Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Modeling

模块化与参数化结合建立牙列缺损三维有限元模型金文忠;黄庆丰;魏斌;张富强;崔雯;王成焘【摘要】目的建立下颌双侧末端游离缺失修复方案的有限元模型库.方法将模块化建模与参数化建模相结合,利用HyperMesh 7.0、UG 5.0、Abaqus 6.5软件,建立下颌双侧末端游离缺失(765┬567)及其不同修复设计方案的三维有限元模型.结果获得有限元模型导入Abaqus 6.5软件,可直接运行,无任何信息丢失现象;模型临床几何相似性良好.结论成功建立下颌双侧末端游离缺失及其修复方案的三维有限元模型库,建模过程快速高效,进一步细化了口腔组织模块化建模库.%Objective To establish the three-dimensional finite element model libraries for mandibular bilateral distal-extension prosthesis. Methods Models for bilateral mandibular free-end edentulous ( 765┬567) and parametric prosthetic models were combined to establish the three-dimensional finite element model libraries by means of HyperMesh 7.0, UG 5.0 and Abaqus 6.5 softwares. Results The established finite element model libraries worked well with Abaqus 6.5 software, with no information loss. The models had satisfactory geometric configuration. Conclusion The three-dimensional finite element model libraries for bilateral mandibular free-end edentulous and mandibular bilateral distal-extension prosthesis have been rapidly established.【期刊名称】《上海交通大学学报（医学版）》【年(卷),期】2009(029)011【总页数】3页(P1279-1281)【关键词】末端游离缺失;修复体;模型库;有限元【作者】金文忠;黄庆丰;魏斌;张富强;崔雯;王成焘【作者单位】上海交通大学医学院第九人民医院口腔医学院口腔修复科,上海市口腔医学重点实验室,上海,200011;上海交通大学医学院第九人民医院口腔医学院口腔修复科,上海市口腔医学重点实验室,上海,200011;上海交通大学医学院第九人民医院口腔医学院口腔修复科,上海市口腔医学重点实验室,上海,200011;上海交通大学医学院第九人民医院口腔医学院口腔修复科,上海市口腔医学重点实验室,上海,200011;上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院生物医学制造与生命质量工程研究所,上海,200240;上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院生物医学制造与生命质量工程研究所,上海,200240【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R783.6随着计算机硬件与软件技术的日益更新，有限元分析在医用生物力学中的应用愈来愈趋于成熟，逐渐成为一项重要的科研工具[1-2]。

