英语词汇学论文-构词法
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网络英语新词的特征和语义探究[摘要]:随着网络的普及,出现了大量的网络新词,这极大地丰富了英语词汇。
网络语言是人们在互联网上进行信息交流和信息处理的交际符号,它伴随信息时代的到来而产生。
在网络语言交际工具中,英语一直是主导语言。
在互联网上,任何一种语言都无法与英语抗争。
时尚网络英语词汇是社会进步的产物,它不仅丰富了英语词汇,充实了词汇的语义,而且为人们提供了许多新概念,拓宽了人们的知识结构,影响着人们的生活。
因此,对网络英语新词进行研究,有利于我们得心应手地畅游网络,本文就网络英语新词的构成及语义进行了探究。
[关键词]:网络英语;英语新词;英语词汇;构成特点;语义分析随着计算机技术的发展网络走进了千家万户。
越来越多的人开始利用网络进行实时交流。
网络使得人们突破了地域、国家、民族、语言、传统、信仰的界限和障碍使得人类进入了快速发展的信息化时代。
人们在这个网络世界里可以随意地阅读网络杂志(webzine),看网络电视(web TV),进行网上商务(e-business),在线购物(online shopping),在线交易(online transaction), 在天室中可以自由地交网络朋友(net partner), 甚至寻找网络情人(cyber lover),发邮件(e-mail)。
以上这些诸如we2bzine,e-business,cyber-lover等新词的出现是由于网络所带来的。
所以在这信息化的时代网络创造了自己的语言,形成了独具特色的新语体产生了许多新的语言现象。
网络英语以其独特的语言魅力吸引无数网民使我们的语言交流更具有时代特色。
网络语言是人们在英特网上进行信息交流和信息处理的交际符号,它随着信息时代的到来而产生。
我们知道语言最为敏感的部分是它的词汇。
美国语言学家马利奥・佩MarioPei在《2061年的英语预测》Englishin2061AForecast一文中写到“真正会使2061年的英语与今天不同的因素是大量涌现的新词。
英语单词构词法研究AB.ABSaway,from分离字首 ab,abs 源自拉丁文介系词 a,ab 拉丁文的意思是 away,from 等. 通常在拉丁文较常见的介系词形态, 有 a,ab,abs 三种,后接名词为子音开头者用a,母音开头者用 ab,子音 t 与 q 开头者用 abs. 在拉丁文中即为字首,如 aberration n. [脱离正轨],abduct v. [诱拐] 等,出自拉丁文的 aberrare,abducere 等字. 在英文中拼法常见的有 ab 与 abs, a 则十分少见. 如 abominate v. [痛恨],字根有ill omen [凶兆] 之意, 因此 [视为凶兆而远离],便成了 [痛恨]. absolve v.源自字根 solv,solu [放松],因此 absolve有释放的意思.abdicate 让位,放弃abduct 绑架,绑走aberration 越轨,脱离常轨abhor 憎恶,痛恨abject 卑鄙的,卑屈的abjure (发誓)放弃abnegate 放弃abnormal 畸形,不正常的abominate 痛恨,憎恶aboriginal 土著的abrade 磨损,摩擦abrogate 取消,废止abrupt 突然,陡峭的abscond 潜逃,逃匿absence 缺席,缺乏absolute 纯粹,完全,绝对的absolve 免除,赦免,解除absorb 吸收abstain 抑制,戒绝abstract 抽出,提炼,摘录abstruse 难解,深奥的absurd 荒谬的abundant 丰富,充足的abuse 虐待,辱骂ADto,toward向字首 ad 源自拉丁文介系词 ad,在拉丁文中为 to 之意. ad 的拼法变化相当复杂,为了与字根配合,第二个字母d会消失或同化,而衍生出a,ac,af,ag,al,an,ap,ar,as,at 各种形态,如 accustom v. [使习惯於],affix v. [黏上],append v. [添加] 等等. ad 原意虽表示方向,但与字根配合之后,则必须视该字的字根来定义.如 accelerate v. [促进],由字首 ac加上字根 celer [敏捷] 而成, 字根也是该字的意思. 再如adapt v. [使适应], 由ad 与 apt [适合的] 组成,apt 便成了该字的字义.accede 同意,应允accelerate 加快,加速accost 招呼,搭话account 叙述,说明accredit 将(..)归於accumulate 堆积,积聚accustom (使) 习惯於adapt 使适应,使适合adhere 坚持,黏著adjourn 延期,休会adjure 恳求adjust 调节,使...适合administer 管理admire 钦佩,叹赏admonish 警告,告诫adopt 采纳,收养adore 敬慕,敬爱adorn 装饰adulterate 搀混,使品质低落affable 和蔼可亲,殷勤的affiliate 联合,加入,加盟affirm 断言affix 黏上,贴上,附加afflict 使...痛苦affront 侮辱aggrandize 增强势力aggravate 加重,惹怒aggregate 总计,合计aggrieve 使苦恼,使受屈align 使合作,排列成行allay 使和缓,使镇静alleviate 减轻,使缓和allocate 拨出allot 分配alloy 合金allure 引诱ally 联合,结合ameliorate 改善amenable 有责任,应服从的amend 修正,改良annex 并吞,附加annihilate 消灭annotate 评注,注解announce 正式宣布annul 取消,废止apparatus 仪器appeal 吸引力,恳求appease 使平静,缓和append 附加appertain 属於,与...有关apportion 分摊,分配appraise 鉴别,评价apprehend 逮捕,忧惧approbate 认可,赞成appropriate 拨(款),拨作(某目的)之用arouse 引起,激起arrange 处理,调解assail 攻击assault 攻击assemble 集合,聚集assent 同意,赞同assert 断言assimilate 同化,使类似,吸收associate 结交,联合assort 分类assortment 各色俱备之物,物品总集assuage 缓和assume 假定,假装assure 确告,保证attach 系,附加attain 得到attaint 污辱,羞辱attemper 冲淡,使缓和attend 出席,到,注意attest 证实attune 使合调,使一致aver 断言avow 公开承认,坦白承认awake 吵醒,唤起BENE.BONgood良好拉丁文中 bonus 为形容词,经过性别变化有 bona,bonum 形态,和英文的good意思相同,bene 为副词,有 well 的意思.bene,bon 也必须视为字根, 而一般字汇书多将视为字首,因为 bene,bon 通常出现在字首位置. 例如 boon n. [恩惠],bounty n. [慷慨],bountiful a. [丰富的],皆由bon 变音而成. 其中bounty,bountiful 均拉丁文bonitas (goodness,n.) 演变而来.benediction 祝祷,恩赐benefaction 捐助beneficial 有益的beneficiary 受惠者beneficence 善行,仁慈,慈善benefit 利益benevolent 慈善,仁慈的benign 良性,良好,亲切的benignant 仁慈,亲切的bonus 红利,奖金boon 恩物,恩赐bounty 奖金,慷慨好施bounteous 慷慨的bountiful 丰富,大方的CATAdown,complete下降,完全cata 源自希腊文,为 downward,completely 系当副词,介系词用. 例如cataclysm n. 希腊文 kataklysmos,为大洪水之意; catalog(ue) n. 源自katalogos 有统计,目录的意思;catastrophe n. 源自 katastrophe,有[变动,毁灭] 的意思.cataclysm 洪水,剧变catalog(ue) 目录cataract 大瀑布catastrophe 灾祸category 种类CIRCUMaround环绕字首 circum 源自拉丁文 circum 为介系词,有 around 之意. 拉丁文 circa(around,adv.,prep.),circus(circle,n.m.),circuitus(circuit,n.m.),和英文的circle n. [圆形],circular a. [圆的],circulate v. [循环] 等字,均与 circum同源. 字首 circum 与字根 scrib [写] 组合,而成 circumscribe v. [拉丁文原作circumscribere],原为 [画圆圈],后引申为 [限制]. 与字根spect [看] 组合,而成 circumspect a.(拉丁文 circumspectus,a.),由 [环视]的意思,而引申为 [小心,慎重的].展开全文阅读circuit 巡行,巡回路线circuitous 间接,迂曲,绕行的circumference 圆周,周围circumlocution 婉转曲折的说法circumscribe 限制,立界限circumspect 慎重,小心的circumstance 情况circumstantial 不重要,间接,推论的cicumvent 包围,胜过.CONwith,together一起,共同字首co,com,con 源自拉丁文介系词cum,为with 之意. co,com,con 是重要的英文字首,除了co,com,con 之外,并有 col和cor 等五种拼法. 字根第一个音若是母音,半母音或h,一般拼作co,如coalescev. [结合],cohere v. [连贯,结合] 等.若是p,b,m 三个双唇音(bilabial) 之一,便拼作com,如compress v. [紧压],combat n. [战斗],commend v. [推崇]等.后面若接l 或r,则分别拼作col 或cor,如colleague n. [同仁],correspond v.[一致] 等. 其他拼法为con,如condone v.[原谅],conquer v. [征服] 等等.coalesce 合并,联合coalition 联合,联盟coerce 强迫coeval 同时期,同时代的coexist 共生,共存cogitate 思考,沈思cohere 凝结,结合coherent 连贯,一致的coincide 符合,一致collaborate 合作collapse 倒塌,崩溃collateral 旁系,附属的colleague 同事collect 收集collide 互撞,冲突colloquial 口语的collusion 共谋,串通combat 战斗combine 化合,结合commend 称赞commensurate 相当,同量的commingle 混合,混杂commiserate 怜悯,同情commission 委托代办的事,委托,委员会,代表团commit 委托,付与,作,犯compact 简洁的companion 同伴,朋友,伴侣company 陪伴,同伴compare 比较,匹敌,竞争compartment 格,隔间compass 周围,范围compassion 同情,怜悯compatible 能共存,一致,符合的compel 强迫compensate 赔偿,补偿,报酬compete 竞争,比赛compile 编篡,编辑complacent 洋洋自得,自满的complaisant 谦恭,有礼,顺从的complement 补足,补充complex 复杂,错综的complicate 使复杂comport 适合,相称comprehend 了解,包括,包含comprehensive 广博,广泛的compress 压缩,减缩comprise 包括compromise 和解compulsory 强迫,强制的compunction 良心不安,懊悔compute 计算concave 凹的concede 让步,承认conceit 自负concentrate 集中,浓缩concoct 计画,调制concord 和谐,一致concourse 会流,合流condense 使简洁,缩短condescend 屈尊condole 同情,慰问condone 宽恕,原谅conduce 引起,有助於confederate 共犯,同谋者confer 颁给,赐与confide 信赖,交托confident 确信的configuration 形状,轮廓,外貌confine 限制confirm 证实confiscate 充公,没收conflict 冲突confluence 汇流处,合流conform 使顺应,使一致confound 使惶恐,使混淆confuse 使混乱congeal 凝结,冻僵congenial 意气相投,友善的congenital 天生的congest 拥塞conglomerate 聚集congregate 聚集congress 会议,大会conjunction 结合,连结conjure 以咒召魂,变魔术,恳求connect 连接connote 含意,暗示conquer 征服,克服conquest 征服conscience 良心conscientious 正直,有良心的conscious 自觉,知道的consecrate 奉为神圣consecutive 连续的consensus 一致的意见consent 允许,同意consequence 结果conserve 保全,保存consist 为...