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流体流动英语Fluid flow refers to the movement of a liquid or gas. It is a fundamental concept in physics, and it has many applications in engineering and science. There are many different types of fluid flow, and they are all characterized by their speed, direction, and other properties.Fluid flow can be divided into two main categories: laminar and turbulent. Laminar flow refers to the type of flow in which the fluid moves in parallel lines. This type of flow is characterized by its low speed and high viscosity. On the other hand, turbulent flow is characterized by irregular eddies and currents in the fluid. This type of flow is characterized by its high speed and low viscosity.There are several factors that affect fluid flow, such as the pressure gradient, fluid density, and viscosity. The pressure gradient is the driving force that causes the fluid to flow, and it is typically expressed in terms of the pressure difference between two points. The fluid density is the mass per unit volume of the fluid, and it affects the fluid flow by causing it to resist changes in velocity. Thefluid viscosity is a measure of its resistance to deformation, and it affects the fluid flow by determining how easily it can be moved.Fluid flow is an important concept in engineering and science. It is used to design and optimize many different types of systems, such as pipelines, turbines, and heat exchangers. Engineers and scientists use mathematical models to predict the behavior of fluids in different situations, and these models are used to design and improve systems. Likewise, understanding fluid flow is critical for many scientific investigations, such as studies of atmospheric phenomena, ocean currents, and blood flow in the human body.流体流动指液体或气体的运动。
第一章流体流动fluid flow本章要点★ 学习流体力学原理的目的在于分析与解决化工生产中大量存在的流体流动问题，并为各单元操作的学习提供理论基础。
流体流动原理是物理力学对流体流动现象的应用和发展。
★ 与位能基准一样，静压强也有基准。
工程上常用绝对零压线和大气压线两种基准。
在同一计算中，应注意用统一的压强基准。
★ U形测压管或U形压差计的依据是流体静力学原理。
应用静力学的要点是正确选取等压面。
★连续性方程与机械能衡算方程是描述流体流动过程的基本方程，是分析与计算流体流动过程的基本工具，它们分别是质量守恒定律和热力学第一定律用于流体流动过程的结果。
1．物料衡算---连续性方程一维稳定流动的连续性方程使用条件：将流体视为由无数质点彼此紧靠着而构成的连续体，如果用于管内流动时，流体必须充满全管，不能有间断之处。
2．机械能衡算---柏努力方程流体在流动时要作功克服流动的阻力，其机械能有所消耗，消耗了的机械能转化为热，将流体的温度略为升高，既增加流体的内能。
使用条件：假设流体是不可压缩的；流动系统中无热交换器；流体温度不变；并且流体在某种程度上可视为没有阻力的理想流体。
★流体按其流动状态有层流与湍流两种流型，这是有本质区别的流动现象。
在流体流动、传热及传质过程的工程计算中，往往必须先确定之。
流型判断依据是Re的数值。
★流体在管路中的流动阻力损失包括直管摩擦阻力损失和局部摩擦阻力损失，这是两种有本质区别的阻力损失。
前者主要是表面摩擦，而后者主要是涡流造成的形体阻力损失。
3．管内流动的阻力损失计算直管摩擦损失-----范宁公式实际流体在流动过程中因克服内摩擦而消耗机械能，故衡算式中要增加损失项，才能使输入与输出平衡。
使用条件：范宁公式是计算管内摩擦损失的通用算式，适用于不可压缩流体的稳定流动，此公式对于层流和湍流都适用。
第一节概述1、流体—液体和气体的总称。
流体具有三个特点：①流动性，即抗剪抗张能力都很小。
流体力学中英文术语Index 翻译（Fluid Mechanics）Absolute pressure,绝对压力（压强）Absolute temperature scales, 绝对温标Absolute viscosity, 绝对粘度Acceleration加速度centripetal, 向心的convective, 对流的Coriolis, 科氏的field of a fluid, 流场force and，作用力与……local, 局部的Uniform linear, 均一线性的Acceleration field加速度场Ackeret theory, 阿克莱特定理Active flow control, 主动流动控制Actuator disk, 促动盘Added mass, 附加质量Adiabatic flow绝热流with friction,考虑摩擦的isentropic,等熵的air, 气体with area changes, 伴有空间转换Bemoullii’s equation and, 伯努利方程Mach number relations,马赫数关系式，pressure and density relations, 压力-速度关系式sonic point，critical values, 音速点，临界值，stagnation enthalpy, 滞止焓Adiabatic processes, 绝热过程Adiabatic relations, 绝热关系Adverse pressure gradient, 逆压力梯度Aerodynamic forces, on road vehicles, 交通工具,空气动力Aerodynamics, 空气动力学Aeronautics, new trends in, 航空学，新趋势Air空气testing/modeling in, 对……实验/建模useful numbers for, 关于……的有用数字Airbus