LONG-TERM DETERIORATION OF HIGHDAMPING RUBBER BRIDGE BEARINGIn recent years, high damping rubber (HDR) bridge bearings have become widely used because of the excellent ability to provide high damping as well as flexibility. However, there are few systematic studies on the deterioration problems of HDRs during their service life, and usually the long-term performance was not considered in the design stage. In this research, through accelerated thermal oxidation tests on HDR blocks, the property variations inside the HDR bridge bearing are examined. A deterioration prediction model is developed to estimate the property profiles. Then using a constitutive model and carrying out FEM analysis, the behavior of a HDR bridge bearing during its lifespan is clarified. A design procedure is proposed that takes the long-term performance in the site environment into consideration.Key Words:high damping rubber bearing, thermal oxidation, deterioration, long-term performance1. INTRODUCTIONSince Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake that occurred on January 17th, 1995, bridge bearings have been widely adopted in Japan as an effective means to weaken the severe damage of steel and concrete piers due to an earthquake1), 2). Rubber is frequently applied in bridge bearings because of its special properties such as high elasticity and large elongation at failure. However, natural rubber cannot afford sufficient damping which is indispensable to a seismic isolation system. Usually rubber bearing is used together with steel bars, lead plugs, or other types of damping devices. In order to add energy dissipation to the flexibility existing in laminated rubber bearings, in the early 1980’s, the development in rubber technology led to new rubber compounds, which were termed high damping rubber (HDR). HDR material possesses both flexibility and high damping properties. The bridge bearings made of HDR can not only extend the natural period of the bridge, but also reduce the displacement response of structures3). Moreover, because of the inherent high damping characteristics of HDR, there is no need of additional devices to achieve the required levels of protection from earthquakes for most applications, so that the seismic isolation system becomes more compact.In the manufacture process of HDR, natural rubber is vulcanized together with carbon black, plasticizer, oil and so on. Consequently HDR possesses specific characteristics such as maximum strain-dependency of stress evolution, energy absorbing properties and hardening properties. Yuan et al.4) experimentally studied the dynamic behaviors of HDR bearing. Yoshida et al.5), 6) developed a mathematical model of HDR materials and proposed a three-dimensional finite element modeling methodology to simulate the behaviors of a HDR bearing numerically. Besides, a series of accelerated exposure tests were performed by Itoh et al.7),8) on various rubber materials including HDR to investigate the degradation effects of differentenvironmental factors. It was found that the thermal oxidation is the most predominant degradation factor affecting theHDR material. Since oxygen is able to permeate into the interior of a thick rubber, in this research the deterioration of HDR bridge bearings is assumed to be mainly caused by the thermal oxidation. For the purpose of clarifying the deterioration characteristics of bridge rubber bearings during their lifespan, some bearings practically in use were recalled and their mechanical properties were tested9)～11). However, because of their scatter nature and the lack of data, the long-term performance of HDR is not very clear. During the design process, usually the behaviors of deteriorated bridge rubber bearings during their lifespan are not considered.In the previous research, Itoh et al. 12), 13) studied the long-term performance of natural rubber (NR) bridge bearings. Through accelerated thermal oxidation tests carried out on NR blocks, the deterioration characteristics of both the outer and the interior regions were examined. Based on the test results, a prediction model was established to estimate the property profiles of the deteriorated NR bridge bearing. Then using the constitutive law proposed by Yoshida5), finite element model was built and the analysis was performed, which enabled the long-term performance of NR bridge bearing to be predicted. The relations among property variation, temperature, aging time and bearing size were also investigated.In this research, through the similar accelerated thermal oxidation tests on HDR blocks, the deterioration characteristics of HDR bridge bearings are studied, and their long-term mechanical performance is investigated by taking the site environment taken into consideration. The HDR specimens are provided by Tokai Rubber Industries, Ltd. It is possible that when suffered by aging, the HDR from other companies may behave differently due to the difference of chemical compound. The deterioration characteristics of the HDR material with other compounding ingredients and additives will be discussed in the future study.2. ACCELERATED THERMAL OXIDATIONTESTSAmong different degradation factors such as oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, ozone, temperature, acid and humidity, it is found that thermal oxidation changes the HDR properties more greatly than other factors5), resulting in an increase of HDR’s stiffness and a decreases of elongation at break as well as tensile strength. Besides, for thick rubbers, it is obvious that the surface is more easily affected by deterioration factors than the interior because of the diffusion-limited oxidation effect14), 15). In order to understand the variation of the material properties inside HDR bearings, accelerated tests were performed using rubber blocks focusing on the most significant degradation factor, thermal oxidation. The test method and results are described as follows.2.1 Accelerated thermal oxidation test methodFifteen HDR blocks were tested. The dimension is 220×150×50mm(length×width×thickness). The specimens were kept in a Thermal Aging Geer Oven. The acceleration test conditions are listed in Table 1. The temperatures were kept at three elevated temperatures, 60℃, 70℃, and 80℃in the oven. For the test at each temperature, the experiment duration were set as 5 stages, with the maximum of 300 days. The similar tests have already been performed on NR10). When the aging test was finished, HDR blocks were sliced into pieces with a thickness of 2mm. From each slice, four specimens with No.3 dumbbell shape were cut out16), as shown in Fig.1. The number of the specimens was 1,500 in total. Then through the tensile tests on these dumbbell specimens, the stress-strain curves were obtained, which represented the rubber properties at the corresponding position.In this research, strain energy was chosen for examination because it can exhibit the effect of thermal oxidation more remarkably than stresses at certain strains. In the following description, U100 stands for the strain energy corresponding to the strain of 100%, UB stands for the strain energy up to the break, and M100 stands for the stress corresponding to the strain of 100%. Similarly, U100 profile stands for the distribution of U100 inside HDR blocks, and property profile means the distribution of the mechanical properties such as stresses corresponding to certain strains, elongation at break (EB) and tensile strength (TS). As for the rubber breakage, EB is focused on. In addition, U0 and EB0 stand for U100 and EB in the initial state, respectively.2.2 Test results and examinationsThe profiles of U100/U0 and EB/EB0 at every test temperature are illustrated in Fig.2 and Fig.3, respectively. The horizontal axis shows the relative position with regard to the thickness of HDR block. The values 0 and 1 on this axis correspond tothe surface of the block. The vertical axis shows the normalized change of U100 with the original value regarded as 1.0 in Fig.2, and shows the normalized change of EB in Fig.3. In these figures, every point represents the mean value of four specimens from the same slice. Because of the scatter nature of rubber materials, at any position four specimens are tested in order to improve the accuracy. Since the oxidized rubber inhibits the ingress of oxygen, and considering the shape of the rubber block, the four specimens are cut out in the area of at least 25mm, a half of the block thickness, away from the around surface. Thus these specimens only reflect the property variations in the thickness direction. The standard deviation of every four-specimen group is quite small and usually less than 5% of the mean value.From Fig.2 and Fig.3, it can be found that at the earliest stage of the test, the material properties at the outside surface change together with the interior regions. The property variation of the interior region soon reaches the equilibrium state and maintains stable. However, the properties near the surface keep changing over the time, and change most greatly at the surface.From the surface to the interior, the properties vary less and less, until to a certain depth,which is called “critical depth”. The critical depth is about 11.5mm from the block surface at 60℃, 8.5mm at 70℃, and 6mm under 80℃. From the results of the same tests on NR blocks12), it is found that generally HDR and NR have a similar tendency of property variation. Both U100 and EB profiles display the features of a diffusion-limited oxidation. Initially the profiles are relatively homogeneous, but strong heterogeneity develops with aging. The properties in the outer region change more than the interior and keep changing over the time. However, unlike the case of NR, the interior region of HDR block experiences a rapid increase and soon reaches the equilibrium state. In contrast, the interior region of NR block does not change at all. In addition, after the same aging time, the property change at the surface of NR block is larger than that of HDR block, which means NR is more vulnerable to thermal oxidation.Fig.4 shows the time-dependency of U100 and EB at the surface and in theinterior of HDR blocks. The horizontal axis shows the deterioration time, and the vertical axis shows the material property variations compared to its initial state. The data of the block surface are taken from the top and the bottom surfaces, while the data of the block interior are taken from two slices close to the middle slice. Therefore, there are 8 points corresponding to every measuring time. From Figs.4(a) and 4(c) it is found that U100 and EB at the block surface change nonlinearly over the time. In Figs.4(b) and 4(d), the properties in the interior region vary in a very short time, and soon become stable. U100 increases by 20～40% and EB decreases by about 20%.Besides the accelerated thermal oxidation test, a HDR block was exposed to the environment of Nagoya, where the yearly average temperature is 15.4℃. The properties of each layer was measured and the profiles were obtained after one year. The normalized change of EB profile is shown in Fig.5. It can be seen that EB decreased by nearly 20% after