混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车及燃料电池毕业设计翻译

在未来的道路交通中能源来源是哪一个呢？对纯电动汽车，混合动力汽车和燃料电池汽车的比较摘要根据欧洲研究显示，预计在2020至2040年将是氢时代。

但是，显然在电力经济（直接使用所生产的电力）和所谓的“氢经济”之间将有一个选择，这将导致在最终使用电力过程之前要采用一个中间过程即：氢生产，运输和分配。

本文只考虑轿车和厢式车的应用。

在当今的情况下，即在相当短的未来，石油短缺与到2020—2040年这段时间，这个领域将有很大一块空白被补充。

当今的中间物解决清楚地可以看到以混合动力汽车和纯电动汽车为基础。

本文讨论了目前在研究与发展阶段和开始示范间断，对混合动力汽车和纯电动汽车的性能的比较，哪一个是未来的氢燃料电池的基础系统。

关键词：氢；公路运输；纯电动汽车；混合动力汽车；燃料电池汽车1.引言电动车是解决穿梭都市的一个最佳的方案，因为它不排放废气的。

特别是在城市和在恶劣气候条件，路上行驶的车辆产生的废气可以把空气质量降低到直接威胁人们的身体健康。

已经有几个城市多次申请严厉的交通限制。

电动车也非常适合在进入新的交通一体化管理概念，如自动出租的汽车系统和货物配送中心，或小型客车城市中心服务。

对于所有这些原因，越来越多的有关城市和环境的公司，在他们车队中引进电动汽车。

今天，显然有必要来推广支持欧洲准备组织下一步的氢燃料电动汽车。

在初始发展的步伐中，石油危机是显然，并将要采取令人吃惊的规模[1-3]要求引进急需的替代燃料为带有电的公路运输发挥了重要作用。

然而，电力存储仍然是一个关键点。

替代电池系统的发展与一个重要市场的发展一致显示了一个真正的技术决策和经济突破在性短期或中期的可能。

高温新电池的电池类型，如镍氢电池，锂基电池已经在市场或将在未来数年提供。

由于其高能量密度（镍氢为70Wh/kg和锂电池为125Wh/kg，相比40Wh/kg铅电池和60Wh/kg镍镉电池[4]），他们将提供前所未有的车速，高达250多公里，甚至通过更引进范围扩充使车速更高。

新能源车和燃油车英语作文Electric vehicles, also known as new energy vehicles, are becoming increasingly popular due to the growing concern over environmental pollution and the depletion of fossil fuels.新能源车，也称为电动车，由于对环境污染和化石燃料枯竭问题的日益关注，正在变得越来越受欢迎。

Compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, electric vehicles are considered more environmentally friendly because they produce zero tailpipe emissions, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.与传统的汽油车相比，新能源车被认为更环保，因为它们产生零排放，减少了空气污染和温室气体的排放。

In addition to being more environmentally friendly, electric vehicles also offer lower operating costs and maintenance costs, as electricity is generally cheaper than gasoline and electric motors have fewer moving parts compared to internal combustion engines.除了更环保之外，新能源车还提供更低的运营成本和维护成本，因为电力一般比汽油便宜，而且电动机比内燃机有更少的运动部件。

电动汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)电动车：正在进行的绿色交通革命？随着世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费以及汽车数量的增加，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。

石油并不是可再生资源。

在石油消耗枯竭之前必须找到一种能源与之替代。

随着科技的发展和社会进步，电动车的发明将会有效的缓解这一燃眉之急。

电动汽车将成为理想的交通工具。

面临能源成本居高不下、消费者和政府更加重视环境保护的情况下，世界汽车制造商正加大对可替代能源性混合动力汽车技术的开发投资。

该技术能极大削减燃料消费，减少温室气体排放。

许多人把目光投向了日本和美国的汽车制造商，关心他们开发混合动力和电池电动车的进展情况。

丰田普锐斯一跃成为世界上销量最好的混合动力车。

美国的新兴汽车制造商，Tesla Motors，推出了该公司首部电池电力车，名为Tesla Roadster。

截至2010年底，通用汽车公司计划推出备受赞誉的V olt混合动力汽车，而克莱斯勒公司最近已经宣布同样的计划正在进行之中。

目前，中国在新能源汽车的自主创新过程中，坚持了政府支持，以核心技术、关键部件和系统集成为重点的原则，确立了以混合电动汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车为“三纵”，以整车控制系统、电机驱动系统、动力蓄电池/燃料电池为“三横”的研发布局，通过产学研紧密合作，中国混合动力汽车的自主创新取得了重大进展。