Industrie, 空中客车产业Aircraft航行器airfoils机翼new designs, 新型设计Airfoils, 翼型aspect ratio (AR), 展弦比cambered, 弧形的drag coefficient of , 阻力系数early, 早期的Kline-Fogleman, 克莱恩-佛莱曼lift coefficient, 升力系数NACA,(美国) 国家航空咨询委员会separation bubble, 分离泡stalls and, 失速stall speed, 失速速度starting vortex, 起动涡stopping vortex, 终止涡Airfoil theory, 翼型理论flat-plate vortex sheet theory, 平板面涡理论Kutta condition, 库塔条件Kutta-Joukowski theorem, 库塔-儒科夫斯基定理1thick cambered airfoils, 厚弧面翼型thin-airfoils, 薄翼型wings of finite span, 有限展宽的翼型A-380 jumbo jet, 大型喷气式客机Alternate states, 交替状态American multiblade farm HA WT, 美式农庄多叶水平轴风机Angle of attack, 攻角Angle valve, 角阀Angular momentum角动量differential equation of , 关于…的微分方程relation/theorem, 联系/理论Annular strips, 环形带Applied forces, linear momentum, 外加力，线性冲力Apron,of a dam, 大坝的护坦Arbitrarily moving/deformable control volume, 任意运动/可变形控制体Arbitrary fixed control volume, 任意固定控制体Arbitrary viscous motion, 随机粘性运动Archimedes, 阿基米德Area changes, isentropic flow. 域变换，等熵流Aspect ratio (AR), 展弦比Automobiles, aerodynamic forces on, 汽车，气动力A verage velocity, 平均速度Axial-flow pumps. 轴流泵Axisymmetric flow, stream function 轴对称流，流函数Axisymmetric Potential flow, 轴对称有势流hydrodynamic mass, 水力学质量Point doublet, 点偶极子point source or sink, 点源与点汇spherical Polar coordinates and, 球极坐标uniform stream in the x direction, x方向的均匀流uniform stream plus a point doublet, 均匀流附加点偶极子uniform stream plus a point source, 均匀流附加点源BBackward-curved impeller blades, 后向曲叶轮片,Backwater curves, 回水曲线Basic equations, non dimensional, 基本方程，无量纲的Bernoulli obstruction theory, 伯努利障碍理论Bernoulli's equation, 伯努利方程with adiabatic and isentropic steady flow, as绝热、等熵稳态流frictionless flow, 无摩擦流assumptions/restrictions for, 假想/约束HGLs and EGLs, 水力坡度线和能量梯度线steady flow energy and, 定常流动能量in rotating coordinates. 在旋转坐标下，Best efficiency point (BEP), pumps, 最佳效率点，Betz number, 贝兹数Bingham plastic idealization, 宾汉塑性理想化，Biological drag reduction, 生物学阻力衰减Blade angle effects, on pump head, 叶片安装角效率，泵头处Blasius equation, 布拉修斯方程Body drag, at high Mach numbers, 机体阻力，在高马赫数下Body forces, 体力Boeing Corp., 波音公司Boundaries, of systems, 边界，系统Boundary conditions. 边界条件，differential relations for fluid flow, 流体的微分关系nondimensionalizalion and, 无量纲化Boundary element method (BEM), 边界元方法2Boundary layer (BL) analysis, 边界层分析boundary layer flows, 边界层流动boundary layer separation on a half body, 边界层半体分离displacement thickness, 位移厚度drag force and, 阻力equations, 方程flat-plate. 平板，Karman's analysis, 卡门分析momentum integral estimates, 动量积分估计momentum integral relation. 动量积分关系momentum integral theory, 动量积分理论pressure gradient 压力梯度separation on a half body, 半模分离skin friction coefficient, 表面摩擦系数two-dimensional flow derivation, 二维流推导Boundary layers with Pressure gradient, 边界层压力梯度adverse gradient, 反梯度favorable gradient, 正梯度laminar integral theory, 层流积分理论，nozzle-diffuser example,喷口扩散算例Bourdon tube, 波登管Bow shock wave, 弓形激波Brake horsepower,制动马力Broad-crested weirs, 宽顶堰Buckingham Pi Theorem, 白金汉定理Bulb Protrusion, 球形突出物（船头）Bulk modulus. 体积模量Buoyancy, 浮力Buoyant particles, local velocity and, 悬浮颗粒，局部速度Buoyant rising light spheres, 浮力作用下自由上升的球体Butterfly valve, 蝶形阀CCambered airfoils, 弓型翼Cauchy-Riemann equations, 柯西-黎曼方程Cavitation/Cavitation number, 气穴/气蚀数Celsius temperature scales, 摄氏温标Center of buoyancy, 浮心Center of Pressure (CP),压力中心，压强中心Centrifugal pumps, 离心泵backward-curved impeller blades, 后曲叶轮片blade angle effects on pump head, 泵头处叶片安装角效率brake horsepower, 制动马力circulation losses, 环量损失closed blades, 闭叶片efficiency of, 效率的elementary pump theory. 