only one year. This figure offers a good proof of the rapid variation speed in the interior of HDR during the earliest stage. Using the deterioration prediction model that is to be introduced in the following section, the simulation of the deterioration after one year is found to be close to the test results.From the test results, it is clear the deterioration characteristics of HDR block can be observed in two regions, one is in the interior region beyond the critical depth, where the properties only change at the earliest stage, the other is in the outer region from the surface to the critical depth, where the properties continue changing after a rapid initial change. Oxidation cuts the cross-links between chains and accelerates the reformation of molecule structure, however, the latter restricts the ingression of oxygen. It is thought that the equilibrium is reached at the critical depth. The oxidation is a process related to the time, however, the properties in the interior region only vary in a very short time. There should be a factor except for oxidation affecting the interior region of HDR block. Because the property variation in the interior region increases with temperature, it is assumed the reaction is related to temperature. Therefore, it is thought that there are two factors affecting the deterioration of the HDR material, temperature and oxidation. The interior region is mainly affected by temperature, and this reaction finishes in a relatively short time. However, for the outer region near the surface, temperature and oxidation affect HDR simultaneously at first. After the reaction due to temperature reaching the stable state, only the oxidation deterioration continues.3. DETERIORATION PREDICTION MODEL FORHDRBRIDGEBEARING 3.1 Quantification of deterioration characteristicsTo predict the long-term deterioration of HDR bridge bearing, it is necessary to quantify the deterioration characteristics. From the accelerated thermal oxidation test results, the deterioration pattern of the HDR block can be schematically expressed by Fig.6. The vertical axis U/U0 means the relative property variation, which is the ratio of the current material property U comparing to the original value U0. The horizontal axis shows the relative position inside the HDR block. The interior region beyond the critical depth d* is mainly affected by temperature, and the relative property variationis ΔUi. The outer region from surface to the critical depth d* is influenced by both temperature and oxidation, and the property changes most greatly near the block surface. The relative property variation at the bearing surface is represented by the symbol of ΔUs. When pro ceeding into the block, because of the decrease in the amount of oxygen, the oxidation effect becomes weaker, and the property variation also declines. Once exceeding the critical depth, the gradient of the Fig.5 EB/EB0 profile of HDR block in Nagoya (15.4℃)property profile becomes zero.Moreover, from the test results shown in Figs.2 ～5, it can be said that at the lower temperatures, the critical depth becomes larger, however the property variation rate in both the inner and the outer region becomes slower. Hence the property profiles of aged HDR block at different temperatures are expected to be similar to the one shown in Fig.7.3.1.1 Critical depthMuramatsu and Nishikawa17) discovered that the critical depth can be expressed as the exponential function of the reciprocal of the absolute temperature, and the following formula was proposed to express the relationship between the critical depth and the temperature.⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=*T d βαexp （1） where, d* is the critical depth, T is the absolute temperature, and the symbols α and βare coefficients determined by the aging test.The exponential relationship between the critical depth and the temperature is shown in Fig.8. In this fig ure it is found that for HDR, α=0.00012mm, β =3.82×10-3.3.1.2 Property variation of interior regionThe accelerated thermal oxidation test results show that the interior region changes in a relatively very short time, and then keeps stable. The properties change so rapidly that the time-dependency may be neglected. The EB decreases by about 20% and showing no dependency on the temperature. However, the equilibrium state of strain energy is correlated with temperature, as shown in Fig.9. The exact tendency is not clear because of the lack of tests at lower temperatures. In this study, the change of the relative strain energy in the interior region is assumed to be an exponential function of the reciprocal of the absolute temperature as follows:⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=∆T B A U i exp （2） where, ΔUi is the normalized strain energy variation of the interior region, T is the absolute temperature, and the symbols A and B are coefficients.The symbols A and B in Eq.(2) are found to be related to the nominal strain. The strain-dependency of the both coefficients is shown in Fig.10. In this figure, the coefficients A and B versus the strain between 25% and 500% are illustrated. Hence they can be correlated approximately using the following equations.21ln ln b b A +=ε (3a)21ln c c B +=ε (3b)where, εis the nominal strain, the symbols b1, b2, c1, and c2 are the factors determined by the aging test.3.1.3 Property variation at block surfaceThe property variation at the block surface can be deemed as the combined effect of temperature and oxidation. Temperature not only causes the change in HDR properties, but also accelerates the oxidation reaction.Figs.11 (a) and 11(b) show the relative change of U100 and EB at the bearing surface with the propFig.8 Relations between critical depth and temperatureertyvariations due to the temperature eliminated.At a certain temperature, the property of HDR ex-posed to the air depends on time. It is found that the increase of U100 and the decrease of EB are linear with the aging time. For other material properties, the similar relationship is proved. The time-dependency can be expressed by the following equation:1/0+⋅='t k U U s s s（4a ） where, U’s/ Us0 is the relative variation of strain energy at the surface of the rubber bearing due to the oxidation only, ks is coefficient and t is the deterioration time.The relative property variation at the bearing sur-face also depends on strain. The relationship betweenthe coefficient ks and the nominal strain εis shown inFig.12, and the following equation can be obtained.21a a k s +⋅=ε （4b ）where, a1 and a2 are the factors determined by the test.Since the normalized property variation at the bearing surfaceΔUs is affected by the deterioration effects due to both temperature and oxidation, the following equation is obtained.()()111-∆+⋅⋅+=∆i s s U t k U (4c)3.1.4 Shape model of property profileA simple equation is necessary to express the property variation in the region from the rubberbearing surface to the critical depth. The property variation U(t)/U0 should be the function of the position x. The boundary conditions are:()S U U t U ∆+=1/0 ()l or x 0= （5a ）()i U U t U ∆+=1/0 ()**-≤≤d l x d (5b)()0/=dx t dU ()*=d x (5c)where, U(t) and U0 are the HDR properties at time tand initial state, respectively. ΔUi andΔUs are the relative property changes of the interior region and the bearing surface, respectively. l is the width of the HDR bearing.If the property variation U(t)/U0 is assumed to be a square relation of the position x, the function can be expressed as follows: ()32210/g x g x g U t U ++= (6)Considering the boundary conditions Eq.(6) can be written as:()[]i S s sU w U w U U ∆-+∆+='11/0 (7) ()()()()⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧≤≤-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---≤≤≤≤⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=********l x d l d d l x d l x d d x d d x w 200 (8) where, w is the coefficient correlated with the position x, the critical depth d* and the width l of the HDR bearing.Next, if the relationship between U(t)/U0 and x is a 3-order equation, it is expressed by:()432210/g g x g x g U t U +++= (9)Eq.(9) is resolved using the boundary conditions, the following equation is obtained.()()()[]{}i S U w U w d x x g U t U ∆-+∆+-=*1/10 （10）From the test results, it is found that the influence of the first part of Eq.(10) is only about 0.01%～10% of U(t)/U0. For simplicity, in this study the square relation as Eq.(7) is adopted.3.2 Comparison with test resultsUsing Eqs.(1)～(6), the property profiles of the deteriorated HDR blocks can be estimated. Based on the test results, the coefficients in these equations are obtained and listed in Table 2. Through the comparisons between test results and simulations shown in Fig.13, it is found that the simulations of the critical depth, the property variations on the block surface and in the interior region are in good agreement with the test results. Thus the feasibility of the deterioration prediction method is verified. Using this model, the material property can be predicted at any position inside the HDR bearing, at any temperature and at any aging time.3.3 Activation energyIn the thermal oxidation test the temperature applied is much higher than the real environment.This is because high temperature can accelerate the deterioration18). The Arrhenius methodology3) is commonly used to correlate the accelerated aging results with the aging under service conditions. Gerenally the thermal oxidation is assumed to be the 1st order chemical reaction for rubber materials3). Then the aging time in the accelerated exposure tests can be converted into the real time under the service conditions through the following formula:⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛T T R E t t r a r 11ln （11） where, Ea is the activation energy of the rubber, R is the gaseous constant (=8.314[J/mol·K]), Tr indicates the absolute temperature under the service condition, and T is the absolute temperature in the thermal oxidation test. The symbols tr and t are the real time and test time, respectively.Since the rubber surface contacts with the air, the surface is thought completely oxidized. Therefore, the time-dependency of the properties at the surface are used to determine the activation energy, for example, the data in Fig.4(a) and Fig.4(c). The principle of time/temperature superposition by shifting the raw data to a selected reference temperature Tref is employed19). This principle is shown in Fig.14. The reference temperature is chosen as 60℃ so that the curve at 60℃ is the master curve. The shift factors aT are chosen to give the best superposition of the data. If the data adhere to an Arrhenius relation, the set of the shift factors aT will be related to the Arrhenius activation energy Ea by the following expression:⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=T T R E a ref ar 11exp （12） The activation energy is calculated and listed in Table 3. The average value of Ea is about 9.04×104[J/mol]. Then using the Arrhenius methodology, the property variations of HDR under any service condition may be predicted based on the accelerated thermal oxidation test results.。

