宏观经济学25讲课后答案

Chapter 25Problems and Applications1. The facts that countries import many goods and services yet must produce a large quantity ofgoods and services themselves to enjoy a high standard of living are reconciled by noting that there are substantial gains from trade. In order to be able to afford to purchase goods from othercountries, an economy must generate income. By producing many goods and services, then trading them for goods and services produced in other countries, a nation maximizes its standard of living.2. a. More investment would lead to faster economic growth in the short run.b. The change would benefit many people in society who would have higher incomes as theresult of faster economic growth. However, there might be a transition period in whichworkers and owners in consumption-good industries would get lower incomes, andworkers and owners in investment-good industries would get higher incomes. In addition,some group would have to reduce their spending for some time so that investment couldrise.3. a. Private consumption spending includes buying food and buying clothes; private investmentspending includes people buying houses and firms buying computers. Many otherexamples are possible. Education can be considered as both consumption and investment.b. Government consumption spending includes paying workers to administer governmentprograms; government investment spending includes buying military equipment andbuilding roads. Many other examples are possible. Government spending on healthprograms is an investment in human capital. This is truer for spending on health programsfor the young rather than those for the elderly.4. The opportunity cost of investing in capital is the loss of consumption that results from redirectingresources toward investment. Over-investment in capital is possible because of diminishingmarginal returns. A country can "over-invest" in capital if people would prefer to have higherconsumption spending and less future growth. The opportunity cost of investing in human capital is also the loss of consumption that is needed to provide the resources for investment. A countrycould "over-invest" in human capital if people were too highly educated for the jobs they couldget for example, if the best job a Ph.D. in philosophy could find is managing a restaurant.5. a. When a German firm opens a factory in South Carolina, it represents foreign directinvestment.b. The investment increases U.S. GDP because it increases production in the United States.The effect on U.S. GNP would be smaller because the owners would get paid a return ontheir investment that would be part of German GNP rather than U.S. GNP.6. a. The United States benefited from the Japanese investment because it made our capitalstock larger, increasing our economic growth.b. It would have been better for the United States to make the investments itself becausethen it would have received the returns on the investment itself, instead of the returnsgoing to Japan.7. Greater educational opportunities for women could lead to faster economic growth in the countriesof South Asia because increased human capital would increase productivity and there would beexternal effects from greater knowledge in the country. Second, increased educational1Chapter 25/Production and Growth 2opportunities for young women may lower the population growth rate because such opportunities raise the opportunity cost of having a child.8. a. Individuals with higher incomes have better access to clean water, medical care, and goodnutrition.b. Healthier individuals are likely to be more productive.c. Understanding the direction of causation will help policymakers place proper emphasis onthe programs that will achieve both greater health and higher incomes.9. a. Political stability could lead to strong economic growth by making the country attractive toinvestors. The increased investment would raise economic growth.b. Strong economic growth could lead to political stability because when people have highincomes they tend to be satisfied with the political system and are less likely to overthrowor change the government.10. a. If output is rising and the number of workers is declining, then output per worker must berising.b. Policymakers should not be concerned as long as output in the manufacturing sector is notdeclining. The reduction in manufacturing jobs will allow labor resources to move to otherindustries, increasing total output in the economy. An increase in productivity of workers(as measured by output per worker) is beneficial to the economy.。

20XX年复习资料大学复习资料专业：班级：科目老师：日期：SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. The approximate growth rate of real GDP per person in the United Statesis 1.81 percent (based on Table 1) from 20XXXX70 to 20XXXX. Countries that have had faster growth include Japan, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Germany,China, and Argentina; countries that have had slower growth include India, Indonesia, United Kingdom, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.2. The four determinants of a country’s productivity are: (1) physicalcapital, which is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services; (2) human capital, which is the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience;(3) natural resources, which are inputs into production that are providedby nature, such as land, rivers, and mineral deposits; and (4) technological knowledge, which is society’s understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services.3. Ways in which a government policymaker can try to raise the growth in livingstandards in a society include: (1) investing more current resources in the production of capital, which has the drawback of reducing the resources used for producing current consumption; (2) encouraging investment from abroad, which has the drawback that some of the benefits of investment flow to foreigners; (3) increasing education, which has an opportunity cost in that students are not engaged in current production; (4) protectingproperty rights and promoting political stability, for which no drawbacks are obvious; (5) pursuing outward-oriented policies to encourage free trade, which may have the drawback of making a country more dependent on its trading partners; (6) reducing the rate of population growth, which may have the drawback of reducing individual freedom and lowering the rate oftechnological progress; and (7) encouraging research and development,which (like investment) may have the drawback of reducing currentconsumption.Questions for Review1. The level of a nation’s GDP measures both the total income earned in theeconomy and the total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services. The level of real GDP is a good gauge of economic prosperity,and the growth of real GDP is a good gauge of economic progress. You would rather live in a nation with a high level of GDP, even though it had a low growth rate, than in a nation with a low level of GDP and a high growth rate, since the level of GDP is a measure of prosperity.2. The four determinants of productivity are: (1) physical capital, whichis the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services; (2) human capital, which consists of the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience; (3)natural resources, which are inputs into production that are provided by nature; and (4) technological knowledge, which is society’s understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services.3. A college degree is a form of human capital. The skills learned in earninga college degree increase a worker's productivity.4. Higher saving means fewer resources are devoted to consumption and moreto producing capital goods. The rise in the capital stock leads to rising productivity and more rapid growth in GDP for a while. In the long run, the higher saving rate leads to a higher standard of living. A policymaker might be deterred from trying to raise the rate of saving because doing so requires that people reduce their consumption today and it can take a long time to get to a higher standard of living.5. A higher rate of saving leads to a higher growth rate temporarily, notpermanently. In the short run, increased saving leads to a larger capital stock and faster growth. But as growth continues, diminishing returns to capital mean growth slows down and eventually settles down to its initial rate, though this may take several decades.6. Removing a trade restriction, such as a tariff, would lead to more rapideconomic growth because the removal of the trade restriction acts like an improvement in technology. Free trade allows all countries to consume more goods and services.7. The higher the rate of population growth, the lower is the level of GDPper person, because there's less capital per person, hence lowerproductivity.8. The U.S. government tries to encourage advances in technological knowledgeby providing research grants through the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Health, with tax breaks for firms engaging in research and development, and through the patent system.Problems and Applications1. The facts that countries import many goods and services yet must producea large quantity of goods and services themselves to enjoy a high standardof living are reconciled by noting that there are substantial gains from trade. In order to be able to afford to purchase goods from other countries, an economy must generate income. By producing many goods and services, then trading them for goods and services produced in other countries, a nation maximizes its standard of living.2. a. Producing cars requires a factory with machines, robots, and anassembly line, as well as human capital that comes from trainingworkers.b. Producing a high-school education requires books and buildings aswell as human capital from the teachers.c. Producing plane travel requires planes and airports as well as humancapital in terms of pilots' knowledge.d. Producing fruits and vegetables requires irrigation systems,harvesting machinery, and trucks to transport the goods to the market,as well as human capital in the form of agricultural knowledge.3. Today's standard of living differs from those of our great-grandparentsbecause of improved transportation, communications, entertainment,machinery for household work, and computers, among other things.4. In the manufacturing sector, employment has fallen sharply while outputremains about the same percentage of GDP as before. This is good for our economy because it is the result of increased productivity. Manymanufactured goods are much cheaper than they used to be.5. a. More investment would lead to faster economic growth in the shortrun.b. The change would benefit many people in society who would have higherincomes as the result of faster economic growth. However, theremight be a transition period in which workers and owners inconsumption-good industries would get lower incomes, and workers andowners in investment-good industries would get higher incomes. Inaddition, someone would have to reduce their spending for some timeso that investment could rise.6. a. Private consumption spending includes buying food and buying clothes;private investment spending includes people buying houses and firmsbuying computers. Many other examples are possible.b. Government consumption spending includes paying workers toadminister government programs; government investment spendingincludes buying military equipment and building roads. Many otherexamples are possible.7. The opportunity cost of investing in capital is the loss of consumptionthat results from redirecting resources towards investment.Over-investment in capital is possible because of diminishing marginal returns. A country can "over-invest" in capital if people would prefer to have higher consumption spending and less future growth. Theopportunity cost of investing in human capital is also the loss ofconsumption that is needed to provide the resources for investment. A country could "over-invest" in human capital if people were too highly educated for the jobs they could get for example, if the best job a Ph.D.in philosophy could find is managing a restaurant.8. a. When a German firm opens a factory in South Carolina, it representsforeign direct investment.b. The investment increases U.S. GDP since it increases production inthe United States. The effect on U.S. GNP would be smaller sincethe owners would get paid a return on their investment that wouldbe part of German GNP rather than U.S. GNP.9. a. The United States benefited from the Japanese investment since itmade our capital stock larger, increasing our economic growth.b. It would have been better for the United States to make theinvestments itself since then it would have received the returns onthe investment itself, instead of the returns going to Japan.20XXXX. Greater educational opportunities for women could lead to faster economic growth in the countries of South Asia because increased human capital would increase productivity and there would be external effects from greater knowledge in the country. Second, increased educational opportunities for young women may lower the population growth rate because such opportunitiesraise the opportunity cost of having a child.20XXXX. a. P olitical stability could lead to strong economic growth by making the country attractive to investors. The increased investmentwould raise economic growth.b. Strong economic growth could lead to political stability becausewhen people have high incomes they tend to be satisfied with thepolitical system and are less likely to overthrow or change thegovernment.。

