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Abstract词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。
然而，英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语，同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量，英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”，在所有的英语构词法中，词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛，它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。
除了词缀发以外，复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径V ocabulary is one of the main obstacles of English study. However English word formation can help us recognize English words, understand them correctly, and enlarge our vocabulary quickly. It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them，affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary, and it is claimed to be one of the best ways of learning English. Besides, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, acronyms, back-formation are also efficient ways of learning English. In the paper the ways and characteristics of word formation is analyzed form these aspects: affixation, compounding, conversion, blending.Key words: English, lexicology, word formation, affixation（关键字：英语、词汇学，构词法，词缀法）IntroductionThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. Talking about word formation patterns means dealing with rules. But not all words which are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the word have gained an institutional currency in the language. Therefore rules only provide a constant set of models from which new word are created from day to day. Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For instance, affixes and compounding processes may become productive at one time or lose their productivity. By word formation processes, we concentrate on productive or on productive rules. While applying the rules, we should keep in mind that there are always exceptions. In my opinion, the most important principle for all these rules of word formation is economy.Chapter 1 the function of English word formation1.1 Word formation is an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.Nowadays, more and more people have taken notice of learning English. The number of the people who begin to learn English has increased at a high speed. How can we improve our English effectively is undoubtedly the focus of our attention. Generally speaking, vocabulary and grammatical rules are keys to learning Englishwell. Among the two aspects, vocabulary apparently plays a more important role.V ocabulary is the foundation of language. If a language learner doesn‟t have enough vocabulary to express his or her opinions and understand other people, even if his or her grammatical rules and pronunciations are excellent, but he can not communicate with others well, he shouldn‟t be a good language learner.Under the influence of traditional teaching mode, teachers often emphasis more on grammatical rules and pronunciations than vocabulary. As a result, students spend a lot of time on remembering new words, but the results are not so efficient. However if we have a knowledge of English word formation, the results will be not that bad. Word formation is really an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.1.2 Word formation can help us have a better comprehension of an article.When we are reading a new article, we often encounter with some new words that we have never seen before. In this case, most of us will leave out the new word and go on with the following sections. However, this is not a good habit. If we want to improve our English, we have to take every new word seriously either look them up in the dictionary or search for the internet. But don‟t you think that these methods are inefficient? If we know something about English word formation, maybe the article would not be so difficult for us to understand. In this way, we can guess the meaning of the new word according to what we have learned about English word formation. It has been proved that our guess is correct in most cases. So we say word formation can help us have a better comprehension of a new article.1.3 Many new words can be derived based on the rules of word formationRecent years, the use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth to a new language phenomenon-cyber language. A large amount of cyber language has sprung up. Not all the new vocabulary can be recognized by human society. Some new words only emerged in a very short time and then disappeared, however, there are still a lot of words are shared by many people. Finally, these words are recognized by the whole human society. Some are even added to the reversed dictionary. Can we say that these words are unreasonable and irrational? The answer is absolutely “No”.Most of the new words that have been recognized are derived based on certain rules of word formation. For example, the sentence “3QU” is widely used in the chatting room on the internet by foreigners. This is also known as one important characteristics of English word-productivity. So it is necessary for us to learn English word formation.Chapter 2 AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words derived from old or base forms. The words that are created in this way arecalled derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into three subcategories: pre-fixation, in-fixation and suffixation.Pre-fixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases, which do not generally change the word-class of the base. That is to say, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions. In my opinion, prefixes can be divided into: negative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of time and order, and so on.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. Their primary function is to change the grammatical function of the base, such as the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning, though there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes, and verb suffixes. I can give you an example. The word “countless”, “-less”change the part of form and show the negative meaning of the stem.Infixes are not so common and they usually show a kind attitude of the speaker and will not change the part of form and meaning of words.Chapter 3 CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a …lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word‟ (Quirk).Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open. Compounds have remarkable characteristics which are different from noun phrases. It comes down to three major ones:1) Phonological features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases where there are two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second, whereas the opposite is true of free phrase.2) Semantic features. Compounds differ from free phrases semantically. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. The meaning of a free phrase can not be inferred from the two components of itself. Nevertheless, a lot of compound are transparent, that is to say, the meaning can be obtained from the separate elements of compounds. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity.3) Grammatical features. Two elements of a compound each plays a separate grammatical role, which can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphological. For example, compound nouns often show their plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end. Though there are exceptions, their …one-wordness‟identity is apparent.Chapter 4 ConversionIn English learning, students will often confused with words which have two or more part of form. Many of such conditions are caused by conversion. Conversion is the formation of mew words by converting words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures but in function. Words created in this way are new only in a grammatical sense. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. It deserves nothing that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning is originally carried.Chapter 5 BlendingBlending is a very productive process and many coinages are resulting from blending have become well established. Moreover, they can sever as models for new formation. It is not the Combination of two words directly, but to combine parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. This kind of word formation is called blending. This processes including:The first part of the first word +the last part the second word.The whole part of the first part +the last part the second word.The first part of the first word +the first part the second word.The whole part of the second word + the first part of the first word.The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and newspapers and magazines. Though many of them have already achieved currency in English, they are still considered by the serious-minded peopleto be slang and informal. However, it is advisable not to use such words too often, particularly in formal writing.ConclusionLanguage develops with the development of society and vocabulary is sensitive to the changes of society. Some old words are abandoned and some new ones are created. Most of the new words in English are created according to certain rules and conformed to certain methods. These rules and methods are closely related to English word formation. So it is essential, as well as important, for us to learn word formation, especially for the students of English major.参考文献（5条）：外语语言文学系列教程张维友英语词汇学教程2009学术论文魏红构词法是迅速扩大英语词汇量的有效方法2009期刊论文丁琳徐玲English word formation processes 2009期刊论文张莉浅谈英语构词法中的词缀发2008广州大学学报卢春媚浅谈英语构词法2002。