有限元法释义finit element method[计] 有限元法;finite element method有限元素法;点击人工翻译，了解更多人工释义实用场景例句全部The finite - element method is the most versatile.有限元法是最有用的方法.辞典例句The rectangular groove guide ( RGG ) is analyzed by finite element method ( FEM ) .本文用有限元法分析了矩形槽波导.互联网According to axi - symmetry of shaft, the semi - analytical finite element method is used.考虑到结构的轴对称性质, 分析时采用了半分析有限元法.互联网FEM FCT is used to solve three dimensional hypersonic inviscid flow.从Euler方程出发,利用流量修正有限元法(FEM?FCT)求解三维无粘流动的高速流场.互联网The result are compared with the finite element method's, and anastomosed. "本文计算结果与有限元法分析结果作了比较, 结果吻合较好.互联网Method: 3 - D finite element modeling was computed and analyzed.方法: 采用三维有限元法建立模型并计算、分析.互联网The cloth draping property is studied by using finite element method.以梁单元为模型,运用有限元法研究织物的悬垂性问题.互联网Therefore, the core question of rigid - viscoplastic finite element method has been solved.从而解决了刚粘塑性有限元法核心问题.互联网A permanent magnetic field for mono - crystal furnace was designed.采用有限元法设计了硅单晶炉用永磁磁体.互联网The edge finite element interpolation function of 1 - forms for prism is derived.就三梭柱单元导出了棱边有限元法的1 -形式线性插值基函数.互联网Methods: Three - dimensional finite element analysiswas adopted.方法: 采用三维有限元法.互联网A mixed method - NES FEM is systematically illustrated.提出了新型等效源法与有限元法的一种新耦合算法.互联网The finite element method was used for analysis of heat stress in chip on board ( COB ).本文采用有限元法分析了板上芯片( COB ) 的热应力分布.互联网Finite element method ( FEM ) occupies an important part in Computer Aided Engineering ( CAE ) methods.有限元法,也称有限单元法或有限元素法,在计算机辅助工程CAE 中占有重要的位置.互联网A finite element model for drawing process of high carbon wire with inner micro - defects was built.通过对高碳盘条内部缺陷的假设,采用有限元法研究了高碳盘条拉拔过程中,工艺参数对裂纹扩展情况的影响.互联网。