形成了具有完全自主知识产权的动力系统技术平台，建立了混合动力汽车技术开发体系。

混合动力汽车的核心是电池（包括电池管理系统）技术。

除此之外，还包括发动机技术、电机控制技术、整车控制技术等，发动机和电机之间动力的转换和衔接也是重点。

从目前情况来看，中国已经建立起了混合动力汽车动力系统技术平台和产学研合作研发体系，取得了一系列突破性成果，为整车开发奠定了坚实的基础。

截止到2009年1月31日，在混合动力车辆技术领域，中国知识产权局受理并公开的中国专利申请为1116件。

近年来，随着低碳理念的日益普及，世界主要汽车生产国纷纷把大力开发新能源汽车作为提高产业竞争力，促进经济社会可持续发展的重要战略。

同时，面对不断攀升的油价，消费者也逐渐将目光转向了节能低耗的新能源汽车。

在中国，私家车普及程度越来越高，汽车市场的繁荣导致石油需求量剧增，严重的环境污染也就不可避免，我国石油对外依存度也因此而持续上升。

在这样的背景下，大力推广新能源汽车的意义更为重大。

2009年7月1日，《新能源汽车生产企业及产品准入管理准则》正式实施。

随之，与新能源汽车相关的翻译问题开始进入人们的视野。

“新能源汽车”的翻译可谓五花八门。

究竟英文中有没有“新能源汽车”一词的对应表达呢？如果有，应该是这几种表达中的哪一种呢？下面，本文将针对该词的三种不同翻译进行详述和分析。

一、新能源汽车概览新能源汽车，顾名思义，就是指不以传统能源，即汽油、柴油为动力的汽车，也指不以传统能源为单一动力的汽车。

包括纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车、混合动力汽车、氢能源动力汽车、燃气汽车、生物乙醇汽车和太阳能汽车等。

二、“新能源汽车”的翻译笔者最初开始关注“新能源汽车”的翻译是因为著名双语网站中外对话的一篇文章《中国电动车普及长路漫漫》，该文章将“新能源汽车”译为alternative-fuel vehicle。

随后笔者查阅了包括中国知网、维普期刊数据库、国内外主要媒体网站以及新能源汽车行业报告等资料，又发现了不同的翻译版本。

接下来对几种译法一一探讨。

1.New energy vehicle/cars这是直接以“新能源汽车”为关键词搜索到的译法。

例如：The improvement of energy efficiency and emission reduction as well as the industrialization of new energy vehicle are very urgent for China's automobile industry.———《China Daily》另外，中国知网收录的相关论文几乎全部使用了该种译法。

混合动力汽车英语作文In the realm of automotive technology, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have emerged as a viable solution for bridging the gap between traditional fossil fuel-based vehicles and fully electric vehicles. HEVs, a blend of conventional internal combustion engines and electric motors, offer a balanced approach to address the dual challenges of energy efficiency and environmental sustainability.The fundamental principle behind HEVs lies in the intelligent integration of multiple power sources. Typically, a hybrid vehicle is equipped with both a gasoline or diesel engine and an electric motor, along with a rechargeable battery pack. The engine and motor work together seamlessly, alternating or combining their power outputs to maximize fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. One of the key advantages of HEVs is their ability to recoup energy during deceleration or braking. This regenerative braking system converts kinetic energy into electrical energy, which is then stored in the battery for later use. This not only enhances the overall efficiency ofthe vehicle but also contributes to extending the range before the need for recharging or refueling.Moreover, HEVs provide a smoother and quieter driving experience compared to traditional vehicles. The electric motor, which is typically quieter than a combustion engine, takes over during low-speed driving or acceleration, significantly reducing noise pollution. This aspect is particularly beneficial in urban areas, where noise pollution is a significant concern.From an environmental perspective, HEVs significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Although they still rely on fossil fuels, the efficient use of both the engine and the motor results in lower overall emissions compared to traditional vehicles. As battery technology improves and becomes more cost-effective, the proportion of electric power used in HEVs is expected to increase, further reducing the environmental impact.The adoption of HEVs also presents economic benefits. While the initial purchase price of a hybrid vehicle may be higher than a comparable gasoline-only model, the long-term savings in fuel costs and reduced maintenance expensesoften offset this initial investment. Additionally, as governments worldwide increasingly adopt policies to promote sustainable transportation, tax incentives and other financial support for HEVs are becoming more common. However, it is worth noting that HEVs are not without their challenges. The complexity of the hybrid system leads to higher manufacturing costs and potential reliability issues. Additionally, the disposal and recycling of battery packs at the end of their lifespan pose environmental challenges that need to be addressed.Despite these challenges, the future of HEVs looks promising. As technology continues to evolve and battery costs decrease, hybrid vehicles are expected to become more affordable and widely adopted. Moreover, the increasing awareness of environmental issues and the demand for sustainable transportation solutions are driving the development of more efficient and eco-friendly hybrid systems.In conclusion, hybrid electric vehicles represent a significant step forward in the transition to a more sustainable transportation system. By efficiently combiningthe power of internal combustion engines and electric motors, HEVs offer a balanced approach to addressing the challenges of energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. While they may not be the ultimate solution, hybrid vehicles are a viable interim step in the journey to a fully electric future.**混合动力汽车：可持续交通的未来**在汽车技术领域，混合动力汽车（HEV）已经成为连接传统燃油汽车与全电动汽车之间差距的可行解决方案。

