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Similarity of regulation between eukaryotes and prokaryote

1、Principles are the same: signals, activators and repressors, recruitment and allostery（变构）, cooperative binding

2、Expression of a gene can be regulated at the similar steps, and the initiation of

transcription is the most pervasively regulated step.

Difference in regulation between eukaryotes and prokaryote

1. Pre-mRNA splicing adds an important stepfor regulation.

2. The eukaryotic transcriptional machineryis more elaborate than its bacterial

counterpart.

3. Nucleosomesand their modifiers influenceaccess to genes.

4. Many eukaryotic genes have more regulatory binding sites and are controlled by more

regulatory proteins than are bacterial genes.

cis-regulatory element

A cis-regulatory element or cis-element is aregion of DNA or RNA that regulates the

expression of Genes located on that same strand. This term is constructed from the

Latin word cis, which means "on the same side as". These cis-regulatory elements are

often binding sites of one or more trans-acting factors. A cis-element may be located in

the promoter region 5' to the gene it controls, in an intron, or in the 3'untranslated region.

Trans-regulatory elements

Trans-regulatory elements are species which may modify the expression of genes distant

from the gene that was originally transcribedto create them. To demonstrate the concept

(this is not a specific example), a transcription factor which regulates a gene

on chromosome 6 might itself have been transcribed from a gene on chromosome 11.

This term is constructed from the Latin root -trans, which means "across from".

Expound the general mechanism of control of gene expression of Eukaryotes

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Lecture 8

Lecture 8

湖南第一师范学院外语系课程教案

第1页

1 课 题 Lecture 8 Generalization of English Rhetoric 授课

时数 4 授课

类型 Lecture

教 学

目 的 To help students grasp generalization of English Rhetoric

Let students be aware of the differences between Rhetoric and grammar, phonetics and

lexicology

Let students master three aesthetic criteria in English rhetoric

教 学

重 点 1. The brief summary of English Rhetoric

2. The nature of English Rhetoric

教 学

难 点 The study of three principles of Rhetoric study and the three aesthetic criteria in English

Rhetoric

主要︵知识︶语言点 1. Definition of Rhetoric

2. Classification of Rhetoric

3. Rhetoric and figures of speech

4. The difference between rhetoric and grammar, phonetics, lexicology

5. Contents of Modern Rhetoric

6. The Three Principles for Our Study of Rhetoric

7. The Three Aesthetic Criteria in English Rhetoric

Lecture8 Diffraction

Lecture8 Diffraction

Diffraction of LightLesson 8Objectives

⑴Concept：Diffraction, Single slit Diffraction，Grating Diffraction, Diffraction Pattern, Grating Constant⑵Formula：(Single slit, dark fringe); （Grating，bright fringe）关键线：光程及光程差We will talk about1. What is diffraction? 2. How is the single-slit diffractionformed ? 3. What is diffraction grating? 4. How is the diffraction grating patternformed ? Diffraction

When a wave encounters a barrier or a slit whose size is similar tothe wavelength, the wave will spread out intothe region beyond the

barrier or slit.monochromatic

lightslitlenslensDiffraction Patternsingle slitcircular holecircular obstaclerectangular holeGrating diffractionA series of parallel slits with equal width and equal space between two adjacent slits.

transmission gratingreflection gratingGrating diffraction patternone slittwenty slitsthree slits

Lecture 8 2

Lecture 8 2

05级写作 川外成都学院英语师范系 雷蕾

1 Lecture Eight-Personification

一、Definition：What's "personification"?

-- One way you can make your writing more interesting is to use "personification". It means to

make something that isn't a person take on the qualities or personality of a person. It makes for fun

stories. (You didn't think that the three little pigs really talked and built their own houses did you?)

Personification is a writer's craft that gives an idea, object, or animal qualities of a person.

Personification is also used sometimes to graphically describe something.

For example:

 The wind howled.

 The volcano belched smoke and ash.

We know, of course, that howling and belching is something that humans do quite well. When you

use these actions to describe the wind or a volcano, it paints a wonderful picture with words!

Lecture 8(2)

Lecture 8(2)

1 April 28, 2011

Lecture 8

Education（2）

Higher learning stage in U.S.A.

Various forms of education

Primary/elementary Schools

Grammar and high schools

Public (state owned)/private College or

University

Vocational higher education- community

college

Life time study in U.S.A.

In U.S. everyone must study for

lifetime without age limit to keep in touch

with the changing life around him/her.

Americans are proud of the fact that the

window of knowledge is never closed for

the nation’s citizens.

2

Studying abroad

Studying abroad brings many

advantages as well as many new

experiences. Many aspects of university

life are vastly different to those in a

student’s country of origin. Conditions,

academic expectations and requirements,

social life and study schedule all can be a

far cry from what students have already