钢梁吊装吊点的三维有限元分析张盛华【摘要】This article applies the ABAQUS software to the establishment of the three-dimensional finite element model of the steel girder. In combination with the loads and boundary conditions, it makes a finite ele-ment analysis of the hoisting point of the steel girder as well as makes the relevant calculations, which focuses on the study of the stress situation of two kinds of hoisting points, serving as a reference in theory for the selection of the hoisting point.%文章以ABAQUS有限元分析软件为工具，建立钢梁三维有限元模型。

通过施加载荷和边界条件，对给定起吊条件下钢梁起吊点进行了有限元分析，并做了相关理论计算，重点讨论了两种起吊点的受力情况，对于钢梁起吊点的选择提供了理论依据。

【期刊名称】《南通航运职业技术学院学报》【年(卷),期】2015(000)002【总页数】4页(P28-31)【关键词】ABAQUS;吊点;有限元;钢梁【作者】张盛华【作者单位】领新南通重工有限公司技术部，江苏南通 226017【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TB301笔者所在公司承接制作的大型钢梁是某国码头轨道用重要结构，整根钢梁长而重，客户要求整体交付，且交付前必须将涂装防腐一并完成。

由于吊点处受力形式复杂，用传统的力学方法很难求解，且计算过程复杂，计算精度也相对较低，而采用有限元法进行结构强度和刚度分析，不仅准确、经济、高效，还能得出构件在不同吊点下的应力分布情况。