《宏观经济学》课后习题答案第⼀章导论1．宏观经济学的研究对象是什么？它与微观经济学有什么区别？答：宏观经济学以整个国民经济活动作为研究对象，即以国内⽣产总值、国内⽣产净值和国民收⼊的变动及就业、经济周期波动、通货膨胀、财政与⾦融、经济增长等等之间的关系作为研究对象。

微观经济学研究的是个体经济活动参与者的⾏为及后果，是组成经济的具体单位，⽽不是聚集单位。

它企求解释个⼈、家庭、企业和⼯业的经济⾏为和经济原则，并研究各种市场结构和表现。

消费者和家庭的开⽀⽔平、具体企业和⼯业的价格、产出决策、⼯资、竞争机制和作⽤，市场结构及社会效益等，都是它需要研究的变量。

微观和宏观的区别在于：ａ研究对象不同；宏观的研究是整个国民经济的经济⾏为，微观研究的是个体经济⾏为。

ｂ研究主题不同：宏观是资源利⽤以⾄充分就业；微观是资源配置最终到效⽤最⼤化。

ｃ中⼼理论不同：宏观是国民收⼊决定理论；微观是价格理论。

第⼆章宏观经济的衡量与均衡1．试述国民⽣产总值、国内⽣产总值、国民⽣产净值、国民收⼊、个⼈收⼊和个⼈可⽀配收⼊之间的关系。

答：（1）国内⽣产总值（GDP）是指⼀国范围内在某⼀给定时期内运⽤⽣产要素所⽣产的最终产品（包括产品和劳务）的市场价值的总和。

（2）国民⽣产总值（GNP）是指⼀国所拥有的⽣产要素所⽣产的最终产品的价值。

GNP和GDP 的关系：⼆者统计⼝径不⼀样。

GNP是⼀个国民概念，GDP是⼀个地域概念。

这两者之间的关系为：国民⽣产总值=国内⽣产总值+本国公民在国外⽣产的最终产品的价值总和－外国公民在本国所⽣产的最终产品的价值总和。

（3）国内⽣产净值（NDP）即⼀个国家⼀年中的国内⽣产总值(GDP)减去⽣产过程中消耗掉的资本(折旧费)所得出的净增长量。

（4）国民收⼊（ NI）即⼀个国家在⼀年内各种⽣产要素所得到的实际报酬的总和，即⼯资、利息、租⾦和利润的总和。

从国内⽣产净值中（5PI=NI-公司未分配利润-公司所得税和社会保险税+加政府转移⽀付（6）个⼈可⽀配收⼊（disposable personal income，简写为DPI），指缴纳了个⼈所得税以后留下的可为个⼈所⽀配的收⼊。

《宏观经济学》课后重要习题答案第一章导论1．宏观经济学的研究对象是什么？它与微观经济学有什么区别？答：宏观经济学以整个国民经济活动作为研究对象，即以国内生产总值、国内生产净值和国民收入的变动及就业、经济周期波动、通货膨胀、财政与金融、经济增长等等之间的关系作为研究对象。

微观和宏观的区别在于：ａ研究对象不同；宏观的研究是整个国民经济的经济行为，微观研究的是个体经济行为。

ｂ研究主题不同：宏观是资源利用以至充分就业；微观是资源配置最终到效用最大化。

ｃ中心理论不同：宏观是国民收入决定理论；微观是价格理论。

2、宏观经济学的研究方法是什么？答：（1）三市场划分：宏观经济学把一个经济体系中的所有市场综合为三个市场：金融市场，产品和服务市场，以及要素市场。

（2）行为主体的划分：宏观经济学将行为主体主要分为：家庭、企业和政府。

（3）总量分析方法。

在宏观经济分析中，家庭和企业并不是作为分散决策的个体单位选择存在，而是最为一个统一的行动的总体存在。

宏观经济学把家庭和企业作为个别的选者行为加总，研究他们总体的选择行为，这就是总量分析。

（4）以微观经济分析为基础。

宏观经济学分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析基础上。

3、在经济周期的波动中，哪些宏观变量与周期波动同步？哪些变量具有超前性？答：实际GDP、通货膨胀率、失业率与周期波动同步，股票价格变量具有超前性。

4、宏观经济政策的主要治理对象是什么？答：宏观经济政策的主要治理对象是：失业和通货膨胀。

失业为实际变量，通货膨胀为名义变量。

5、什么是GDP和GNP？它们之间的差别在什么地方？答：GDP是指一定时期内（通常是一年）一国境内所生产的全部最终产品和服务的价值总和。

GNP是指一国公民在一定时期内所产出的全部最终产品和服务的价值总和。

两者的差别：（1）GDP是个地域概念而GNP是个国民概念；（2）GNP衡量的是一国公民的总收入，而不管其收入是从国内还是从国外获取的；GDP衡量的是一国国境内所有产出的总价值，而不管其所有者是本国公民还是外国公民。

萨克斯《全球视角的宏观经济学》课后习题详解内容简介萨克斯等所著的《全球视角的宏观经济学》是世界上最受欢迎的标准中级宏观经济学教材之一,也被国内部分高校列为考研考博重要参考书目。

为了帮助学员更好地学习这本教材,我们精心编著了它的配套辅用书(均提供免费下载,免费升级)：本书是萨克斯《全球视角的宏观经济学》教材的配套书,对萨克斯《全球视角的宏观经济学》教材每章的课后习题进行了详细的分析和解答,并对个别知识点进行了扩展。

