlung,k=ee;5−µe interference:two-photon exchange+muon-electron bremsstrahlung interference,k=µe;6−vacuum polarization correction,runningα,k=vp.The FORTRAN code for the scattering cross section(2)µe la was used in a recent analysis of the SMC collaboration.The RC,δA yµ,to the asymmetry A QEDµeshown infigures1and2is defined asδA yµ=A QEDµedσunpol.(4)The results may be summarized as follows.The O(α)QED RC to polarized elasticµe scattering were calculated for thefirst time using the variable yµ.A rather general FORTRAN codeµe la for this process was created allowing for the inclusion of kinematic cuts.Since under the conditions of the SMC experiment the corrections turn out to be small our calculation justifies their neglection. 3Program HECTOR3.1Different approaches to RC for DISThe radiative corrections to deep inelastic scattering are treated using two basic approaches. One possibility consists in generating events on the basis of matrix elements including the RC’s. This approach is suited for detector simulations,but requests a very hughe number of events to obtain the corrections at a high precision.Alternatively,semi-analytic codes allow a fast and very precise evaluation,even including a series of basic cuts andflexible adjustment to specific phase space requirements,which may be caused by the way kinematic variables are experimentally measured,cf.[2,5].Recently,a third approach,the so-called deterministic approach,was followed,cf.[10].It treats the RC’s completely exclusively combining features of fast computing with the possibility to apply any cuts.Some elements of this approach were used inµe la and in the branch of HECTOR1.11,in which DIS with tagged photons is calculated.Concerning the theoretical treatment three approaches are in use to calculate the radiative corrections:1)the model-independent approach(MI);2)the leading-log approximation(LLA); and3)an approach based on the quark-parton model(QPM)in evaluating the radiative correc-tions to the scattering cross-section.In the model-independent approach the QED corrections are only evaluated for the leptonic tensor.Strictly it applies only for neutral current processes.The hadronic tensor can be dealt with in its most general form on the Lorentz-level.Both lepton-hadron corrections as well as pure hadronic corrections are neglected.This is justified in a series of cases in which these corrections turn out to be very small.The leading logarithmic approximation is one of the semi-analytic treatments in which the different collinear singularities of O((αln(Q2/m2l))n)are evaluated and other corrections are neglected.The QPM-approach deals with the full set of diagrams on the quark level.Within this method,any corrections(lepton-hadron interference, EW)can be included.However,it has limited precision too,now due to use of QPM-model itself. Details on the realization of these approaches within the code HECTOR are given in ref.[5,11].3.2O (α)QED Corrections for Polarized Deep Inelastic ScatteringTo introduce basic notation,we show the Born diagramr rr r j r r r r l ∓( k 1,m )l ∓( k 2,m )X ( p ′,M h )p ( p ,M )γ,Z ¨¨¨¨B ¨¨¨¨£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡z r r r r r r r r r r r r r rr ¨¨¨¨B ¨¨¨¨r r r r j r r r r and the Born cross-section,which is presented as the product of the leptonic and hadronic tensordσBorn =2πα2p.k 1,x =Q 2q 2F 1(x,Q 2)+p µ p ν2p.qF 3(x,Q 2)+ie µνλσq λs σ(p.q )2G 2(x,Q 2)+p µ s ν+ s µ p νp.q1(p.q )2G 4(x,Q 2)+−g µν+q µq νp.qG 5(x,Q 2),(8)wherep µ=p µ−p.qq 2q µ,and s is the four vector of nucleon polarization,which is given by s =λp M (0, n )in the nucleonrest frame.The combined structure functions in eq.(8)F1,2(x,Q2)=Q2e Fγγ1,2(x,Q2)+2|Q e|(v l−p eλl a l)χ(Q2)FγZ1,2(x,Q2)+ v2l+a2l−2p eλl v l a l χ2(Q2)F ZZ1,2(x,Q2),F3(x,Q2)=2|Q e|(p e a l−λl v l)χ(Q2)FγZ3(x,Q2),+ 2p e v l a l−λl v2l+a2l χ2(Q2)F ZZ3(x,Q2),G1,2(x,Q2)=−Q2eλl gγγ1,2(x,Q2)+2|Q e|(p e a l−λl v l)χ(Q2)gγZ1,2(x,Q2),+ 2p e v l a l−λl v2l+a2l χ2(Q2)g ZZ1,2(x,Q2),G3,4,5(x,Q2)=2|Q e|(v l−p eλl a l)χ(Q2)gγZ3,4,5(x,Q2),+ v2l+a2l−2p eλl v l a l χ2(Q2)g ZZ3,4,5(x,Q2),(9) are expressed via the hadronic structure functions,the Z-boson-lepton couplings v l,a l,and the ratio of the propagators for the photon and Z-bosonχ(Q2)=Gµ2M2ZQ2+M2Z.(10)Furthermore we use the parameter p e for which p e=1for a scattered lepton and p e=−1for a scattered antilepton.The hadronic structure functions can be expressed in terms of parton densities accounting for the twist-2contributions only,see[12].Here,a series of relations between the different structure functions are used in leading order QCD.The DIS cross-section on the Born-leveld2σBorndxdy +d2σpol Borndxdy =2πα2S ,S U3(y,Q2)=x 1−(1−y)2 ,(13) and the polarized partdσpol BornQ4λp N f p S5i=1S p gi(x,y)G i(x,Q2).