所制成,组成console 安慰consolidate 巩固consonant 一致,相称的consort 结交constant 不断,持久的constellation 星座,星群constitute 构成,任命constrain 强迫construct 建筑construe 解释,翻译consume 消耗,浪费consummate 完成contact 接触contagious 传染性的contain 包含,容纳contaminate 污染contemporary 同时代的contend 竞争content 使满足,使满意contest 比赛,争斗contiguous 接触,邻近的contort 扭歪,歪曲contour 轮廓,外形contract 缩短,省略contribute 贡献,捐助convene 召开,召集,集合converge 集中於一点,使聚合converse 谈话convert 改变convey 传达,运送convict 宣告有罪convince 使相信,说明convivial 欢乐,快活的convoy 护送convulse 痉挛,抽搐,震撼,使不安cooperate 合作,协同coordinate 同等的correct 改正,修正correlate 使相关连correspond 调合,符合corroborate 证实corrode 腐蚀,侵蚀corrugate 使起皱纹corrupt 使腐坏,败坏CONTRA.CONTRO.COUNTERagainst相对,反对字首 contra,contro,counter 源自拉丁文介系词,副词 contra,意为相对,反对.拉丁文将 contra 和 contro 视作字首,例如 contradict v. [否认],contrary a.[反对的],controversy n. [争论] 等字,是contradicere,contrarius,controversia 等拉丁文转变而来. counterv. [抵抗],是比较特别的例子,以字首形态单独演变成一个动词.contradict 否认,矛盾contrary 相反的contrast 差异contravene 抵触,否定,反驳controversy 争论,辩论controvert 否定,反驳,争论counter 反对,对抗counteract 消解,抵消counterattact 反攻,反击counterbalance 弥补,使抵消counterfeit 伪造,假冒的countermand 撤回,取消counterpart 极相似的人,配对的东西countervail 抵消,对抗DEdown,complete降下,完全字首 de 在拉丁文中也属於字首,有 down,complete 的意思,也可引申为否定或加强语气的意思. 例如decrepit a. [破旧,衰老的],字根crep 拉丁文原作 crepare v.为爆裂之意,全字出自拉丁文 decrepitus,有老朽,破旧的意思. deliberate v. [考虑] 源自 deliberare v. 字根来自拉丁文名词 libra n.f. [天平,磅] (英文 pound可写成 lb.,便是源自libra), [将事物定下来掂算重量],因此就有 [考虑] 的意思.debar 禁止debase 贬低debate 讨论,争论deceased 已故,死亡的declaim 演说,高声朗诵declare 宣布decline 倾斜,拒绝decrepit 破旧,衰老的decry 谴责dedicate 献身,致力,奉献deduce 推想,推论deduct 扣除deface 伤毁(外表)defer 顺从deflate 放出空气,使坍陷,减消deject 使沮丧delay 延期deliberate 熟思,考虑,有意,存心的demean 贬抑,降低demerit 短处,过失,缺点demise 死亡demoralize 使沮丧,败坏demote 降级demure 佯作端庄,端庄的denominate 命名denote 表示,指示,意指denounce 当众指责deny 否认,不承认depict 描写,叙述deplore 悲痛展开余文deposit 存储,放下,置下deprave 使败坏depredation 劫掠,抢夺depress 降低,压下deprive 剥夺derelict 被弃的deride 嘲笑,嘲弄descend 降design 设计designate 指派,任命desolate 荒凉,荒芜的despicable 可鄙,卑劣的despise 轻视,蔑视despoil 夺取,掠夺destitue 穷困的destroy 毁坏,毁灭determine 决心,决定dethrone 废(君)detonate 使爆炸detour 绕行之路devaluate (使)贬值devastate 破坏,蹂躏devoid 缺乏,无的devolve 移交,委任DE.DI.DISaway,off,not分离,否定de,di,dis 是英文最重要的字首之一,相关的单字数量很多. de 为down,complete 之意引申出来 away,off 的意思,则归属於di,dis 之中. di,dis 后接字根的第一个字母若是d,g,l,m,n,r,v 之一,则拼作di;若是c,p,q,s,t 之一,便拼作 dis. 除了de,di,dis 三种常见的拼法之外,并有 dif 一种,字根的第一个字母若是f,便用这拼法,如differ v. [差异],difficult a.[艰难的],diffident a. [胆怯的] 等.decadence 堕落,衰落decapitate 斩首decay 衰亡,逐渐衰弱deceive 欺骗decide 决定,决心decipher 解释,译解decode 译解decompose 分解,腐烂decrease 减少decree 命令defame 损毁名誉,诽谤default 缺乏,怠忽defeat 击败,失败defect 缺点,过失,投奔敌方,变节defend 保卫,保护defer 延期deficient 有缺点,不足的deficit 赤字,不足(额)define 定义,详细说明definite 明确,确定的definitive 确定,最后的deflect 使偏斜,使转向deform 使不成形,使丑defraud 欺骗,诈欺defy 违抗,不顾,挑激degenerate 恶化,变坏dehydrate 脱水,使乾delegate 指令...为代表,委派delinquency 犯罪,违法delirious 狂喜deliver 拯救,递送delude 迷惑,欺骗deluge 洪水demarcation 界限,界线demonstrate 证明,演示,作示威运动demur 反对,犹豫denude 剥下,脱去,剥夺depart 离开,放弃deplete 耗尽,使空竭deploy 部署,展开deport 放逐,驱逐出境depose 废除deprecate 反对,不赞成,鄙视depreciate 跌价,贬值,轻视,毁谤depute 委托(某人)为代理deputy 代表derange 扰乱,使错乱derive 起源,获得descant 详述describe 形容,描写,叙述desert 遗弃,放弃despair 失望,绝望desperate 绝望,不顾死活的despondency 意气消沈,失望detach 分开,派遣detail 细节,细部,详述detain 拘留,扣押detect 发现deter 防止detract 减损,责难detrimental 有害,伤害的develop 开发,进展,发展deviate 离题,逸出正轨devious 不正直,有偏差的devote 奉献devout 忠诚,虔诚的differ 不同,意见不合differentiate 辨别,区分difficult 艰难,费力的diffident 羞怯的diffuse 传播,冗长的digest 消化,吸收,分类digress 离开本题dilapidate 使部分毁坏,使破损dilate 扩大diligent 勤勉的dilute 稀释,变淡,使变弱dimension 尺寸,大小diminish 减少diminutive 小的direct 命令,指导,直接,坦白,绝对的disable 使残废,使无资格disadvantage 不利情况,缺点,伤害disaffect 使生恶感,使生二心,使疏远disagree 不一致,争论disapprove 非难,不准许,不赞成disarray 使乱disaster 灾祸disavow 否认,不承认disband 解散discard 摒除,弃绝discern 辨别,看见discharge 开释,开除,放出,流出disclaim 否认,拒绝承认disclose 揭露discomfit 挫败,使困惑discomfort 不舒适,不快disconnect 使分离disconsolate 哀伤,孤独的discontent 不满discontinue 停止discord 不一致discount 折扣discourage 阻止,使沮丧,妨碍discourse 演沟,谈话,论文discourteous 无礼貌,粗鲁的discover 发现,泄露discredit 怀疑,不信任discreet 言行谨慎,小心的discrepancy 矛盾,不同discrete 分立,各别,不相关连的discriminate 辨别discursive 散乱无章的disdain 鄙视disease 病,疾痛disembark 登岸,离船,卸货disengage 解开,放开disentangle 解开disfavor 不赞成,不喜欢disfigure 破坏(姿容,形状等) disfranchise 夺...之公权disgorge 吐出,流出,喷出disgrace 耻辱disguise 假扮,伪装,掩饰disgust 厌恶dishearten 使沮丧,使气馁dishevel 使凌乱dishonest 不诚实,欺诈dishonor 耻辱,不名誉disillusion 幻灭disincline (使)不愿,厌恶disinfect 消毒disintegrate 崩溃,分裂disinter 发现,从坟墓中挖出disinterested 公正,无私,漠不关心的dislike 嫌恶dismantle 拆卸,剥脱dismiss 解散,开除disorient 使失去方向感,使迷惑disown 不承认为己所有,否认disparage 贬抑,毁谤,轻视disparate 不同的dispatch 派遣,速办dispel 吹散,驱散dispense 分与,分配disperse 驱散,消散,免除displace 使离乡背井,免职,取代,代替display 陈列,展示displeasure 不满,不悦disport 嬉戏,娱乐dispossess 强夺,剥夺disprove 证明为误,反驳dispute 争吵,争论disquiet 不安,动摇disregard 忽视,轻视,不理disrobe 脱衣disrupt 瓦解,中断,使分裂dissect 分辨,切开,分析disseminate 传播,散布dissent 不同意dissertation 论文,演讲dissidence 异议,不一致dissimulate 掩饰,假装dissipate 使消散,驱散dissolute 放荡,淫乐的dissolve 消除,消灭,溶解dissonance 不协调,不调和dissuade 劝阻,阻止distant 遥远,远离的distaste 嫌恶distend 扩张,膨胀distinct 相异,各别,清楚的distinguish 区别,辨别,认明distinguished 杰出,著名的distort 扭曲,曲解distract 分心,困恼distraught 心神分散,发狂的distress 穷困,困难,痛苦distribute 分送,分配disturb 打扰,扰乱diverge 分歧,逸出正轨diverse 各色各样,种类不同的diversify 使多样化,使变化divert 转入,转向,自娱,消遣divest 脱去,剥除divorce 离婚,分开divulge 泄漏,揭穿DIAthrough,between,across穿越,居中字首 dia 源起希腊文介系词与副词dia,为through 或 between 之意. 