Imaginary relish and exquisite torture The Elaborated Intrusion Theory of desire
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写科技改变生活的英语作文写科技改变生活的英语作文(精选8篇)人类社会的发展无疑是科技发展的历史,而现代文明社会的发展更是与科学技术的日新月异息息相关。
科学技术的发展为我们的衣食住行,通讯咨讯都带来着便利与快捷!以下是“科技改变生活的英语作文”希望能够帮助的`到您!写科技改变生活的英语作文篇1Science and technology are the bridge of human progress. In every corner of our real life, science and technology can be seen everywhere.You see, from the ancient cottage to now everywhere the high-rise buildings from the ancient edifice, ugly cannot cover the grass clothes now gorgeous elegant dress, from ancient times to the present car carriage, from the original palm leaf fan to the fan now, from nearby, I learn to use the automatic pen, morning listen to the radio, for a class of multimedia teaching equipment and so on, all these are the crystallization of science and technology.It is science and technology that has changed our lives and made us move from poverty and backwardness to prosperity. Science and technology have made great changes in our lives. The development of science and technology to solve the problem of food and clothing for us, so that we worry about; the development of science and technology makes us from the low cottage into the edifice; the development of science and technology to make our vehicles from bicycles to cars, train, ship, aircraft, the end of travel by taking the basic time; communication tools from the original manual telephone development now, mobile phone beeper to almost everybodyhas a mobile phone, ended the call on the basic primitive roar; anti-theft door, electronic lock door that I said goodbye to the guard dog by age; our cooking pot, grass carbon furnace with a liquefied gas, electric cooker, microwave oven.Now is the era of technology, technology leads our lives, so we must respect technology, learn technology, develop technology, and create more beautiful future with more advanced scientific knowledge.写科技改变生活的英语作文篇2The times are changing, and science is progressing. Technology is developing more and more. Computers are also slowly entering our life. The Internet has become an indispensable tool in life, such as chatting, surfing the Internet, learning. However, the emergence of computers has brought changes to people's lives.There are few students on the Internet, most of which are playing games and chatting. Such examples are common. It is the emergence of computers that have all kinds of examples.Science and technology change life. Although technology is making our life more comfortable, but whether the environment is deteriorating, do they see that the air is getting more and more cloudy, people can no longer breathe fresh air, and there is little snow in winter. Don't you know?Science and technology not only change our lives, but animals also escape bad luck. The turbidity of the air makes the animals unable to survive, and the harsh environment makes most of the animals dying.Science and technology change my life, and I hope that science and technology can really "change life" one day.写科技改变生活的英语作文篇3Technology is developing very fast. If students ask their parents how to watch TV when they are young, their parents may say, "before, many people were crowded together in a" richer "family's yard, watching black and white TV. How happy we are now! Who gave us happiness? It's science and technology.Listening to songs before listening to songs in tape recorder can be listened to. Now as long as you search on the Internet, you can listen to your favorite songs anytime and anywhere. That's the development of technology. The previous chips have almost a big thumb and how small and small the chips are. This is the development of Technology...I have witnessed the development of science and technology, when I was in grade X, for my TV, before the TV is very thick, only received dozens of television channels, now is the plasma TV, more thin than before, and with HD, satellite, there are so many channels can be received, can also be used as computer! After that, I saw the "3D stereoscopic TV" in the electrical mall. "Technology is developing fast!" I can't help but exclaim.In my hometown, last year, everywhere is dirty, there are some cobwebs lamp button, there were a lot of flies, but last week I went to take on an altogether new aspect, flies, much less, the ground is thickened, (prevention of heavy rain flooded the river) the middle of the road is also paved cement, rugged.From the launch of the first satellite of China to the present satellite navigation, from the upper library to the online search and search, from the mainframe to the small chip... The development of science and technology has brought us too many benefits, and let us look forward to the next miracle...写科技改变生活的英语作文篇4Science and technology changed life in the middle of thetwenty-first Century, the earth's environment deteriorated dramatically. The north and south polar glaciers melt, the sea slowly drowns the city, the famine wantonly spread, and the land resources are scarce... In this era of limited natural resources and rapid development of science and technology.For the sake of survival, one of the most outstanding products, artificial intelligence, has been made. Its shadows spread throughout all aspects of life, from food and clothing to living, and even to the indisplacable feelings of the tentacles. And the first robot that was entered into the emotional program, David, 11, was started by Monica and brought home, and David became her most loyal son. In the end, because David was no longer needed by Monica, Monica abandoned David in a forest. After a thousand years, the icy David returned to the earth. At this time the aliens had dominated the earth, and Monica had already died, but David did not forget it.The kindhearted alien cloned a Monica for David to make them get together for a short time. This is a story about a thousand years of love. Many people in artificial intelligence, after reading the film, think that it all just happened in the imaginary world of the future. But it's not just that. In today's rapid development of high technology, everything is possible. Today there are artificial computers, artificial cars, and the appearance of robots tomorrow is not surprising. But at the same time in the development of high technology, what kind of development posture do we have? As we all know, when technology is applied to the vicious side of human nature, the harm, disaster and decay that it brings is far from the big problem in the military field. Examples of the use of high technology to commit crimes or the destruction of bad conditions, the use ofnuclear weapons, and waste of resources are not discussed temporarily. There are some examples of the loss of human nature in the society today. People at the top of the society scolded their parents, the "little moon" incident, even on the campus "campus bullying" and other social problems. The main source of it is "love" in human nature. "Artificial intelligence", in the machine in the slaughterhouse, crazy people will laugh, a robot wantonly torture, we see the human cold, cruel and lack of love. At this time, a robot saw a little David, and he was surprised to say, "someone has poured a lot of love on him!" Yes, full of love little boy David, thinking that he is a mother's unique child.He is the greatest carrier of mankind, his love, even beyond the bestowed man on his love, and even the life of the whole of mankind. In the future, the robot can do the housework, can organize the garden, can work, can be a friend... They can satisfy all the needs of mankind, but we can't deny that technology provides convenience for everyone's life, but good or bad is relative. Science and technology is a powerful thing in the development of human society, and there is a bad place behind the good side. While we are enjoying the changes that technology brings to our lives, we have to admit that some aspects of our hearts are slowly changing.For example, sympathy. For example, pity. For example, love... The movie's David gets the sympathy of the audience because the sentient life has the right to love and be loved. But Monica did not understand that a love, whether on the human body or on the machine, would shed tears. Never expire, never fade, never die. Yes, everything can be frozen, only love can not. Hope we enjoy in the science and technology at the same time, more is to don't doubt love, do not forget to love, not to lose love, donot love the people in.写科技改变生活的英语作文篇5"Mom, do you have a TV when you were a child?" After dinner, I raised a question to my mother. "Where did we come to TV when we were young?" The answer is "Daddy, when we were young in the village is only a TV every night, we went to see his chair, black and white, there is only one channel, often the signal is not good, even the image is not clear, we can" listen "with relish, that you like now so happy 42 inch TV is too small!" My father's words, let me thinking: what is so great, let rural change in just thirty years?The problem is perplexing. My father was born in 70s, and it was in an era of extremely scarce living matter. What makes our living standards change at a high speed? It was not until I read the book "sixty years of glory".In 1977, Grandpa Deng Xiaoping put forward the national strategic policy of "starting with science and education". Since then, thousands of researchers, high-technology workers and people's teachers have begun to respond to the national call and invest in the front line of scientific research education, making the technology of new China develop rapidly, and people's living standard has been improved rapidly.Seeing this, I can not help but reminiscent of my old home, Sheng Fu, a small mountain village that was once poor. I remember when I was small, the mountain is full of dirt road leading to the home, the rain will become muddy, it is difficult to pass; only a few TV channels are black and white, less, but also often snow in the mountains; hot summer and cold in winter, not only the summer without air conditioning, and some do not even have the fan, the heat is the mosquitoes unbearable, and theopportunity to have been out of trouble, I can place of love and hate.Unwittingly, I grew up slowly. Every time I return to my home, I feel a new change. The muddy mountain, mountain tea today; old tea farm hands dry, today the tin machine turn. Look, the bags made of tea, that traditional practices artificial tea gone for ever; see, the tea shop in the constant temperature air conditioning, as if in the strong wind to tell you that "heaven" era has ended; see, the old black and white television has ceased to exist. It is "which broadcast which" satellite TV and digital TV "network connection", which can receive satellite TV from the America TV channel, while digital TV is the full realization of the high difficulty to see what time what time """......Nobody thought that science and technology changed our life, and the poor small mountain village had changed so much. In the next few decades, when we are old and old, what is going to happen in our life again! We believe that with the rapid development of science and technology, our life will be happier and better, and our motherland will be more prosperous.