(14)Here,S p gi(x,y)are functions,similar to(13),and may be found in[6].Furthermore we used the abbrevationsf L=1, n L=λp N k 12πSy 1−y−M2xy2π1−yThe O(α)DIS cross-section readsd2σQED,1πδVRd2σBorndx l dy l=d2σunpolQED,1dx l dy l.(16)All partial cross-sections have a form similar to the Born cross-section and are expressed in terms of kinematic functions and combinations of structure functions.In the O(α)approximation the measured cross-section,σrad,is define asd2σraddx l dy l +d2σQED,1dx l dy l+d2σpol radd2σBorn−1.(18)The radiative corrections calculated for leptonic variables grow towards high y and smaller values of x.Thefigures compare the results obtained in LLA,accounting for initial(i)andfinal state (f)radiation,as well as the Compton contribution(c2)with the result of the complete calculation of the leptonic corrections.In most of the phase space the LLA correction provides an excellent description,except of extreme kinematic ranges.A comparison of the radiative corrections for polarized deep inelastic scattering between the codes HECTOR and POLRAD[17]was carried out.It had to be performed under simplified conditions due to the restrictions of POLRAD.Corresponding results may be found in[11,13,14].3.3ConclusionsFor the evaluation of the QED radiative corrections to deep inelastic scattering of polarized targets two codes HECTOR and POLRAD exist.The code HECTOR allows a completely general study of the radiative corrections in the model independent approach in O(α)for neutral current reac-tions including Z-boson exchange.Furthermore,the LLA corrections are available in1st and2nd order,including soft-photon resummation and for charged current reactions.POLRAD contains a branch which may be used for some semi-inclusive DIS processes.The initial state radia-tive corrections(to2nd order in LLA+soft photon exponentiation)to these(and many more processes)can be calculated in detail with the code HECTOR,if the corresponding user-supplied routine USRBRN is used together with this package.This applies both for neutral and charged current processes as well as a large variety of different measurements of kinematic variables. Aside the leptonic corrections,which were studied in detail already,further investigations may concern QED corrections to the hadronic tensor as well as the interference terms. References[1]Proceedings of the Workshop on Physics at HERA,1991Hamburg(DESY,Hamburg,1992),W.Buchm¨u ller and G.Ingelman(eds.).[2]J.Bl¨u mlein,Z.Phys.C65(1995)293.[3]D.Bardin,L.Kalinovskaya and T.Riemann,DESY96–213,Z.Phys.C in print.[4]D.Bardin and L.Kalinovskaya,µe la,version1.00,March1996.The source code is availablefrom http://www.ifh.de/~bardin.[5]A.Arbuzov,D.Bardin,J.Bl¨u mlein,L.Kalinovskaya and T.Riemann,Comput.Phys.Commun.94(1996)128,hep-ph/9510410[6]D.Bardin,J.Bl¨u mlein,P.Christova and L.Kalinovskaya,DESY96–189,hep-ph/9612435,Nucl.Phys.B in print.[7]SMC collaboration,D.Adams et al.,Phys.Lett.B396(1997)338;Phys.Rev.D56(1997)5330,and references therein.[8]A.I.Nikischov,Sov.J.Exp.Theor.Phys.Lett.9(1960)757;P.van Nieuwenhuizen,Nucl.Phys.B28(1971)429;D.Bardin and N.Shumeiko,Nucl.Phys.B127(1977)242.[9]T.V.Kukhto,N.M.Shumeiko and S.I.Timoshin,J.Phys.G13(1987)725.[10]G.Passarino,mun.97(1996)261.[11]D.Bardin,J.Bl¨u mlein,P.Christova,L.Kalinovskaya,and T.Riemann,Acta Phys.PolonicaB28(1997)511.[12]J.Bl¨u mlein and N.Kochelev,Phys.Lett.B381(1996)296;Nucl.Phys.B498(1997)285.[13]D.Bardin,J.Bl¨u mlein,P.Christova and L.Kalinovskaya,Preprint DESY96–198,hep-ph/9609399,in:Proceedings of the Workshop‘Future Physics at HERA’,G.Ingelman,A.De Roeck,R.Klanner(eds.),Vol.1,p.13;hep-ph/9609399.[14]D.Bardin,Contribution to the Proceedings of the International Conference on High EnergyPhysics,Warsaw,August1996.[15]M.Gl¨u ck,E.Reya,M.Stratmann and W.Vogelsang,Phys.Rev.D53(1996)4775.[16]S.Wandzura and F.Wilczek,Phys.Lett.B72(1977)195.[17]I.Akushevich,A.Il’ichev,N.Shumeiko,A.Soroko and A.Tolkachev,hep-ph/9706516.-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-200.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91elaFigure 1:The QED radiative corrections to asymmetry without experimental cuts.-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.200.20.40.60.810.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91elaFigure 2:The QED radiative corrections to asymmetry with experimental cuts.