On Word Formation★PrefaceLearn a language; you must learn pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary. Among the three factors, vocabulary has a very important role in your language-studying. A famous scholar Wilkins said” without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.”He emphasized that in most cases, the vocabulary is more important than grammar. Another famous lexicologist McCarthy said, when a student learn the second language, no matter how well the student learns grammar, no matter how successfully he masters the seconds of a L2，without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in that language cannot happen in any manful way.From these two examples and of course include many other cases that are not mentioned here now, we can conclude that if you don’t care vocabulary at all, it is impossible to learn a language in some way. What’s more, you cannot express your real feeling no matter you are happy, sad, fortune, or you are unlucky, because you don’t know what words you can say or you can write.Today, I will tell you what I had learned in this class. What I will teach you is “word formation”, why do I choose this topic to talk? Because in my opinion, if you know the word formation very well, you can remember and use the new words easily. Absolutely, it’s very helpful for your language studying.D on’t you think so?★SummaryEnglish vocabulary has several of Word-formation methods. But the three greatest word formation powers are affixation, compounding, and conversion. The other six kinds of word-formation methods include blending, clipping, acronymy, back-formation, sound reduplication, and communization of proper names.★KeywordsMorphemes, classifying, word-formation★ContextBefore talking about word formation, maybe we should know the morphological structure of English words first. So what we will discuss next is morphological structure of English words. It includes morphemes, morphs and allomorphs, classifying morphemes, identifying morphemes, morphemes and word-formation.☆morphemesTraditionally, words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of a language to make sentence, which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In view of word-formation, the morpheme is seen as ‘thesmallest functioning unit in the composition of words’. Syn tactically, however, a morpheme is the minimal form of grammatical analysis.Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.Morphemes vary in function. Accordingly, we can classify morphemes into several general categories:①Free versus Bound Morphemes ---- morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.②Derivational versus Inflectional Morphemes ---- morphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.③Content versus Grammatical Morphemes ---- On a semantic and syntactic basis, morphemes can fall into content and grammatical morphemes. Content morphemes are lexical morphemes which are used as we see above to derive new words, so also known as derivational morphemes.☆Morphemes and Word-formationWe know that words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation formation, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix.Affixes are forms that are attached to words or elements to modify meaning or function. Affixes are bound morphemes because none of them can stand as words in their own right. According to the functions of affixes, we can divide them into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes. Derivational and inflectional affixes are identical with derivational and inflectional morphemes. In view of their distribution in the formation of word, affixes can fall into prefix and suffix.Before we begin our actual discussion of word-building processes, there are some basic concepts that need clarifying:1.Root: a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzedwithout total loss of identity.2.Stem: a stem may consist of a single root morpheme or of two rootmorphemes. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes.3.Base: a base is referred to a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Itcan be a root or a stem.☆ Word FormationThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.⑴AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-formingor derivational affixes to base. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.Prefixation includes:Negative Prefixes (a-, dis- ,in-, non-, un-…)Reversative or Privative Prefixes (de-, dis-, un,…)Pejorative Prefixes (mal-, mis-, pseudo- …)Prefixes of Degree or Size (arch-, co-, extra-, hyper-, macro-, micro-, mini-, out-,over-, sub-, super-, sur-, ultra-, under- …) Prefixes of Orientation and Attitude (anti-, contra-, counter-, pro-…)Locative Prefixes ( fore-, inter-, intra-, super-, tele-, trans-…)Prefixes of Time and Order ( ex-, fore-, post-, pre-, re- …)Number Prefixes ( bi-, multi-, semi-,tri-,uni- …)Conversion Prefixes ( a-, be-, en- …)Miscellaneous Prefixes ( auto- , neo-, pan-, proto-, vice- …)Suffixation includes:Noun suffixes (denominal nouns, deverbal nouns, de-adjective nouns, non andadjective suffixes)Adjective suffixes (denominal suffixes, deverbal suffixes )Adverb suffixes (Omit example)Verb suffixes (Omit example)⑵CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Wordsworth formed in this way are called compounds. Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open.1.Characteristics of compoundsCompounds have noticeable characteristics which may in most cases differentiate themselves from noun phrases in the following four aspects: Phonological features, semantic features, grammatical, orthographical features.2.Formation of compoundsCompounding can take place within any of the word class, but the productive ones are nouns and adjectives followed by verbs to a much lesser extent.Noun compounds, adjective compounds, verb compounds.⑶ConversionConversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs.Conversion to nouns (deverbal, de-adjectival, miscellaneous conversion )Conversion to verbs (denominal, de-adjectival, miscellaneous conversion )conversion to adjectives (voiceless to voiced consonant, initial to end stress)the other six means of word-formation includes:Blending, Clipping, Acronymy, Back-formation, Sound reduplication, Communization of proper names.Because the words limit, the six word-formation methods is not detailed introduced here. If you are interested in them, please refer to the lexicology. Annotation: 《英语词汇学教程》张伟友著，《词汇学学习指南》杨春慧著。
用构词法来扩大词汇量摘要：学生阶段的英语考试，都需要掌握一定的词汇量，虽然这不是衡量英语水平的唯一标准，但在英语学习中词汇量也是相当重要的一个衡量指标。
了解词素，词缀，词根以及构词法的一些方法，对增加词汇量有很大帮助，学习这些既有助于扩大词汇，同时也掌握了一些学习英语的技巧。
关键词：构词法词汇词缀一、引言：使用语言来表述情感是人类社会能够和谐发展的基础，而无论哪种语言都是由最简单的词汇汇合而成的，如今英语作为一种历史悠久、语汇丰富、词义纷繁、语法简练、使用灵活且搭配能力极强的语言，已经成为学校的一门必修语言课，魏尔金斯曾经精辟地指出：没有语法不能很好地表达，而没有词汇则什么也不能表达。
可以毫不夸张地说，词汇量是制约外语学习效率的最重要因素。
离开了高效率的词汇学习，语言知识的掌握便无从谈起，交际能力的培养也必将成为无源之水。
笔者认为构词法能有效的、快速的对词汇进行学习。
二、词素的分类词素可以分为自由词素（free morpheme）和粘着语素（bound morpheme），自由词素可以单独形成意思，而粘着语素必须依靠至少一个自由词素或粘着词素才能形成意义。
比如unfaithful，faith是自由词素，un-和ful-是粘着词素。
词素还可以分为词汇词素（lexical morpheme）、语法词素（grammatical morpheme）和派生词素（derivational morpheme）。
比如black、bird和blackbird 都是词汇词素，而books、worked、studying都是语法词素，unhappy、faithful 等属于派生词素。
三、词根（root）、前缀（prefix）、后缀（suffix）扩大词汇（1）词根词根是一个单词的基础，用来表达最本质的意思。
同样词根也可以分为自由词根（free root）和粘着词根（bound root）。
比如：teacher中的teach、worker中的work是自由词素，antiquity中的antiq（表古老），accelerate中的celer（表示快，迅速）是词根词素。
Title: The Fascinating World of English Word Formation: An Exploration of MorphologyIn the vast expanse of the English language, words are the bricks that build our linguistic edifice, each carrying a unique meaning and context. One of the most intriguing aspects of English is its remarkable ability to create new words through a process known as word formation or morphology. This essay delves into the fascinating world of English morphology, exploring its various techniques and the rich tapestry of vocabulary they weave.Introduction to MorphologyMorphology, a branch of linguistics, deals with the internal structure of words, particularly how they are formed from smaller units called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in language; they can be roots, prefixes, suffixes, or even inflectional endings that indicate grammatical categories like tense, number, or person.Roots: The Core of MeaningAt the heart of word formation lies the root, the essential part of a word that carries its primary meaning. Roots can be combined with prefixes and suffixes to create new words with related but distinct meanings. For instance, the root "bio-" meaning "life" combines with "-logy" (study of) to form "biology," the study of life. Similarly,"-graphy" (writing or recording) combines with "photo-" (light) to yield "photography," the art or process of capturing images with light.Prefixes: Modifying the MeaningPrefixes