INTRODUCTIONAs one of the Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) and the mature technology of diesel engine, Closed Cycle Diesel Engine (CCD) system has the advantages of mature technology and low cost. The characteristics of intake mixture gas is one of factors which have great influence on the operation conditions of diesel engine, the studying of this parameters’ effects on performance is important for improving the performance of CCD.This paper used the 4102BG diesel engine as power unit of CCD, and the works toward it have been carried out as follows:1. The principles of simulation of all the subsystems were described. According to the structure drawings and test data of the diesel engine, the simulation model was established in GT-Power. Its validation is conformed through the results comparison of simulation and test data.2. Based on the simulation model, the effects of characteristic parameters such as mixture components, specific heat ratio and system pressure on performance of CCD are analyzed.3. In order to realize the goal of this study, some improvements have been made. Based on the original test bench, the measure and control systems are improved, and the absorber of carbon dioxide and ancillary measure and control equipments are added to the test bench.4. Reference to the simulation results, experimental studies are done. In the semi-closed condition, qualitative study of argon on performance of CCD is done. In the closed condition, the effects of argon, water flow of the absorber on the performance are studied qualitatively, as well as the load characteristics.The simulation and experimental results suggest that, in the intake mixture gas, the low specific heat ratio of carbon dioxide makes the combusting condition worse, which results in a worse performance. The argon inserted in the intake gas can compensate the effect of carbon dioxide and improve the performance of CCD. Simulation results suggestted that the effect of oxygen on the performance of CCD is not so obviously. The specific heat ratio of mixture can affect the performance of CCD obviously. In a certain extent, increasing the system pressure can improve the performance of CCD.Based on the previous study, the closed cycle diesel engine test bench achieves close operation though adding absorber of carbon dioxide. In our nation, this is first CCD test-bed based onmulti-cylinder diesel engine and can operate in close. And it could achieve long-term stable operation with enough gas, which is a valuable reference for the following study of CCD.Key words: CCD; Performance; Mixture gas; Simulation; Experimental1-作者-日期式注释ReferenceH.W.Rahn. The all-electric ship-an answer to future challenges.Naval Forces，1999,(2):38-46Gunter Sattler. Fuel cells going on-board. 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Selection of optimal sensorposition in a tubular reactor using robust degree of observability criteria.Chemical Engineering Science, 2000,V ol.55:827-8372-数字式注释Reference1. H.W.Rahn. The all-electric ship-an answer to future challenges. Naval Forces，1999,(2):38-462. Wheatley,C.J.,Prince et parison between date from the thorney island gas trailand prediction of simple dispersion models. UKAEASRD.1986:3553. William L.H,etc. Interactive Visualization of Earth and Space Science Computations.Computer,1994,7:867-8794. Z.H. Qureshi，T.S. Ng，GC. Goodwin. Optimum experimental design for identificationof distributed parameter systems. Int J. Control, 1980，Vol.31:21-295. Holt T, Raman S.A review and comparative evaluation of multilevel boundary layerparameterizations for first-order and turbulent kinetic energy closure schemes. Review of Geophysics,1988,Vol.26,(4):761-7806. Paul,R.W.Interactive Scientific Visualization of Fluid Flow, Computer,1993,Vol.26,(10):721-7337. Gunter Sattler. Fuel cells going on-board. Journal of Power Sources，2000, (86):61-678. Raj,Phani K, Morris, John A.Source Charaterization and Heavy Gas DispersionModels for Reactive Chemicals Volume 1.AD-A200: 1219. D.M.Webber. The physics of heavy gas cloud dispersal. SRD, 1983:24310. Pesquill F.Atmospheric diffusion. New York: Wiley, 1974:42911. Chan S.T.,Ermak D.L.,Morris L.K. .FEM3 model simulations of selected ThorneyIsland Phase I trials. Journal of hazardous materials,19 87,Vol.16:267-29212. Bricard P., Friedel L.. Two-phase jet dispersion. Journal of hazardous materials,1998,Vol.59: 287-31013. Kaiser G D. A review of models for predicting the dispersion of ammonia in theatmosphere. Plant/Operations Progress, 1989,Vol.8,(1):58-6414. Gregory.M.N. Visualization in Scientific and Engineering Computation.Computer,1991, Vol.24,(9):105-11515. H.Kalai,B.Kbelifa,N.Badi.et a1.Correlation between high-pressure effects andalloying in GaP and AIR. Materials chemistry and physics，1995, (39):180-18416. Rick1 .Zadoks,Durga Prasad,Ral Kokatam.Three-Dimensional finite element model ofa threaded puter modeling and simulation in engineering,1999 ,Vol.4,(4):201~21117. Gruia_C R. A Taxonomy of Program Visualization Systems.Computer,1993,Vo1.26,(12):613-62818. Chong C.S,Sen A,de Souza R.ISE.An Interactive Knowledeg-Based SimulationInterface for Manufacturing. Operations Research Society of Japan,1994:287-293 19. Rigal A. Numerical analysis of three-time-level finite difference schemes for unsteadydiffusion-convection problems. Int.J.numer methods eng,1990:3020. Abdellatif Agouzal. Discontinuous finite element method for convection-diffusionequations .Journal of computational mathematics, 2000,Vol.18,(6):639-64421. Hayes L J. Calerkin Alternating-direction Methods for Nonrectangular Regions UsingPatch Approximations. SLAM J Numer Anal,1981,Vo1.18:627-64322. Alan B.Crocket, Gregory J.White, Sidney draggan. Toxic metal contamination in soiland marine sediment associated with refuse dumps at palmer station Antarctica.Intern .J .Environmental Studies, 1998,Vo1.55:161-17423. Zhao Junning. Source-type Solutions of Degenerate Parabolic QuasilinearEquations.J.Diff Equations,1991,Vol.92,(2):179-19724. Brezis H, Friedman A.Nonlinear Parabolic Equations Involuing Measures as InitialConditions. J Math Pure et Applications, 1983,Vol.62:73-7725. M.Stynes,E.O’Riordan. An analysis of a singularly perturbed two-point boundaryproblem using only finite element techniques. p.,1991,Vol.56:663-675 26. Fernandes R I .Fairweather G An Alternating Direction Galerkin Method for a Classof Second-order Hyperboilc Equations in Two Space Variables. SLAM J Numer Anal.1991,Vol.28:1265-128127. Jerkt Havens et al. Developments in Liquefied Natural Gas Dispersion Modeling,Int’L conf,Workshop on Mitigating the consequences of Accidental releases of hazardous matrials,1991 5:201-21328. NN. Replacing Iceland's Fossil Fuels. Fuel Cell Technology News,1999,Vo1.1,(6):329. Deslandres V, Pierreval H.An Expert System Prototype Assisting the StatisticalValidation of Simulation Model. Simulation, 1991,Vol.56,( 2):79-8930. Friedman L W, Friedman H H.Analyzing Simulation Output Using the BootstrapMethod .Simulation，1995, Vol.64,(2):95-10031. Gottfried B S .Use of Computer Graphics in Fitting Statistical Distribution FunctionsTo Data Representing Random Events Simulation...Simulation 1993,Vol.60,(4):281-28632. Merkutyeva G V, Merkuryev Y A.Knowledge Based Simulation Systems-a Review.Simulation, 1994,Vol.62,( 2):74-8933. Yunker J M, Tew J D.Simulation Optimization by Genetic Search.Mathematics andComputers in Simulation, 1994,Vo1.37:17-2834. Zhengjun Zhang,Yuncheng Feng. An Approximate Algorithm of Generation Variatesand Computing Probabilities for Non-uniform Continuous Statistical Distribution.Simulation，1997,Vo1.69,(2):91-1035. Xing-ye Yue, Li-shang Jiang,Tsi-min Shih. 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牙周膜牵张成骨术快速移动尖牙的三维有限元模型建立赵玺;米丛波;居曼江·买买提;李江波;王为;韩蕊【摘要】背景:加速正畸牙移动速度,缩短疗程,多年来一直是国内外学者的研究热点.有学者提出了牙周膜牵张成骨的概念,是牵张成骨的一种特殊应用形式.这一方法应用于临床正畸治疗,可快速移动尖牙,显著缩短治疗时间,提高临床矫治效率,为解决疗程较长这一临床难题提供了一条新的思路.目的:建立生物相似性和力学相似性较高的牙周膜牵张成骨术快速移动尖牙的三维有限元模型.方法:通过64排螺旋CT扫描,获得颞下颌关节、下颌骨、下颌牙列截面影像的DICOM数据.采用Mimics软件、GeomagicStudio8.0软件、Unigraphics NX软件、Ansys11.0软件相结合的方法,建立包括颞下颌关节、下颌骨、下颌牙齿及牙周膜的牙周膜牵张成骨术快速移动尖牙的三维有限元模型.结果与结论:实验建立了由39 060个单元,76 103个节点组成的牙周膜牵张成骨术快速移动尖牙的三维有限元模型,还可根据研究需要,添加或删除组件.【期刊名称】《中国组织工程研究》【年(卷),期】2010(014)022【总页数】4页(P4014-4017)【关键词】牙周膜牵张成骨;牙齿移动;三维有限元法;错(牙合)畸形;数字化口腔科技术【作者】赵玺;米丛波;居曼江·买买提;李江波;王为;韩蕊【作者单位】乌鲁木齐市口腔医院正畸科,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市,830002;新疆医科大学第一附属医院口腔正畸科,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市,830054;新疆医科大学第一附属医院口腔正畸科,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市,830054;乌鲁木齐市口腔医院正畸科,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市,830002;新疆大学CAD/CAM实验室,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市,830046;乌鲁木齐市口腔医院正畸科,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市,830002【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R3180 引言在口腔正畸学临床和科研实践中牙齿移动速度一直是备受关注的问题。