课后习题答案久经修改,质量上乘,非常标准,特别适合应试作答和临考冲刺另外,部分高校研究生入学考试部分真就来自于该书课后习题,因此建议考生多加重视。

目录Ⅰ引言第1章导论第2章宏观经济学的基本概念一、概念题二、问题与练习第3章产量的决定：引入总供给和总需求一、概念题二、问题与练习Ⅱ跨时期经济学第4章消费和储蓄一、概念题二、问题与练习第5章投资一、概念题二、问题与练习第6章储蓄、投资与经常项目一、概念题二、问题与练习第7章政府部门一、概念题二、问题与练习Ⅲ货币经济学第8章货币需求一、概念题二、问题与练习第9章货币供给过程一、概念题二、问题与练习第10章货币、汇率和价格二、问题与练习第11章通货膨胀：财政方面与货币方面一、概念题二、问题与练习Ⅳ产量决定、稳定政策及增长第12章封闭经济中的宏观经济政策和产量决定一、概念题二、问题与练习第13章开放经济中的宏观经济政策：固定汇率的情况一、概念题二、问题与练习第14章开放经济中的宏观经济政策：弹性汇率的情况一、概念题二、问题与练习第15章通货膨胀和失业一、概念题二、问题与练习第16章工资和失业的制度决定因素一、概念题二、问题与练习第17章商业周期二、问题与练习第18章长期增长一、概念题二、问题与练习Ⅴ宏观经济学专门论题第19章经济政策的原理和实践一、概念题二、问题与练习第20章金融市场一、概念题二、问题与练习第21章可贸易和不可贸易商品一、概念题二、问题与练习第22章发展中国家的债务危机一、概念题二、问题与练习第23章遏制高通货膨胀一、概念题二、问题与练习第2章宏观经济学的基本概念一、概念题22.净国际投资头寸( (net international investment position)答:净国际投资头寸(NIIP)是指一国与世界其他国家之间,过去借入或借出资金引起的尚未清偿贷款的净存量。

复习与思考题：1．名词解释宏观经济学实证分析规范分析存量分析流量分析事前变量分析事后变量分析2．宏观经济学的研究对象是什么？主要研究哪些问题？3．宏观经济学的研究方法主要有哪些？4．请谈谈宏观经济学和微观经济学的联系与区别？参考答案2．答：宏观经济学以整个国民经济作为研究对象，它考察总体经济的运行状况、发展趋势和内部各个组成部分之间的相互关系。

它涉及到经济中商品与劳务的总产量与收入、通货膨胀和失业率、国际收支和汇率、长期的经济增长和短期的经济波动等现象，揭示这些经济现象产生的原因及其相互关系。

3．答：实证分析方法与规范分析法、总量分析法、均衡分析与非均衡分析、事前变量分析与事后变量分析、存量分析与流量分析、即期分析与跨时期分析、静态、比较静态与动态分析、经济模型分析法。

4．答：参考第二节。

（撰稿：刘天祥）本章习题一、概念题国内生产总值、国民生产总值、国内生产净值、国民收入、个人可支配收入、名义GDP、实际GDP、GDP折算指数二、单项选择题1. 下列产品中不属于中间产品的是（）A. 某造船厂购进的钢材B. 某造船厂购进的厂房C. 某面包店购进的面粉D. 某服装厂购进的棉布2. 在一个四部门经济模型中，GNP＝（）。

A. 消费十净投资十政府购买十净出口B. 消费十总投资十政府购买十净出口C. 消费十净投资十政府购买十总出口D. 消费十总投资十政府购买十总出口3. 下列各项中，属于要素收入的是（）A. 企业间接税B. 政府的农产品补贴C. 公司利润税D. 政府企业盈余4. 经济学的投资是指（）。

A. 企业增加一笔存货B. 建造一座厂房C. 购买一台机器D. 以上都是5. 已知在第一年名义GNP为500，如到第六年GNP核价指数增加一倍，实际产出上升40％，则第六年的名义GNP为（）。

A. 2000B. 1400C. 1000D. 750三、判断题1.农民生产并用于自己消费的粮食不应计入GNP。

（）2.在进行国民收入核算时，政府为公务人员加薪，应视为政府购买。

《宏观经济学二十五讲：中国视角》习题答案1.1首先要明确横坐标为房屋数量，纵坐标为房屋价格，这两个变量是内生的。

描述如果涉及这两个内生变量的改变，那就是沿曲线的移动，如果是模型外生变量的变动，那就是曲线本身的变动。

（a）需求曲线向外移，从而造成均衡点需求量的提高。

如图：（b）如上图，需求曲线（红）的特性即为价格下降，需求量增加（沿需求曲线的移动）。

（c）与上图类似，只是箭头方向相反：需求曲线内移，均衡点需求量下降。

（d）房屋按揭贷款的利率与房屋按揭贷款作为另一个模型的两个内生变量，其需求曲线与上图（红）类似，只是横纵坐标的意义变化。

利率的上升相当于借贷价格上升，需求量减少。

（沿需求曲线的移动）。

2.1开放性作答。

首先假设至少光学波段和射电波段望远镜分辨率和口径足够先进，可以将来自地球的辐射与太阳、其他行星、卫星区分开。

我的第一个指标是地球夜间发出的可见光辐射的流量，再根据距离换算成绝对星等M。

M越小（夜晚的地球越亮），可以认为地球文明越发达。

我的第二个指标是射电波段中一些自然界很罕见的频率范围内，探测信号的强度。

强度越大，说明地球上的活动越频繁（4g信号、卫星通讯）。

我不会有GDP的概念，因为相距太远，我的观测量都是很间接地反映智慧生命群体的经济规模。

2.2GDP是0，因为不会有人在去生产，大家光享用初始禀赋就好。

GDP只是居民福利的一部分，是经济学家为了衡量福利所提出的的一个可测量参数而已，是一个非常主观而不精确的概念。

但同时，对于一般的正常的社会，GDP的重要性却也是很大的，逻辑上来讲GDP越高，居民福利高的可能性就越大。

3.1(a)证明一令k=K t(A t L t)⁄k`(t)=dkdt=d(K t(A t L t)⁄)dt́=dK t(A t L t)dt−K tA t L t(dA tA t dt+dL tL t dt) =sY t−δK tA t L t−(n+g)k(t)=sf(k(t))−(n+g+δ)k(t)所以，当k达到稳态时，即sf(k(t))=(n+g+δ)k(t)时，k(t)不再增长，此时满足sf(k∗)=(n+g+δ)k∗，k∗即为K t(A t L t)⁄收敛的常数。

宏观经济课后习题答案宏观经济学是一门研究经济总体行为和总体经济变量的学科，它涉及到国民收入、就业、通货膨胀、经济增长等宏观经济指标。

以下是一些宏观经济学课后习题的答案，供参考：问题1：什么是国内生产总值（GDP）？答案：国内生产总值（GDP）是指在一定时期内，一个国家或地区生产的所有最终商品和服务的市场价值总和。

它是衡量一个国家经济规模和经济活动水平的重要指标。

问题2：通货膨胀是什么？答案：通货膨胀是指在一定时期内，货币购买力下降，商品和服务价格普遍上升的经济现象。

通常用消费者价格指数（CPI）来衡量。

问题3：什么是失业率？答案：失业率是指劳动力市场中，愿意工作但未能找到工作的人占劳动力总数的比例。

它是衡量一个国家或地区就业状况的重要指标。

问题4：经济增长率如何计算？答案：经济增长率通常通过计算两个时期GDP的百分比变化来确定。

公式为：经济增长率 = [(GDPt - GDPt-1) / GDPt-1] * 100%，其中GDPt是当前时期的GDP，GDPt-1是前一时期的GDP。

问题5：什么是财政政策？答案：财政政策是指政府通过调整税收、政府支出和其他财政手段来影响经济活动的政策。

它包括扩张性财政政策和紧缩性财政政策。

问题6：货币政策的目的是什么？答案：货币政策的目的是通过控制货币供应量和利率来影响经济活动，实现价格稳定、充分就业和经济增长。

问题7：什么是经济周期？答案：经济周期是指经济活动在一定时期内经历的扩张、顶峰、收缩和谷底的循环过程。

它反映了经济活动的波动性。

问题8：什么是货币乘数？答案：货币乘数是指银行系统在存款准备金率约束下，将初始存款放大为货币供应量的能力。

它反映了银行信贷创造过程的放大效应。

问题9：什么是贸易平衡？答案：贸易平衡是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内出口总值与进口总值的差额。