are added to the beginning of roots or words to alter their meaning. They can indicate direction, time, intensity, or negation. For example, the prefix "un-" signifies negation, transforming "happy" into "unhappy." Similarly, "pre-" denotes something that comes before, giving us "preview" (to see before) and "predict" (to say before it happens). Prefixes like these expand the expressive power of English by allowing us to convey subtle nuances of meaning.Suffixes: Changing the Part of SpeechSuffixes, attached to the end of roots or words, often change the part of speech or add additional information about the word's function. The suffix "-ness" converts adjectives into nouns, as seen in "kindness" and "sadness." Meanwhile, "-ly" typically turns adjectives into adverbs, enhancing descriptive capabilities, like in "quickly" and "beautifully." Suffixes also indicate verb tense (-ed, -ing), plurality (-s, -es), and possessive ownership (-'s).Compound Words: Blending MeaningsCompound words, formed by combining two or more existing words, create new meanings through the blending of their individual senses. These can be open (written as separate words, e.g., "blackboard") or closed (written as a single word, e.g., "breakfast"). Compound words enrich our vocabulary by allowing us to describe complex concepts succinctly, such as "sunflower" (a flower that faces the sun) and "teardrop" (a drop of tear).Borrowing and Coining: Expanding the LexiconEnglish has a long history of borrowing words from other languages, particularly Latin, Greek, French, and more recently, other world languages. This process, known as loanwords, significantly expands our vocabulary and introduces new concepts. Additionally, coinage, or the creation of entirely new words, is a common practice in English. From technological advancements (e.g., "internet," "smartphone") to cultural phenomena (e.g., "selfie," "FOMO"), coinage reflects the ever-evolving nature of our language.ConclusionThe intricate web of English morphology, with its roots, prefixes, suffixes, compound words, and borrowed/coined terms, underscores the dynamic and creative nature of our language. This rich system of word formation not only enables us to communicate complex ideas but also reflects the cultural, historical, and technological advancements that shape our world. As language learners and users, we are continually invited to explore, understand, and contribute to this ever-growing tapestry of English vocabulary.。
英语词汇构词法(Word-formation)英语构词通常包括六种方法：转化法、派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法和首尾字母结合法。
一、英语词汇构词法之【转化法】英语构词法中把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。
1.动词转化为名词1）意思没有变化，例如：I think we'd better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。
2）意思有一定变化，例如：He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
3）构成短语，例如：Let's have a look first. 我们先看一下吧。
2.名词转化为动词1）表示物体的，如：Have you booked the ticket?你订好票了吗?2）表示身体部位的，如：Hand in your papers please.请把你们的试卷交上来。
3）表示一类人的，如：She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
4）抽象名词，如：We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。
3.形容词转化为动词少数形容词可以转化为动词。
例如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
4.副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。
例如：Murder will out.恶事终必将败露。
5.形容词转化为名词1）表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，如：The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。
2）一些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数，如：We don't belong to the rich, but we don't belong to the poor, either. 我们不是有钱人，但我们也不是穷人。
英语构词法学习研究第一篇：英语构词法学习研究英语构词法及其在英语词汇教学中的应用［摘要］英语构词法可以帮助学生正确辨认单词的词形、词性和理解词意,并迅速扩大词汇量,是学习英语的有效途径。
本文旨在综合分析英语单词够词法的所有类型，给教师、学生以及学英语人士以启示的作用。
所谓英语构词法就是按照语法规则构成新词的方法,同一个词根如果添上或去掉不同的词缀,可以构成一系列不同的派生词。
英语构词法的种类有以下几种：（一）合成法合成法即把两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列组成一个复合词。
如basketball, life-long, face-to-face, blackboard。
在英语发展的过程中，合成法在构词方面起到很大作用，为英语补充了大量词汇。
复合词的后兹材料多数由基本词汇提供。
合成词的含义多数可从字面看出，如以上各例，但其特定含义，则不受词中各个成分连接方式的影响，其写法由习惯而定，可用连接号，亦可不用。
如mouth-filling(气势十足的)，mouth-to-mouth method(口对口人工呼吸法)。
合成词的含义往往由其各个成分的关系而定，各词之间意义千变万化，毫无规则可言，但实际上，对于其含义，从上下文就可以看出，且很少会产生误解。
合成词可分为合成名词，合成形容词，合成动词等。
1.合成名词的主要构成方式有：⑴.名词+名词,如news +paper= newspaper(报纸),class +room=classroom(教室)；⑵.形容词+名词，如black +board=blackboard(黑板)，high +way=highway(公路)；⑶.动词+名词，如scare +crow=scarecrow(稻草人)。
2.合成形容词的主要构成方式：⑴.名词+形容词,如color +blind= colorblind(色盲的)，world +wide=worldwide(全世界范围的)；⑵.形容词+形容词，如bitter +sweet=bittersweet(又苦又甜的)；⑶.副词+形容词，如over +sensitive=oversensitive(过敏的)。
浅谈构词法摘要：每一种语言都是随其外部社会环境的变化而演变的，这种演变是通过其基本单位——单词的变化来实现的。
新的单词的产生如同单词的构成一样是有一定规律的, 即构词法。
本文旨在分析英语构词法的san 种形式：转化法，合成法及派生法.关键词：转化法合成法派生法●词是什么？“词”的英语是“Word”。
依据词典“Word”可译为“语言、言、话、字、文字、词”等。
人类在学习一种语言时最基本的两件事就是认识词和使用词来表达思想。
●那么“Word”是什么？我们先从表达思想来说。
大凡人要把心中所感觉到的和所想的表达出来时，一个共通的表达模式就是“举出主题并说明它”。
这种表达模式我们叫做“一句话”，在语言学上称为句子（Sentence）。
例如：例A：Your book is on the desk．（你的书在书桌上。
）例B：Tom goes to school by bicycle every day．（汤姆每天骑自行车上学。
）例C：The lady who has just passed by is our English teacher．（刚经过的那位女士是我们的英语老师。
）解说：上面各例都是句子。
例A是表示我们生活中周边的静态事物，例B是表达事物的动态现象，例C所表达的是两者都有。
那么句子是由什么来组成的呢？由上面各例可以了解句子的组成要素如下：●由上面的解说我们可以了解：定义：词、短语、从句等称为句子组成的要素（Element）。
词是句子的组成要素中不能再细分的最小表意单位（Sense unit）。
●为何在学构词法？我们认为，对于普通人员来说，学点英语的构词方式，有以下几方面的益处：（1）了解词的结构，扩大巩固所学的词汇。
在阅读科技文章和专业资料时，碰到生字可以由已知的成分去分析未知词的含义，甚至可以"猜字"。
比如说，如果我们知道了词根anthropo-[man]（人）的意思，就有难理解下面几个词的含义：anthropolgy（人类学）、anthropid （类人的）、anthropologist（人类学家）、anthropolgical（人类学的）、philanthropist（慈善家）、misanthropist（厌世者）。
论文英语三大主要构词法
1. 以希腊和拉丁词根为主的构词法：这种构词法是指借助希腊或拉丁的字根、词缀、前缀、后缀等方式形成新词语或变换词性的词法。
比如，biology（生物学）由希腊词根 bios（生命）和logy（科学）构成，而prefix（前缀）由拉丁词根pre（前）和 fixus（固定的）构成。
2. 以非原型词为主的构词法：这种构词法是指通过对已有的单词进行改变、缩写、组合或转化等方式来创造新的词语。
比如，email（电子邮件）是由电子（electronic）和邮件（mail）两个词合并而成的。
3. 以简单词语为主的构词法：这种构词法是指直接使用简单的基本单词来构建新的复合词、派生词，或者将它们组织在一起，构成一定意义或表达特定含义的短语。
比如，bookstore（书店）是由book（书）和store（商店）组合而成的。
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Word-FormationAbstract :A further way besides borrowing in which the vocabulary of English has expanded to accommodate to the natural and social world in which it is used has been to employ means internal to the language itself for devising new word. This is the area of word-formation. Morphological productivity can be defined as the property of a given word formation process to be used to derive a new word in a systematic fashion. Most linguists divide the word-formation into major word-formation and minor word-formation .The major word-formational processes are :-Affixation-Compounding-ConversionThe minor word-formational processes are :-Abbreviation-Back formation-OnomatopoeiaKey W ord : affixation, derivative, compounding, abbreviation, onomatopoeia1 AffixationAffixation, also called derivation, is a process in which a free morph is combined with a bound morph, a prefix, or a suffix. It is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases . There are two types of derivative . One bases on free root with affix or bound root , the other bases on bound with affix or other bound root .1.1 Types of affixes- prefixes- suffixes- infixesModern English has a number of highly productive affixes. For example, the prefix over can be added to verbs which express activities to indicate that too much has taken place, i.e. something has been overdone,cf. overcook, overcoat, overstay. Likewise, the suffix –n ess can be added to an adjective make a noun designating the quality express by the adjective, its nouniness, so to speak.1.2Two types of derivative’s structure1.2.1 Free root + affix/bound root1) prefix + free roote.g.: In definite (a. uncertain), un forgettable (a. memorable) , mini bus (coach)2)free + suffixe.g. : wealth y (a. rich) , success ful (a, achieving aims) , extreme ly(adv, to a very high de.g.ree) , comfortab ly(adv. in a comfortableway)3)prefix +free root + suffixe.g. : en rich ment (a. sb/sth being rich or richer) , in ternation al (a.connected with two or more countries) , unchangeable (a. that can notbe changed)4)combining form + free roote.g. Afro-American , Afro-Asian , techno-chemistry , microwave1.2.2Bound root + affix/bound root1)prefix + bound root (without formation)e.g. contradict (v. to say sb has said is wrong) , descend (v. go down) ,despair (v. give up all hope)2)bound root (without formation)+ suffixe.g. confidence (n. trust in) , liberate (v. emancipation) , linguist (n. aperson who knows several foreign languages well)3)prefix + bound root (without formation)e.g. distinctive (a. special ) , intolerable (a. can’t bear) , contradiction(n. a lack of agreement between facts)4)combining form + combining forme.g. macrobiosis (n. long life) , microscope (n. an instrument used inscientific study for making very small thing look larger)2CompoundingComposition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, that is, a compound. Compounding is perhaps the most common way of expanding the vocabulary of English. It allows users to combine two familiar words to form a new lexeme.V ery often compounds are written as two words, which means that they are accepted into dictionaries a little reluctantly. Certainly, dictionaries seem not to list compounds in anything like the numbers in which they are in use. This may be justified perhaps because compounds are frequently transparent and their meanings are relatively accessible without a dictionary. Furthermore, many of them do not become lexicalized, but have a very transitory life.According to the words’characteristic, there are compound nouns, compound adjectives , compound pronouns , compound verbs , compound adverbs , etc .2.1Compound Nounsn. + n.: bar code , mouse mat , Websitea. + n.: blueprint , compact discadv. + n.: off chance , overdose , underclothes-ing + n.: learning strate.g.y , marketing campaign , parking metern. + v.: daybreak , earthquake , parking meteradv + n : downfall , income , offset , output , upliftv. + adv.: get-together , handout , makeupn. + -ing: air-conditioning , brainstorming , family planningprep.