这个字首在希腊文中已拥有不少单字. 如dialect n. [方言] 和dialectical a. [辩证的] 虽相同字源,意思却相差甚远. 因为 dialect 源自希腊文 [方言],而 dialectical 的名词dialectic [辩证] 源起 [dialektike] [辩证],两字均由同一字根 lect [说话] 组成,原文意思不同,转入英文也有南辕北辙的解释.diacritic 能分辨,区别的diagnosis 诊断diagonal 对角线的diagram 图样,图表dialect 方言,同语系的语言dialectical 辩证的dialog(ue) 对白,对话diameter 直径diaphanous 透明,清澄的diatribe 苛评,漫骂,争论E.EC.EX.EXTRAout向外e,ec,ex,extra 是英文重要的字首之一. 其中e,ex 源自拉丁文介系词 e,ex,ec 源自希腊文介系词 ek,ex,都有 out,outside之意; extra 则来自拉丁文副词与介系词extra,原有 outside,except,without 之意. 这个字首另有两种比较少见的变音. 后面所接的字根第一个音是 f 子音时,往往会同化成 ef,如 efface v. [消除],effect n. [效果]等. 字根的第一个字母若是 c,则有部分会同化为 es,如escape v.[逃亡],escort n. [护卫] 等. 字首拼作ex 时,字根的第一个字母若是 s,则 s 一律同化在字首的 x 字母中,如execute v.[完成,执行] 字根为 secu [跟随],existv. [生存] 字根为sist [站立] 等等,均是如此.ebullient 兴高采烈,沸腾的eccentric 古怪的eclipse 使晦暗,遮掩ecstasy 心醉神迷,狂喜educate 教育,培育educe 引出efface 消除,冲淡effect 效力,影响,实现effectual 有效的effectuate 使实现,实践effete 失去活力,枯竭,衰弱的efficacious 有效的efficient 有效,有能力effort 努力effuse 发散,流出ejaculate 突然说出,叫出eject 逐出elaborate 使扩大,完美,复杂elapse (光阴)逝去,溜走elate 使兴奋,欣喜elect 选举,推选,选择elegant 文雅,高雅的elevate 提高,举起elicit 引出elide 略去eligible 合格,适当的elite 社会名流,精华elongate 拉长,延伸elope 私奔,逃亡eloquent 雄辩的elucidate 阐明,说明elude 逃避,规避emaciate 使瘦弱emanate 发出,流出emancipate 解放emerge 出现emigrate 移居eminent 杰出的emissary 使者emit 放射,喷出emotion 情感,情绪,感情enormous 巨大的eradicate 连根拔除,扑灭erase 擦掉,抹去erect 建立,竖立,直立的erode 侵蚀,腐蚀erudite 博学的erupt 爆发escape 逃脱escort 护送,护卫,护航evacuate 撤离,撤空evade 规避,逃避evaluate 评估evanescent 短暂,易逝的event 结果,发生的事,事件eventual 最后的evict 逐出evident 明显的evoke 唤起,引起evolve 引出,发展exacerbate 使加剧,激怒exact 需要,坚持要求; 精确的exaggerate 夸大,使扩大exasperate 激怒excavate 挖掘exceed 超过,胜过excel 优於,超过except 免除,除外,除...之外excerpt 摘录展开余文excess 超额,超过数,额外,超过的exchange 交换excise 切去,除去excite 鼓舞,引起exclaim 惊呼,呼喊exclude 拒绝,排除excrete 排泄exculpate 使无罪,证明无罪excursion 旅行excursive 散漫,无连贯的excuse 原谅execrate 咒骂execute 执行,处死,处决exempt 使免除(责任等) exert 运用exhale 发出,呼出exhaust 使力竭,耗尽exhibit 展览,显示exhilarate 使高兴exhort 劝告,力劝exhume 从墓中挖出exigency 紧急,迫切exile 放逐exodus 大批离去,(移民)出国exonerate 免除exorcise 去除exotic 外来,外国产的expand 张开,扩大,使膨胀expatiate 详述,漫游expatriate 移居国外,放逐expect 预期,预料expedient 权宜,方便的expedite 使加速expeditious 敏捷,迅速的expel 驱逐,逐出expend 花费,消耗expense 费用expire 死亡,满期,终止explain 解释,说明explicable 可说明,可解释的explicate 解说,说明explicit 明确的explode 爆炸,发作exploit 功迹,开发,利用explore 探险,探测,研究exponent 解释者export 外销,输出,输出品expose 暴露,揭穿expound 解释,说明express 表达,正确; 明确的,快速的expulsion 逐出exquisite 纤美,精致的extant 现存的extemporaneous 即席,临时作成的extemporize 即席演说,即席作曲extend 延长extenuate 减轻exterior 外在的; 外面,外表exterminate 消灭external 外表,形式上,外部的extinct 灭种,熄灭了的extinguish 灭绝,熄灭extirpate 灭绝,连根拔起extol 颂扬extort 勒索extra 额外,特别的extract 抽出,取出,引出,得到extradite 引渡extraneous 外来的extraordinary 杰出,惊人的extravagant 过度的extreme 极端,极端之事物; 最远,极度的extricate 解脱,救出extrinsic 外来,外在的extrude 逐出exuberant 丰富,充溢的exude 渗出,流出,流露exult 大喜,耀武扬威EM.EN.IM.INin,upon进入,在上字首 em,en,im,in 是英文重要的构词成分.共有四种拼法,em 与 en 源自希腊文的副词与介系词,im 与in 来自拉丁文的介系词,有in,within,upon 之意. 所接的字根第一个音,若是p,b,m 三个双唇音之一,则拼作 em 或 im,以双唇音接双唇音,方便发音,如 embargo n. [禁止入港],empirical a. [经验上的],impart v. [传授,告知] 等字均是. 字根的第一个音若不在双唇音之列,则拼成 en 或 in,如enamor v. [迷住],incise v. [切开,雕]等等.embargo 禁止入港,禁止,阻碍embark 乘船; 从事,著手embarrass 使困窘,使局促不安embed 嵌入,深植embellish 美化,装饰emblem 象徵,徽章embody 具体表现,编入embrace 拥抱,包含,接受embroil 使混乱empathy 共感,神入emphasize 强调empirical 实验上的employ 雇用,利用,使用empower 授权与enact 演出enamor 迷住encase 纳入套内,纳入箱内enchant 使迷住,迷惑enclave 被包领土enclose 围绕encompass 包围encounter 邂逅,遭遇encourage 鼓励,激励encroach 侵占,侵入endeavor 努力endemic 某地特有的endorse 背书; 赞同endow 赋与endure 忍受,忍耐,持久energy 精力,活力enfold 围绕,笼罩,包封enforce 加强,力劝,迫使engage 从事,忙於engender 酿成,产生engrave 刻,铭记(於心) enhance 增加,提高enjoin 命令,禁止enjoy 欢喜,享受enlist 服役,从军enrage 激怒,使暴怒enrapture 使狂喜enrich 使丰富,充实,装饰enroll 入学,登记,入伍enshrine 奉祀於庙堂中,奉为神圣enshroud 覆盖,遮蔽enslave 奴役ensnare 诱入陷阱ensure 保证entangle 使困惑,使陷入enthrall 迷住entice 吸引,引诱entitle 给与名称,使有资格,使有权利entrance 使出神,使神魂颠倒entreat 恳求entrench 挖壕沟以保护,确立entrust 交托envelop 包围,围绕environment 环境environs 周围,郊外envisage 想像,设想envision 拟想(未来)envoy 使者imbibe 吸收,饮immanent 内在的immerse 浸入,埋首热衷於immigrate 移居入境impair 损害,减少impale 以尖物刺住,围起impart 传递,给与,告诉impeach 非难,指责,检举impede 阻碍impel 驱使,逼迫imperil 危及,使陷於危机impetuous 冲动,猛烈的impetus 原动力,冲力,刺激impinge 冲击,打击implant 灌输,注入implement 工具,器具; 实现,完成implicate 牵连,暗示implicit 暗示,隐含的implore 恳求import 输入; 输入品impose 课(税),强使imposing 仪表堂堂,宏伟的impound 关於栏内,扣留imprecate 诅咒impress 铭刻,压印,盖印; 印入记忆,使感动imprint 印刻,盖印於; 不可磨灭的影响impromptu 即席,毫无准备地,立刻的improve 增进,改善impulse 灵感,动机,刺激inborn 天生的incarcerate 监禁,下狱incarnate 使具体化,使化身incense 使发怒incentive 诱因,刺激,动机incaption 开始incident 附带的事物,事件incipient 刚开始,初期的incise 刻,雕incisive 敏锐,尖刻的incite 鼓动,引起incline 倾,倾斜; 倾向,性近,爱好include 包含,包括incorporate 编入,合并,具体表现increase 增加,增大incriminate 控告incubate 熟虑,深思,筹策inculpate 归罪,控告incur 招致indebted 负债的indent 留凹痕於indicate 指示,显示induce 引起infatuate 使(人)迷恋infer 推断出,推知,暗示infiltrate 渗入,浸透inflame 使动怒,激怒inflate 使胀大,使得意inflect 转向,改变inflict 使痛苦,施加 (伤害等) influence 影响(力),权势influx 涌到,流入infringe 侵犯,违背infuriate 激怒infuse 灌输,鼓舞ingenious 有发明天才,灵敏的ingenuous 坦白,老实,诚朴的ingrained 根深蒂固,深染的ingredient 要素,组成分子ingress 进入inhabit 居住,栖息於inhale 吸入inherent 固有的inherit 继承inhibit 抑制initial 初期,最初的initiate 发起,开始inject 加入injunction 训令,命令,禁令inlet 湾,海口innate 固有,生来的inner 内部,内在的innovation 革新之处,革新inquire 探究,调查inquisitive 好管闲事,好问,好奇的inroad 袭击inscribe 刻铭inseminate 播种,使受精insert 插入insight 洞察力,洞察insist 坚持inspect 检查,审查inspire 启发,鼓舞install 安置instance 实例,例证instant 即溶,立刻的instigate 鼓动,煽动instill 灌输institute 创立,制定,著手instruct 下命令於,通知instrument 工具,器械instrumental 有帮助的insult 侮辱,对...