如果出口大于进口，称为贸易顺差；如果进口大于出口，称为贸易逆差。

问题10：什么是资本流动？答案：资本流动是指资金在不同国家或地区之间的转移，包括直接投资、证券投资和其他投资等。

第9篇长期中的真实经济第25章生产与增长25.1 复习笔记跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

1．生产率（1）定义生产率指用以衡量每单位投入要素的产出量的指标。

如一个工人单位小时工作所生产的物品与劳务的数量。

（2）生产率的决定因素①人均物质资本。

物质资本是指用于生产物品与劳务的设备与建筑物存量。

②人均人力资本。

人力资本是指通过对人的教育、培训、实践经验、迁移、保健等方面的投资而获得的知识和技能的积累。

③人均自然资源。

自然资源是指自然界提供的生产投入，如土地、河流和矿藏。

自然资源有两种形式：可再生的与不可再生的。

④技术知识。

技术知识指的是自适应的、可在公众间传递的信息与技巧。

2．经济增长和公共政策（1）经济增长的含义和源泉在宏观经济学中，经济增长通常被定义为产量的增加。

具体理解有两层含义：①经济增长指一个经济体所生产的物质产品和劳务在一个相当长时期内的持续增长，即经济总产量的增长；②经济增长是按人口平均计算的实际产出的持续增长，即人均产量的增长。

经济增长的源泉最主要的因素是：劳动数量增加和质量提高（即人力资本的增长）、资本存量的增加和技术进步（是广义概念，包括采用新技术、新产品、先进管理手段以及资源配置的高效率等）。

（2）储蓄和投资①储蓄是指个人可支配收入中用于消费支出后所剩余的部分。

储蓄是西方宏观经济学中的一个重要概念，也是凯恩斯收入与就业理论的重要概念之一。

但是，储蓄是一个不容易确定的概念，无论从它的来源还是作用方面看，均没有准确的数量限制。

储蓄可能是正数，也可能是负数。

当可支配收入大于最终的消费支出时，储蓄值为正数；反之，则为负数。

多恩布什宏观经济学第⼗⼆版课后答案完整版多恩布什《宏观经济学》（第12版）笔记和课后习题详解内容简介知择学习⽹的多恩布什《宏观经济学》（第12版）笔记和课后习题详解严格按照教材内容进⾏编写，遵循教材第12版的章⽬编排，共分24章，每章由两部分组成：第⼀部分为复习笔记，总结本章的重难点内容；第⼆部分是课（章）后习题详解，对第12版的所有习题都进⾏了详细的分析和解答。

⽬录第1章导论1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解第2章国民收⼊核算2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解第3章增长与积累3.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解第4章增长与政策4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解第5章总供给与总需求5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解第6章总供给和菲利普斯曲线6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解第7章失业7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解第8章通货膨胀8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解第9章政策预览9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解第10章收⼊与⽀出10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解第11章货币、利息与收⼊11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解第12章货币政策与财政政策12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解第13章国际联系13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解第14章消费与储蓄14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解第15章投资⽀出15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解第16章货币需求16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解第17章联邦储备、货币与信⽤17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解第18章政策18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解第19章⾦融市场与资产价格19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解第20章国家债务20.1 复习笔记20.2 课后习题详解第21章衰退与萧条21.1 复习笔记21.2 课后习题详解第22章通货膨胀与恶性通货膨胀22.1 复习笔记22.2 课后习题详解第23章国际调整与相互依存23.1 复习笔记23.2 课后习题详解第24章前沿课题24.1 复习笔记24.2 课后习题详解内容第2章国民收⼊核算2.2 课后习题详解⼀、概念题1.经过调整的GNP( ( adjusted GNP)答:经过调整的GNP指以具有不变购买⼒的货币单衡量的国民⽣产总值。