+n.: afternoon , by-product , overcoat2.2Compound AdjectivesAs adjective is a core : airsick , band-new ; dark-blue , icy-cold ;all-mighty , evergreen , overripeAs noun is a core : blue-collar , present-day ; breaknecl , cross-country ;chicken-hearted , dog-eared , wine-coloredAs –ing or –ed is a core : energy-saving , epoch-marking ; easy-going ,far-reaching ; mass-produced , poverty-stricken ; absent-minded ,half-done , newly-built2.3Compound V erbs1)Formed by back-formation : house-keep from housekeeperwindowshop from window-shoppinghenpeck from henpecked2)Formed by conversion : to blue-printto cold-shoulderto honeymoon3) adv. + v. : cross-questionoffsetoverthrow3ConversionConversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. In other words, conversion or zero derivation is a type word class change without the addition, removal ,or change of any element in the word. In this process a noun maybe used as a verb or a verb can be used as a noun. Furthermore, a noun can be used attributively as an adjective. The most frequent type of conversion is from noun to verb, probably because there are so relatively few verbalizing affixes in English.3.1 n.→ v.1)to put in/on, such as, bottle(n.)→to bottle(=to put …into a bottle)2)to give, to provide with, such as, butter(n.) →to butter(=to spread butteron)3)to deprive of, such as, skin(n.) →to skin(=to remove the skin from)4)to…with, such as, hammer(n.) →to hammer(=to strike with a hammer)5)to be/act as …with respect to, such as, ape(n) →to ape(=to imitate like aape)6)to make/change…into, such as, fool(n.) →to fool(=to make a fool of)7)to send…/go by, such as, bicycle(n.) →to bicycle(=to go by bicycle)3.2adj.→ v.bare(adj.) →to bare, calm(adj.) →to clam, brave(adj.) →to brave3.3v.→ n.V erb converting into noun express the verb’s original action or condition mostly, such as, attempt, look, swim, smile, walk, etc.3.4adj.→ n.Most adjective can be used as noun, such as, an American, an Canadian,etc. There are three type of conversion, full conversion, partial conversionand special conversion.3.5n.→ adj.a brick garage (The garage is brick.)a cotton dress (The dress is cotton.)a gold watch, an iron box, the job market4ShorteningAbbreviation or shortening is the way of shortening or simplifying syllables to make new words. There are various forms of abbreviation, but main forms are four: clipped word, initialism, acronym, blend.4.1 ClippingsSpeakers of English have a great tendency to shorten words. This term refers to the process by which a word of two or more syllables is shortened without a change in its function taking place. It includes apocope, aphaeresis, front and back clipping, and syncope.1) Apocopeapprox.← approximately, auto← automobile2) Aphaeresisburger→ hamburger, bus→ omnibus3) Front and back clippingsThe shortening may occur at the start and the end of the word. e.g., flu(=influenza) / fridge(=refrigerator) / tec(=detective)4) Syncopefluidics← fluidonics, fossilation← fossilizationContractions which is the clipping word with punctuation also can be regarded as this type.4.2 Initialisms and AcronymsInitialisms are words from the initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letters e.g., EEC. Acronyms are also formed from the initial letters of words, but are pronounced as a word, e.g. radar(radio detecting and ranging). Acronyms have always been an integral part of computer culture, and they have since spawned a new language on the Internet. Commonly thought of as a series of letters that make up a “word” there is a distinction between acronyms and shorthand.4.3BlendsBlends are words formed by combining the first element of the first word and the last element of the second word. Blends are created originally for comic effect. Following are some examples:Chunnel(=channel + tunnel) / brunch(=breakfast + lunch) / motel(=motorist+hotel)5Back-formationBack-formation is the process of word-building by which elements are subtracted from a complex word.e.g. beggar---beg burglar---burgleThe majority of backformed words are verbs. There are two types of syntactic relation in verb compounds formed by backformation:1)Object + verb as sightsee (from sight-seeing) meaning somebody seessights. Similar examples are: globe-trot(from globe-trotter orglobe-trotting).2)Adverbial + verb, as spring-clean (from spring-cleaning) meaningsomebody cleans in the spring.Back-formations of all kinds are more frequently found in informal than in formal language.6OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia is a word-formation which imitate the sound. Imitative words are words formed by imitation of sound. Imitative words divide into primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.The barking of a dog.The crack of a whip.The roll of thunder.The tinkling of bells.There are three types of words formed by imitation of sound:1)The repetition of words: quack; ticktack2)The repetition of words with a vowel change: clitter-clatter; ping-pong;tick-tack.3)Repeating one or more syllables with a consonant change : rub-a-dubt;ran-danReference: Wang Rongpei, Wang Zhijiang, An Advanced Reader of English Lexicology, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006汪榕培，王之江，《英语词汇学》，上海外语教育出版社，2008。
谈谈初中英语词汇教学中的构词法词汇是组成语言的基本单位，在英语学习中占有重要地位。
词汇掌握得越多，对听、说、读、写能力有可能提高。
但对很多同学来说背单词无疑是件很痛苦的事了，早上背的单词，到下午就忘了；即便当天记住了，可是第二天又忘完了……为什么背了那么多，头脑还是空白一片。
如何有效地击破词汇这一难关？成为学好英语的第一个门槛。
那么该如何记英语单词，增加词汇量呢？记英语词汇有什么诀窍吗？英语词汇不能死记硬背，要讲究方法。
今天，我们先来总结英语的构词法，因为它可以使我们能够轻松容易地认识更多单词，以一种巧妙的方式扩大词汇量。
让我们先从英语的词汇发展入手。
就陆国强编著的《现代英语词汇学》一书提出，英语的全部词汇估计有一百多万个，由本族词( native words)和外来词( borrowed words)组成。
本族词是英语中的基本(核心)词汇。
这些基本词汇表示全民族活动共同的和基本的概念和情境，它们是语言中使用得最多、生活中最必需的、意义最明确、生命力最强的基本词的总和。
初中入门教学中经常出现的词汇。
例如有关季节的词：spring，summer，autumn，winter；有关亲属关系的词：father，mother，son，daughter；有关动作动词的词：go，come，run，work。
除了上述词汇以外，基本词汇还包括常用的助动词、介词、连接词、代词和数词等。
基本词汇在语言中所占的比率不大，但在日常交际中的使用频率却相当高。
另一方面，英语在整个发展过程中吸收了大量的外来词。
如school,，street，cup，sickle，wine，mountain等原为拉丁词，后改变其形式，在英语中保存下来。
在丹麦入侵时期，英语从丹麦语引进了不少日常用语，如cake，call，egg，husband等。
诺曼人征服英国后，不少法语词涌入英语，如government，country，county等。
到近代文艺复兴时期，由于人文主义新文化运动，使英国人接触了欧洲大陆各国的语言，包括希腊语、拉丁语、意大利语、法语西班牙语等词汇。
词汇学论文对英语构词法的一点认识英语116班说实话，整本英语词汇学教程学下来，留在我脑子中的东西并不多，但惟独对第四章构词法（word formation）印象很深。
这一章一共介绍了9种构词法，分别是：词缀法（affixation）、组合法（compounding）、转换法（conversion）、混合法（blending）、缩略词法（clipping）、首字母缩写法（acronymy）、逆构法（back-formation）、声音重复法（sound reduplication）以及专有名词的泛化（commonization of proper names）。
今天我在这里想谈谈主要的4种构词法：词缀法（affixation）、合成法（compounding）、转换法（conversion）、混合法（blending）以及对它们的一些认识。
（一）词缀法（affixation）在所有的英语构词法中，词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛，它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。
1.前缀法（prefixation）：在词根前加前缀，多数情况下词类不变。
主要有一下几种情况：表否定意思的前缀、表示相反的或者剥夺性质的前缀、表示变坏的前缀、表示范围和程度的前缀、表示方向和态度的前缀、表示方位的前缀、表示时间和顺序的前缀、表示数字的前缀、转化前缀以及其他类型的前缀。
2.后缀法(suffixation):在词根后面加后缀，多数情况下词类改变。
后缀主要有名词后缀、形容词后缀、副词后缀和动词后缀。
3.中缀法（infixation）：很少见，加中缀通常表明演讲者的态度，并且不会改变单词的词性和意思。
事实上，在词汇学的书里也没有提到中缀，我也只是在语言学的课上知道还有中缀这么一种词缀。
（二）合成法（compounding）合成也许是最常见的扩大英语词汇量的方式，它允许使用者将两个或两个以上熟悉的词组合在一起形成一个新的词，产生新的语义。
Word-FormationAbstract : A further way besides borrowing in which the vocabulary of English has expanded to accommodate to the natural and social world in which it is used has been to employ means internal to the language itself for devising new word. This is the area of word-formation. Morphological productivity can be defined as the property of a given word formation process to be used to derive a new word in a systematic fashion. Most linguists divide the word-formation into major word-formation and minor word-formation .The major word-formational processes are :-Affixation-Compounding-ConversionThe minor word-formational processes are :-Abbreviation-Back formation-OnomatopoeiaKey Word : affixation, derivative, compounding, abbreviation, onomatopoeia1 AffixationAffixation, also called derivation, is a process in which a free morph is combined with a bound morph, a prefix, or a suffix. It is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases . There are two types of derivative . One bases on free root with affix or bound root , the other bases on bound with affix or other bound root .1.1 Types of affixes- prefixes- suffixes- infixesModern English has a number of highly productive affixes. For example, the prefix over can be added to verbs which express activities to indicate that too much has taken place, i.e. something has been overdone, cf. overcook, overcoat, overstay. Likewise, the suffix –n ess can be added to an adjective make a noun