无礼insurgent 叛徒,起事者intense 强烈,激烈的intend 意欲,计划intoxicate 使陶醉,使兴奋intricate 复杂的intrigue 吸引,激起兴趣,使困惑; 阴谋intrude 打扰,侵袭intuition 直觉知识,直觉inundation 狂流,洪水inure 使惯於invade 侵犯inveigle 诱骗,诱惑invent 发明,虚构inventory 目录,存货invest 投资,赋与invigorate 鼓舞,使强壮,使充满生气invoke 恳求involve 使陷於,牵累,影响inward 内部,心灵,内心的inwards 向内,向内部地EPIupon,toward在上,朝向字首epi 源自希腊文副词与介系词epi,在希腊文即为重要的字首,组成的单字非常多,但在英文里却不多. epi 的拼法也可变化为ep,一般视后接的字根第一个音而定:字根第一个音若是母音或h 子音,拼作ep,否则一律拼作epi. 例如epoch n. [新纪元] (希腊文epoche),及ephemeral a. [短暂的] (希腊文ephemeros) 均如此.ephemeral 的名词为ephemera,有[朝生暮死] 的意思,照字首字根推断,ep 为upon,hemera 为day,upon a day[生命只在朝夕之间],即知生命十分短促了.ephemeral 短暂的epidemic 流行,传染性的epigram 隽语,短而机智之妙语epilogue 结尾,收场白episode 插曲epistle 书信epitaph 墓志铭体的诗文,墓志铭epithet 附加於人名后之描述词epitome 典型,缩影epoch 纪元,时期,时代FOREbefore在前fore 源自古英文中的副词fore. 英文土产的字首字根不多,这是其中比较重要的一个.这个字首除了 fore之外,偶尔也拼作 for,如 forward [向前]. for 除了有before 的用法外,尚有 [分离,除外] 的意思,如:forbid v. [禁止],forgo v. [放弃],forlorn a. [孤独,无助的],forswear v.[革除,放弃] 等都是字首为for的一些参考单字.aforementioned 前述的aforesaid 前述,上述的fore 前面,在前部的forebear 祖先forebode 预示,预言forecast 预测,预见,先见之明foredoom 事先注定forefather 祖先forefront 最重要的地方,最前锋之位置foregoing 前面,前述的foregone 过去,先前的foreground 最引人注意之地位foreknow 预知foreman 工头,领班foremost 首要,第一的forerunner 前锋,先驱foresee 预知foreshadow 预示,预兆foresight 远见,先见之明forestall 预先阻止foretell 预测forethought 预谋,预筹forewarn 预先警告foreword 序,前言,引言forward 前面,前方的; 向前; 提升,促进INTERbetween,among居中字首 inter 源自拉丁文介系词 inter,原已有 between,among 的意思. 像interdict v. [禁止],interest n. [兴趣,权益] 等字是比较特别的.interdict 出自拉丁文interdicere,dicere 本为动词[说话] 之意,加上inter,由 [以言语插入] 转为 [判决],再变成现代英文 [禁止].interest 出自拉丁文 interesse,字根部分的 esse 为拉丁文 be 动词,原义为 [在其中],后又引申出 [互异],[参与],[利害相关] 等字义. esse 的第三人称单数现在式形态为 est,因此 interesse 拼法成为 interest.interaction 交相影响,交互作用intercede 说项,调停intercept 中途拦截,中途逮捕interchange 交换,交替intercourse 交际,交通interdict 禁止interest 兴趣,关心; 利益; 使感兴趣interfere 干涉,干预interim 中间时期,过渡时期interior 内部,内在的interject 插入interlace 使组合,使交织interlude 间隔的时间,插曲intermediary 中间的intermediate 中间的intermingle 混合,搀杂intermission 休息时间,中断intermittent 间歇,断续的internal 内在,内部的international 国际的interplay 相互影响,交互作用interpolate 添进,插入字句interpose 置於中间,插入,仲裁interrogate 讯问,质问interrupt 打断,妨碍intersect 相交,贯穿intersperse 散置,点缀interstice 裂缝,空隙intertwine 交缠,纠缠interval 间隔时间,间隔intervene 插入,干扰MALbad恶劣mal 源自拉丁文形容词malus 和副词male,原义为bad. 例如: malediction n. [诅咒],malefactor n.,malevolent a. [恶毒,幸灾乐祸的],便是由 male 转变而成,其他字则拼作 mal. 有部分出自法文,如拉丁文的male habitus [病态,身体不适],法文即为maladie n. [疾病],因为古法文亦源自拉丁文,接著进入英文,逐渐拼成现今的malady n. [疾病]. malaise n. [身体微恙] 也是如此: 字根部分的 aise 为法文名词,相当於英文的 ease 或 comfort.maladjusted 失调,不能适应环境的maladroit 笨拙的malady 疾病malaise 不适,不舒服malcontent 反抗,不满的malediction 诅咒malefactor 作恶者,罪犯malevolent 恶毒,恶意的malfeasance 渎职,恶行malform 使畸形malfunction 故障malice 怨恨,恶意malicious 怀恶意的malign 怨恨,怀恶意,邪恶的malignant 有害,恶毒的malnourished 营养不足的malnutrition 营养不足maltreat 虐待MON.MONOone独一字首mon,mono 出自希腊文形容词monos,原意为[单独,唯一]. 字根部分第一个音如果是母音,拼作mon; 如果是子音,则拼作mono. 如 monastery n. [修道院],源自希腊文的 monasterion [独居],后经拉丁文的monasterium 结合中古英文,出现monastery 的拼法. 由mon,mono 组成的单字较难,例如: monochrome n. [单色画法],monocle n. [单眼镜],monocracy n.[独裁政治],monogamy n. [一夫一妻制],monolingual a. [仅谙一种语言的],monotheism n. [一神教] 等.monarch 王,君主,帝王monarchy 君主政体monastery 修道院monograph 专文,专论monolog(ue) 独白monopoly 独占,垄断monotonous 单调,因单调令人厌烦的monotony 单调,令人厌烦的单调OBtoward,against,over相对,反对,全面字首 ob 源自拉丁文介系词 ob,原本即有toward,against,over 之意. 除了ob 的拼法之外,尚有 oc,of,op 与 o 的形态. 字根部分的第一个字母为 c,f,p 时,则拼成oc,of,op,如 occult a. [玄奥的],offend v. [冒犯,触怒],opportune a.[适合的] 等. o 的形态则仅在 omit v.[省略] 一字中可见到. 事实上,omit 来自拉丁文omittere v. [遗弃,放松],英文本有omit 和 obmit 两种写法,由於 b,m 两个子音均是双唇音,极容易同化成一个音,obmit 遭到淘汰,只剩 omit 了.obdurate 冷酷,无情,执拗的obey 服从,遵奉,顺从obfuscate 使模糊,使迷乱object 反对; 物体,物件; 目标,目的objective 目标,目的objurgate 痛骂,严责obligation 义务,职责obligatory 强制的oblige 强制,使受束缚oblique 不直接,斜的,间接,迂曲的obliterate 消灭,擦掉oblong 长方形的obnoxious 可憎,令人讨厌的obscene 淫秽,猥亵的obscure 昏暗的; 幽僻,微贱的; 隐藏observe 看到,发觉; 遵守obsess 使心神困扰obsolete 过时,已废的obstacle 障碍obstinate 固执,不屈服的obstruct 妨碍obtain 获得obtrude 闯入obtruse 钝,愚钝,迟钝的occasion 时机,场合,特殊之大事occult 深奥,难解的occupy 占据occur 发生offend 触怒,伤...感情offensive 攻击offer 提供omit 遗漏opponent 对手,敌手opportune 合时宜的opportunity 机会oppose 反对,对抗,使相对opposite 相反,反对的; 相反的人或物oppress 压迫,压制PARAbeside,beyond并列,超越para 源自希腊文副词与介系词 para,为beside,near,beyond 之意. 在希腊文亦为字首,下面的例字均由希腊文借入英文. 例如: parabola n. [抛物线],parallax n.[视差],parallelogram n. [平行四边形],paramilitary a. [辅助军队的],paranoian. [偏执狂],parasite n. [寄生虫] 等.para 除了有 beside,beyond 之意,尚有[防避] 的意义. 拉丁文动词 parare [准备],法文转成字首 para,有 [防避] 之意.因此,加字根 sol [太阳], [防避太阳]便成了 parasol n. [阳伞]; 加字根 chute[降落],[降落的防避装置] 便成了parachute n. [降落伞],又由parachute衍生出paratroops n. [空降部队],paratrooper n. [伞兵] 等字.parable 寓言,譬语paradigm 模范paradox 充满矛盾的人或物,矛盾的话paragon 模范,典型paragraph 段,节parallel 相同,相似的; 相似之物,相同之物paralyze 使无能力paraphrase 解述意义,意译PERthrought,throughly穿过,完全字首per 源自拉丁文介系词per,有through,throughtout 之意. 在拉丁文亦为字首,如percolate v. [过滤] 出自拉丁文percolare,perennial a. [永久的] 出自 perennis,perforate v. [穿凿] 出自perforare 等均是. 而 perspire v.,字根spir 为 [呼吸孔],与字首 per 组合成 [透过呼吸],最后转成了 [流汗]. 上古拉丁文的 perspirare 本仅有 breathe,blowconstantly 的字义,后来英文引申为 [透过细孔而成气体] 或[蒸发],最后又转成[流汗] 的意思. per 也可引申成awayentirely,to destruction [消灭,破坏],不过这种用法组成的单字不多,有peremptory a. [断然的,专横的],perfidyn. [背叛],perish v. [降低,死],perverse a. [乖张,固执的],pervert v.[误解] 等字.perceive 感觉percolate 过滤,渗出percussion 敲打perdurable 持久,不朽的peremptory 绝对,强制的perennial 永久的perfect 无缺点,全然的; 改进,完成perfidy 背信,不义perforate 穿孔,凿孔perfunctory 敷衍,表面,不关心的perish 腐坏,死permanent 固定不变,永久的permeate 弥漫,充满,渗透permit 允许,许可pernicious 有害的perpendicular 成直角,垂直的。
Abstract词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。