基泵理论Euler turbomachine equations, 欧拉涡轮机方程eye of the casing, 泵体通风口friction losses, 摩擦损失hydraulic efficiency, 水力[液压]效率mechanical efficiency.机械效率open blades, 开放式叶片output parameters, 输出参数power, delivered, 功率，传递pump surge, 泵涌，scroll section of casing, 卷形截面，泵体，shock losses, 激波损失vaneless, 无叶片的3volumetric efficiency, 容积效率[系数]water horsepower, 水马力Centripetal acceleration, 向心加速度Channel control Point, 传送控制点Characteristic area. external flows, 特征区域，外流Chezy coefficient, 薛齐系数Chezy formula, 薛齐公式Chezy coefficient,薛齐系数flow in a Partly full circular pipe, 流体非充满的圆管流Manning roughness correlation. 曼宁粗糙度关系，normal depth estimates, 法向深度估计Choking, 壅塞；堵塞of compressors, 压缩机的due to friction, compressible duct and, 由于摩擦，可压缩管的isentropic flow with area changes, 变横截面积等熵流simple heating and, 单纯加热Circular cylinder, flow with circulation. 圆柱体，Circulation环量and flow past circular cylinder, 流体经过圆柱体losses, in centrifugal pumps, 损失，离心泵potential flow and, 有势流Circumferential pumps, 环型泵Classical venturi, 标准文氏管Closed blades, centrifugal pumps. 闭叶片，离心泵Closed-body shapes, 闭体外形，circular cylinder, with circulation, 圆柱体，环量Kelvin oval, 开尔文椭圆，Kutta-Joukowski lift theorem,库塔－儒科夫斯基升力定理，Potential flow analogs, 有势流模拟Rankine oval, 兰金椭圆rotating cylinders. lift and drag, 旋转柱体，升力与阻力Coanda effect, 柯恩达效应( 沿物体表面的高速气流在Cobra P-530 supersonic interceptor, 眼镜蛇超音速拦截机Coefficient matrix. 系数矩阵Coefficient of surface tension, 表面张力系数Coefficient of viscosity, 粘滞系数Commercial CFD codes, viscous flow, 商业的计算流体力学代码，粘流Commercial ducts, roughness values for, 商业管道Composite-flow, open channels, 合成流，开槽道Compressibility, non dimensional. 压缩性，无量纲Compressibility effects, 压缩效果Compressible duct flow with friction, 伴有摩擦的可压缩管流adiabatic, 绝热的, 隔热的choking and, 壅塞；堵塞isothermal flow in long pipelines, 管线中的等温流动，long pipelines, isothermal flow in, 管线，等温流动，mass flow for a given pressure drop, 给定压降下质量流动minor losses in, 最小损失subsonic inlet, choking due to friction, 亚音速进口，摩擦引发阻塞，supersonic inlet, choking due to friction, 超音速进口，摩擦引发阻塞，Compressible flow, 可压缩流flow with friction摩擦流choking and, 壅塞；堵塞converging-diverging nozzles, 拉瓦尔喷管converging nozzles, 收缩喷嘴Fanno flow, 法诺流动，gas flow correction factor, 气流校正参数hypersonic flow, 高超音速气流4incompressible flow, 不可压缩流isentropic.等熵的isentropic Process, 等熵过程，Mach number, 马赫数normal shock wave. 正激波the perfect gas, 理想气体Prandtl-Meyer waves. 普朗特－麦耶膨胀波shock waves. 激波specific-heat ratio, 比热比speed of sound and,声速subsonic, 亚音速的supersonic,超音速的transonic, 跨音速的two-dimensional supersonic, 二维超音速的Compressible gas flow correction factor, 可压缩气流校正因数Compressors, 压缩机Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 计算流体力学pump simulations, 泵模拟viscous flow. 粘流Concentric annulus, viscous flows in, 同心环Cone flows, 锥体绕流Conformal mapping, 保角映射[变换] Conservation of energy, 能量守恒定律Conservation of mass. 质量守恒定律Consistent units, 相容单元Constants, 常量dimensional, 空间的pure, 纯粹的Constant velocity, fluid flow at, 常速度, 等速度Constructs, 结构Contact angle, 交会角Continuity, 连续性，equation of ,方程nondimensionalization and, 无量纲的Continuum, fluid as, 连续流体Contraction flow, 收缩流动Control Point, channel, 控制点，管道Control volume analysis,控制体分析angular momentum theorem. 角动量定理，arbitrarily moving/deformable CV,任意运动/可变形控制体arbitrarily fixed control volume, 任意固定控制体conservation of mass, 质量守恒定律control volume moving at constant velocity, 控制体以等速运动control volume of constant shape but variable velocity作变速运动的刚性控制体energy equation. 能量方程introductory definitions, 介绍性定义linear momentum equation. 线性动量方程，one-dimensional fixed control volume, 一维固定控制体，one-dimensional flux term approximations, 一维通量项近似Physical laws. 物理定律。