学号 20110351442015届本科生毕业论文设计题目电动汽车燃料电池技术的研究作者姓名指导教师所在学院职业技术学院专业（系） 机械设计制造及为其自动化班级（届） 2011 级完成日期2015 年 5 月 4 日电动汽车燃料电池技术的研究摘要随着能源紧缺和环境污染问题的日益严重,社会对汽车的高效、清洁、经济和安全性提出了更高要求。

文章介绍了燃料电池车的历史、电动汽车的分类、燃料电池电动汽车技术、燃料电池分类、燃料电池技术当前存在并且急需要解决的问题、燃料电动汽车的发展前景等方面,分析了燃料电池电动汽车在发展与应用中需要解决的关键技术。

指出燃料电池作为一种新能源,以其高效能和零污染等优点日益受到重视,燃料电池电动汽车及其技术也得到了越来越广泛地应用和发展。

关键词：电动汽车；燃料电池；经济性；效率The electric car fuel cell technology researchAbstractWith the increasingly serious problem of energy shortage and environmental pollution, social on the car's efficient, clean, economic and security of proposed higher article introduces the current and urgent need to address the problem, fuel electric vehicle development prospects of fuel cell vehicle history, electric vehicle classification, fuel cell electric vehicle technology, fuel battery, fuel cell technology, analyzes the key techniques needed to be resolved in the development and application of fuel cell electric vehicle. It is pointed out that the fuel cell as a kind of new energy, to its high efficiency and zero pollution has attracted more and more attention. Fuel cell electric vehicle and its technology has been more and more widely application and development.Keywords：Electric vehicle ;Fuel cell ;Economy ;Efficienc目录1 绪论 (1)绪论综述 (1)燃料电池车的历史 (2)2电动汽车的分类 (3) (3)................................................................. (错误!未定义书签。