写科技改变生活的英语作文篇6With the continuous development of science and technology, the quality of our life as Zhimakaihua -- better and better, our life is rich and colorful, can be said that technology has changed our lives.A long time ago, the way people passed information could only put the written letter into the envelope and send the mail to the receiver. Now, the way information is delivered has changed dramatically, and can be easily realized by e-mail or by phone. Because of the modern communication tools, now more than 70 years old, Grandpa's face is full of bright smiles all the time. Yousee, he is using his cell phone to invite his old friends to the park to play taijiquan. At this time, the grandfather will be happy to smile and say, "now the technology is developed, even our old people use the old cell phone!" Yes, the number of old mobile phones is big and the sound is very clear. As the saying goes: "life rarely live to seventy" but now, even at the age of eighty is no longer strange, you can also use mobile phone and grandmother in Shenzhen cousin chatting!In the past, people used firewood to roast cooked food, and baked food was very tasty and burnt with odor. But now people are using electric pressure cookers and microwave ovens. You see, grandma is already cooking food with electric pressure cooker. At this time, my grandmother said to me, "now the science and technology developed, the invention of the electric high pressure cooker, this electric high pressure pot is really convenient!" Yes, since our home has this pressure cooker, the cooking time has shortened from 1 hours to dozens of minutes, and the cooked food is delicious and fragrant.Dad opened a company in Shenzhen as a boss. There were many other minor business trips. But due to the inconvenience of transportation, it took a long time to get to the destination, not to mention doing things. But now, the traffic is developed. With the opening of high-speed railway, it is very convenient for Dad to do things now. It has been reduced from four or five hours to two or three hours. It's really convenient.I am a loyal "netizen", but please don't get me wrong. My "netizens" can't often play computer, but I often use computers to look up materials, read news, send e-mails, and participate in network competitions. Unwittingly, the computer has become my "good friend". I remember once, the teacher asked us tocheck the "three" which is the "three", I think, brains are not to want to come out, not for a while, I think of the computer "good friends", so I immediately access information online, the original song Su Zhe, Su Shi, Su Xun, I can not help but secretly marvel, the original computer function so much ah!Today, we are lucky to grow in a new era of science has never been so dazzlingly beautiful flowers, I believe that as long as we cultivate love science, science of good habits, climb the heights of science, life in the future will be more bright and colorful.写科技改变生活的英语作文篇7With the development of science it has happened great change in our lives. We can get in touch with friends whom are far away from ourthrough the Internet. There are trains and car we can reach the distanceeasily. But sciencealso takea lot of trouble. First, pollution of the environment ismore and more seriouswith the development of science and with the use of fossil energy and plastic. The extinction of animals is caused by environmental pollution. It is also belong to the harm of the development of science and technology.Second, personal safety is more and more unwarranted. Tens of thousands of crime happened every day.And mostof the criminal means associated with the stylish technology. Especially guncrimeis hard to prevent for ordinary people.Third human body quality is worse than before. With the development of science and technology, cars, trains, aircraft and other transportation appearing is resulted in significant changes in the human's daily life. Human doesn’t rely on their own two legs.So now the human body quality is worse than ever before. 写科技改变生活的英语作文篇8The world is slowly becoming a high-tech society. Newtechnologies like computers, robots have changed the way most of us live & work. While life turns easier in some way, technology has had terrible consequences for many people.In other words, people are suffering the changes brought by technology. For instance, millions of people are out of work today, and their unemployment is caused by machines that can do the work people used to do; In addition, managers who can not adjust to computers & telecommunication systems are losing jobs too.We may have more food, better houses, cheaper communications, but we may also lose our ability to use these things. Technology may be improving our lives, but it is also taking away our livelihoods!。
新人教版英语高三单元测试2必修1 Unit 2 English around the worldPart one: Multiple choice1. The rock ______wears away due to the action of the water.A. GraduallyB. exactlyC. looselyD. fluently2. He is a _______visitor to that country .I mean, he often goes there .A. gratefulB. looseC. frequentD. native3. So fluently does he speak English that he is often considered as a (an ) _____.A .official B. teenager C .native D .accent4. Go down this street, and you‘ll find the police station three ______away.A. curtainsB. blocksC. voyagesD. entirely5. He may look young but he‘s _______45.A. actuallyB. graduallyC. frequentlyD. entirely6. As far as I‘m concerned, you should read more literature to enrich your _______.A. identityB. powerC. vocabularyD. accent7. Mr. Smith‘s office is on the 18th floor .You‘d better take the _______.A. voyageB. elevatorC. highwayD. identity8. I suggest you take Jack to Italy with you ,for he speaks _______Italian .A. officialB. fluentC. frequentD. entire9. The _______from England to India used to take six months ,which tire out the sailors .A. requestB. apartmentC. blockD. voyage10. The ______in her eyes told me something was wrong .A. blockB. baseC. itemD. expression11. He commanded that all the gates _____when it was getting dark in case thieves came in .A. were shutB. must be shutC. could be shutD. be shut12. Working as an editor ,you must learn Chinese well in addition to having a good _____ of English .A. commandB. seizeC. holdD. possession13.All I request of you is that you ______there ahead of time .A. areB. will beC. wereD. be14. Without facts, a person can not form a correct opinion ,for he needs to have actual knowledge ______his thinking .A. on which to be basedB. on which to baseC. which to be basedD. which to base15. Barbara is easy to ______as she‘s the only one of the w omen who wears an evening dress.A. knowB. recognizeC. expressD. ignore16.In ______1600‘s, Shakespeare made use of _______wider vocabulary than ever before.A. the; aB. /; /C. the;/D. /; a17. American English has so many dialects ______people have come from all over the world.A. thoughB. whereC. thatD. because18. The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _______rising steadily since 1990.A. isB. areC. has beenD. have been19. —Do you think it‘s a good idea to make friends with your students?-- ________, I do .I think it‘s a great idea.A. ReallyB. Obviously C .Actually D. Generally20. The open-air celebration has been put off ______the bad weather.A. in case ofB. in spite ofC. instead ofD. because of21. The engineers are so busy that they have zero time for outdoor sports activities, _________they have the interest.A. whereverB. wheneverC. even ifD. as if22. ---According to my grandma, it is a god idea to eat chicken soup when you have a cold.----_________, scientists agree with her.A. Sooner or laterB. Once in a whileC. To be exactD. Believe it or not23._______to stop his car by the roadside, the young driver seemed to be a bit angry with the policeman .A. Having commandedB. CommandedC. Being commandedD. To have commanded24. Visitors ______not to touch the exhibits.A. will requestB. requestC. are requestingD. are requested25. They ________that immediate action be taken to stop the water pollution.A. requestedB. expectedC. wishedD. realizedPart two :完形填空It was a cold win ter‘s night when I stopped for gas on my way home from work. I was tired and had a slight _26_____ .I worked in a _____27__ doctor‘s office and this was one of those days when the unexpected happened, making the schedule run __28____ than usual. It seemed I was going to be late 29 home and my husband, being the 30 person, would be ready to pronounce me late once again. Maybe if I hurried, I could still _31 __it home.I was heading inside to 32 for my gas when I noticed an older couple at the counter. I heard them asking for 33 to the local hospital. It was the same hospital that I had just _34_ a few minutes ago.The young man at the counter was trying to be 35 in explaining how to get there, with two other people making 36 . One of them was 37 trying to give them a whole different route back. It was then that I walked over to the couple and said, ―Would you like to follow me to the38 ?‖A look of 39 crossed the woman‘s face.―I‘m going right by there,‖ I said, which wasn‘t a (an) 40 since I had just made up my mind to do 41 that.I got in my car and began the journey back. I was trying to watch to be sure they were right 42 me. It took only fifteen minutes to get there as rush hour traffic was beginning to 43 . I felt better than I had all day and my headache was nearly gone.Later, as I arrived home, my husband 44 me, ―So you aren‘t ever late any more.‖I said, ―Sometimes it‘s 45 to be late.‖26. A. break B. cold C. fever D. headache27. A. foreign B. common C. noisy D. busy28. A. later B. earlier C. easier D. simpler29. A. getting B. cooking C. calling D. working30. A. tough B. generous C. punctual D. rough31. A. get B. take C. arrive D. make32. A. pay B. charge C. wait D. search33. A. opinions B. trouble C. directions D. instructions34. A. reached B. visited C. called D. left35. A. skilled B. helpful C. experienced D. active36. A. comments B. promises C. jokes D. offers37. A. only B. still C. even D. ever38. A. station B. office C. hospital D. hotel39. A. happiness B. relief C. sadness D. peace40. A. lie B. fact C. reason D. duty41. A. partly B. voluntarily C. exactly D. perfectly42. A. across B. before C. beside D. behind43. A. go up B. die down C. take up D. get through44. A. teased B. yelled C. joked D. laughed45. A. possible B. special C. good D. safePart three:阅读理解AVicious and Dangerous Sports Should be Banned by LawWhen you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it‘s amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don‘t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungey lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting.It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of ‗the sporting spirit‘ is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence.Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. Theanswer is simple: they are uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally – admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilizing influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognize that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings.46. It can be inferred from the passage that the author‘s opinion of nowadays‘ human beings isA. not very high.B. high.C. contemptuous.D. critical.47.The main idea of this passage isA. vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law.B. people are willing to pay vast sums money to see violence.C. to compare two different attitudes towards dangerous sports.D. people are bloodthirsty in sports.48. That the author mentions the old Romans isA. To compare the old Romans with today‘s people.B. to give an example.C. to show human beings in the past know nothing better.D. to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty.49.How many dangerous sports does the author mention in this passage?A. Three.B. Five.C. Six.D. Seven.50.The purpose of the author in writing this passage isA. that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves.B. that, by banning the dangerous sports, we can improve the law.C. that we must take positive steps to improve social welfare system.D. to show law is the main instrument of social change.BAdvertisers Perform a Useful Service to the CommunityAdvertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they‘re always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. ‗It‘s iniquitous,‘ they say, ‗that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why don‘t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it‘s the consumer who pays…‘w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mThe poor old consumer! He‘d have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn‘t create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc., from an advertisement.Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway byelaws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities.We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmes is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!Another thing we mustn‘t forget is the ‗small ads.‘ which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the ‗hatch, match and dispatch‘column but by far the most fascinating sec tion is the personal or ‗agony‘ column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It‘s the best advertisement for advertising there is!51.What is main idea of this passage?A. Advertisement.B. The benefits of advertisement.C. Advertisers perform a useful service to communities.D. The costs of advertisement.52.The attitude of the author toward advertisers isA. appreciative.B. trustworthy.C. critical.D. dissatisfactory.53. Why do the critics criticize advertisers?A. Because advertisers often brag.B. Because critics think advertisement is a ―waste of money‖.C. Because customers are encouraged to buy more than necessary.D. Because customers pay more.54. Which of the following is Not True?A. Advertisement makes contribution to our pockets and we may know everything.B. We can buy what we want.C. Good quality products don‘t need to be advertised.D. Advertisement makes our life colorful.55. The passage isA. Narration.B. Description.C. Criticism.D. Argumentation.1-5 ACCBA 6-10CBBDD 11-15DADBB 16-20ADCCD21-25CDBDA 26-30DDAAC 30-35DACDB 36-40 ACCBA 41-45CDBAC 46-50AADBA 51-55CAACC。
In the realm of creativity,the power of imagination is unparalleled.It is the force that allows us to transcend the boundaries of reality and explore the depths of our minds.One fascinating aspect of imagination is the ability to conceive of items that do not yet exist,but could potentially reshape our world.This essay delves into the concept of imagining items and the profound impact such musings can have on innovation and societal progress.Imagining items is not merely a fanciful exercise it is a foundational step in the evolution of technology and design.For instance,consider the early visionaries who first imagined flying machines.Their dreams were once dismissed as fanciful,yet today,air travel is a common reality.The Wright brothers,pioneers of aviation,were inspired by the idea of human flight, an item of the imagination that they eventually brought to life.The process of imagining an item often begins with a need or a desire to improve upon current solutions.It was the frustration with the limitations of horsedrawn carriages that likely fueled the early dreams of automobiles. Karl Benz,often credited with inventing the first practical automobile,was driven by the need for a more efficient mode of transportation.His imagination of a selfpropelled vehicle led to the creation of a machine that has since become ubiquitous in modern society.Imagining items also involves a deep understanding of existing technologies and materials.The development of the smartphone is a testament to this.It was not just the desire for a portable communication device that led to its creation,but also the integration of existingtechnologies such as miniaturized electronics,touchscreen interfaces,and wireless communication.The smartphone is an amalgamation of imagined features that have transformed the way we interact with the world.Moreover,the act of imagining items can be a catalyst for social change. The concept of a sustainable,zeroemission vehicle was once a mere idea, but today,it is a driving force behind the development of electric cars.Elon Musks vision for Tesla was not just to create a new type of car,but to reimagine transportation in a way that is kinder to the environment.This imaginative leap has spurred a global shift towards more sustainable practices.Imagining items also extends to the realm of medicine and healthcare.The dream of personalized medicine,where treatments are tailored to an individuals genetic makeup,was once a faroff concept.However, advancements in genomics and biotechnology have brought us closer to this reality.The ability to imagine such personalized treatments has led to breakthroughs in cancer research and other areas of medicine,offering hope to patients who previously had limited options.The power of imagination is not limited to tangible items it also applies to intangible concepts and systems.For example,the idea of a global internet was once a mere concept,but it has since become a reality that connects people across the globe.The internet has revolutionized communication, commerce,and information sharing,demonstrating the profound impact that imagined systems can have on society.In conclusion,the act of imagining items is a critical component of human progress.It is the spark that ignites innovation and drives us to explore new possibilities.Whether it is the development of new technologies,the creation of sustainable systems,or the advancement of medical treatments, the power of imagination is the key that unlocks the door to a brighter future.By nurturing our ability to imagine,we can continue to shape the world in ways that were once only dreams.。
悬想,苦索,顿悟作文英文回答:Imagination, soul-searching, epiphany are threepowerful words that can evoke deep emotions and reflections. Imagination is the ability to create mental images or concepts that are not present to the senses. It allows usto dream, to envision a world beyond our current reality. Soul-searching, on the other hand, is the process of examining one's thoughts, feelings, and beliefs in order to gain a deeper understanding of oneself. It often involves asking tough questions and confronting uncomfortable truths. And finally, epiphany is the moment of sudden realizationor insight, when everything falls into place and we see things in a new light.I have experienced all three of these concepts at different points in my life. Imagination has played acrucial role in shaping my dreams and aspirations. When I was a child, I used to imagine myself as a successfulwriter, traveling the world and sharing my stories with others. This vision fueled my passion for writing and pushed me to pursue my goals despite the challenges I faced along the way.Soul-searching, on the other hand, has been a more introspective journey for me. There have been times when I felt lost and confused, unsure of who I was or what I wanted in life. During these times, I turned inward and engaged in deep reflection, trying to understand my fears, insecurities, and desires. It was a painful process, but it ultimately led me to a greater sense of self-awareness and acceptance.And then there was the moment of epiphany, when everything suddenly clicked into place. It happened during a period of intense self-reflection and soul-searching. I was grappling with a difficult decision and feeling overwhelmed by uncertainty. But then, in a moment of clarity, I realized what I needed to do. It was like alight bulb going off in my head, illuminating the path forward. The epiphany gave me the courage and conviction tomake the necessary changes in my life.In conclusion, imagination, soul-searching, andepiphany are powerful forces that can shape our lives in profound ways. They push us to dream big, to confront our inner demons, and to seek enlightenment. By embracing these concepts and allowing them to guide us, we can unlock ourfull potential and live a more fulfilling and authenticlife.中文回答:悬想、苦索、顿悟,这三个词汇都能唤起深层次的情感和思考。
【导语】太容易想太多,不安与慌乱的感觉侵袭着太坚定的信任。
以下“触动⼈⼼的英⽂句⼦【三篇】”由整理发布,欢迎阅读参考!更多相关讯息请关注! 【篇⼀】 爱情最是让⼈捉摸不定,两个⼈吵着吵着就好了,两个⼈好着好着就分了。
Love is the most unpredictable. Two people quarrel with each other. Just two people do well. 你所以为的巧合,或许是另⼀个⼈⽤⼼的结果。
The coincidence of you may be the result of another person's intentions. ⼀直以为我跟何宝荣不⼀样,原来寂寞的时候,所有的⼈都⼀样。
I always thought I was different from He Baorong. When I was lonely, everyone was the same. 没有⼈值得你流泪,值得让你这么做的⼈不会让你哭泣。
No man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won't make you cry. 对你不好的⼈你也别太介意,没有⼈义务是对你好。
Don't mind too much about your bad people. No one is obliged to you. 感情,是⽤来维持的,不是⽤来考验的。
爱⼈,是⽤来疼爱的,不是⽤来伤害的。
Emotion is used to maintain, not to be tested. Love is for love, not for hurting. 你不是我,你不会知道我有多爱你,更不懂我有多害怕失去你。
You are not me, you will not know how much I love you, nor how much I fear losing you. 最怕和⾃⼰在乎的⼈慢慢变远,变淡,变陌⽣的过程,真的是发⾃内⼼的疼。