然而,英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语,同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量,英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”,在所有的英语构词法中,词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛,它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。
除了词缀发以外,复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径V ocabulary is one of the main obstacles of English study. However English word formation can help us recognize English words, understand them correctly, and enlarge our vocabulary quickly. It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them,affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary, and it is claimed to be one of the best ways of learning English. Besides, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, acronyms, back-formation are also efficient ways of learning English. In the paper the ways and characteristics of word formation is analyzed form these aspects: affixation, compounding, conversion, blending.Key words: English, lexicology, word formation, affixation(关键字:英语、词汇学,构词法,词缀法)IntroductionThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. Talking about word formation patterns means dealing with rules. But not all words which are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the word have gained an institutional currency in the language. Therefore rules only provide a constant set of models from which new word are created from day to day. Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For instance, affixes and compounding processes may become productive at one time or lose their productivity. By word formation processes, we concentrate on productive or on productive rules. While applying the rules, we should keep in mind that there are always exceptions. In my opinion, the most important principle for all these rules of word formation is economy.Chapter 1 the function of English word formation1.1 Word formation is an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.Nowadays, more and more people have taken notice of learning English. The number of the people who begin to learn English has increased at a high speed. How can we improve our English effectively is undoubtedly the focus of our attention. Generally speaking, vocabulary and grammatical rules are keys to learning Englishwell. Among the two aspects, vocabulary apparently plays a more important role.V ocabulary is the foundation of language. If a language learner doesn‟t have enough vocabulary to express his or her opinions and understand other people, even if his or her grammatical rules and pronunciations are excellent, but he can not communicate with others well, he shouldn‟t be a good language learner.Under the influence of traditional teaching mode, teachers often emphasis more on grammatical rules and pronunciations than vocabulary. As a result, students spend a lot of time on remembering new words, but the results are not so efficient. However if we have a knowledge of English word formation, the results will be not that bad. Word formation is really an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.1.2 Word formation can help us have a better comprehension of an article.When we are reading a new article, we often encounter with some new words that we have never seen before. In this case, most of us will leave out the new word and go on with the following sections. However, this is not a good habit. If we want to improve our English, we have to take every new word seriously either look them up in the dictionary or search for the internet. But don‟t you think that these methods are inefficient? If we know something about English word formation, maybe the article would not be so difficult for us to understand. In this way, we can guess the meaning of the new word according to what we have learned about English word formation. It has been proved that our guess is correct in most cases. So we say word formation can help us have a better comprehension of a new article.1.3 Many new words can be derived based on the rules of word formationRecent years, the use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth to a new language phenomenon-cyber language. A large amount of cyber language has sprung up. Not all the new vocabulary can be recognized by human society. Some new words only emerged in a very short time and then disappeared, however, there are still a lot of words are shared by many people. Finally, these words are recognized by the whole human society. Some are even added to the reversed dictionary. Can we say that these words are unreasonable and irrational? The answer is absolutely “No”.Most of the new words that have been recognized are derived based on certain rules of word formation. For example, the sentence “3QU” is widely used in the chatting room on the internet by foreigners. This is also known as one important characteristics of English word-productivity. So it is necessary for us to learn English word formation.Chapter 2 AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words derived from old or base forms. The words that are created in this way arecalled derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into three subcategories: pre-fixation, in-fixation and suffixation.Pre-fixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases, which do not generally change the word-class of the base. That is to say, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions. In my opinion, prefixes can be divided into: negative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of time and order, and so on.