运用一流的燃油经济性和性能,混合动力汽车将有可能在未来几年增加人气;进一步开发的控制对混合动力车理论对他们的进步至关重要。

摘要|更为严格的排放要求和燃油经济性以及全球变暖、能源等因素的制约，资源、电、混合动力和燃料电池汽车吸引了越来越多的汽车制造商,政府和市场客户。

研究和开发工作主要集中在新概念,低耗系统,和可靠的混合动力电动系统。

本文综述国家的艺术的电气、混合动力,燃料电池汽车。

这个拓扑为每个类别和启用技术讨论了。

I.介绍相比传统的汽车，混合电力更省油，由于优越的发动机的性能和刹车时的动能回收能量。

这种外接充电式混合动力车可以在纯电力操作模式下驾驶30 - 60公里。

插电式混合动力车可以在夜晚从电网获得来自可再生能源的能量，如来自原子能的风能和太阳能。

燃料电池汽车(FCV)使用氢气作为燃料来产生电能,因此它们基本上排放零。

当连接到电力网格(V2G),燃料电池汽车可以在电力紧急时提供电力，备份在电力网中。

由于在当前时间氢生产、储存、和燃料电池的技术限制,燃料电池汽车是无法大规模使用的。

混合动力汽车（HEVs）可能会主导在未来几年先进的推进。

混合动力技术可用于几乎所有类型的燃料和引擎。

因此,它不是一个过渡技术。

图1展示了混合动力技术的路线图。

在HEVs和FCVs,有更多的电器使用的组件,比如电机、电力电子转换器,电池,超级电容，传感器和微控制器等。

除了这些电气化组件或子系统，传统的内燃机(ICE),机械和液压系统可能仍然是存在的。

这些先进的挑战推进系统包括先进的动力组件设计,如电力电子变换器、电动机器和能源存储;电源管理;建模与仿真的动力总成系统;混合控制理论和优化的车辆控制。

本文概述了国家的艺术电动车(电动车),HEVs和FCVs,重点HEVs。

第二节试图回答一个基本的问题:为什么电动汽车、混合动力汽车和FCV吗?它还可以看到,在关键的问题HEVs和FCVs。

第三部分回顾了EVs,HEVs,FCVs的历史。

大学生方程式纯电动赛车（总体设计）摘要本文详细介绍了本次设计的方法及指导思想，本次设计的内容是大学生方程式纯电动赛车的设计。

纯电动汽车是指以车载电源为动力，用电机驱动车轮行驶，符合道路交通、安全法规各项要求的车辆。

由于对环境影响相对传统汽车较小，其前景被广泛看好，但当前技术尚不成熟。

随着计算机和电子产品继续开放级骑，电动车技术已经成熟和完善，使驾驶变得更安全，方便，灵活，舒适。

现在，从普通消费者从很远的电动车，只有在少数人匆忙它时髦。

电力汽车可以真正传统燃料汽车在未来竞争的汽车市场，最终会和智能汽车的电动汽车代替。

这只是时间问题。

在设计过程中，我是从电动机和电池的选择入手，为了使汽车获的最高行驶速度,经过计算选择了电机和电池。

在选好电机和电池后，和设计燃油汽车的底盘一样，并同时综合电动汽车的结构特点，对汽车的传动系统，行驶系统，转向系统，制动系统进行一一分析和布置。

在这为纯电动赛车车设计底盘的过程中，要特别注意电动汽车与燃油汽车不同的地方。

在我所设计的这辆纯电动赛车上，它的传动系很简单，是电机直接和主减速器用链传动直接连接，这样整个底盘的总布置也可以变的很自由。

关键词：纯电动赛车，电机，电池，底盘总布置ABSTRACTThis paper introduces in detail the design methods and the guiding ideology, the content of this design is a college student equation of pure electric car design. Pure electric car is powered by car power, with the motor driven wheel driving, conform to the requirements of road traffic and safety regulations of the vehicle. Because of less environmental impact compared with the traditional cars, its prospect is widely, but the current technology is not mature. With the computer and electronic products continue to open-class ride, electric car technology has matured and improved, making driving safer, convenient, flexible and comfortable. Now, the electric car from the ordinary consumer from very far, only a few people in a hurry fashionable it. Electric cars can really traditional fuel vehicles to compete in the future automotive market will eventually be electric cars and smart cars are replaced. This is only a matter of time that day will come for.In the design process, first is to the selection of motor and battery, in order to make the car won the highest speeds, I chose the motor and battery after calculation. After chooses the electrical machinery and the battery, is same with the design fuel oil automobile chassis, and simultaneously synthesizes the electric automobile the unique feature, to the automobile transmission system, the travel system, the steering system, the braking system carries on analyses and the design. In the car chassis design process for electric vehicles, it is important to pay special attention to the different parts of the electric vehicles and fuel cars. The electric car’s drive train I designed is very simple. motor and reducer connected directly with chain transmission, so the layout of the whole chassis is free.KEY WORDS: electric car, electromotor, the battery, the chassis layout目录第一章大学生方程式赛车介绍 (1)§1.1 FSAE 赛车起源 (1)§1.2 FSAE 赛车现状 (2)§1.2.1 赛车现状 (2)§1.2.2 我校赛车现状 (2)第二章纯电动汽车 (3)§2.1 纯电动汽车的发展 (3)§2.1.1 电动汽车电池发展 (3)§2.1.2 电动汽车行业发展 (4)§2.1.3 中国汽车驶入“无油”时代 (4)§2.2 汽车优点 (5)§2.3 发展现状 (6)§2.3.1 发达国家现状 (6)§2.3.2 中国现状 (8)§2.4 电动车的未来发展方向 (8)§2.5 大学生方程式纯电动赛车发展状况 (10)第三章赛车总体设计 (11)§3.1 赛车总体设计概述 (11)§3.1.1 总体设计要求 (11)§3.1.2 总体设计目标 (11)§3.1.3 整车结构 (12)§3.1.4 总体设计进度概述 (13)§3.1.5 课题的意义 (14)§3.2 赛车总体设计的一般顺序 (15)§3.3 赛车各系统设计 (17)§3.3.1 悬架系统设计 (17)§3.3.2 转向系统设计 (18)§3.3.3 制动系统设计 (18)§3.3.4 车架设计 (19)第四章赛车主要参数的初步确定 (21)§4.1 主要参数 (21)§4.1.1 主要技术参数 (21)§4.1.2 电动机的选择 (21)§4.1.3电动车电池面临的主要问题 (24)§4.1.4电动车电池的选择 (25)§4.1.5 轮胎的选择 (26)§4.2 赛车主要设计参数的确定 (27)§4.2.1 性能参数的计算 (27)§4.2.2 整车尺寸参数 (28)§4.3.3 主要技术参数 (29)第五章赛车动力性分析 (30)§5.1 行驶稳定性计算 (30)§5.2 动力性计算 (31)第六章赛车的底盘总布置 (33)§6.1 整车布置的基准的确定 (33)§6.2 赛车布置 (33)总结 (36)参考文献 (37)致谢 (38)。