山西省广灵县第一中学2014届高考英语一轮复习 Unit 2 English around the world单元综合测试新人教版必修1Part one: Multiple choice (共50分)1. The rock ______wears away due to the action of the water.A. GraduallyB. exactlyC. looselyD. fluently2. He is a _______visitor to that country .I mean, he often goes there .A. gratefulB. looseC. frequentD. native3. So fluently does he speak English that he is often considered as a (an ) _____.A .official B. teenager C .native D .accent4. Go down this street, and you’ll find the police station three ______away.A. curtainsB. blocksC. voyagesD. entirely5. He may look young but he’s _______45.A. actuallyB. graduallyC. frequentlyD. entirely6. As far as I’m concerned, you should read more literature to enrich your _______.A. identityB. powerC. vocabularyD. accent7. Mr. Smith’s office is on the 18th floor .You’d better take the _______.A. voyageB. elevatorC. highwayD. identity8. I suggest you take Jack to Italy with you ,for he speaks _______Italian .A. officialB. fluentC. frequentD. entire9. The _______from England to India used to take six months ,which tire out the sailors .A. requestB. apartmentC. blockD. voyage10. The ______in her eyes told me something was wrong .A. blockB. baseC. itemD. expression11. He commanded that all the gates _____when it was getting dark in case thieves came in .A. were shutB. must be shutC. could be shutD. be shut12. Working as an editor ,you must learn Chinese well in addition to having a good _____ of English .A. commandB. seizeC. holdD. possession13.All I request of you is that you ______there ahead of time .A. areB. will beC. wereD. be14. Without facts, a person can not form a correct opinion ,for he needs to have actual knowledge ______his thinking .A. on which to be basedB. on which to baseC. which to be basedD. which to base15. Barbara is easy to ______as she’s the only one of the women who wears an evening dress.A. knowB. recognizeC. expressD. ignore16.In ______1600’s, Shakespeare ma de use of _______wider vocabulary than ever before.A. the; aB. /; /C. the;/D. /; a20. The open-air celebration has been put off ______the bad weather.A. in case ofB. in spite ofC. instead ofD. because of21. The engineers are so busy that they have zero time for outdoor sports activities, _________the y have the interes t.A. whereverB. wheneverC. even ifD. as if22. ---According to my grandma, it is a god idea to eat chicken soup when you have a cold.----_________, scientists agree with her.A. Sooner or laterB. Once in a whileC. To be exactD. Believe it or not23._______to stop his car by the roadside, the young driver seemed to be a bit angry with the policeman .A. Having commandedB. CommandedC. Being commandedD. To have commanded24. Visitors ______not to touch the exhibits.A. will requestB. requestC. are requestingD. are requested25. They ________that immediate action be taken to stop the water pollution.A. requestedB. expectedC. wishedD. realizedPart two :完形填空(共40分)It was a cold winter’s night when I stopped for gas on my way home from work. I was tired and had a slight _26_____ .I worked in a _____27__ doctor’s office and this was one of those days when the unexpected happened, making the schedule run __28____ than usual. It seemed I was going to be late 29 home and my husband, being the 30 person, would be ready to pronounce me late once again. Maybe if I hurried, I could still _31 __it home.I was heading inside to 32 for my gas when I noticed an older couple at the counter.I heard them asking for 33 to the local hospital. It was the same hospital that I had just _34_ a few minutes ago.The young man at the counter was trying to be 35 in explaining how to get there, with two other people making 36 . One of them was 37 trying to give them a whole different route back. It was then that I walked over to the couple and said, “Wouldyou like to follow me to the 38 ?”A look of 39 crossed the woman’s face.“I’m going right by there,” I said, which wasn’t a (an) 40 since I had just made up my mind to do 41 that.I got in my car and began the journey back. I was trying to watch to be sure they were right 42 me. It took only fifteen minutes to get there as rush hour traffic was beginning to 43 . I felt better than I had all day and my headache was nearly gone. Later, as I arrived home, my husband 44 me, “So you aren’t ever late any more.”I said, “Som etimes it’s 45 to be late.”26. A. break B. cold C. fever D. headache27. A. foreign B. common C. noisy D. busy28. A. later B. earlier C. easier D. simpler29. A. getting B. cooking C. calling D. working30. A. tough B. generous C. punctual D. rough31. A. get B. take C. arrive D. make32. A. pay B. charge C. wait D. search33. A. opinions B. trouble C. directions D. instructions34. A. reached B. visited C. called D. left35. A. skilled B. helpful C. experienced D. active36. A. comments B. promises C. jokes D. offers37. A. only B. still C. even D. ever38. A. station B. office C. hospital D. hotel39. A. happiness B. relief C. sadness D. peace40. A. lie B. fact C. reason D. duty41. A. partly B. voluntarily C. exactly D. perfectly42. A. across B. before C. beside D. behind43. A. go up B. die down C. take up D. get through44. A. teased B. yelled C. joked D. laughed45. A. possible B. special C. good D. safePart three:阅读理解 (共10分)AVicious and Dangerous Sports Should be Banned by LawWhen you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it’s amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don’t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves andthe Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungey lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting.It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of ‘the sporting spirit’ is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence. Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally – admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilizing influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognize that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings.46. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s opinion of nowadays’ human beings isA. not very high.B. high.C. contemptuous.D. critical.47.The main idea of this passage isA. vicious and dangerous sp orts should be banned by law.B. people are willing to pay vast sums money to see violence.C. to compare two different attitu des towards dangerous sports.D. people are bloodthirsty in sports.48. That the author mentions the old Romans isA. To compare the old Romans with today’s people.B. to give an example.C. to show human beings in the past know nothing better.D. to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty.49.How many dangerous sports does the author mention in this passage?A. Three.B. Five.C. Six.D. Seven.50.The purpose of the author in writing this passage isA. that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves.B. that, by banning the dangerous sports, we can improve the law.C. that we must take positive steps to improve social welfare system.D. to show law is the main instrument of social change.参考答案1-5 ACCBA 6-10CBBDD 11-15DADBB 16-20ADCCD21-25CDBDA 26-30DDAAC 30-35DACDB 36-40 ACCBA41-45CDBAC 46-50AADBAUnit 2 English around the world1-5 ACCBA 6-10CBBDD 11-15DADBB 16-20ADCCD21-25CDBDA 26-30DDAAC 30-35DACDB 36-40 ACCBA41-45CDBAC 46-50AADBA。
新gre阅读逻辑10套及答案解析可能有的小伙伴们在备考gre阅读的时候一直认为阅读就得需要大题量的练习来进行备考,但是对gre阅读考试的相关内容缺乏了解,今天小编为大家带来的资料就是新gre阅读逻辑10套及答案解析。
新gre阅读逻辑10套1. Armtech, a temporary-employment agency, previously gave its employees2.5 paid vacation days after each 700 hours worked. Armtech's new policy is to give its employees 5.0 paid vacation days after each 1,200hours worked. Therefore, this new policy is more generous to Armtech employees in giving them more vacation days per hour worked than the old policy did. Which of the following is an assumption on whichthe argument depends?(A) Most current Armtech employees approve of the company's new vacation policy.(B) A few Armtech employees leave the company before having worked 700 hours.(C) Most Armtech employees were not aware that the company planned to change its vacation policy until after it had already done so.(D) A significant portion of Armtech employees stay with the company long enough to work for 1,200 hours.(E) Armtech's new vacation policy closely matches the vacation policies of competing temporary employment agencies.2 The global population of frogs has declined in recent years while the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth has increased. Since the genetic material infrog eggs is harmed when exposed to ultraviolet radi- ation,and since the eggs themselves are not protected by shells or leathery coverings but are gelatinous, the frog population decline is probably due, at least in part, to the ultraviolet radiation increase. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the argument?(A) Even in those regions where there has been no significant increase in ultraviolet radiation, only a small proportion of the frog eggs that are laid ever hatch.(B) In areas where there has been the least decline in frog populations, populations of species of insects that frogs eat have decreased.(C) The eggs of frog species whose populations are declining tend to have higher concentrations of damaging pesticides than do the eggs of frog species whose populations have not declined.(D) In many places where turtles, which lay eggs with tough, leathery coverings, share habitats with frogs, turtle populations are also in decline.(E) Populations of frog species that hide their eggs beneath rocks or under sand have declined considerably less than have populations of frog species that do not cover their eggs.3 To improve productivity, manufacturing companies have recently begun restructuring work to produce more goods with fewer assembly-line workers, and the companies have laid off many workers as aconsequence. The workers laid off have been those with the least seniority(time on the job), generallythe younger workers.The statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following as a conclusion?(A) The products manufactured by the companies are not undergoing design changes while the manufacturing jobs arebeing restructured.(B) When assembly-line workers have made sug- gestions for improvements in manufacturing processes, some suggestions have been implemented, but many have not.(C) Assembly-line workers now need increased reading and mathematical skills to do their jobs.(D) Some of the innovations in assembly-line processes and procedures that were made to increase productivity have instead proved to be counterproductive.(E) The manufacturing companies are increasing the average age of their assembly-line workforce while still seeking to increase production.4.During the nineteenth century, Britain's urban popu- lation increased as its rural population diminished. A historian theorizes that, rather than industrialization'sbeing the cause, this change resulted from a series of migrations to urban areas, each occasioned by a depression in the agrarian economy. To test this hypoth-esis, the historian will compare economic data with population census data. The historian's hypothesis would be most strongly supported if which of the following were found to betrue?(A) The periods of greatest growth in the industrial economy were associated with a relatively rapid decline in the rural population.(B) The periods of greatest weakness in the agrarian economy were associated with relatively slow growth in the population as a whole.(C) Periods when the agrarian economy was compar- ativelystrong and the industrial economy com- paratively weak were associated with a particu- larly rapid decline in the rural population.(D) Periods when the agrarian and industrial econo- mies were both strong were associated with particularly rapid growth in the urban popula- tion.(E) The periods of greatest strength in the agrarian economy were associated with relatively slow growth in the urban population.5 Politician:Each year, small businesses create more jobs than do large established businesses. Therefore, in order to reduce unemployment in the long term, we should provide incentives for starting small businesses rather than for expanding established large businesses. Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the politician's argument?(A) In general, people employed by small businesses report higher job satisfaction than do people employed by large businesses.(B) Among the currently unemployed are many people with sufficient job skills to perform the jobs that small businesses would create.(C) Providing an effective incentive for starting a business generally costs significantly less than providing an effective incentive for expanding a large business.(D) A high proportion of small businesses fail within three years of starting because of their owners' inexperience.(E) The average large business contributes more money to politicians’ campaign funds than the average small business does.新GRE阅读逻辑10套答案1.内容:尽管在该地区的高中入学率已经连续几年下降,但小学的入学率已经有相当大地增长,因此,地区教育委员会建议建立一所新的小学。