Chapter 11. a.True. b.True. c.False. d.True. e.False. f.False.2. a. 1960-98 2019-99-------------------US 3.1% 3.8%EU 3.1% 2.5%Japan 5.8%-1.0%While the US growth rate higher than its long-run average over the period, the growth rate has slowed relative to long-run averages in both the EU and Japan over the last few years.b. Sometimes the economy is growing quickly, other times it is growing slowly or even contracting. The last few years of rapid growth in the US do not imply that the long-run average rate of growth has increased back to its pre-1974 level.3. a. The data in the web page are: Real Gross Domestic Product,Real Final Sales of Domestic Product, and Real Gross National Product, Quarterly, 1959-96[Percent change from preceding quarter]Gross Final sales Grossdomestic of domestic nationalproduct product product1959: I 8.6 9.2 8.6II11.27.311.1III-0.3 5.3-0.2IV 1.7-1.3 1.91996: I 1.8 2.6 1.8II 6.0 5.2 5.7III 1.00.20.6IV 4.3 4.5 4.9suggesting that recessions typically last two-three quarters and that the most severe recessions in that period were the recessions of 1974-75 and 1981-82.b. Percentage Changes in:Output GrowthInflation1968: 4.7 4.4I7.5 4.7II7.1 4.1III 3.0 3.8IV 1.8 5.51969: 3.0 4.7I 6.2 3.8II 1.0 5.0III 2.3 5.8IV-2.0 5.11970: 0.1 5.3I-0.7 6.0II0.6 5.7III 3.7 3.4IV-3.9 5.41971: 3.3 5.2I11.3 6.4II 2.3 5.5III 2.6 4.4IV 1.1 3.3If history simply repeats itself, the United States might have a short recession (lasting perhaps oneyear) accompanied by an acceleration in the rate of inflation by about one percentage point.4. a. Banking services, business services.b. Not only has the relative demand for skilled workers increased but the industries wherethis effect is the strongest are making up a greater fraction of the economy.5. 1. Low unemployment might lead to an increase in inflation.2. Although measurement error certainly contributes to the measured slowdown ingrowth, there are other issues to consider as well, including the productivity of newresearch and accumulation of new capital.3. Although labor market rigidities may be important, it is also important to consider thatthese rigidities may not be excessive, and that high unemployment may arise from flawed macroeconomic policies.4. Although there were serious problems with regard to the management of Asian financial systems, it is important to consider the possibility that the flight of foreign capital from these countries worsened the situation by causing a severe stock market crash and exchange rate depreciation.5. Although the Euro will remove obstacles to free trade between European countries,each country will be forced to give up its own monetary policy.* 6. a. From Chapter 1: US output 2019=$8b; Ch ina output 1996=$.84b. Note that China’s outputin 2019 is $(.84)*(1.09) b. Equating output for some time t in the future:8*(1.03)t=(.84*1.09)*(1.09)t8/(.84*1.09)=(1.09/1.03)t8.737=(1.058)tt =ln(8.737)/ln(1.058) H38yrsb. From Chapter 1: US output/worker in 2019=$29,800; China output/per worker in1996=$70029.8*(1.03)t=(.7*1.09)*(1.09)tt H65 yearsChapter 21. a. False.b. Uncertain: real or nominalGDP. c. True.d. True.e. False. The level of the CPI means nothing. Its rate of change tells us about inflation.f. Uncertain. Which index is better depends on what we are trying to measure—inflationfacedby consumers or by the economy as a whole.2. a. +$100; Personal ConsumptionExpenditures b. nochange:intermediategoodc. +$200 million; Gross PrivateDomesticFixedInvestmentd. +$200 million; Net Exportse. no change: the jet was already counted when it was produced, i.e., presumably whenDelta(or some other airline) bought it new as an investment.*3. a. Measured GDP increases by $10+$12=$22.b. True GDP should increase by much less than $22 because by working for an extra hour,you are no longer producing the work of cooking within the house. Since cooking within the house is a final service, it should count as part of GDP. Unfortunately, it is hard to measure the value of work within the home, which is why measured GDP does not include it.4. a. $1,000,000 the value of the silver necklaces.b. 1st Stage:$300,000.2ndStage:$1,000,00-$300,000=$700,000.GDP: $300,000+$700,000=$1,000,000.c. Wages: $200,000 + $250,000=$450,000.Profits: ($300,000-$200,000)+($1,000,000-$250,000-300,000)=$100,000+$450,000=$550,000.GDP:$450,000+$550,000=$1,000,000.5. a. 2019 GDP: 10*$2,000+4*$1,000+1000*$1=$25,0002019 GDP: 12*$3,000+6*$500+1000*$1=$40,000Nominal GDP has increased by 60%.b. 2019 real (2019) GDP: $25,0002019 real (2019) GDP: 12*$2,000+6*$1,000+1000*$1=$31,000Real (2019) GDP has increased by 24%.c. 2019 real (2019) GDP: 10*$3,000+4*$500+1,000*$1=$33,0002019 real (2019) GDP: $40,000.Real (2019) GDP has increased by 21.2%.d. True.6. a. 2019 base year:Deflator(2019)=1; Deflator(2019)=$40,000/$31,000=1.29Inflation=29%b. 2019 base year:Deflator(2019)=$25,000/$33,000=0.76; Deflator(2019)=1Inflation=(1-0.76)/0.76=.32=32% c. Yes7. a. 2019 real GDP = 10*$2,500 + 4*$750 + 1000*$1 = $29,0002019 real GDP = 12*$2,500 + 6*$750 + 1000*$1 = $35,500b. (35,500-29,000)/29,000 = .224 = 22.4%c. Deflator in 2019=$25,000/$29,000=.86Deflator in 2019=$40,000/$35,500=1.13Inflation = (1.13 -.86)/.86 = .314 = 31.4%.8. a. The quality of a routine checkup improves over time. Checkups now may includeEKGs, for example. Medical services are particularly affected by this problem due toconstantimprovements in medical technology.b. You need to know how the market values pregnancy checkups with and withoutultra-soundsin that year.c. This information is not available since all doctors adopted the new technologysimultaneously. Still, you can tell that the quality adjusted increase will be lower than20%.*9. a. approximately 2.5% b. 1992 real GDP growth: 2.7%;unemployment rate Jan 92: 7.3%; unemployment rate Jan 93: 7.3%Supports Okun's law because the unemployment rate does not change when the growth rate of real GDP is near 2.5% c. -2 percentage points change in the unemployment rate; 5percent GDP growth d. The growth rate of GDP must increase by 2.5 percentage points. Chapter 31. a. True.b. False. Government spending was 18% if GDP without transfers.c. False. The propensity to consume must be less than one for our model to be welldefined.d.True. e.False.f. False. The increase in output is one times the multiplier.2. a. Y=160+0.6*(Y-100)+150+150 0.4Y=460-60 Y=1000b. Y D=Y-T=1000-100=900c. C=160+0.6*(900)=7003. a. No. The goods market is not in equilibrium. Frompart 2a, Demand=1000=C+I+G=700+150+150b. Yes. The goods market is in equilibrium.c. No. Private saving=Y-C-T=200. Public saving =T-G=-50. National saving (or inshort, saving) equals private plus public saving, or 150. National saving equalsinvestment.4. a. Roughly consistent. C/Y=700/1000=70%; I/Y=G/Y=150/1000=15%.b. Approximately -2%.c. Y needs to fall by 2%, or from 1000 to 980. The parameter c0needs to fall by20/multiplier,or by 20*(.4)=8. So c0needs to fall from 160 to 152.d. The change in c0(-8) is less than the change in GDP (-20) due to the multiplier.5. a. Y increases by 1/(1-c1) b. Y decreases by c1/(1- c1)c. The answers differ because spending affects demand directly, but taxes affectdemand through consumption, and the propensity to consume is less than one.d. The change in Y equals 1/(1-c1) - c1/(1- c1) = 1. Balanced budget changes in G and Tare not macroeconomically neutral.e. The propensity to consume has no effect because the balanced budget tax increase abortsthe multiplier process. Y and T both increase by on unit, so disposable income, and hence consumption, do not change.*6. a. The tax rate ilessthanone.b.Y=c0+c1Y D+I+G impliesY=[1/(1-c1+c1t1)]*[c0-c1t0+I+G]c. The multiplier = 1/(1-c1+c1t1) <1/(1- c1), so the economy responds less to changes inautonomous spending when t1is positive.d. Because of the automatic effect of taxes on the economy, the economy responds less tochanges in autonomous spending than in the case where taxes are independent of income. So output tends to vary less, and fiscal policy is called an automatic stabilizer.*7. a. Y=[1/(1-c1+c1t1)]*[c0-c1t0+I+G] b. T = c1t0+ t1*[1/(1-c1+c1t1)]*[c0-c1t0+I+G]c. Both Y and T decrease.d. If G is cut, Y decreases even more.Chapter 41.a.True.b.Fals.c.True.d.True.e.False.f.False.g.True.2. a. i=0.05: Money demand = $18,000; Bond demand = $32,000i=.1: Money demand = $15,000; Bond demand = $35,000b. Money demand decreases when the interest rate increases; bond demand increases. Thisis consistent with the text.c. The demand for money falls by 50%. d. The demand formoney falls by 50%.e. A 1% increase (decrease) in income leads to a 1% increase (decrease) in money demand.This effect is independent of the interest rate.3. a. i=100/$P B–1; i=33%; 18%; 5% when $P B=$75; $85; $95.b. Negative.c. $P B=100/(1.08) $934. a. $20=M D=$100*(.25-i) i=5%b. M=$100*(.25-.15)M=$105. a. B D= 50,000 - 60,000 (.35-i)An increase in the interest rate of 10% increases bond demand $6,000.b. An increase in wealth increases bond demand, but has no effect on money demand.c. An increase in income increases money demand, but decreases bond demand.d. When people earn more income, this does not change their wealth right away. Thus,they increase their demand for money and decrease their demand for bonds.6. a. Demand for high-powered money=0.1*$Y*(.8-4i)b. $100 b = 0.1*$5,000b*(.8-4i) i=15%c. M=(1/.1)*$100 b=$1,000 b M= M d at the interest derived in part b.6. d. If H increases to $300, falls to 5%.e. M=(1/.1)*$300 b=$3,000 b7. a. $16 is withdrawn on each trip to the bank.Money holdings—day one: $16; day two: $12; day three: $8; day four: $4.b. Average money holdings are $10.c. $8 dollar withdrawals; money holdings of $8; $4; $8; $4.d. Average money holdings are $6.e. $16 dollar withdrawals; money holdings of $0; $0; $0; $16.f. Average money holdings are $4.g. Based on these answers, ATMs and credit cards have reduced money demand.8. a. velocity=1/(M/$Y)=1/L(i)b. Velocity roughly doubled between the mid 1960s and the mid 1990s.c. ATMS and credit cards reduced L(i) so velocity increased.Chapter 51.a.Trub.Truc.Fal.d. False. The balanced budget multiplier is positive (it equals one), so the IS curve shiftsright.e. False.f. Uncertain. An increase in G leads to an increase in Y (which tends to increaseinvestment), but an increase in the interest rate (which tends to reduce investment).g. True.