Ignition SystemThe purpose of the ignition system is to create a spark that will ignite the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder of an engine. It must do this at exactly the right instant and do it at the rate of up to several thousand times per minute for each cylinder in the engine. If the timing of that spark is off by a small fraction of a second, the engine will run poorly or not run at all.The ignition system sends an extremely high voltage to the spark plug in each cylinder when the piston is at the top of its compression stroke. The tip of each spark plug contains a gap that the voltage must jump across in order to reach ground. That is where the spark occurs.The voltage that is available to the spark plug is somewhere between 20,000 volts and 50,000 volts or better. The job of the ignition system is to produce that high voltage from a 12 volt source and get it to each cylinder in a specific order, at exactly the right time.The ignition system has two tasks to perform. First, it must create a voltage high enough (20,000+) to across the gap of a spark plug, thus creating a spark strong enough to ignite the air/fuel mixture for combustion. Second, it must control the timing of that the spark so it occurs at the exact right time and send it to the correct cylinder.The ignition system is divided into two sections, the primary circuit and the secondary circuit. The low voltage primary circuit operates at battery voltage (12 to 14.5 volts) and is responsible for generating the signal to fire the spark plug at the exact right time and sending that signal to the ignition coil. The ignition coil is the component that converts the 12 volt signal into the high 20,000+ volt charge. Once the voltage is stepped up, it goes to the secondary circuit which then directs the charge to the correct spark plug at the right time.The BasicsBefore we begin this discussion, let’’s talk a bit about electricity in general. I know that this is Before we begin this discussion, letbasic stuff, but there was a time that you didn’’t know about this and there are people who need basic stuff, but there was a time that you didnto know the basics so that they could make sense of what follows.All automobiles work on DC (Direct Current). This means that current move in one direction, form the positive battery terminal to the negative battery terminal. In the case of the automobile, the negative battery terminal is connected by a heavy cable directly to the body and the engine block of the vehicle. The body and any metal component in contact with it is called the ground. This means that a circuit that needs to send current back to the negative side of the battery can be connected to any part of the vehicle’’s metal body or the metal engine block.be connected to any part of the vehicleA good example to see how this works is the headlight circuit. The headlight circuit consists of a wire that goes from the positive battery terminal to the headlight switch. Another wire goes from the headlight switch to one of two terminals on the headlight bulb. Finally, a third wire goes from a second terminal on the bulb to the metal body of car. When you switch the headlight on, you are connecting the wire from the battery with the wire to the headlamps allowing battery current to go directly to the headlamp bulbs. Electricity passes through the filaments inside the bulb, then out the other wire to the metal body. From there, the current goes back to the negative terminal of the battery completing the circuit. Once the current is flowing through this circuit, the filament inside the headlamp gets hot and glows brightly. Let there be light.Now, back to the ignition system, the basic principle of the electrical spark ignition system has not changed for over 75 years. What has changed is the method by which the spark is created and how it is distribute.Currently, there are three distinct types of ignition system. The mechanical ignition systemwas used prior to 1975. It was mechanical and electrical and used no electronics. By understanding these early system, it will be easier to understand the new electronic andcomputer controlled ignition system, so don’’t skip over it. The electronic ignition system started computer controlled ignition system, so donfinding its way to production vehicles during the early 70s and became popular when better control and improved reliability became important with the advent of emission controls. Finally, the distributor less ignition system became available in the mid 80s. This system was always computer controlled and contained no moving parts, so reliability was greatly improved. Most of these systems required no maintenance except replacing the spark plugs at intervals from 60,000 to over 100,000 miles.Let’’s take a detailed look at each system and see how they work.LetThe Mechanical Ignition SystemThe distributor is the nerve center of the mechanical ignition system and has two tasks to perform. First, it is responsible for triggering coil to generate a spark at the precise instant that it is required (which varies depending how fast the engine is turning and how much load it is under). Second, the distributor is responsible for directing that spark to the proper cylinder (which is why it is called a distributor).The circuit that powers the ignition system is simple and straight forward. When you insert the key in the ignition switch and turn the key to the Run position, you are sending current from the battery through a wire directly to the positive (+) side of the ignition coil. Inside the coil is a series of copper windings that loop around the coil over a hundred times before exiting out the negative (-) side of the coil. From there, a wire takes this current over to the distributor and is connected to a special on/off switch, called the points. When the points are closed, this current goes directly to ground. When current flows from the ignition switch, through the windings in the coil, then to ground, it builds a strong magnetic field inside the coil.The points are made up of a fixed contact point that is fastened to a plate inside the distributor, and a movable contact point mounted on the end of a spring loaded arm. The movable point rides on a 4, 6, or 8 lobe cam (depending on the number of cylinder in the engine) that is mounted on a rotating shaft inside the distributor. This distributor cam rotates in time with the engine, making one complete revolution for every two revolutions of the engine. As it rotates, the cam pushes the points open and closed. Every time the points open, the flow of current is interrupted through the coil, thereby collapsing the magnetic field and releasing a high voltage surge through the secondary coil windings. This voltage surge goes out the top of the coil and through the high-tension coil wire.Now, we have the voltage necessary to fire the spark plug, but we still have to get it to the correct cylinder. The coil wire goes from the coil directly to the distributor cap. Under the cap is a rotor that is mounted on top of the rotating shaft. The rotor has a metal strip on the top that is in constant contact