ＣＨＩＮＥＳＥ　ＪＯＵＲＮＡＬ　ＯＦ　ＰＲＯＳＴＨＯＤＯＮＴＩＣＳ　ＳＥＰＴＥＭＢＥＲ　２００２　ＶＯＬ．３　ＮＯ．３口腔颌面修复学杂志２００２年９月第３卷第３期固定义齿ＦＰＤ对其在咬合运动中的生物力学性质进行分析研究至关重要Ｆｉｎｉｔｅｅｌｅｍｅｎｔ　ｍｅｔｈｏｄ，　ＦＥＭ现已成为口腔生物力学研究的重要手段之一［１］摘要建立正常下颌骨及后牙固定桥的三维有限元模型方法数字影像传输与转录以及ＵＧ和ＭＡＲＣ软件相结合的方法建成后的三维有限元模型与实体组织具有良好的几何相似性节点５６９７个缩放剖开等多种方式观察结论建立的三维有限元模型能较真实地模拟实际情况关键词下颌骨ＣＨＩＮＥＳＥ　ＪＯＵＲＮＡＬ　ＯＦ　ＰＲＯＳＴＨＯＤＯＮＴＩＣＳ　ＳＥＰＴＥＭＢＥＲ　２００２　ＶＯＬ．３　ＮＯ．３口腔颌面修复学杂志２００２年９月第３卷第３期图１ 正常下颌的ＣＴ扫描片ＣＴ扫描机进行扫描使扫描截面尽可能与牙齿长轴垂直再对其进行后处理最终得到３９幅二维扫描断层图像将图像连同原始的ＤＩＣＯＭ格式记录下来并存入计算机ＣＴ扫描图像中的各种组织结构具有不同的灰度值按照图像的不同灰度自动以线条勾画出牙齿及颌骨等结构的二维断层外形轮廓用ＰＯＩＮＴＳ　软件将各种组织的轮廓４５图３ ＵＧ建立的固定桥模型图４ 固定桥三维有限元模型线条进行封闭这时保存 与 以及 的牙冠部分计算机根据这些点的坐标将图形转化为数据文件ＵＧ１６将各种牙齿组织区域和下颌骨的系列图形按坐标组合起来见图３将建立起来的三维空间模型数据导入有限元分析软件Ｍｅｎｔａｔ３．２边界条件等见图４为了提高计算速度删除了多余的部分选取下颌骨的外层单元作为皮质骨符合欧阳官等［２］的颅骨标本测量资料牙冠外层作为修复体的固位体和桥体经粘接后成为整体均质的边界条件可根据研究方法对其边界进行不同方向的限定２．结果通过ＣＴ断层扫描影像固定修复体以及下颌骨的三维有限元模型能够良好地模拟口腔颌面组织的形态各部分结构清楚建成后的模型共有单元４７４０　个全部采用８节点的六面体单元缩放剖开等多种方式观察还可以按照不同的研究目的和要求删除和添加材料或组织理想模型ＣＨＩＮＥＳＥ　ＪＯＵＲＮＡＬ　ＯＦ　ＰＲＯＳＴＨＯＤＯＮＴＩＣＳ　ＳＥＰＴＥＭＢＥＲ　２００２　ＶＯＬ．３　ＮＯ．３口腔颌面修复学杂志２００２年９月第３卷第３期的建立是准确计算和分析的基础以往的建模方法多用人工测读标本或标本模型切片也有的直接测取标本的三维形态坐标但这些方法通常耗费人力和时间而且不适用于活体结构且表现的形态数据精确［５］获取断层影像的轮廓数据并应用有限元软件建立三维有限元模型横截面几何形状准确且可迅速而准确地将其数字化边缘数字化迅速及扫描资料易于保存等优点对骨质显示清楚下颌骨中的牙体组织而且各结构之间是逐渐过渡的ＯＵＴＬＩＮＥ和ＰＯＩＮＴＳ图像处理软件可根据ＣＴ图像中的灰度值的不同自动以线条描记各组织的线性轮廓为以后的近似几何体的建立更加接近于实体打下了良好的基础ＵＧ根据先前所描记的模型各层轮廓线上的各个点的坐标ＵＧ便可自动建立近似几何实体由此建立起来的三维有限元模型形态与实体具有较好的几何相似性ＭＡＲＣ　Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ　Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ　Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ　程序作为一套功能强大的大型通用的有限元程序已成为世界上主流的有限元计算软件程序模块化编程功能库材料库这４个模块进行工作的数据修改载荷条件约束条件等的变更四边形六面体网格划分建模三维重建后的网格划分是有限元建模的基本内容之一通常用到的网格划分方法有两种另一种是模型网格计算法然后给出一定的网格划分要求一般来说形状规则的物体直接生成网格材料各向异性的结构分析由于ＣＴ扫描间断的恒定性截面形态的变化出现跳跃和不连续性对于这些部位利用手动的方法采用插层和加层的方法在划分单元时单元的大小要根据精度的要求和计算机的速度及容量来确定避免信息损失本研究在向基根部逐层自动生成单元时相同的网格数在根部就显得过密４．结论将ＣＴ扫描技术与有限元方法有机结合起来重现的牙颌组织的形态适应了口腔组织结构复杂的要求根据需要对个别参数进行修改本研究建立的三维有限元模型能较真实地模拟实际情况参　考　文　献［１］　Ｒｕｂｉｎ　Ｃ　Ｃａｐｉｌｏｕｔｏ　Ｅ　１９８３１９８７２８７－９３［３］　张 彤２０００２１１１－１１３［４］　Ｔａｎｎｅ　ＫＴａｎａｋａ　Ｅｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ１９７３刘洪臣２０００１２６－２８［７］　马秋成聂松辉等．ＵＧ实用教程［Ｍ］　．第１版机械工业出版社３［８］　潘炜娟叶少波等．牙齿与桩核三维有限元建模的初步探讨［Ｊ］　．口腔颌面修复学杂志１收稿日期。