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. Their primary function is to change the grammatical function of the base, such as the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning, though there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes, and verb suffixes. I can give you an example. The word “countless”, “-less”change the part of form and show the negative meaning of the stem.Infixes are not so common and they usually show a kind attitude of the speaker and will not change the part of form and meaning of words.Chapter 3 CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a …lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word‟ (Quirk).Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open. Compounds have remarkable characteristics which are different from noun phrases. It comes down to three major ones:1) Phonological features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases where there are two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second, whereas the opposite is true of free phrase.2) Semantic features. Compounds differ from free phrases semantically. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. The meaning of a free phrase can not be inferred from the two components of itself. Nevertheless, a lot of compound are transparent, that is to say, the meaning can be obtained from the separate elements of compounds. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity.3) Grammatical features. Two elements of a compound each plays a separate grammatical role, which can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphological. For example, compound nouns often show their plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end. Though there are exceptions, their …one-wordness‟identity is apparent.Chapter 4 ConversionIn English learning, students will often confused with words which have two or more part of form. Many of such conditions are caused by conversion. Conversion is the formation of mew words by converting words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures but in function. Words created in this way are new only in a grammatical sense. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. It deserves nothing that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning is originally carried.Chapter 5 BlendingBlending is a very productive process and many coinages are resulting from blending have become well established. Moreover, they can sever as models for new formation. It is not the Combination of two words directly, but to combine parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. This kind of word formation is called blending. This processes including:The first part of the first word +the last part the second word.The whole part of the first part +the last part the second word.The first part of the first word +the first part the second word.The whole part of the second word + the first part of the first word.The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and newspapers and magazines. Though many of them have already achieved currency in English, they are still considered by the serious-minded peopleto be slang and informal. However, it is advisable not to use such words too often, particularly in formal writing.ConclusionLanguage develops with the development of society and vocabulary is sensitive to the changes of society. Some old words are abandoned and some new ones are created. Most of the new words in English are created according to certain rules and conformed to certain methods. These rules and methods are closely related to English word formation. So it is essential, as well as important, for us to learn word formation, especially for the students of English major.参考文献(5条):外语语言文学系列教程张维友英语词汇学教程2009学术论文魏红构词法是迅速扩大英语词汇量的有效方法2009期刊论文丁琳徐玲English word formation processes 2009期刊论文张莉浅谈英语构词法中的词缀发2008广州大学学报卢春媚浅谈英语构词法2002。
用构词法来扩大词汇量摘要:学生阶段的英语考试,都需要掌握一定的词汇量,虽然这不是衡量英语水平的唯一标准,但在英语学习中词汇量也是相当重要的一个衡量指标。
了解词素,词缀,词根以及构词法的一些方法,对增加词汇量有很大帮助,学习这些既有助于扩大词汇,同时也掌握了一些学习英语的技巧。
关键词:构词法词汇词缀一、引言:使用语言来表述情感是人类社会能够和谐发展的基础,而无论哪种语言都是由最简单的词汇汇合而成的,如今英语作为一种历史悠久、语汇丰富、词义纷繁、语法简练、使用灵活且搭配能力极强的语言,已经成为学校的一门必修语言课,魏尔金斯曾经精辟地指出:没有语法不能很好地表达,而没有词汇则什么也不能表达。
可以毫不夸张地说,词汇量是制约外语学习效率的最重要因素。
离开了高效率的词汇学习,语言知识的掌握便无从谈起,交际能力的培养也必将成为无源之水。
笔者认为构词法能有效的、快速的对词汇进行学习。
二、词素的分类词素可以分为自由词素(free morpheme)和粘着语素(bound morpheme),自由词素可以单独形成意思,而粘着语素必须依靠至少一个自由词素或粘着词素才能形成意义。
比如unfaithful,faith是自由词素,un-和ful-是粘着词素。
词素还可以分为词汇词素(lexical morpheme)、语法词素(grammatical morpheme)和派生词素(derivational morpheme)。
比如black、bird和blackbird 都是词汇词素,而books、worked、studying都是语法词素,unhappy、faithful 等属于派生词素。
三、词根(root)、前缀(prefix)、后缀(suffix)扩大词汇(1)词根词根是一个单词的基础,用来表达最本质的意思。
同样词根也可以分为自由词根(free root)和粘着词根(bound root)。
比如:teacher中的teach、worker中的work是自由词素,antiquity中的antiq(表古老),accelerate中的celer(表示快,迅速)是词根词素。
浅谈构词法摘要:每一种语言都是随其外部社会环境的变化而演变的,这种演变是通过其基本单位——单词的变化来实现的。
新的单词的产生如同单词的构成一样是有一定规律的, 即构词法。
本文旨在分析英语构词法的san 种形式:转化法,合成法及派生法.关键词:转化法合成法派生法●词是什么?“词”的英语是“Word”。
依据词典“Word”可译为“语言、言、话、字、文字、词”等。
人类在学习一种语言时最基本的两件事就是认识词和使用词来表达思想。
●那么“Word”是什么?我们先从表达思想来说。
大凡人要把心中所感觉到的和所想的表达出来时,一个共通的表达模式就是“举出主题并说明它”。
这种表达模式我们叫做“一句话”,在语言学上称为句子(Sentence)。
例如:例A:Your book is on the desk.(你的书在书桌上。
)例B:Tom goes to school by bicycle every day.(汤姆每天骑自行车上学。
)例C:The lady who has just passed by is our English teacher.(刚经过的那位女士是我们的英语老师。
)解说:上面各例都是句子。
例A是表示我们生活中周边的静态事物,例B是表达事物的动态现象,例C所表达的是两者都有。
那么句子是由什么来组成的呢?由上面各例可以了解句子的组成要素如下:●由上面的解说我们可以了解:定义:词、短语、从句等称为句子组成的要素(Element)。
词是句子的组成要素中不能再细分的最小表意单位(Sense unit)。
●为何在学构词法?我们认为,对于普通人员来说,学点英语的构词方式,有以下几方面的益处:(1)了解词的结构,扩大巩固所学的词汇。