*2. Firms deciding how to use their own funds will compare the return on bonds to the return on investment. When the interest rate on bonds increases, they become more attractive, and firms are more likely to use their funds to purchase bonds, rather than to finance investment projects.a.Y=[1/(1-c1)]*[c0-c1T+I+G]The multiplier is 1/(1-c1).b. Y=[1/(1-c1-b1)]*[c0-c1T+ b0-b2i +G]The multiplier is 1/(1-c1-b1). Since the multiplier is larger than the multiplier in part a, the effect of a change in autonomous spending is bigger than in part a.c. Substituting for the interest rate in the answer to partb: Y=[1/(1-c1-b1+ b2d1/d2)]*[c0-c1T+ b0+(b2*M/P)/d2+G]The multiplier is 1/(1-c1-b1+ b2d1/d2).d. The multiplier is greater (less) than the multiplier in part a if (b1- b2d1/d2) is greater (less)than zero. The multiplier is big if b1is big, b2is small, d1is small, and/or d2is big, i.e., if investment is very sensitive to Y, investment is not very sensitive to i, money demand is not very sensitive to Y, money demand is very sensitive to i.4. a. The IS curve shifts left. Output and the interest rate fall. The effect on investmentis ambiguous because the output and interest rate effects work in opposite directions: the fall in output tends to reduce investment, but the fall in the interest rate tends to increase it.b. From 3c: Y=[1/(1-c1-b1)]*[c0-c1T+ b0-b2i +G]c. From the LM relation: i= Y*d1/d2–(M/P)/d2To obtain the equilibrium interest rate, substitute for Y from part b.d. I= b0+ b1Y- b2i= b0+ b1Y- b2Y* d1/d2+ b2(M/P)/d2To obtain equilibrium investment, substitute for Y from part b.e. Holding M/P constant, I increases with equilibrium output when b1>b2d1/d2.Since a decrease in G reduces output, the condition under which a decrease in G increases investment is b1<b2d1/d2.f. The interpretation of the condition in part e is that the effect on I from Y has to be lessthan the effect from i after controlling for the endogenous response of i and Y, determined by the slope of the LM curve, d1/d2.5. a. Y=C+I+G=200+.25*(Y-200)+150+.25Y-1000i+250Y=1100-2000ib.M/P=1600=2Y-8000i i=Y/4000-1/5c. Substituting b into a: Y=1000d. Substituting c into b: i=1/20=5%e. C=400; I=350; G=250; C+I+G=1000f. Y=1040; i=3%; C=410; I=380. A monetary expansion reduces the interest rate andincreases output. The increase in output increases consumption. The increase in outputand the fall in the interest rate increase investment.g. Y=1200; i=10%; C=450; I=350. A fiscal expansion increases output and the interestrate. The increase in output increases consumption.h. The condition from problem 3 is satisfied with equality (.25=1000*(2/8000)), socontractionary fiscal policy will have no effect on investment. When G=100: i=0%;Y=800; I=350; and C=350.*6. a. The LM curve is flatb. Japan was experiencing a liquidity trap. c. Fiscal policy is more effective.7. a. Increase G (or reduce T) and increase M.b. Reduce G (or increase T) and increase M. The interest rate falls. Investment increases,since the interest rate falls while output remains constant.CHAPTER 61.a.Fals.b.Fals.c.Falsd.False.Truf.Falsg.Uncertaih.True.i. False.2. a. (Monthly hires+monthly separations)/monthly employment =6/93.8=6.4%b. 1.6/6.5=25%c. 2.4/6.5=37%. Duration is 1/.37 or 2.7 months.d. 4.9/57.3=9%.e. new workers: .35/4.9=7%; retirees: .2/4.9=4%.3. a and b. Answers will depend on when the page is accessed.c. The decline in unemployment does not equal the increase in employment, because thelabor force is not constant. It has increased over the period.4. a. 66%; 66%*66%*66%= 29%; (66%)6= 8%b. (66%)6= 8%c. (for 2019): 875/6210= .145. a. Answers will vary.b and c. Most likely, the job you will have ten years later will pay a lot more thanyour reservation wage at the time (relative to your typical first job).d. The later job is more likely to require training and will probably be a much harderjob to monitor. So, as efficiency wage theory suggests, your employer will be willing topay a lot more than your reservation wage for the later job, to ensure low turnover andlow shirking.6. a. The computer network administrator has more bargaining power. She is muchharder to replace.6. b. The rate of unemployment is a key statistic. For example, when there are manyunemployed workers it becomes easier for firms to find replacements. This reduces the bargaining power of workers.7. a. W/P=1/(1+ )=1/1.05=.95 b. Price setting: u=1-W/P=5%c. W/P=1/1.1=.91; u=1-.91=9%. The increase in the markup lowers the real wage.From the wage-setting equation, the unemployment rate must rise for the real wage to fall.So the natural rate increases.CHAPTER 71.a.Trub.Trc.Falsd.Fale.Truf.Falg.Fal2. a. IS right, AD right, AS up, LM up, Y same, i up, P upb. IS left, AD left, AS down, LM down, Y same, i down, P down3. a.WS PS AS AD LM IS Y i PShort run:up same up same up same down up upMedium run:up same up same up same down up upb.WS PS AS AD LM IS Y i PShort run:same up down same down same up down downMedium run:same up down same down same up down down4. a. After an increase in the level of the money supply, output and the interest-rate eventually return to the same level. However, monetary policy is useful, because it can accelerate the return to the natural level of output.b. In the medium run, investment and the interest rate both change with fiscal policy.c. False. Labor market policies, such as unemployment insurance, can affect the naturallevel of output.*5. a. Open answer. Firms may be so pessimistic about sales that they do not want to borrow at any interest rate.b. The IS curve is vertical; the interest rate does not affect equilibrium output.c. No change.d. The AD curve is vertical; the price level does not affect equilibrium output.e. The increase in z reduces the natural level of output and shifts the AS curve up. SincetheAD curve is vertical, output does not change, but prices increase. Note that output is above its natural level.f. The AS curve shifts up forever, and prices keep increasing forever. Output does notchange, and remains above its natural level forever.6. a. The natural level of output is Y n. Assuming that output starts at is naturallevel, P0= M0- (1/c)*Y nb. Assuming that P e=P0: Y = 2cM0-cP=2cM0-cP0-cdY+cdY nRecalling that Y n=c(M0-P0): Y= Y n+ (c/(1+c d))*M0c. Investment goes up because output is higher and the interest rate is lower.d. In the medium run, Y = Y ne. In the medium run, investment returns to its previous level, because output and the interestrate return to their previous levels.CHAPTER 81.a.Trb.Fac.Fad.Tre.Faf.Tr2. a. No. In the 1970s, we experienced high inflation and high unemployment. The expectations- augmented Phillips curve is a relationship between inflation and unemployment conditional on the natural rate and inflation expectations. Given inflation expectations,increases in the natural rate (which result from adverse shocks to labor market institutions—increases in z—or from increases in the markup—which encompass oil shocks) lead to an increase in both theunemployment rate and the inflation rate. In addition, increases in inflation expectations imply higher inflation for any level of unemployment and tend to increase the unemployment rate inthe short run (think of an increase in the expected price level, given last period’s price, in the AD-AS framework). In the 1970s, both the natural rate and expected inflation increased, so both unemployment and inflation were relatively high.b. No. The expectations-augmented Phillips curve implies that maintaining a rate ofunemployment below the natural rate requires increasing (not simply high) inflation. This is because inflation expectations continue to adjust to actual inflation.3. a. u n=0.1/2 =5%b. t=0.1-2*.03 = 4% every year beginning with year t.c. e= 0 and =4% forever. Inflation expectations will be forever wrong. This isunlikely.t td. ⎝ m ight increase because people’s inflation expectations adapt to persistently positiveinflation. The increase in ⎝ has no effect on u n.e. 5= 4+.1-.06=4%+4%=8%For t>5, repeated substitution implies, t= 5+(t-5)*4%.So, 10=28%; 15=48%.f. Inflation expectations will again be forever wrong. This is unlikely.4. a. t= t-1+ 0.1 - 2u t= t-1+ 2%t=2%; t+1=4%; t+2=6%; t+3=8%.b. t=0.5 t+ 0.5 t-1+ 0.1 - 2u tor, t= t-1+ 4%4. c. t=4%; t+1=8%; t+2=12%; t+3=16%d. As indexation increases, low unemployment leads to a larger increase in inflation overtime.5. a. A higher cost of production means a higher markup.b. u n=(0.08+0.1⎧)/2; Thus, the natural rate of unemployment increases from 5% to 6% as⎧increases from 20% to 40%.6. a. Yes. The average rate of unemployment is down. In addition, the unemploymentrate is at a historical low and inflation has not risen.b. The natural rate of unemployment has probably decreased.7. An equation that seems to fit well is: t- t-1=6-u t, which implies a natural rate of approximately 6%.8. The relationships imply a lower natural rate in the more recent period.CHAPTER 91. F TT F FT TT2. a. The unemployment rate will increase by 1% per year when g=0.5%. Unemploymentwill increase unless the growth rate exceeds the sum of productivity growth and labor force growth.b. We need growth of 4.25% per year for each of the next four years.c. Okun’s law is likely to become: u t-u t-1=-0.4*(g yt-5%)3. a. u n= 5%b. g yt= 3%; g mt=g yt+ t= 11%c. u g yt g mtt-1:8%5%3%11%t:4%9%-7%-3%t+1:4%5%13%17%t+2:4%5%3%7%4. a. t- t-1= -(u t-.05)u t- u t-1= -.4*(g mt- t-.03)b. t=6.3%; u t=8.7%t+1=1%; u t+1=10.3%c. u=5%; g y=3%; =-3%;5. a. See text for full answer. Gradualism reduces need for large policy swings, with effectsthat are difficult to predict, but immediate reduction may be more credible and encourage rapid, favorable changes in inflation expectations. On the other hand, the staggering of wagedecisions suggests that, if the policy is credible, a gradual disinflation is the optionconsistent with no change in the unemployment rate.b. Not clear, probably fast disinflation, depending on the features inc.5. c. Some important features: the degree of indexation, the nature of the wage-settingprocess, and the initial rate of inflation.