全国2019年4月高等教育自学考试英美文学选读试题课程代码:00604全部题目用英文作答,答案写在答题纸相应的位置上。
PART ONEⅠ.Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each)Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write the answers on the answer sheet.1.“For a week after the commission of the impious and profane offence of asking for more,Oliver remained a close prisoner in the dark and solitary room...”(Dickens, Oliver Twist) What did Oliver ask for?[A]More time to play. [B]More food to eat.[C]More book to read. [D]More money to spend.2.Mrs. Warren’s Profession is one of George Bernard Shaw’s plays. What is Mrs. Warren’sprofession then ?[A]Real estate. [B]Prostitution.[C]House-keeping. [D]Farming.3.Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring forand finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.[A]immortality [B]political[C]money [D]knowledge4. The statement “A demanding mother turns away from her husband and gives all her affection to her sons” sums up the main plot of D. H. Lawrence′s .[A]Lady Chatterley’s Lover[B]Women in love[C]Sons and Lovers [D]The Plumed Serpent5.“Come to me-come to me entirely now,” said he ; and added, in his deepest tone, speaking in my ear as his cheek was laid on mine, “Make my happiness-I will m ake yours.”The above passage presents a scene in .[A]Emily Bronte’s Withering Heights[B]Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre[C]John Galsworthy′s The Forsyte Saga[D]Thomas Hardy′s Tess of the D′Urbervilles6.Which of the following is NOT written by William Butler Yeats?[A] “Sailing to Byzantium.”[B] “The Lake Isle of Innisfree.”[C] “Leda and the Swan.”[D] “The Waste Land.”7. “Drive my dead thought over the universeLike withered leaves to quicken a new birth.”(Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Ode to the West Wind”)What rhetorical device does the poet use in the quoted lines?[A]Synecdoche. [B]Metaphor.[C]Simile. [D]Onomatopoeia.8.Crusoe is the hero in The life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Grusoe, of York, Mariner (also known as Robinson Crusoe)by .[A]Jonathan Swift [B]Daniel Defoe[C]George Eliot [D]wrence9. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” is an epigrammatic line by .[A]John Keats [B]William Blake[C]William Wordsworth [D]Percy Bysshe Shelley10.Christoper Marlow’s “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” is a (n).[A]pastoral lyric [B]elegy [C]eulogy [D]epic11.Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance humanism?[A]Cultivation of the art of this world and this life.[B]Tolerance of human foibles.[C]Search for the genuine flavor of ancient culture.[D]Glorification of religious faith.12. “In dream vision Arthur witnessed the loveliness of Gloriana, and upon awaking resolves toseek her.” The two literary figures Arthur and Gloriana are form .[A]Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene[B]William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet[C]Christopher Marlowe’s “The Passionate Shepherd to His love”[D]John Donne’s “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning”13.Which of the following best describes the nature of Thomas Hardy’s later works?[A]Sentimentalism. [B]Tragic sense.[C]Surrealism. [D]Comic sense.14. “...This grew: I gave commands;Then all smiles stopped altogether....”(Robert Browning, “My Last Duchess”) The above lines imply that .[A]the Duchess was killed by her husband[B]the Duchess stopped smiling at her husband’s order[C]the Duchess died of laughing too much[D]the Duchess did not want to smile as much as her husband requested15.In which of the following works can you find the proper names “Lilliput,” “Brobdingnag,” “Houyhnhnm,” and “Yahoo”?[A]James Joyce’s Ulsses.[B]Charles Dickens’s Bleak House.[C]Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels.[D]D. H. Lawrence’s Women in love.16.As a literary figure, Belinda appears in Alexander Pope’s.[A] “The Dunciad”[B] “An Essay on Man”[C] “An Essay on Criticism”[D] “The Rape of the lock”17. “The novel is structured around the discovery of the hero’s origin.” Thi s novel is mostprobably .[A]Charles Dickens’s David Copperfield[B]James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man[C]Thomas Hardy’s Far from the Madding Growd[D]Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones18. “To wage by force or guile eternal war,Irreconcilable to our grand Foe.”(John Milton, Paradise lost)By what means were Satan and his followers to wage this war against God?[A]By planting a tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden.[B]By turning into poisonous snakes to threaten man’s life.[C]By removing God from His throne.[D]By corrupting man and woman created by God.19. “When the evening is spread out against the skyLike a patient etherized upon a table.”(T. s. Eliot, “The Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock”) What does the image in the quoted lines suggest?[A]Violence. [B]Horror. [C]Inactivity. [D]Indifference.20.Which of the following is NOT typical of metaphysical poetry best represented by John Donne’s works?[A]Common speech. [B]Conceit.[C]Argument. [D]Refined language.21.William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all of the following except .[A]normal contemporary speech patterns[B]humble and rustic life as subject matter[C]elegant wording and inflated figures of speech[D]intensely subjective feeling toward individual experience22.In Samuel Taylor Coleridge′s “Kubla Khan,” “A sunny pleasure dome with caves of ice”.[A]refers to the palace where Kubla Khan once lived[B]vividly describes a building of poor quality[C]is the gift given to a beautiful girl called Abyssinian[D]symbolizes the reconciliation of the conscious and the unconscious23.The hightide of Romanticism in American literature occurred around .[A]1820 [B]1850 [C]1880 [D]192024.The subject matter of Robert Frost’s Poems focuses on .[A] ordinary country people and scenes[B]battle scenes of ancient Greek and Roman legends[C]struggling masses and crowded urban quarters[D]fantasies and mythical happenings25.Which group of writers are among those who may be called early pioneers of American literature?[A]Mark Twain and Henry James.[B]Fenimore Cooper and Washington lrving.[C]Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner[D]Jack London and O’Henry.26.To Theodore Dreiser, life is “so sad, so strange, so mysterious and so inexplicable.” No wonder the characters in his books are often subject to the control of the natural forces, especially those of and heredity.[A]fate [B]morality[C]social conventions [D]environment27.Hawthorne generally concerns himself with such issues as in his fiction.[A]the evil in ma n’s heart [B]the material pursuit[C]the racial conflict [D]the social inequality28.provides the main source of influence on American naturalism.[A]The puritan heritage[B]Howells’ ideas of realism[C]Darwin’s theory of evolution[D]The pioneer spirit of the wild west29.In Mark Twain’s The Adventures of huckleberry Finn, Huck writes a letter to inform against Jim, the escaped slave, and then he tears the letter up. This fact reveals that .[A]Huck has a mixed feeling of love and hate[B]there is a conflict between society and conscience in Huck[C]Huck is always an indecisive person[D]Huck has very little education30.Which terms can best describe the modernists’ concern of the human situation in their fiction?[A]Fragmentation and alienation.[B]Courage and honor.[C]Tradition and faith.[D]Poverty and desperation.31.Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features except.[A]a strict poetic form[B]a simple and conversational language[C]a free and natural rhythmic pattern[D]an easy flow of feelings32.All his novels reveal that, as time went on, Mark Twain became increasingly .[A]prolific [B]artistic.[C]optimistic [D]pessimistic33.The poem “I like to see it lap the Miles-” is an interesting poem written by Emily Dickinson. What does “it” in the poem stand for?[A]The hound. [B]The star.[C]The horse. [D]The train.34.Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Henry James’s writing style?[A] exquisite and elaborate language[B]minute and detailed descriptions[C]lengthy psychological analyses[D]American colloquialism35.In the beginning paragraph of Chapter 3, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald describes a big party by saying that “men and girls came and went like moths.” The author most likely i ndicatesthat .[A]there was a crowd of party-goers[B]such life does not have real meaning[C]these people were light-hearted[D]these were crazy and ignorant characters36.In Hemingway’s “Indian Camp,” Nick, the main character, witnesses[A]a tragic killing of the Indians by the white men[B]real friendship between the white men and the Indians[C]a senseless killing of each other[D]terrible scenes of birth and death37.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of William Faulkner?[A]He is master of stream-of-consciousness narrative.[B]His writing is often complex and difficult to understand.[C]He often depicts slum life in New York and Chicago.[D]He represents a new group of Southern writers.38.American “Transcendentalists most typically believe that .[A]man is divine in name [B]art is superior to life[C]man can transform nature [D]poetry is the highest form of art39.By the end of Sister Carrie,Dreiser writes, “It was forever to the pursuit of that radiance of delight which tints the distant hilltops of the world.” Dreiser implies that .[A]there is a bright future lying ahead[B]there is no end to man’s desire[C]one should always be forward-looking[D]happiness is found in the end40.We can perhaps describe Em ily Grierson in Faulkner’s short story “A Rose for Emily” in all thefollowing ways except that .