在阅读科技文章和专业资料时,碰到生字可以由已知的成分去分析未知词的含义,甚至可以"猜字"。
比如说,如果我们知道了词根anthropo-[man](人)的意思,就有难理解下面几个词的含义:anthropolgy(人类学)、anthropid (类人的)、anthropologist(人类学家)、anthropolgical(人类学的)、philanthropist(慈善家)、misanthropist(厌世者)。
英语构词法对学习词汇的帮助语言随着社会的发展而发展,词汇对人类社会发展过的变化最为敏感。
英语中的词汇大都符合一些语法规则。
通过学习英语构词法,了解其词的结构,扩大巩固所学的词汇,对深刻理解词义有一定的作用,同时还可以灵活运用词汇,了解其深层结构,对记忆单词有本质的作用。
下面本文就英语的三大基本构词法(派生法(derivation)、转换法(conversion)和合成法(composition))展开了研究。
掌握这六种主要构词方法对学习英语者有很大的帮助,而且对也英语词汇的学习有很大的作用。
英语构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。
1.英语派生法的概述1.1英语派生法的概念词缀法是利用派生词缀和词根结合构成新词的方法,又称派生法。
词根是派生词的基础,而词缀能起到决定派生词的词汇意义和语法属性的作用,可以说词缀和词根是扩大词汇量的最重要的钥匙。
派生词缀分为前缀和后缀。
加在词根前的叫前缀,加在词根后的叫后缀。
前缀含义丰富,可表示否定、逆反、轻蔑、程度、尺度、位置、方位、态度、时间、次序、数字、转类等。
而后缀不仅可以改变词的意义,而且后缀有很强的语法意义,能够决定词的语法属性,可以使单词由一种词类变为另一种词类,可以用来构成名词、形容词和动词等各种词类1.2 英语派生法的特点英语的前缀和后缀在语法功能、语义,以及与词根关系的密切程度上都有不同。
大多数后缀会改变词根的词性,而大多数前缀不影响词根的词性和其他语法范畴,只是对词根的语义加以修饰或限制。
从这个意义上说前缀的意义与副词相仿,可以表示方式、态度、程度、时间、地点、否定等概念。
表示方式的前缀,如:mis–(错误的:mislead v.领错路、使人误解;miscalculate v.算错)表示态度的前缀,如:anti–(反对:anti–social a. 反社会的;anti–war a. 反战的)表示程度的前超人;superpower n. 超级大国)表示时间的前缀,如:pre–(在……之前:prenatal a.出生前的) post–(在……之后:post–war a.战后的)表示地点的前缀,如:inter–(在……之间international a.国际的),sub–(在……之下,在……下面的:subway n.地下铁道)后缀有很强的语法意义,他们都能决定词的语法属性;后缀的词汇意义不如前缀明显。
论文英语三大主要构词法
1. 以希腊和拉丁词根为主的构词法:这种构词法是指借助希腊或拉丁的字根、词缀、前缀、后缀等方式形成新词语或变换词性的词法。
比如,biology(生物学)由希腊词根 bios(生命)和logy(科学)构成,而prefix(前缀)由拉丁词根pre(前)和 fixus(固定的)构成。
2. 以非原型词为主的构词法:这种构词法是指通过对已有的单词进行改变、缩写、组合或转化等方式来创造新的词语。
比如,email(电子邮件)是由电子(electronic)和邮件(mail)两个词合并而成的。
3. 以简单词语为主的构词法:这种构词法是指直接使用简单的基本单词来构建新的复合词、派生词,或者将它们组织在一起,构成一定意义或表达特定含义的短语。
比如,bookstore(书店)是由book(书)和store(商店)组合而成的。
Abstract词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。
然而,英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语,同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量,英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”,在所有的英语构词法中,词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛,它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。
除了词缀发以外,复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径Vocabulary is one of the main obstacles of English study. However English word formation can help us recognize English words, understand them correctly, and enlarge our vocabulary quickly. It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them,affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary, and it is claimed to be one of the best ways of learning English. Besides, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, acronyms, back-formation are also efficient ways of learning English. In the paper the ways and characteristics of word formation is analyzed form these aspects: affixation, compounding, conversion, blending.Key words: English, lexicology, word formation, affixation(关键字:英语、词汇学,构词法,词缀法)IntroductionThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. Talking about word formation patterns means dealing with rules. But not all words which are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the word have gained an institutional currency in the language. Therefore rules only provide a constant set of models from which new word are created from day to day. Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For instance, affixes and compounding processes may become productive at one time or lose their productivity. By word formation processes, we concentrate on productive or on productive rules. While applying the rules, we should keep in mind that there are always exceptions. In my opinion, the most important principle for all these rules of word formation is economy.Chapter 1 the function of English word formation1.1 Word formation is an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.Nowadays, more and more people have taken notice of learning English. The number of the people who begin to learn English has increased at a high speed. How can we improve our English effectively is undoubtedly the focus of our attention. Generally speaking, vocabulary and grammatical rules are keys to learning Englishwell. Among the two aspects, vocabulary apparently plays a more important role.V ocabulary is the foundation of language. If a language learner doesn’t have enough vocabulary to express his or her opinions and understand other people, even if his or her grammatical rules and pronunciations are excellent, but he can not communicate with others well, he shouldn’t be a good language learner.Under the influence of traditional teaching mode, teachers often emphasis more on grammatical rules and pronunciations than vocabulary. As a result, students spend a lot of time on remembering new words, but the results are not so efficient. However if we have a knowledge of English word formation, the results will be not that bad. Word formation is really an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.1.2 Word formation can help us have a better comprehension of an article.When we are reading a new article, we often encounter with some new words that we have never seen before. In this case, most of us will leave out the new word and go on with the following sections. However, this is not a good habit. If we want to improve our English, we have to take every new word seriously either look them up in the dictionary or search for the internet. But don’t you think that these methods are inefficient? If we know something about English word formation, maybe the article would not be so difficult for us to understand. In this way, we can guess the meaning of the new word according to what we have