*6. a. u n=K/2; sacrifice ratio=.5 b. t=10%; t+1=8%; t+2=6%; t+3=4%; t+4=2%c. 5 years; sacrifice ratio=(5 point years of excess unemployment)/(10 percentage pointreduction in inflation)=.5d. t=7.5%; t+1=4.125%; t+2=1.594%; 3 years of higher unemployment for a reduction of10%: sacrifice ratio=0.3 e. t+1f. Take measures to enhance credibility.7. a. Inflation will start increasing.b.It should let unemployment increase to its new, higher, natural rate.Chapter 101. TTTFFFTU2. a. Example: France: (1.042)48*5.150=$37.1 k.Germany: $43.4 k; Japan: $76.5 k; UK: $22.5 k; U.S.:$31.7k b. 2.4c. yes.3. a. $5,000b. 2,500 pesos c. $500d. $1,000e. Mexican standard of living relative to the U.S.—exchange rate method:1/10; PPP method: 1/54. a. Y=63b. Y doubles. c. Yes.d. Y/N=(K/N)1/2e. K/N=4 implies Y/N=2. K/N=8 implies Y/N=2.83. Output less than doubles.f. No.g. No. In part f, we are looking at what happens to output when we increasecapital only, not capital and labor in equal proportion. There are decreasing returns tocapital.h. Yes.5. The United States was making the most important technical advances. However, theother countries were able to make up much of their technological gap by importing thetechnologies developed in the United States, and hence, have higher technological progress.6.Convergence for the France, Belgium, and Italy; no convergence for the second set ofcountriesChapter 111. a. Uncertain. True if saving includes public and private saving. False if saving onlyincludes private saving.b. False.c.Uncert UTFFd2. a. No. (1) The Japanese rate of growth is not so high anymore. (2) If the Japanesesaving rate has always been high, then this cannot explain the difference between the rate of growth inJapan and the US in the last 40 or 50 years. (3) If the Japanese saving rate has been higher thanit used to be, then this can explain some of the high Japanese growth. The contribution of high saving to growth in Japan should, however, come to an end.3. After a decade: higher growth rate. After five decades: growth rate back to normal, higher level of output per worker.4. a. Higher saving. Higher output per workerb. Same output per worker. Higher output per capita.5.*YYYd. Y/N = (K/N)1/3e. In steady state, sf(K/N) = ™K/N, which, given the production function in part d,implies: K/N=(s/™)3/2f. Y/N =(s/™)1/2g. Y/N = 2h. Y/N = 21/26.* a. 1b. 1c. K/N=.35; Y/N=.71d. Using equation (11.3), the evolution of K/N is: 0.9, 0.82, 0.757. a. K/N=(s/(2™))2; Y/N=s/(4™) b. C/N=s(1-s)/(4™)c-e. Y/N increases with s; C/N increases until s=.5, then decreases. CHAPTER 121.TFTFTFTUF2. a. Lower growth in poorer countries. Higher growth in rich countries.b. Increase in R&D and in output growth.c. A decrease in the fertility of applied research; a (small) decrease in growth.d. A decrease in the appropriability of drug research. A drop in the development of newdrugs. Lower technological progress and lower growth.3. See discussion in section 12.2.4. Examples will vary. Weakening patent protection would accelerate diffusion, but mightalso discourage R&D.5. a. Year 1: 3000; Year 2: 3960b. Real GDP: 3300; output growth: 10%c. 20%d. Real GDP/Worker=30 in both years; productivity growth is zero.e. RealGDP:3990;outputgrowth:33%.f. -0.8%g. Proper measurement implies real gdp/worker=36.3 in year 2. With improper measurement, productivity growth would be 21 percentage points lower and inflation 21% points higher.6. a. Both lead to an initial decrease in growthb. Only the first leads to a permanent decrease in growth7. a. (K/(AN))*=(s/( +g A+g N))2=1; (Y/(AN))*=(1)1/2; g Y/(AN)=0; g Y/N=4%; g Y=6%b. (K/(AN))=(4/5)2; (Y/(AN))*=(4/5); g Y/(AN)=0; g Y/N=8%; g Y=10%c. (K/(AN))=(4/5)2; (Y/(AN))*=(4/5); g Y/(AN)=0; g Y/N=4%; g Y=10%People are better off in case a. Given any set of initial values, the level of technology is the same in cases a and c, but the level of capital per effective worker is higher atevery point in time in case a. Thus, since Y/N=A*(Y/(AN))=A*(K/(AN))1/2, output per worker is always higher in case a.8. There is a slowdown in growth and the rate of technological progress in the modernperiod. Japan’s growth rate of technological progress is higher because it is catching up to the U.S. level of technology. Not all of the difference in growth rates of output per worker is attributable to the difference in rates of technological progress. A big part is attributable to the difference in rates of growth of capital per worker.9.* a. ProbablyaffectsA.Thinkofclimate.b.Affects H.c. Affects A. Strong protection tends to encourage more R&D but also to limit diffusion of technology.d. May affect A through diffusion.e. May affect K, H, and A. Lower tax rates increase the after-tax return on investment,and thus tend to lead to more accumulation of K and H and more R&D spending.f. If we interpret K as private capital, than infrastructure affects A—e.g., bettertransportation networks may make the economy more productive by reducing congestion time.g. Assuming no technological progress, lower population growth implies highersteady-state level of output per worker. Lower population growth leads to higher capital per worker. Ifthere is technological progress, there is no steady-state level of output per worker. In this case, however, lower population growth implies that output per worker will be higher at every point in time, for any given path of technology. See the answer to problem 7c.Chapter 131.FFTTTTTTF2. a. u=1-(1/(1+⎧))(A/A e)b. u=1-(1/(1+⎧))=4.8%c. No. Since wages adjust to expected productivity, an increase in productivityeventuallyleads to equiproportional increases in the real wage implied by wage setting and price setting, at the original natural rate of unemployment. So equilibrium can bemaintained without any change in the natural rate of unemployment.3.* a. P=P e(1+⎧)(A e/A)(Y/L)(1/A)b. AS shifts down. Given A e/A=1, an increase in A implies a fall in P, given Y. Thisoccurs because for a given level of Y, unemployment is higher, so wages are lower and so, in turn, is the price level.c. There is now an additional effect, a fall in A e/A. In effect, workers do not receive asmuchof an increase in wages as warranted by the increase in productivity. Compared to part b, nominal wages are lower, leading to a lower value of P given Y.4. Discussion question.5. a. Reduce the gap, if this leads to an increase in the relative supply of skilled workers.b. Reduce the gap, since it leads to a decrease in the relative supply of unskilled workers.c. Reduce the gap, since it leads to an increase in the relative supply of skilled workers.d. Increase the gap, if U.S. firms hire unskilled workers in Central America, since itreduces the relative demand for U.S. unskilled workers.6. a. Textiles production is moving to low wage countries.b. Possibly demographic changes, increased availability of child care outside the home,decline in labor supply for these positions.c. Technological progress.7. Discussion question.CHAPTER 141. TTTFTFTTF The nominal interest rate is always positive.The real interest rate can be negative.2. a. Real. Nominal profits are likely to move with inflation; real profits are easier to forecast.b. Nominal. The payments are nominal.c. Nominal. If lease payments are in nominal terms, as is typical.3. a. Exact: r=(1+.04)/(1+.02)-1=1.96%; Approximation: r=.04-.02=2%b. 3.60%; 4%c. 5.48%; 8%4. a. No. Otherwise, nobody would hold bonds. Money would be more appealing: it pays at leasta zero nominal interest rate and can be used for transactions.b. Yes. The real interest rate will be negative if expected inflation exceeds the nominalinterest rate. Even so, the real interest rate on bonds (which pay nominal interest) willexceed the real interest rate on money (which does not pay nominal interest) by the nominal interest rate.c. A negative real interest rate makes borrowing very attractive, and leads to a largedemand for investment.5. a. The discount rate is the interest rate. So EPDV are (i) $2,000*(1-.25) under eitherinterest rate and (ii) (1-.2)*$2,000 under either interest rate.b. The interest rate does not enter the calculation. Hence, you prefer ii to i since 20%<25%. Note that the answer to parta does not imply that saving will not accumulate. By retirement,the initial investment will have grown by a factor of (1+i)40in nominal terms and (1+r)40in real terms. As long as r is positive, the purchasing power of the initial investment will grow.In addition, this simple example omits an important real-world feature of retirement savings: the tax-free accrual of interest. As a result of this feature, the effective interest rate on。