-50-40-30-20-100102030405000.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91HectorFigure 3:A comparison of complete and LLA RC’s in the kinematic regime of HERMES for neutral current longitudinally polarized DIS in leptonic variables.The polarized parton densities [15]are used.The structure function g 2is calculated using the Wandzura–Wilczek relation.c 2stands for the Compton contribution,see [6]for details.-20-100102030405000.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91HectorFigure 4:The same as in fig.3,but for energies in the range of the SMC-experiment.-20-10010203040500.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91HectorFigure 5:The same as in fig.4for x =10−3.-200-150-100-5005010015020000.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91HectorFigure 6:A comparison of complete and LLA RC’s at HERA collider kinematic regime for neutral current deep inelastic scattering offa longitudinally polarized target measuring the kinematic variables at the leptonic vertex.。

qScript™ One-Step SYBR® Green qRT-PCR Kit, ROX™Cat No. 95088-050Size: 50 x 50-µL reactions Store at -25ºC to - 15°Cprotected from light 95088-200200 x 50-µL reactionsDescriptionThe qScript One-Step SYBR Green qRT-PCR Kit, ROX is a convenient and highly sensitive solution for reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of RNA templates using SYBR Green I dye detection and gene-specific primers on Applied Biosystems 7000, 7300, 7700, 7900HT StepOne™, or StepOnePlus™ real-time PCR systems. cDNA synthesis and PCR amplification are carried out in the same tube without opening between procedures. The system has been optimized to deliver maximum RT-qPCR efficiency, sensitivity, and specificity. The proprietary reaction buffer has been specifically formulated to maximize activities of both reverse transcriptase and Taq DNA polymerase while minimizing the potential for primer-dimer and other non-specific PCR artifacts. The kit is compatible with both fast and standard qPCR cycling protocols. Highly specific amplification is essential for successful RT-qPCR with SYBR Green I technology, since this dye binds to any dsDNA generated during amplification. AccuStart™ Taq DNA polymerase contains monoclonal antibodies that bind to the polymerase and keep it inactive prior to the initial PCR denaturation step. Upon heat activation at 95ºC, the antibodies denature irreversibly, releasing fully active, unmodified Taq DNA polymerase. Instrument CompatibilityDifferent real-time PCR systems employ different strategies for the normalization of fluorescent signals and correction of well-to-well optical variations. It is critical to match the appropriate qPCR reagent and internal reference dye to your specific instrument. The qScript Custom One-Step SYBR Green qRT-PCR Kit, ROX provides seamless integration on the Applied Biosystems 7000, 7300, 7700, 7900, 7900HT, StepOne™, or StepOnePlus™. Please visit our web site at to find the optimal kit for your instrument platform.ComponentsReagent Description 95088-050 95088-200qScript One-Step Reverse Transcriptase Optimized 50X formulation of recombinant MMLV reverse transcriptase for one-step RT-PCR.1 x 50 µL 1 x 200 µLOne-Step SYBR Green Master Mix, ROX (2X) 2X reaction buffer containing dNTPs, magnesium chloride, AccuStart Taq DNApolymerase, stabilizers, ROX reference dye and SYBR Green I dye1 x 1.25 mL 4 x 1.25 mLNuclease-free water 1 x 1.5 mL 4 x 1.5 mLStorage and StabilityStore components in a constant temperature freezer at -25°C to -15°C protected from light upon receipt.For lot specific expiry date, refer to package label, Certificate of Analysis or Product Specification Form.Guidelines for One-Step SYBR Green qRT-PCR▪Primer design is critical for successful one-step RT-qPCR with SYBR Green. The use of software tools for PCR primer design and RNA secondary structure analysis can aide in the design of specific and efficient primers for one-step RT-qPCR. Primers should be designed according to standard qPCR guidelines with a length of 18 - 25 nucleotides and a GC content of 40-65%. Avoid internal secondary structure, and complementation at 3’ ends within each primer and primer pair. 3’-end terminal stability should be kept low to maximize primer specificity (3’-pentamer ΔGº > -8.0 kcal/mol or have no more than 2 to 3 Cs or Gs in the last 5 bases).