[A]she is psychologically deformed[B]she is wicked and morally corrupted[C]she is a symbol of the Old South[D]she is a prisoner and victim of the pastPART TWOⅡ.Reading Comprehension (16 points in all, 4 for each)Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.41. “The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,And al l that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave.Awaits the inevitable hour.The paths of glory lead but to the grave.”Questions:A.Identify the author and the title of the poem from which this passage is taken.B.What does the phrase “inevitable hour” mean?C.Write out the main idea of the passage in plain English.42. “A violet by a mossy stoneHalf hidden from the eye!-Fair as a star, when only oneIs shining in the sky.”Questions:A.Identify the author and the title of the poem from which this stanza is taken.B.Pick out the metaphor used in this stanza.C.What quality does the author intend to show by using the metaphor?43. “We passed The School, where Children stroveAt Recess-in the Ring-We passed The Fields of Gazing GrainWe passed The Setting Sun-”Questions:A.Who is the author of this stanza taken from the poem “Because I could not stop for Death-?B.What do the underlined parts symbolize?C.Where were “we” heading toward?44. “It was you that broke the new wood.Now is a time for carving.We have one sap and one root-Let there be commerce between us.”Questions:A.Whom does the “us” refer to?B.What does the phrase “broke the new wood” mean here?C.What is the intention of the poet in writing the poem “A Pact” from which these lines aretaken?Ⅲ.Questions and Answers (24 points in all, 6 for each)Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.45.In Chapter 15 of Wuthering Heights, Heath cliff said to Catherine: “Why did you betray your own, Cathy?... You loved me-then what right have you to leave me?... I have not broken your heart-you have broken it-and in breaking it, you have broken mine.”Taking the whole novel into consideration, do you think Heathcliff’s above accusation of Catherine’s betrayal can be justified? If you think so, what reasons does Catherine have to betray Heathcliff and their love?46.John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress is generally regarded as a religious allegory. What doesthe work symbolically concern? What is the predominant metaphor that is carried on through the whole work? And what is the aut hor’s purpose in writing such a book?47. The following passage is taken from The Merchant of Venice. Read it carefully and find thedramatic it contains. Use it as an example to illustrate what dramatic irony is. “Bassanio: Antonio, I am married to a wif eWhich is as dear to me as life itself;But life itself, my wife, and all world,Are not with me esteem’d above thy life;I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them allHere to this devil, to deliver you.Portia: Your wife would give you little thanks for that,If she were by to hear you make the offer.”48. What is the most famous theme in Henry James′s fiction? And what is his favourite approachin characterization, which makes him different from Mark and W. D. Howells as realists?Give two titles of his works in which this theme and this approach are employed.Ⅳ.Topic Discussion (20 points in all, 10 for each)Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.49.In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen explored three kinds of motivations of marriage themiddle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Try to make a brief discussion about them with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen’s attitude towards these motivations.50.Retell in a few sentences the story of the last chapter (Ch, 135) “The Chase-T hird Day” ofMelville’s novel Moby-Dick. Discuss the meaning of the ending of the story.。
Imaginary relish and exquisite torture:The elaborated intrusion theory of desireDavid J. KavanaghUniversity of QueenslandJackie Andrade and Jon MayUniversity of SheffieldPage head: A cognitive-emotional theory of desireWord count: 17000 + abstract, and 198 referencesAddress for correspondence: David J. Kavanagh PhD, Faculty of Health Sciences, Edith Cavell Building, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston Qld 4029 Australia.Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: The Elaborated Intrusion Theory of desireAbstractWe propose that the experience of human desire involves intrusive thoughts and elaborated cognitions. Intrusive thoughts are triggered automatically by external cues, cognitive associates, negative emotion or physiological deficits. When they elicit significant pleasure or relief, cognitive elaboration usually ensues. Elaboration competes with concurrent cognitive tasks through retrieval of target-related information and its retention in working memory. It includes the construction of mental images that simulate the sensory and emotional qualities of the target of the desire. These images are momentarily rewarding but amplify awareness of somatic and emotional deficits. The impact of desires on related behaviors is moderated by competing incentives, target availability and skills. The theory accounts for existing data and suggests new directions for research and treatment.120 wordsThe imaginary relish is so sweetThat it enchants my sense.(Shakespeare, Troilus & Cressida, Act 3, Scene 2).Here you are, innocently reading a psychology journal, and a paper suddenly mentions someone drinking coffee at a sidewalk café on a sunny Sunday morning. Chances are that you can immediately imagine how good it would be to have a cup of fine coffee. Maybe you imagine the smell of the freshly ground coffee beans, the smell and taste of the coffee, the sound of the grinder and the bubble and steam of the espresso machine. If you do not especially enjoy coffee, or have just finished a cup, this image may have little appeal. But if you would really enjoy a cup right now, the image has a pleasurable piquancy – a tantalizing enchantment that, like a tickle to your foot, moves easily to a sense of torture if the desire cannot be fulfilled. From its inception, the thought captures your attention. It has strong emotive power, and there is a sense that it triggers action. Some readers may feel unable to continue to read this paper until they get a cup.What are the essential elements of this subjective experience? Our impression is that they include the intrusive and often unexpected nature of the initial thought, the imagery of the coffee and of drinking it, and the pleasure and torture that image brings. Once begun, it is difficult to stop thinking about it—in fact, it is difficult to think about anything else. If the affective impact of the desire is particularly strong, its fulfilment may seem imperative, although of course it is not inevitable.In this paper, we describe an Elaborated Intrusion (EI) Theory of desires, which embodies these key aspects of the subjective phenomena as well as encompassing the wide range of related empirical evidence. As its name suggests, the theory distinguishes between associative processes that trigger intrusive thoughts about an appetitive target and the controlled processes of cognitive elaboration that tend to follow those thoughts that have stronger affective links. The processing priority provided to the elaboration is responsible for the interference with other cognitive tasks. The theory holds that emotive imagery and associated sensations are especially important in craving, since somato-sensory links contribute a particular piquancy and motivational power to the experience. The theory also highlights the affective nature of desires,and draws attention to the duality of those affective reactions (the relish and torture in our paper’s title). In contrast to some writers who have concluded that craving is epiphenomenal, we argue that desires represent a strong motivating force, albeit one that is moderated by other factors such as competing desires, skills or availability (e.g. we want to avoid being kept awake or are out of coffee). Our theory is unashamedly cognitive, with a focus on human motivation, but consistent with current neuroscientific findings from brain imaging and animal research.In the paper that follows, we define desire and distinguish it from its antecedents and consequences. We then provide an overview of the theory, and work through its key propositions, examining the evidence for each, including evidence from our own laboratory. We complete the paper with research predictions and implications for the treatment of dysfunctional desires.What do we mean by desire?A coherent theory of desire requires clarity of definition and a distinction of desires from their antecedents, correlates and consequences. It is especially important that we clarify these concepts, since definitions have been subject to some contention, especially in the context of craving for drugs (Kozlowski & Wilkinson, 1987). We use “desire” in the sense of an explicitly conscious wish or urge to gain pleasure, relieve discomfort, or satisfy a want, or to engage in consummatory behavior associated with these outcomes. Desire is not simply an emotion (contrast Franken, 2003); the psychological experience includes images or verbal thoughts about the attractive features of appetitive objects or activities (Salkovskis & Reynolds, 1994). Desire is also conscious; while unconscious or implicit processes may underpin some behavioral responses (Robinson & Berridge, 2003; Tiffany, 1990), they are not themselves desire, although they can trigger desire. As Robinson and Berridge argue, ‘when cognitive elaboration translates incentive salience attributions into the level of conscious awareness of the corresponding representations … the initial activation of an implicit 'wanting' system contributes to the explicit subjective experience of a conscious desire’ (2003, p.36)Desires are events in time, and can therefore be described on dimensions of duration and frequency as well as by their affective intensity. Like pain or fear, desires are direct experiences rather than metacognitions (cf. Toneatto, 1999), although reports or ratings are clearlymetacognitive (and therefore subject to error). The distinction is important—brain activation patterns, for example, may be quite different when the person is attempting to evaluate or measure their desire rather than simply experiencing it. Reports of expectancies are even further divorced from the phenomena of desire, since they represent reported beliefs about the likely consequences of target acquisition, and do not necessarily correspond to the immediately relevant aspects of the target that are the focus of attention during an specific episode of desire.Desires are sometimes inferred from correlated self-reported phenomena such as a difficulty in controlling such thoughts (Bohn, Krahn, & Staehler, 1995; Tiffany, Singleton, Haertzen, & Henningfield, 1993; Volpicelli, Alterman, Hayahida & O’Brien, 1992), confidence in maintaining behavioural restraint or intentions to acquire the target (Tiffany & Drobes, 1991; Tiffany et al, 1993). Although these reports may have practical utility in assessment instruments, in this paper we separate the