designating the quality express by the adjective, its nouniness, so to speak.1.2Two types of derivative’s structure1.2.1 Free root + affix/bound root1) prefix + free roote.g.: In definite (a. uncertain), un forgettable (a. memorable) , mini bus (coach)2)free + suffixe.g. : wealth y (a. rich) , success ful (a, achieving aims) , extreme ly(adv, to a very high de.g.ree) , comfortab ly(adv. in a comfortableway)3)prefix +free root + suffixe.g. : en rich ment (a. sb/sth being rich or richer) , in ternation al (a.connected with two or more countries) , unchangeable (a. that can notbe changed)4)combining form + free roote.g. Afro-American , Afro-Asian , techno-chemistry , microwave1.2.2Bound root + affix/bound root1)prefix + bound root (without formation)e.g. contradict (v. to say sb has said is wrong) , descend (v. go down) ,despair (v. give up all hope)2)bound root (without formation)+ suffixe.g. confidence (n. trust in) , liberate (v. emancipation) , linguist (n. aperson who knows several foreign languages well)3)prefix + bound root (without formation)e.g. distinctive (a. special ) , intolerable (a. can’t bear) , contradiction(n. a lack of agreement between facts)4)combining form + combining forme.g. macrobiosis (n. long life) , microscope (n. an instrument used inscientific study for making very small thing look larger)2CompoundingComposition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, that is, a compound. Compounding is perhaps the most common way of expanding the vocabulary of English. It allows users to combine two familiar words to form a new lexeme.Very often compounds are written as two words, which means that they are accepted into dictionaries a little reluctantly. Certainly, dictionaries seem not to list compounds in anything like the numbers in which they are in use. This may be justified perhaps because compounds are frequently transparent and their meanings are relatively accessible without a dictionary. Furthermore, many of them do not become lexicalized, but have a very transitory life.According to the words’characteristic, there are compound nouns, compound adjectives , compound pronouns , compound verbs , compound adverbs , etc .2.1Compound Nounsn. + n.: bar code , mouse mat , Websitea. + n.: blueprint , compact discadv. + n.: off chance , overdose , underclothes-ing + n.: learning strate.g.y , marketing campaign , parking metern. + v.: daybreak , earthquake , parking meteradv + n : downfall , income , offset , output , upliftv. + adv.: get-together , handout , makeupn. + -ing: air-conditioning , brainstorming , family planningprep.+n.: afternoon , by-product , overcoat2.2Compound AdjectivesAs adjective is a core : airsick , band-new ; dark-blue , icy-cold ;all-mighty , evergreen , overripeAs noun is a core : blue-collar , present-day ; breaknecl , cross-country ;chicken-hearted , dog-eared , wine-coloredAs –ing or –ed is a core : energy-saving , epoch-marking ; easy-going ,far-reaching ; mass-produced , poverty-stricken ; absent-minded ,half-done , newly-built2.3Compound Verbs1)Formed by back-formation : house-keep from housekeeperwindowshop from window-shoppinghenpeck from henpecked2)Formed by conversion : to blue-printto cold-shoulderto honeymoon3) adv. + v. : cross-questionoffsetoverthrow3ConversionConversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. In other words, conversion or zero derivation is a type word class change without the addition, removal ,or change of any element in the word. In this process a noun maybe used as a verb or a verb can be used as a noun. Furthermore, a noun can be used attributively as an adjective. The most frequent type of conversion is from noun to verb, probably because there are so relatively few verbalizing affixes in English.3.1 n.→ v.1)to put in/on, such as, bottle(n.)→to bottle(=to put …into a bottle)2)to give, to provide with, such as, butter(n.) →to butter(=to spread butteron)3)to deprive of, such as, skin(n.) →to skin(=to remove the skin from)4)to…with, such as, hammer(n.) →to hammer(=to strike with a hammer)5)to be/act as …with respect to, such as, ape(n) →to ape(=to imitate like aape)6)to make/change…into, such as, fool(n.) →to fool(=to make a fool of)7)to send…/go by, such as, bicycle(n.) →to bicycle(=to go by bicycle)3.2adj.→ v.bare(adj.) →to bare, calm(adj.) →to clam, brave(adj.) →to brave3.3v.→ n.Verb converting into noun express the verb’s original action or condition mostly, such as, attempt, look, swim, smile, walk, etc.3.4adj.→ n.Most adjective can be used as noun, such as, an American, an Canadian,etc. There are three type of conversion, full conversion, partial conversionand special conversion.3.5n.→ adj.a brick garage (The garage is brick.)a cotton dress (The dress is cotton.)a gold watch, an iron box, the job market4ShorteningAbbreviation or shortening is the way of shortening or simplifying syllables to make new words. There are various forms of abbreviation, but main forms are four: clipped word, initialism, acronym, blend.4.1 ClippingsSpeakers of English have a great tendency to shorten words. This term refers to the process by which a word of two or more syllables is shortened without a change in its function taking place. It includes apocope, aphaeresis, front and back clipping, and syncope.1) Apocopeapprox.← approximately, auto← automobile2) Aphaeresisburger→ hamburger, bus→ omnibus3) Front and back clippingsThe shortening may occur at the start and the end of the word. e.g., flu(=influenza) / fridge(=refrigerator) / tec(=detective)4) Syncopefluidics← fluidonics, fossilation← fossilizationContractions which is the clipping word with punctuation also can be regarded as this type.4.2 Initialisms and AcronymsInitialisms are words from the initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letters e.g., EEC. Acronyms are also formed from the initial letters of words, but are pronounced as a word, e.g. radar(radio detecting and ranging). Acronyms have always been an integral part of computer culture, and they have since spawned a new language on the Internet. Commonly thought of as a series of letters that make up a “word” there is a distinction between acronyms and shorthand.4.3BlendsBlends are words formed by combining the first element of the first word and the last element of the second word. Blends are created originally for comic effect. Following are some examples:Chunnel(=channel + tunnel) / brunch(=breakfast + lunch) / motel(=motorist+hotel)5Back-formationBack-formation is the process of word-building by which elements are subtracted from a complex word.e.g. beggar---beg burglar---burgleThe majority of backformed words are verbs. There are two types of syntactic relation in verb compounds formed by backformation:1)Object + verb as sightsee (from sight-seeing) meaning somebody seessights. Similar examples are: globe-trot(from globe-trotter orglobe-trotting).2)Adverbial + verb, as spring-clean (from spring-cleaning) meaningsomebody cleans in the spring.Back-formations of all kinds are more frequently found in informal than in formal language.6OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia is a word-formation which imitate the sound. Imitative words are words formed by imitation of sound. Imitative words divide into primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.The barking of a dog.The crack of a whip.The roll of thunder.The tinkling of bells.There are three types of words formed by imitation of sound:1)The repetition of words: quack; ticktack2)The repetition of words with a vowel change: clitter-clatter; ping-pong;tick-tack.3)Repeating one or more syllables with a consonant change : rub-a-dubt;ran-danReference: Wang Rongpei, Wang Zhijiang, An Advanced Reader of English Lexicology, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006汪榕培，王之江，《英语词汇学》，上海外语教育出版社，2008。
Introduction:This course introduces students to one of the core areas of linguistic study ——lexicology. Most of the English words are created according to a certain rule and conformed to certain methods. These rules and methods are closely related to English word formation. Word formation studies the internal structure of the word , that is to say,words can be divided into the smallest linguistic unit- morpheme.It lays stress on the property ,phonetic,semantic of the morphemes and how to combine them into new words .So it is essential ,as well as important ,for us to learn word formation, especially for the students of English major. We all think that vocabulary is one of the obstacles of English study . However, English word formation can help us recognize English words , understand them correctly , and can enlarge our vocabulary quickly . It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them , affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary. Besides, compounding , conversion, blending , clipping , acronyms ,back-formation are also efficient ways of learning English .Key words :Function Morpheme Affixation Compounding Conversion Blending ClippingsI, Function of Word Formation:I ) help us have a better comprehension of an articleWhen we are reading a new article , we often encounter with some new words that we have never seen before . In this case , most of us