▪Regions of RNA secondary structure should be avoided as this can interfere with annealing of the reverse primer for cDNA synthesis and/or impede procession of the reverse transcriptase. Programs for RNA structure prediction, such as the mfold web server (/), are useful for selecting regions of relaxed RNA structure for qRT-PCR primer design.▪Ideally, primer Tm should be between 58 and 60ºC for a typical 2-step qPCR cycling protocol. Estimation of primer Tm varies widely with different methods and analysis parameters. We recommend using a program that calculates Tm based on nearest-neighbor thermodynamic models at 50 mM monovalent salt and 50 nM primer concentration. Primers with melting temperatures outside of this range may require optimization of PCR cycling conditions.▪PCR product size should be between 70- 200 bp. Ideally, the amplified sequence should span intronic sequence to minimize the potential to amplify genomic DNA sequence. Design primers to anneal to exons that bracket intronic sequence or within exon / exon boundaries of the s pecific mRNA. NCBI’s Primer-BLAST program (/tools/primer-blast/index.cgi?LINK_LOC=BlastHomeAd) can facilitate the design of RNA-specific primer sets.Control reactions that lack reverse transcriptase (minus RT) should always be included to verify that amplification signal is due to the presence of RNA target and not genomic DNA.▪ A final concentration of 200 nM each primer is recommended as a general starting point. Optimal results may require titration of primer concentration between 100 and 500 nM. PCR efficiency is often improved with higher primer concentration (300 to 500 nM). In some cases, higher concentration of the reverse primer alone may improve RT-PCR efficiency without compromising specificity. We highly recommend including a post PCR dissociation analysis step (melt curve) to distinguish specific from non-specific amplification product(s) (i.e. primer-dimer).▪Thaw all components, except the qScript One-Step RT, at room temperature. Mix by gently vortexing, then centrifuge to collect contents to the bottom of the tube before using. Place all components on ice after thawing.▪To maximize assay specificity and sensitivity reactions should be assembled on ice and kept cold until placed in your real-time PCR system. Centrifugation steps should be carried out in a refrigerated centrifuge. AccuStart Taq DNA polymerase is inactive prior to high temperature activation; however, reverse transcriptases are active at lower temperatures and can use single strand DNA as a template.Guidelines for One-Step SYBR Green qRT-PCR continued:▪ First-strand synthesis can be carried out between 42°C and 52°C. Optimal results are generally obtained with a 5-minute incubation at 50°C. We recommend a 2-5 minute incubation at 95°C to fully inactivate the RT prior to PCR cycling.▪Preparation of a reaction cocktail is recommended to reduce pipetting errors and maximize assay precision. Assemble the reaction cocktail with all required components except RNA template and dispense equal aliquots into each reaction tube. Add RNA to each reaction as the final step. Addition of sample as5 to 10-µL volumes will improve assay precision.▪Suggested input quantities of template are: 1 pg to 100 ng total RNA; 10 fg to 100 ng poly A(+) RNA; 10 to 1x108 copies viral RNA.▪After sealing each reaction, vortex gently to mix contents. Centrifuge briefly to collect components at the bottom of the reaction tube.Reaction AssemblyComponent Volume for 50-μL rxn. Final ConcentrationOne-Step SYBR Green Master Mix, ROX (2X) 25 µL 1XForward primer Variable 200 – 300 nMReverse primer Variable 200 – 300 nMNuclease-free water VariableRNA template 5 – 10 µL VariableqScript One-Step RT * 1 µL 1XFinal Volume (μL) 50 µLNote: Reaction volume can be scaled from 5 to 50 µL depending on the reaction plate (i.e. 384-well vs. 96-well) and qPCR system. Scale all component volumes proportionally. * Omit addition of qScript One-Step RT in minus RT control reactions.Reaction ProtocolIncubate the complete reaction mix in a real-time thermal detection system as follows:Fast qPCR Cycling Standard qPCR Cycling 3-Step PCR Cycling cDNA Synthesis 50°C, 5 min 48 – 50°C, 10 min 48 – 50°C, 10 minTaq Activation 95°C, 2 min 95°C, 5 min 95°C, 5 minPCR cycling (30 - 45 cycles) 95°C, 3s 95°C, 10s 95°C, 10s60°C, 30s (data collection) 60°C, 30s (data collection) 55 – 65°C, 20s68 – 72°C, 30 to 60s (data collection)Melt Curve (dissociation stage): See instrument instructions See instrument instructions See instrument instructionsOptimal cycling conditions will vary for different primer sets. A 3-step cycling protocol may improve assay