desires from these correlated or consequential phenomena in order to develop a coherent causal theory. A similar inferential issue is raised by animal research, where we cannot ask for reports of cognition or emotion. Behavioural indices from humans and animals (such as drinking rate, approach latency, maximum reinforcement ratio, etc.) at best represent indirect indices of the cognitive-emotional events. Desires should also be distinguished from their antecedents such as associated cognition, physiological deficits or environmental cues. The occurrence of these events may increase the probability of desires, but they do not represent the phenomenon itself.We began work on this theory as an explanation of craving for psychoactive substances. However, we see the theory as being applicable to all desires, and argue that such a broad applicability is in fact essential to an adequate theory of desires and craving. While psychoactive drugs appear to sensitize some neural pathways involved in motivation (Robinson & Berridge, 1993, 2003; Berridge & Robinson, 2003), we argue that the key component processes in substance-related craving are the same as for other desires. Although we recognize that some people prefer to limit the use of the word “craving” to very strong or intense experiences (Kozlowski & Wilkinson, 1987), we argue for a continuity model of intensity, and do not make qualitative distinctions between craving and desire. Support for a continuity across desired targets comes from various sources. Subjective reports indicate that the experience of desire is qualitatively similar across a range of targets, including food, soft drinks, alcohol and tobacco(May, Andrade, Panabokke & Kavanagh, 2004). Research into the causes, components and consequences of desire, discussed below, reveals no important differences between desires for different targets. Animal studies indicate that dopaminergic systems underpin motivated behaviours generally. For example, dopamine anatagonists attenuate the motivational properties of food, water and drugs in deprived animals (see Nader, Bechara & van der Kooy, 1997). Our paper therefore develops a theory that aims to cover desires in general, whether these be mild or intense, for drugs or other motivational targets.The Elaborated Intrusion (EI) Theory of DesireThe Elaborated Intrusion theory of desire derives its title from the separation of more basic, associative processes from higher level elaborative processes. The associative processes underlie apparently spontaneous, intrusive thoughts about a target that can arise while attention is primarily directed to another task. They may take the form of verbal or image fragments, or an implicational awareness (cf. Barnard & Teasdale, 1991). Elaboration involves controlled processes of search for target-related information and the retention of this information in working memory, resulting in highly elaborated cognition about the target.The distinction between the associative and elaborative processes is illustrated in Figure 1, with elements comprising the conscious experience of desire being displayed within the central box, and triggers or sources of information being shown around it.______________________________________Insert Figure 1 about here______________________________________The processes underpinning intrusive thoughts involve learned associations to either internal or external antecedent events (Figure 1). Five types of these events are distinguished: physiological deficit states, negative affect, external cues, other cognitive activity, and anticipatory responses to the target (such as salivation). The associations themselves may be classically conditioned or they can be episodic or semantic in nature. The nature of these initiating processes, indicated by the light arrows in Figure 1, means that demands for controlled processing or working memory are low, and this gives rise to the sense of spontaneity and intrusion into concurrent cognitive activity. While associative connections tend to reactivateinstigative factors, the intrusive thoughts themselves are transitory events. Unless they are attended or retained in working memory, thoughts about the target will be vulnerable to distraction by salient stimuli or cognitive associates that are unrelated to the target (e.g. a cup of coffee might be nice—my last cup of coffee was with Jan—I’d really like to see Jan again). However, when the target elicits powerful affective reactions or a keen sense of deficit, we predict that intrusive thoughts will be followed by elaboration. This form of desire-related cognition involves effortful cognitive processes that are triggered by the intrusive thought and its associated affective response, and are indicated by the dark arrows in Figure 1. Relevant information is sought, and is then retained and manipulated in working memory. The search is both internal (increasing the salience of physiological states and target-related cognition such as expectancies) and external (increasing the salience of relevant situational cues). The search involves the same instigating factors as in the associative activation of desire, with the addition that past experiences and other information relating to these factors are retrieved from long-term memory.If you responded to the cup of coffee scenario described at the start of this paper, you were engaging in elaborative rumination. The example illustrates that elaborative desires do not have to wait for associations to emerge—they can also be elicited on instruction. Regardless of the way in which elaboration is triggered, processing resources tend to be captured. You may well have found it difficult to concentrate on the subsequent material in this paper, because the elaborative processing competes for priority in the limited-capacity systems of working memory.We argue that the coffee example was prototypical in its form. Sensory images are not just precipitants of desire, but lie at its heart. While we do not exclude the role of semantic processing in desire, we predict that extended episodes of appetitive rumination will typically include the construction of sensory images that often are vivid and richly textured, lending the experience a sensory immediacy that contributes to its emotional impact and helps to explain the exquisite and tantalizing nature of the phenomenon.The generation, maintenance and manipulation of vivid images recruits several high level cognitive processes (Baddeley & Andrade, 2000). Elements of an image, including sensory information (for example, the smell of beer), generic characteristics (the typical color of beer),specific episodes (how good the beer tasted on holiday), are retrieved from long-term memory. This retrieval process is controlled by executive processes of working memory (Rosen & Engle, 1997). Relevant information may also be obtained from the immediate environment and stored in appropriate subsystems of working memory. The visuo-spatial and auditory subsystems of working memory (Baddeley, 1986) serve as workspaces for storing the information thus retrieved. Manipulation of this information, by modality-specific rehearsal processes and amodal central executive processes, contributes to the experience of vivid, quasi-lifelike images.We argue that progressive elaboration of the target-related thoughts, particularly in the form of imagery, is the key process underlying the persistence of desires during episodes. The operation of elaborative processes does not replace associative ones. Those original links remain operative—their likelihood of emerging is augmented by the increased attentional priority to target-relevant material. Each type of process helps to feed the other. So, the retrieval processes that were activated in the service of constructing an image of coffee may well have generated further intrusive thoughts. Response memories may also have been activated, and you may have started to elaborate plans for obtaining some coffee. Imagined strategies for obtaining coffee may include further images of it.This is not to say that the episode is indefinitely self-sustaining, even when pleasure and a sense of deficit are elicited. You may have had a cup of coffee, and now feel sufficiently satiated that further thoughts about it no longer elicit significant affect. Other competing cognitive tasks may also have terminated the episode. The continued operation of associative processes may have diverted attention to alternative desires, or you may have been so enthralled by our paper that you preferentially allocated processing resources to it. Both associative and elaborative processes contain the reasons for the termination of episodes as well as the basis for their development. As a result of their operation, desires tend to fluctuate in salience and affective intensity over time, even in the context of significant deprivation.We propose that imagery is particularly effective at maintaining and augmenting craving because of its effectiveness in activating emotional and motivational pathways. Consummatory fantasies provide a keen emotive edge and motivational power because of their similarity with the consummatory experience itself. Conversely, the physiological correlates of the affective experience may lend further color to the sensory imagery. We predict that, when other factorsare controlled, a stronger sense of desire will be derived when the imagined experience is more closely associated with affect or is more subjectively vivid. More vivid imagery is likely when there are more environmental cues to assist its development, with the best set of cues provided by a priming dose of the substance. For this reason, the theory is consistent with observations that a priming exposure, short of satiation, tends to increase desire rather than decreasing it (Ludwig, Wikler & Stark, 1974).These aspects of desire imagery would have significant evolutionary advantages. More vivid consummatory images would be elicited (and more intense reinforcement obtained) as the organism imagined or entered a setting where the target would most likely be found. Image vividness would therefore assist in selection of behavioral alternatives and in prediction of outcomes. Approaches to the target would both increase image vividness and increase the potency of associated affective responses. This would reinforce approach and preparatory behaviors to acquisition of the consummatory target. Vivid imagery allows the organism to continue seeking out the consummatory target in the temporary absence of specific cues. Imagery thereby provides a motivational bridge across extended time periods before a consummatory target can be obtained.We argue that desires make target acquisition more likely, but not inevitable. Nor does the absence of desire preclude consumption. This is not the only route to behaviour, but it is a compelling one which can overcome situational or intentional impedances. The impact of desire is moderated by the availability of the appetitive target, the balance of other