will leave out the new words and go on with the following sections .However , this is not a good habit. If we want to improve our English ,We have to take every new word seriously either look them up in the dictionary or search for the internet .But don’t you think that these methods are efficient .If we know something about English word formation, maybe the article would not be so difficult for us to understand .In this way ,we can guess the meaning of the new word according to what we have learned about English word formation .It has been proved that our guess is correct in most cases . So we say word formation can help ushave a better comprehension of a new article.II) an effective way to enlarge our English vocabularyNowadays , more and more people have taken notice of learning English .The number of the people who begin to learn English has increased at a high speed . How can we imprive our English effectively is undoubtedly the focus of our attention . Generally speaking , vocabulary and grammatical rules are keys to learning English well. Among the two aspects ,vocabulary apparently plays a more important role.V ocabulary is the foundation of language .If a language learner doesn’t have enough vocabulary to express his or her opinions and understand other people ,even if his or her grammatical rules and pronunciations are excellent ,but he can not communicate with others well ,he shouldn’t be a good language learner .Under the influence of traditional teaching mode ,teachers often emphasis more on grammatical rules and pronunciations than vocabulary .As a result students spend a lot of time on remembering new words ,bur the results are not so efficient .However, if we have a knowledge of English word formation ,the result will be not that badIII) derivation of many new wordsRecent years ,the use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth to a new language phenonmenon-cyber language. A large amount of cyber language has sprung up .Not all the new vocabulary can be recognized by human society . Some new words only emerged in a very short time and then disappeared , however, there are still a lot of words are shared by many people .Finally ,these words are recognized by the whole human society. Some are even added to the reversed dictionary .Can we say that these words are unreasonable and irritational? The answer is absolutely ‘No’.Most of the new words that have been recognized are derived based on certain rules of word formation.II Morphemes of Word FormationWe know that words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimalmeaningful units in the composition of words .In word formation ,however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root ,stem ,base and affix.Basic concepts that needed clarifyingRoot: the basic form of a word which can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity.Stem :a stem may consist of a single root morpheme or of two root morphemes . It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes.Base: a base is referred to a form to which affixes of any kind can be added .It can be a root or a stem.III AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to base. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms . the words created in this way are called derivatives . According to the positions affixes occupy in words , affixation falls into two subcategories prefixation and suffixationI) ,Pre-fixationPre-fixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases , which do not generally change the word-class of the base .That is to say prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word . Their chief function is to modify its meaning ,although there are exceptions .In my opinion , pre-fixation can be divided into : negative prefixes ,pejorative prefixes ,prefixes of degree or size ,and so on.For example:Negative prefixes (a- dis- in- non- un- )Reversative or Privative prefixes (de- dis- un- )Prefixes of degree or size (arch- co- extra- hyper- macro- micro- mini- out- over- sub- super- sur- ultra- under- )Prefixes of orientation and attitude (anti- contra- counter- pro- )Locative prefixes (fore- inter- intra- super- tele- trans- )Prefixes of time and order (ex- fore- post- pre- re- )Number prefixes (bi- multi- semi- tri- uni- )Conversion prefixes (a- be- en- )Miscellaneous prefixes (auto- neo- pan- proto- vice- )II) SuffixationSuffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases . Their primary function is to change the grammatical function of the base ., such as the changes of the word class with a slight modification of meaning ,though there are a few exceptions .Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes ,adjective suffixes , adverb suffixes ,and verb suffixes .I can give you an example ,the word ‘countless’,‘-les’change the part of form and show the negative meaning of the stem.For example :Noun suffixes (denominal suffixes, deverbal suffixes, de-adjective suffixes non and adjective suffixes )Adjective suffixes (denominal suffixes , deverbal suffixes )IV CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases .Words formed in this way are called compounds .So a compound is a ‘lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word ’. Compounds can be written solid , hyphenated and open .Compounds have remarkable characteristics which are different from noun phrases. It comes down to three major ones :I,) Phonological features :In compounds , the word stress usually occurs on the first constitutuent whereas innoun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases where there are two stresses , the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress , if any , on the second where as the opposite is true of free phrase. II) Semantic features :Compounds differ from free phrases semantically. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word .The meaning of a free phrase can not be inferred from the two components of itself. Nevertheless, a lot of compounds are transparent ,that is to say, the meaning can be obtained from the separate elements of compounds .But the two elements are inseperatable and the change of element would result in the loss of the original identity.III ) Grammatical features :Two elements of a compound each plays a separate grammatical role. , which can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphological. For example , compound nouns often show their plural forms by taking inflectionals at the end .though there are exceptions , their ‘one- wordness’identity is apparent.V, ConversionConversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class . With the concise and vivid feature ,conversion is one of the most important way to create new words in English. Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs.In English learning , students will often confused with words which have two or more parts of form. Many of such conditions are caused by conversion. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech ,without changes in morphological structures. But in function, words created in this way are new only in a grammatical sense. The most productive ,however,is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs .It deserves nothing that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning is originally carried.Conversion to nouns (deverbal , de-adjectival , miscellaneous conversion)Conversion to verbs ( denominal , de-adjectival , miscellaneous conversion ) Conversion to adjectives ( voiceless to voiced consonant , initial to end stress)VI, Blending:Blending is a very productive process and many coinages are resulting from blending have become well established .Moreover, they can serve as models for new formation. It is not the combination of two words directly , but to combine parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. This kind of word formation is called blending.The process including:The first part of the first word + the last part of the second wordThe whole part of the first word + the last part of the second wordThe first part of the first word + the first part of the second wordThe whole part of the second word + the first part of the first wordThe overwhelming majority of blends are nouns very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and newspapers and magazines. Though many of them have already achieved currency in English, they are still considered by the serious-minded people to be slang and informal .However, it is advisable not to use such words too often, particularly in formal writing .VII, ClippingsSpeakers of English have a great tendency to shorten words. This term refers to the process by which a word of two or more syllables is shortened without a change in its function. It includes front and back clippings, middle clippings, phrase clippingsinitialism, acronym and back formation.I), Front and back clippingsThe shortening may occur at the start and the end of the word.e.g., flu(=influenza) / fridge(=refrigerator) / tec(=detective)II,)middle clippingse.g fluidics← fluidonics, fossilation← fossilizationIII) phrase clippingse.g Finals ← final examinations taxi ← taximeter cabIV) Initialisms and AcronymsInitialisms are words from the initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letters .e.g IDD ←international direct dialIOC ← International Olympics CommitteeIT ← information technologyAcronyms are also formed from the initial letters of words, but are pronounced as a word, Acronyms have always been an integral part of computer culture, and they have since spawned a new language on the Internet.e.g. radar←radio detection and ranging)TOEFL ← Test of English as a Foreign LanguageVIII, Back-formationBack-formation is the process of word-building by which elements are subtracted from a complex word.e.g. to edit ←editor to televise ← televisionThe majority of back-formed words are verbs. There are two types of syntactic relation in verb compounds formed by backformation: Back-formations of all kinds are more frequently found in informal than in formal language.IX, OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia is a word-formation which imitate the sound. Imitative words are words formed by imitation of sound. Imitative words divide into primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.The barking of a dog.The crack of a whip.The roll of thunder.The tinkling of bells.There are three types of words formed by imitation of sound:I) The repetition of wordsII) The repetition of words with a vowel change.III) Repeating one or more syllables with a consonant changeX, The Difference Between American English and British English in SpellingMost vocabulary’s spelling in the two languages are the same, but there are few words ‘spelling have obvious differences .Some of the differences are the result of the development of American English , especially in the 19th century when Doctor Webster put the American characters into British English spelling . the other part reflected the different choices of British English and American English on the spelling of old English . Anyway, there are regularity in the different spelling of American English and British English .XI, SummaryThe training in this course will help the students summarize what they have learned in their study of the English vocabulary, and enrich their understanding of the English vocabulary as a system, while considering their foundational knowledge of the English language. The course will deepen students’sensitivity toward the subtleties and complexities of the English vocabulary and enable them to enlarge their personal vocabulary and improve their accuracy in the use of English.English vocabulary has several of word-formation methods .Root words can add either prefixes or suffixes to create other words .Take, for instance, the root word bene, meaning good. If you add various prefixes and suffixes to bene, you can create other words such as benefit ,benevolent benediction, and unbeneficial . Each prefix and suffix has a meaning of its own; so by adding one or the other—or both to the root words, you form new words, You can see the root word bene in each of the new words, and each of the new words still remains a meaning having to do with good, but the prefix or suffix changes or expands on the meaning. In another example ,look at the root word chron, which come s from Greek and means time .Adding the prefix syn- and the suffix, –ize creates the modern word synchronize, which means to set various timepieces at the same time. Use a different suffix , –ology, meaning the study of ,and you have chronology, which means the study that deals with time divisions and assigns events to their proper dates. Interesting, too, is the way ancient word forms have been used to create words in modern times.Two thousand years ago, for instance, no one knew there would a need for a word that meant sending your voice far away –but that’s what the modern word telephone means. It’s a combination of tele, meaning distant or far away ,and phon, meaning voice or sound. In Appendix B,, you will find other common root words and some examples of modern English words that incorporate them. But the three greatest word formation powers are affixation compounding and conversion . A further way besides borrowing in which the vocabulary of English has expanded to accommodate to the natural and social world in which it is used has been to employ means internal to the language itself for devising new word. This is the area of word-formation. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation . there is a variety of means being at work now .We try to imply the conclusion we got above into English teaching and learning.Reference:[1]期刊论文，丁琳、徐玲，‘English Word Formation Processes’,2009[2]期刊论文，张莉，《浅谈英语构词法中的词缀法》，2008[3]杨良生，《An introduction to modern English lexicology》，河南人民出版社，1991[4]蒋争，《英语构词解析》，北京出版社，1981[5]许涛，《英语词缀词根手册》，上海科学技术出版社，2008On Word Formation外语105班穆智11号。
Lexicology (Lecture Four)2011.9.22The structure of a wordWord is not an unanalysible unit, it can be analyzed. e.g. …M an‟can not be broken down into any smaller unit, but …manly‟ can. Word is the minimum free form (最小的自由使用单位).1. 词素morphemeMorpheme: the minimum meaningful unit. 最小的意义单位. There are two types of morphemes:Free morpheme: the morphemes that can occur alone可以独立使用, e.g. dog, nation, closeBound morpheme：the morphemes that cannot occur independently尽管能表达意义，但不能独立使用，至少要与另外的一个形位结合才能使用, e.g. the word distempered has three morphemes,namely, dis-, temper- and -ed, of which temper is a freemorpheme, dis- and -ed are two bound morphemes. Allomorph: 词素有变体，如自由词素take的变体为took和taken；粘着词素in-的变体为il-, im-, ir等。
2. Root and affixA root is the base form of word that can not further be analysed without total loss of identity. That is to say, it is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.Affix：affixes add meaning to the rootroots may be bound or free but affixes are always bound.Inflectional and derivational affixInflectional affix: They only carry relevant grammatical information. An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. e.g. plural. Thus,book and books are both nouns referring to the same kind of entity.Derivational affix: They are so called because when they are added to another morpheme, they “derive” a new word either by changing the meaning of the base to which they are attached or by changing the grammatical category (part of speech) of the base. The derivational affixes may be further classified as prefix and suffix.Example: The word "unbreakable" has three morphemes: "un-", a bound morpheme; "break", a free morpheme; and "-able", a free morpheme. "un-" is also a prefix, "-able" is a suffix. Both "un-" and "-able" are affixes.Summary:1.Words are composed of morphemes.2. Morphemes may be classified as free or bound.3. Morphemes can also be classified into roots and affixes.4 Affixes are classified into inflectional and derivational affixes. Derivational affixes are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes,Major types of word-building1. Affixation:a process in which a free morpheme is combined with a bound morpheme, a prefix or a suffix.Prefix: generally do not change part of speech of the word 不改变词的词性Suffix: change part of speech of the word2. ConversionConversion is also referred to as Zero Derivation.It is a process that can transfer a word belonging to one word class to another word class without any change of form, either in pronunciation or spelling.3. Compounding 复合法A word made in process which consists joining two or even more words to form anew entity. A compound is the result of the process of putting together two (or more) individual words to form a complex word.Compounding is perhaps the most common way of expanding the vocabulary of English. It allows users to combine two familiar words to form a new lexeme.4. Back-formation 逆生法Back-formation is process of word building by which elements are extracted from a complex word.Burglar---to burgleHelicopter---to helicoptMass-production—to mass-produceCozy---to cozeBrowbeaten---to browbeat5. Shortening 缩短法What we get from shortening is a lesser unit. There is a trend in modern English to shorten words. Three ways of shorteninga. ClippingThe process by which one part in a word of two or more syllables is cut without changing its function.Advertisement—adExamination---examb. initialism (abbreviation)words formed from the initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letterse.g. EECc. acronymsformed by the initial letters but are pronounced as a word.e.g. UNESCO OPEC6. BlendingBlending is the process of combining the first element of the first word and the last element of the second word. Blends are originally created for comic effect.telecast (television broadcast)motel (motor hotel), hotel7. Onomatopoeia(making words by echoing a sound that is linked to the thing we want to name) Classification (by Stephen Ullmann英国语言学家、语义学家奠基人)Primary onomatopoeia (基本拟声词)Secondary onomatopoeia (次要拟声词)8. Words from Proper NamesAnother minor word-formation process is the creation of new words from proper names. The transition from proper names to common nouns is a gradual one.。
Abstract词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。
然而，英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语，同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量，英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”，在所有的英语构词法中，词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛，它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。