with the center terminal of the distributor cap. It receives the high voltage surge from the coil wire and sends it to the other end of the rotor which rotates past each spark plug terminal inside the cap. As the rotor turns on the shaft, it sends the voltage to the correct spark plug wire, which in turn sends it to the spark plug. The voltage enters the spark plug at the terminal at the top and travels down the core until it reaches the tip. It then jumps across the tip of the spark plug, creating a spark suitable to ignite the fuel-air mixture inside that cylinder. The description I just provided is the simplified version, but should be helpful to visualize the process, but we left out a few things that make up this type of ignition system. For instance, we didn’’t talk about the condenser that is connected to the point, nor did we talk about the system didnto advance the timing. Let’’s take a look at each section and explore it in more detail.to advance the timing. LetThe Ignition SwitchThere are two separate circuits that go from the ignition switch to the coil. One circuit runs through a resistor in order to step down the voltage about 15% in order to protect the points from premature wear. The other circuit sends full battery voltage to the coil. The only time this circuit is used is during cranking. Since the starter draws a considerable amount of current to crank the engine, additional voltage is needed to power the coil. So when the key is turned to the spring-loaded start position, full battery voltage is used. As soon as the engine is running, the driver releases the key to the run position which directs current through the primary resistor to the coil.On some vehicles, the primary resistor is mounted on the firewall and is easy to replace if it fails. On other vehicles, most notably vehicles manufactured by GM, the primary resister is a special resister wire and is bundled in the wiring harness with other wires, making it more difficult to replace, but also more durable.The DistributorWhen you remove the distributor cap from the top of the distributor, you will see the points and condenser. The condenser is a simple capacitor that can store a small amount of current. When the points begin to open the current, flowing through the points looks for an alternative path to ground. If the condenser were not there, it would try to jump across the gap of the point as they begin to open. If this were allowed to happen, the points would quickly burn up and you would hear heavy static on the car radio. To prevent this, the condenser acts like a path to ground. It really is not, but by the time the condenser is saturated, the points are too far apart for the small amount of voltage to jump across the wide point gap. Since the arcing across the opening points is eliminated, the points last longer and there is no static on the radio from point arcing.The points require periodic adjustments in order to keep the engine running at peek efficiency. This is because there is a rubbing block on the points that is in contact with the cam and this rubbing block wears out over time changing he point gap. There are two ways that the points can be measured to see if they need an adjustment. One way is by measuring the gap between the open points when the rubbing block is on the high point of the cam. The other way is by measuring the dwell electrically. The dwell is the amount, in degrees of cam rotation that the points stay closed.On some vehicles, points are adjusted with the engine off and the distributor cap removed. A mechanic will loosen the fixed point and move it slightly, then retighten it in the correct position using a feeler gauge to measure the gap. On other vehicles, most notably GM cars, there is a window in the distributor where a mechanic can insert a tool and adjust the points using a dwell meter while the engine is running. Measuring dwell is much more accurate than setting the points with a feeler gauge.Points have a life expectancy of about 10,000 miles at which time have to be replaced. This is done during a routine major tune up, points, condenser, and the spark plugs are replaced, the timing is set and the carburetor is adjusted. In some cases, to keep the engine running efficiently, a minor tune up would be performed at 5,000 mile increments to adjust the point and reset the timing.Ignition CoilThe ignition coil is nothing more that an electrical transformer. It contains both primary and secondary winding circuit. The coil primary winding contains 100 to 150 turns of heavy copper wire. This wire must be insulated so that the voltage does not jump from loop to loop, shortingit out. If this happened, it could not create the primary magnetic field that is required. The primary circuit wire goes into the coil through the positive terminal, loops around the primary windings, then exits through the negative terminal.The coil secondary winding circuit contains 15,000 to 30,000 turns of fine copper wire, which also must be insulated from each other. The secondary windings sit inside the loops of the primary windings. To further increase the coils magnetic field the windings are wrapped around a soft iron core. To withstand the heat of the current flow, the coil is filled with oil which helps keep it cool.The ignition coil is the heart of the ignition system. As current flows through the coil a strong magnetic field is build up. When the current is shut off, the collapse of this magnetic field to the secondary windings induces a high voltage which is released through the large center terminal. This voltage is then directed to the spark plugs through the distributor.Ignition Timing The timing is set by loosening a hold-down screw and rotating the body of the distributor. Since the spark is triggered at the exact instant that the points begin to open, rotating the distributor body (which the point are mounted on) will change the relationship between the position and the position of the distributor cam, which is on the shaft that is geared to the engine rotation.While setting the initial or base timing is important, for an engine to run properly, the timing needs to change depending on the speed of the engine and the load that it is under. If we can move the plate that the points are mounted on, or we could change the position of the distributor cam in relation to the gear that drives it, we can alter the timing dynamically to suit the needs of the engine.Ignition Wires These cables are designed to handle 20,000 to more than 50,000 volts, enough voltage to toss you across the room if you were to be exposed to it. The job of the spark plug wires is to get that enormous power to the spark plug without leaking out. Spark plug wires have to endure the heat of a running engine as well as the extreme changes in the weather. In order to do their job, spark plug wires are fairly thick, with most of that thickness devoted to insulation with a very thin conductor running down the center. Eventually, the insulation will succumb to the elements and the heat of the engine and begins to harden, crack, dry out, or otherwise break down. When that happens, they