specificity with some primer sets.Quality ControlKit components are free of contaminating DNase and RNase. The qScript One-Step SYBR Green qRT-PCR Kit, ROX is functionally tested in RT-qPCR. Kinetic analysis must demonstrate linear resolution over six orders of dynamic range (r2 > 0.995) and an RT-PCR efficiency > 90%Limited Label LicensesUse of this product signifies the agreement of any purchaser or user of the product to the following terms:1.The product may be used solely in accordance with the protocols provided with the product and this manual and for use with components contained in the kitonly. QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. grants no license under any of its intellectual property to use or incorporate the enclosed components of this kit with any components not included within this kit except as described in the protocols provided with the product, this manual, and additional protocols available at . Some of these additional protocols have been provided by Quantabio product users. These protocols have not been thoroughly tested or optimized by QIAGEN Beverly, Inc.. QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. neither guarantees them nor warrants that they do not infringe the rights of third-parties.2.Other than expressly stated licenses, QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. makes no warranty that this kit and/or its use(s) do not infringe the rights of third-parties.3.This kit and its components are licensed for one-time use and may not be reused, refurbished, or resold.4.QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. specifically disclaims any other licenses, expressed or implied other than those expressly stated.5.The purchaser and user of the kit agree not to take or permit anyone else to take any steps that could lead to or facilitate any acts prohibited above. QIAGEN Beverly,Inc. may enforce the prohibitions of this Limited License Agreement in any Court, and shall recover all its investigative and Court costs, including attorney fees, in any action to enforce this Limited License Agreement or any of its intellectual property rights relating to the kit and/or its components.©2018 QIAGEN Beverly Inc. 100 Cummings Center Suite 407J Beverly, MA 01915Quantabio brand products are manufactured by QIAGEN, Beverly Inc.Intended for molecular biology applications. This product is not intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a disease.qScript and AccuStart are trademarks of QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. SYBR is a registered trademark of Molecular Probes, Inc. StepOne, StepOnePlus, and ROX are trademarks of Life Technologies Corporation.。

小学上册英语第3单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The __________ is the imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (赤道)2.The stars are _____ (twinkling/shining) in the sky.3.The __________ (科技进步) drive change.4. A _______ (金鱼) brings joy to its owner.5.We have _____ (funny/sad) stories to tell.6.My favorite holiday is ______ (圣诞节).7.What do you call a large body of saltwater?A. LakeB. OceanC. RiverD. PondB8.I love to _______ (参加) art classes.9.Which animal is known for its wisdom?A. OwlB. SparrowC. EagleD. DoveA10.The tree is ___ (bushing/barren).11.My brother enjoys playing __________. (电子游戏)12.What do we call water that falls from the sky?A. RainB. SnowC. SleetD. All of the aboveD13.What is the name of the famous movie about a young boy who befriends an alien?A. E.T.B. Close EncountersC. AlienD. War of the WorldsA14.The ice cream is __________.15.She is a _____ (作家) writing for various platforms.16.What is the name of the fairy tale character who has very long hair?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. RapunzelD. Ariel答案:C17.What is the name of the famous mountain in North America?A. Mount RushmoreB. Rocky MountainsC. Appalachian MountainsD. Sierra NevadaB18.What do you call a female horse?A. MareB. StallionC. FoalD. ColtA19.What is the process of water turning into vapor?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. PrecipitationD. Filtration20.Which fruit is red and often mistaken for a vegetable?A. BananaB. TomatoC. GrapesD. OrangeB21.My brother plays _______ (足球) every weekend.22.My dad is a _______ (司机).23.Gorillas are very _________ (强壮).24.In an electrochemical cell, oxidation occurs at the ____ electrode.25.My dog loves to play with kids in the _______ (公园).26.ers are favored for their vibrant ______ and ability to attract visitors. (某些花因其鲜艳的颜色和吸引游客的能力而受到青睐。