宏观经济学（第三版）部分习题答案第一章1、答：宏观经济学识将一个国家或一个社会作为一个整体的经济运行主体作为考察对象，它研究的是一个国家经济的总体运行状况，以及政府如何运用经济政策来影响国家整体经济的运行。

宏观经济学家所关心的问题包括以下几个方面：决定一国经济长期增长的经济因素，为什么会出现通货膨胀，失业的存在和自然失业率不断上升的原因，一国经济为什么会出现周期性波动现象，全球经济体系是如何影响一国经济运行的。

宏观经济学以规范与实证的方法研究一个经济体的总量经济问题。

总量问题包括一个国家资源是如何配置的，一国国民收入与就业总量是如何决定的，价格总水平是如何形成的，国民收入在长期增长趋势中为什么会出现周期性波动，等等。

2、答：一个国家宏观经济运行质量一般可以从4个方面进行考察，即国民产出，就业状况，价格变化和对外贸易。

（1）一个国家的经济实力和经济成就最终是以一国的国民产出水平，国民的人均收入水平和经济增长速度为标志。

实际的国民产出的高水平和快速，稳定，均衡的增长是一国宏观经济追求的首要目标。

（2）保持劳动力的充分就业是宏观经济的第二个目标。

就业水平与产出水平密切相关，高产出意味着高就业，即人们能够较容易地寻找到自己愿意接受的报酬水平的工作岗位。

政府一般将高就业与低非自愿失业作为宏观经济的重要目标之一。

（3）维持价格总水平的稳定是宏观经济运行的第三个目标。

价格总水平也与国民产出有较高的相关度。

国民产出增长过快，容易刺激物价的上升，形成通货膨胀的局面；国民产出增长过慢，会减少人们的购买力，从而造成物价总水平的下降，形成通货紧缩的局面。

因此宏观经济追求的目标是高产出与低通胀相对应的经济格局。

（4）宏观经济的第四个目标涉及到一国的对外经济关系。

在开放经济中，一国与别国的经济关系包括商品及劳务的进口与出口，资本的流入与流出，技术的引进与输出等。

因此保持汇率的稳定和进口大致的平衡是各国对外经济方面力求达到的宏观经济目标。

曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）第9篇长期中的真实经济第25章生产与增长课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1．生产率（productivity）答：生产率指一个工人单位工作时间内所生产的物品与劳务的数量。

生产率是用来衡量每单位投入要素的产出量的指标。

生产率的决定因素有物质资本、自然资源和技术知识。

引起生产率增长的主要因素有知识存量的增长，劳动力质量的提高，资本积累，技术进步，制度创新等等因素。

从经济增长的角度来说，生产率与资本、劳动等要素投入都贡献于经济的增长。

从效率角度考察，生产率等同于一定时间内国民经济中产出与各种资源要素总投入的比值。

从本质上讲，它反映的则是一个国家（地区）为了摆脱贫困、落后和发展经济而在一定时期里表现出来的能力和努力程度，是技术进步对经济发展作用的综合反映。

2．物质资本（physical capital）答：物质资本指用于生产物品与劳务的设备与建筑物存量。

例如，当木工制造家具时，他们用的锯、车床和电钻都是物质资本。

物质资本和人力资本的有机结合会使企业获得成长，企业成长的一个深层次问题便是物质资本和人力资本的激励问题。

社会资本在二者的配置和效能发挥中起着基础性的激励作用。

物质资本和人力资本总是喜爱并追逐着社会资本，并在社会资本的滋养中创造企业经营绩效。

企业社会资本是指企业对其各类社会资本进行的培育、提升、协调和控制等一系列管理活动。

现代企业的发展不仅是人、财、物、技术、信息的选择和组合的结果，更是三项资本的运动过程。