salient incentives, and skills and self-efficacy in either procuring the target or inhibiting its acquisition (Bandura, 1999). The EI theory predicts that, where other conditions strongly favor or inhibit consumption, the level of desire will be less predictive of consumption than when other conditions are less extreme. So, if you are reading this paper with an open box of chocolates at your side, intense desire is not required before you take one. If you are reading it in a library where eating chocolate is forbidden, even an intense desire may not result in an attempt to obtain it. Degree of desire is also less relevant when competing incentives are high (e.g. a million-dollar modeling contract is riding on loss of weight), and you have the self-efficacy and skills to resist consumption. On the other hand, if you feel unable to resist temptation or there is noreason to do so, the degree of desire for chocolate is very likely to predict whether you leave the house to buy some.While both intrusive and elaborated thoughts appear to trigger target acquisition, they typically do so in different ways. Intrusive thoughts may bias choices of activities or trigger very simple “absent-minded” behavior, like reaching for a cigarette, particularly when attention is focused on another task. Full awareness may sometimes follow that behavior rather than precede it. An associative linkage between focal attention to the target and a simple response is highly consistent with the associative processes underlying intrusive thoughts themselves. On the other hand, elaborated thoughts serve to maintain the desired target as a behavioral goal across temporal delays, and provide response plans that facilitate target acquisition through the organization of behavioral sequences.Affect is involved in all aspects of the EI theory. Both intrusive and elaborated thoughts are linked to reward processes that confer both hedonic tone and a tendency for the appetitive thoughts to capture and retain attention. But the predominant emotional reaction in many episodes of desire is negative, because negative emotion is both a potential precursor and a delayed consequence of the desire. Within the EI theory, negative emotion operates as a non-specific deficit state that can elicit a variety of desires, and increase the salience of concurrent physiological deprivation. Both intrusive and elaborated thoughts amplify the salience of deprivation. The effect is heightened under conditions such as repeated use of psychoactive substances, where the pleasure or relief afforded by thoughts about the substance is increasingly rapidly subsumed by a strong sense of deprivation (Compare Robinson and Berridge’s (2003) distinction between ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’, but note that we are talking about the conscious affective and cognitive experiences that constitute desire whereas, at least in later expositions of their theory, Robinson and Berridge use ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ to denote implicit underpinnings of desire). Even in other circumstances where the perceived deficit is substantial (e.g. strong hunger) and target acquisition is delayed, we can still become caught in cycles of elaboration, fleeting reward and intensified deficit as we think about the desired target. During a control attempt, guilt or anxiety about the intrusive thought or elaboration also contributes to the negative state. So the imaginary relish may be sweet, but the deprivation, guilt and anxiety leaveus tortured. We are like the legendary Tantalus, able to see food and drink, but simultaneously tortured by our imagination (Drummond, 2001).Components of the EI theory and related evidenceThe EI theory argues that cognitive processes and desire related cognitions intervene between the factors that elicit desire, and attempts to consume or abstain from consumption. In the following section we outline the main components of the theory, and relate them to existing evidence. We begin, conventionally, with the factors that elicit desire, and then discuss our more novel distinction between the automatic, associative processes underpinning the experience of intrusive thoughts and the controlled, elaborative processes underpinning the full-blown experience of desire. We describe the key role that mental imagery plays during an episode of desire, and show why this leads to both pleasure and discomfort. Finally, we address the relationship between desire and consumption.Factors that elicit desireAs shown in Figure 1, we argue that several factors may elicit desire. These include external cues that have conditioned associations to thoughts about the appetitive target and associations to other ongoing cognitive activity. Appetitive thoughts can also follow a physiological conditioned reaction to an external cue (“my heart missed a beat…she’s here!”).A deficit state such as physiological deprivation or withdrawal from a substance may also elicit desire, as may aversive emotional states that are not necessarily related to somatic deprivation. For example, if a person has eaten chocolate to improve their mood in the past, an awareness of negative mood may be sufficient to trigger an association with eating chocolate, even if they have just eaten a hearty meal.Eliciting factors trigger desire by one of two pathways. The first is via the availability of target-related associations in memory. These associations may be semantic, episodic, conditioned or primed by previous cognitive activity. In each case, the association emerges through the unconscious, uncontrolled activation of memory. The involvement of learned associations introduces uncertainty into the prediction of whether a particular cue or train of thought will result in a specific desire, although the content of the thought or the salience of thecue will of course have an influence. So, our route home may remind us of ways we can buy alcohol, or we may remember the need to post a letter. Repeated elicitation of a particular desire in the context of specific internal or external cues would be expected to strengthen the association and increase the probability of the specific desire being elicited in that context, but even in that case the associative linkages still reflect a probabilistic relationship.A second pathway to desire may introduce further uncertainty to the elicitation process. In this case, the initial intrusive thought is of an ambiguous sensation or deficit, and there is no dominant association to a specific target. Under these circumstances, elaborative processes that focus on attribution of the deficit are likely to be initiated. This notion is consistent with an Elaboration Likelihood Model of affect (Petty & Cacioppo, 1984), which proposes that a negative mood increases motivation to alter the current mood state, with a consequent cognitive style directed towards evaluating the context and searching for features that could be ‘causing’the negative mood. The Elaboration Likelihood Model is strongly supported by research evidence on the impact of affect on cognition (Petty & Cacioppo, 1984).The involvement of attributional and associational processes implies that desires may arise from attributional errors or salient but misleading associations. An irregular heartbeat may be due to excessive caffeine rather than to a lover’s arrival. Within the EI theory, the desire that is elicited will depend on the relative salience of the appetitive target and the cognitive availability of related material. We predict that cross-activation of desires will be common in conditions where information about the physiological deficit is ambiguous (e.g. activation of the sympathetic nervous system).Unless a ceiling in subjective desire is reached, the EI theory predicts that multiple prompts would have greater effects than those occurring singly because they increase the probability of one or more intrusive thoughts, and contribute a richer body of semantic and sensory material to elaboration. In fact, more than one factor may often be required for a desire to emerge at all. So, recalling a blazing log fire is only likely to trigger a desire to find one if we are aware that we are cold: conversely, an awareness of cold will only activate a desire for fire if that associate is activated or a related external cue is encountered.Our list of eliciting factors is consistent with the existing research evidence, as is the view that the presence of multiple eliciting factors tends to increase the probability and strengthof subsequent desire. The claim that eliciting factors operate via cognition in humans is consistent with evidence that attributional errors can occur, and with demonstrations of the particular effectiveness of semantic and imaginal craving induction strategies.Physiological deficit and negative moods.There is substantial evidence that deprivation or withdrawal can induce desire. For example in smoking, abstinence from cigarettes for 6-24 hours is associated with craving, and desire to smoke is reduced by nicotine substitution (Jorenby et al., 1996). The activation of appetitive associations during withdrawal is demonstrated by the priming of substance-related words (Jarvik, Gross, Rosenblatt & Stein, 1995). Furthermore, the dopaminergic systems that underlie ‘incentive salience’ aspects of reward are differentially activated in situations where animals are in deprived states (Nader et al, 1997).However, a single-factor model of elicitation that is based on pharmacological effects is inconsistent with the current data on the elicitation of craving. For example, a transdermal nicotine patch alleviates cigarette craving that is associated with nicotine withdrawal, but does not affect reactivity to smoking cues (Tiffany, Sanderson-Cox, & Elash, 2000). Nor does a pharmacological model account for the time course of desire during withdrawal. Such a model would for example predict that craving for cigarettes would parallel the curve of physiological withdrawal symptoms. However, a steady reduction in craving over 25 days can be seen from the day people quit smoking – a pattern that omits an initial increase as physiological symptoms rise in severity, and extends well beyond the primary withdrawal period (Shiffman et al., 1997). In the EI theory, the activation of desires during a withdrawal period is subject to the total context of target-related associations and to the outcomes of any attributional search that may be initiated.The sense of deprivation need not be specific to the desired object or activity to activate desire: A negative mood can induce desire for a target or activity that is brought to awareness. In a study on continuing smokers by Maude-Griffin & Tiffany (1996), a negative mood without accompanying cues resulted in significantly greater smoking urges than did either a neutral or positive mood. The level of craving resulting from the negative mood alone was as high as that resulting from imagery about urges to smoke within a neutral mood context. Similar effects are。