learned about English word formation. It has been proved that our guess is correct in most cases. So we say word formation can help us have a better comprehension of a new article.1.3 Many new words can be derived based on the rules of word formationRecent years, the use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth to a new language phenomenon-cyber language. A large amount of cyber language has sprung up. Not all the new vocabulary can be recognized by human society. Some new words only emerged in a very short time and then disappeared, however, there are still a lot of words are shared by many people. Finally, these words are recognized by the whole human society. Some are even added to the reversed dictionary. Can we say that these words are unreasonable and irrational? The answer is absolutely “No”.Most of the new words that have been recognized are derived based on certain rules of word formation. For example, the sentence “3QU” is widely used in the chatting room on the internet by foreigners. This is also known as one important characteristics of English word-productivity. So it is necessary for us to learn English word formation.Chapter 2 AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words derived from old or base forms. The words that are created in this way arecalled derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into three subcategories: pre-fixation, in-fixation and suffixation.Pre-fixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases, which do not generally change the word-class of the base. That is to say, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions. In my opinion, prefixes can be divided into: negative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of time and order, and so on.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. Their primary function is to change the grammatical function of the base, such as the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning, though there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes, and verb suffixes. I can give you an example. The word “countless”, “-less”change the part of form and show the negative meaning of the stem.Infixes are not so common and they usually show a kind attitude of the speaker and will not change the part of form and meaning of words.Chapter 3 CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a ‘lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word’ (Quirk).Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open. Compounds have remarkable characteristics which are different from noun phrases. It comes down to three major ones:1) Phonological features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases where there are two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second, whereas the opposite is true of free phrase.2) Semantic features. Compounds differ from free phrases semantically. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. The meaning of a free phrase can not be inferred from the two components of itself. Nevertheless, a lot of compound are transparent, that is to say, the meaning can be obtained from the separate elements of compounds. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity.3) Grammatical features. Two elements of a compound each plays a separate grammatical role, which can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphological. For example, compound nouns often show their plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end. Though there are exceptions, their ‘one-wordness’identity is apparent.Chapter 4 ConversionIn English learning, students will often confused with words which have two or more part of form. Many of such conditions are caused by conversion. Conversion is the formation of mew words by converting words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures but in function. Words created in this way are new only in a grammatical sense. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. It deserves nothing that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning is originally carried.Chapter 5 BlendingBlending is a very productive process and many coinages are resulting from blending have become well established. Moreover, they can sever as models for new formation. It is not the Combination of two words directly, but to combine parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. This kind of word formation is called blending. This processes including:The first part of the first word +the last part the second word.The whole part of the first part +the last part the second word.The first part of the first word +the first part the second word.The whole part of the second word + the first part of the first word.The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and newspapers and magazines. Though many of them have already achieved currency in English, they are still considered by the serious-minded peopleto be slang and informal. However, it is advisable not to use such words too often, particularly in formal writing.ConclusionLanguage develops with the development of society and vocabulary is sensitive to the changes of society. Some old words are abandoned and some new ones are created. Most of the new words in English are created according to certain rules and conformed to certain methods. These rules and methods are closely related to English word formation. So it is essential, as well as important, for us to learn word formation, especially for the students of English major.。