除了词缀发以外，复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径Vocabulary is one of the main obstacles of English study. However English word formation can help us recognize English words, understand them correctly, and enlarge our vocabulary quickly. It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them，affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary, and it is claimed to be one of the best ways of learning English. Besides, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, acronyms, back-formation are also efficient ways of learning English. In the paper the ways and characteristics of word formation is analyzed form these aspects: affixation, compounding, conversion, blending.Key words: English, lexicology, word formation, affixation（关键字：英语、词汇学，构词法，词缀法）IntroductionThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. Talking about word formation patterns means dealing with rules. But not all words which are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the word have gained an institutional currency in the language. Therefore rules only provide a constant set of models from which new word are created from day to day. Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For instance, affixes and compounding processes may become productive at one time or lose their productivity. By word formation processes, we concentrate on productive or on productive rules. While applying the rules, we should keep in mind that there are always exceptions. In my opinion, the most important principle for all these rules of word formation is economy.Chapter 1 the function of English word formationWord formation is an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.Nowadays, more and more people have taken notice of learning English. The number of the people who begin to learn English has increased at a high speed. How can we improve our English effectively is undoubtedly the focus of our attention. Generally speaking, vocabulary and grammatical rules are keys to learning English well. Among the two aspects, vocabulary apparently plays a more important role.Vocabulary is the foundation of language. If a language learner doesn’t have enough vocabulary to express his or her opinions and understand other people, even if his or her grammatical rules and pronunciations are excellent, but he can not communicate with others well, he shouldn’t be a good language learner.Under the influence of traditional teaching mode, teachers often emphasis more on grammatical rules and pronunciations than vocabulary. As a result, students spend a lot of time on remembering new words, but the results are not so efficient. However if we have a knowledge of English word formation, the results will be not that bad. Word formation is really an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.Word formation can help us have a better comprehension of an article.When we are reading a new article, we often encounter with some new words that we have never seen before. In this case, most of us will leave out the new word and go on with the following sections. However, this is not a good habit. If we want to improve our English, we have to take every new word seriously either look them up in the dictionary or search for the internet. But don’t you think that these methods are inefficient? If we know something about English word formation, maybe the article would not be so difficult for us to understand. In this way, we can guess the meaning of the new word according to what we have learned about English word formation. It has been proved that our guess is correct in most cases. So we say word formation can help us have a better comprehension of a new article.Many new words can be derived based on the rules of word formationRecent years, the use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth to a new language phenomenon-cyber language. A large amount of cyber language has sprung up. Not all the new vocabulary can be recognized by human society. Some new words only emerged in a very short time and then disappeared, however, there are still a lot of words are shared by many people. Finally, these words are recognized by the whole human society. Some are even added to the reversed dictionary. Can we say that these words are unreasonable and irrational? The answer is absolutely “No”.Most of the new words that have been recognized are derived based on certain rules of word formation. For example, the sentence “3QU” is widely used in the chatting room on the internet by foreigners. This is also known as one important characteristics of English word-productivity. So it is necessary for us to learn English word formation.Chapter 2 AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words derived from old or base forms. The words that are created in this way are called derivatives. According to the positionaffixes occupy in words, affixation falls into three subcategories:pre-fixation, in-fixation and suffixation.Pre-fixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases, which do not generally change the word-class of the base. That is to say, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions. In my opinion, prefixes can be divided into: negative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of time and order, and so on.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. Their primary function is to change the grammatical function of the base, such as the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning, though there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes, and verb suffixes. I can give you an example. The word “countless”, “-less” change the part of form and show the negative meaning of the stem.Infixes are not so common and they usually show a kind attitude of the speaker and will not change the part of form and meaning of words.Chapter 3 CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a ‘lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word’ (Quirk).Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open. Compounds have remarkable characteristics which are different from noun phrases. It comes down to three major ones:1) Phonological features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases where there are two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second, whereas the opposite is true of free phrase.2) Semantic features. Compounds differ from free phrases semantically. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. The meaning of a free phrase can not be inferred from the two components of itself. Nevertheless, a lot of compound are transparent, that is to say, the meaning can be obtained from the separate elements of compounds. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity.3) Grammatical features. Two elements of a compound each plays a separate grammatical role, which can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphological. For example, compound nouns often show their plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end. Though there are exceptions, their‘one-wordness’ identity is apparent.Chapter 4 ConversionIn English learning, students will often confused with words which have two or more part of form. Many of such conditions are caused by conversion. Conversion is the formation of mew words by converting words of one part ofspeech to those of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures but in function. Words created in this way are new only in a grammatical sense. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. It deserves nothing that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning is originally carried.Chapter 5 BlendingBlending is a very productive process and many coinages are resulting from blending have become well established. Moreover, they can sever as models for new formation. It is not the Combination of two words directly, but to combine parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. This kind of word formation is called blending. This processes including: The first part of the first word +the last part the second word.The whole part of the first part +the last part the second word.The first part of the first word +the first part the second word.The whole part of the second word + the first part of the first word.The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and newspapers and magazines. Though many of them have already achieved currency in English, they are still considered by the serious-minded people to be slang and informal. However, it is advisable not to use such words too often, particularly in formal writing.ConclusionLanguage develops with the development of society and vocabulary is sensitive to the changes of society. Some old words are abandoned and some new ones are created. Most of the new words in English are created according to certain rules and conformed to certain methods. These rules and methods are closely related to English word formation. So it is essential, as well as important, for us to learn word formation, especially for the students of English major.。