will not be able to deliver the necessary voltage to the spark plug and a misfire will occur. That is what is meant by “Not running on all cylinders cylinders””. To correct this problem, the spark plug wires would have to be replaced.Spark plug wires are routed around the engine very carefully. Plastic clips are often used to keep the wires separated so that they do not touch together. This is not always necessary, especially when the wires are new, but as they age, they can begin to leak and crossfire on damp days causing hard starting or a rough running engine.Spark plug wires go from the distributor cap to the spark plugs in a very specific order. This is called the is called the ““firing order firing order”” and is part of the engine design. Each spark plug must only fire at the end of the compression stroke. Each cylinder has a compression stroke at a different time, so it is important for the individual spark plug wire to be routed to the correct cylinder.For instance, a popular V8 engine firing order is 1, 8, 4, 3, 6, 5, 7, 2. The cylinders are numbered from the front to the rear with cylinder #1 on the front-left of the engine. So the cylinders on the left side of the engine are numbered 1, 3, 5, 7while the right side are numbered 2, 4, 6, 8. On some engine, the right bank is 1, 2, 3, 4 while the left bank is 5, 6, 7, 8. A repairmanual will tell you the correct firing order and cylinder layout for a particular engine.The next thing we need to know is what direction the distributor is rotating in, clockwise or counter-clockwise, and which terminal on the distributor caps that #1 cylinder is located. Once we have this information, we can begin routing the spark plug wires.If the wires are installed incorrectly, the engine may backfire, or at the very least, not run on all cylinders. It is very important that the wires are installed correctly.Spark PlugsThe ignition system system’’s sole reason for being is to service the spark plug. It must provide sufficient voltage to jump the gap at the tip of the spark plug and do it at the exact right time, reliably on the order of thousands of times per minute for each spark plug in the engine.The modern spark plug is designed to last many thousands of miles before it requires replacement. These electrical wonders come in many configurations and heat ranges to work properly in a given engine. The heat range of a spark plug dictates whether it will be hot enough to burn off any residue that collects on the tip, but not so hot that it will cause pre-ignition in the engine. Pre-ignition is caused when a spark plug is so hot, that it begins to glow and ignite the fuel-air mixture prematurely, before the spark. Most spark plugs contain a resistor to suppress radio interference. The gap on a spark plug is also important and must be set before the spark plug is installed in the engine. If the gap is too wide, there may not be enough voltage to jump the gap, causing a misfire. If the gap is too small, the spark may be inadequate to ignite a lean fuel-air mixture also causing a misfire.The Electronic Ignition SystemThis section will describe the main differences between the early point & condenser systems and the newer electronic systems. If you are not familiar with the way an ignition system works in general, I strongly recommend that you first read the previous section The Mechanical Ignition System.In the electronic ignition system, the points and condenser were replaced by electronics. On these systems, there were several methods used to replace the points and condenser in order to trigger the coil to fire. One method used a metal wheel with teeth, usually one for each cylinder. This is called an armature. A magnetic pickup coil senses when a tooth passes and sends a signal to the control module to fire the coil.Other systems used an electric eye with a shutter wheel to send a signal to the electronics that it was time to trigger the coil to fire. These systems still need to have the initial timing adjusted by rotating the distributor housing.The advantage of this system, aside from the fact that it is maintenance free, is that the control module can handle much higher primary voltage than the mechanical point. V control module can handle much higher primary voltage than the mechanical point. Voltage can oltage can even be stepped up before sending it to the coil, so the coil can create a much hotter spark, on the order of 50,000 volts that is common with the mechanical systems. These systems only have a single wire from the ignition switch to the coil since a primary resistor is not longer needed. On some vehicles, this control module was mounted inside the distributor where the points used to be mounted. On other designs, the control module was mounted outside the distributor with external wiring to connect it to the pickup coil. On many General Motors engines, the control module was inside the distributor and the coil was mounted on top of the distributor for a one piece unitized ignition system. GM called it high energy ignition or HEI for short.The higher voltages that these systems provided allow the use of a much wider gap on the spark plugs for a longer, fatter spark. This larger sparks also allowed a leaner mixture for betterfuel economy and still insure a smooth running engine.The early electronic systems had limited or no computing power, so timing still a centrifugal and vacuum advance built into the distributor.On some of the later systems, the inside of the distributor is empty and all triggering is performed by a sensor that watches a notched wheel connected to either the crankshaft or the camshaft. These devices are called crankshaft position sensor or camshaft position sensor. In these systems, the job of the distributor is solely to distribute the spark to the correct cylinder through the distributor cap and rotor. The computer handles the timing and any timing advance necessary for the smooth running of the engine.The Distributor Ignition SystemNewer automobiles have evolved from a mechanical system (distributor) to a completely solid state electronic system with no moving parts. These systems are completely controlled by the on-board computer. In place of the distributor, there are multiple coils that each serves one or two spark plugs. A typical 6 cylinder engine has 3 coils that are mounted together in a coil pack””. A spark plug wire comes out of each side of the individual coil and goes to the “packappropriate spark plug. The coil fires both spark plugs at the same time. One spark plug fires on the compression stroke igniting the fuel-air mixture to produce power while the other spark plug fires on the exhaust stroke and does nothing. On some vehicles, there is an individual coil for each cylinder mounted directly on top of the spark plug. This design completely eliminates the high tension spark plug wires for even better reliability. Most of these systems use spark plugs that are designed to last over 100,000 miles, which cuts down on maintenance costs.参考文献：[1] 王欲进,张红伟汽车专业英语[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，中国林业出版社，2007.8，55—67点火系统点火系统的作用是产生点燃发动机气缸里可燃混合物的火花。