Value Engineering———————————————————————作者简介:莫永春（1978-），男，安徽庐江人，本科，高级工程师，研究方向为施工与企业管理。

0引言近年来，我国基础设施建设得到了飞速发展，斜拉桥由于其卓越的跨越能力和良好的受力性能在交通运输中扮演了十分重要的角色。

斜拉桥主要由主塔、主梁、斜拉索组成，主梁直接承受自重及汽车荷载等外荷载，然后再通过斜拉索将荷载传递给主塔，主梁基本呈现为压弯受力状态[1-3]。

主塔除受自重引起的轴力外，还需承受由斜拉索传递的轴力及水平分力，因此索塔属于压弯构件[4，5]。

目前针对斜拉索索力影响因素方面的研究较少，因此本文为研究斜拉桥索力影响参数对斜拉索索力的影响规律，以某大跨度斜拉桥为工程背景，分别选取斜拉桥的主梁刚度、桥塔刚度、斜拉索刚度以及斜拉索损伤情况等四个影响参数，采用有限元软件建立三维空间有限元模型，分析在不同索力影响参数下斜拉索索力的变化规律。

1工程概况某大桥主桥为70+150+70m 双塔双索面预应力混凝土斜拉桥，采用150m 主跨跨越深水区域，采用70m 边跨跨越两岸大堤，总长290m 。

塔柱采用双柱式，柱尺寸顺桥向4.5m 长，横桥向2.5m 宽，壁厚顺桥向1.25m ，横桥向0.65m ，两主塔均采用塔、梁固结体系，主墩顶设支座。

桥型布置图如图1所示。

2斜拉桥刚度参数对索力影响分析2.1主梁刚度参数选取斜拉桥主梁的刚度分别为原刚度的0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0以及2.5倍五种不同主梁刚度，原主梁刚度记作E 1，提取不同主梁刚度模型计算后的斜拉索索力数据，如图2所示。

由图2可以看出，主梁刚度的改变对于全桥的斜拉索的索力影响都很大，其中边跨编号SC12~SC01斜拉索索力和中跨编号MC01~MC06斜拉索索力随着主梁刚度的增大呈现出逐渐增大的变化规律，最大增大幅度为14.5%；但在中跨跨中编号MC07~MC07’斜拉索索力反而随着主梁刚度的增加呈现减小的变化规律，最小减小幅度为14.33%。