新能源车和燃油车英语作文The world is constantly evolving, and the transportation industry is no exception. As concerns about the environment and the depletion of fossil fuels grow, the demand for more sustainable modes of transportation has become increasingly pressing. Two of the most prominent options in this regard are electric vehicles (EVs) and traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Both have their own unique advantages and disadvantages, and the decision to choose one over the other often depends on individual needs and preferences.Electric vehicles, with their zero-emission technology and reliance on renewable energy sources, have emerged as a promising solution to the environmental challenges posed by traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. These vehicles are powered by electric motors that draw energy from rechargeable battery packs, eliminating the need for gasoline and significantly reducing the carbon footprint associated with transportation.One of the primary advantages of electric vehicles is their energy efficiency. Electric motors are inherently more efficient than internalcombustion engines, converting a larger proportion of the energy stored in the battery into kinetic energy to power the vehicle. This translates to lower fuel costs and a reduced environmental impact. Additionally, the ability to recharge the battery at home or at designated charging stations eliminates the need for frequent tripsto the gas station, providing a more convenient and hassle-free driving experience.Moreover, electric vehicles are renowned for their impressive acceleration and smooth, quiet operation, offering a more enjoyable driving experience compared to their gasoline-powered counterparts. The instant torque provided by electric motors allows for rapid acceleration, often outperforming traditional vehicles in this regard. This, combined with the absence of engine noise, creates a more serene and comfortable driving environment.However, electric vehicles are not without their drawbacks. One of the primary concerns is the limited range of these vehicles, which can be a significant limitation for long-distance travel. While advancements in battery technology have steadily improved the range of EVs, many models still struggle to match the extended driving capabilities of gasoline-powered vehicles. This can be a significant deterrent for those who frequently undertake long-distance journeys or live in areas with limited charging infrastructure.Another challenge faced by electric vehicles is the time required for recharging. Whereas refueling a gasoline-powered vehicle can be accomplished in a matter of minutes, recharging an electric vehicle can take several hours, depending on the charging method and the vehicle's battery capacity. This can be inconvenient for those who need to travel long distances or have limited time to spare.The cost of electric vehicles is also a significant barrier for many consumers. While the upfront cost of an EV is often higher than a comparable gasoline-powered vehicle, the long-term savings in fuel and maintenance costs can offset this difference. However, the initial investment can be a deterrent for those with limited budgets or who are unsure about the long-term viability of electric vehicle technology.In contrast, gasoline-powered vehicles have long been the dominant mode of transportation, and they continue to offer several advantages that make them appealing to many consumers. The widespread availability of gas stations and the relatively short refueling time provide a level of convenience that is difficult to match with electric vehicles. Additionally, the extended driving range of gasoline-powered vehicles, often exceeding 300 miles on a single tank, makes them a more practical choice for those who frequently undertake long-distance travel.Another advantage of gasoline-powered vehicles is the familiarity and widespread availability of the technology. Consumers are generally well-versed in the operation and maintenance of internal combustion engines, and the infrastructure to support these vehicles is already in place. This level of familiarity and accessibility can be a significant factor for those who are hesitant to embrace new technologies or who live in areas with limited EV charging infrastructure.However, the environmental impact of gasoline-powered vehicles is a significant drawback. These vehicles emit harmful greenhouse gases and other pollutants, contributing to air pollution and climate change. As concerns about the environment continue to grow, the long-term viability of gasoline-powered vehicles is being called into question, and governments around the world are implementing policies and regulations to encourage the adoption of more sustainable transportation options.In conclusion, both electric vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. Electric vehicles offer a more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient mode of transportation, with the potential for a more enjoyable driving experience. However, the limited range, lengthy recharging times, and higher upfront costs can be significant deterrents for some consumers. Gasoline-powered vehicles, on the other hand,provide the convenience of widespread availability, extended driving range, and familiarity, but they come at the cost of a larger environmental impact.As the world continues to evolve, the choice between electric vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles will ultimately depend on individual needs, preferences, and the broader societal and environmental considerations. It is likely that a combination of both technologies, along with the development of new and innovative transportation solutions, will be necessary to meet the diverse transportation needs of the future.。