外科第七版中英对照(thea)
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第一章绪论1第一节外科护理学的发展2第二节学习外科护理学的方法与要求4第三节外科护士应具备的素质5第二章水、电解质代谢紊乱和酸碱平衡失调病人的护理7 第一节水和钠代谢紊乱8一、脱水8二、水中毒13第二节其他电解质代谢紊乱14一、钾代谢紊乱14二、钙代谢紊乱17三、磷代谢紊乱19四、镁代谢紊乱20第三节酸碱平衡失调22一、代谢性酸中毒22二、代谢性碱中毒24三、呼吸性酸中毒25四、呼吸性碱中毒26第三章外科休克病人的护理29第一节概述30第二节低血容量性休克39一、失血性休克39二、创伤性休克40第三节感染性休克41第四章外科营养支持病人的护理44第一节概述45一、外科病人的代谢变化45二、营养物质需要量45三、营养诊疗的基本流程46第二节营养筛查47第三节营养评定48第四节营养支持49一、肠内营养49二、肠外营养52第五章手术室管理和工作57第一节概述58一、布局与环境58二、手术人员职责60三、手术室安全管理62第二节手术室物品消毒灭菌63一、布单类63二、敷料类63三、器械类63四、缝线和缝针64五、引流物64第三节手术病人的准备64一、一般准备64二、手术体位准备64三、手术区皮肤消毒66第四节手术人员的准备66一、一般准备66二、外科手消毒66三、穿无菌手术衣67四、戴无菌手套67五、脱手术衣及手套68第五节手术室无菌操作技术70一、手术中的无菌操作原则70二、无菌器械桌的准备70三、手术区铺单法70第六节手术隔离技术72第六章麻醉病人的护理74第一节概述75一、麻醉学的工作范畴和内容75二、麻醉的分类76第二节麻醉前准备和麻醉前用药76一、麻醉前评估76二、麻醉前准备77第三节局部麻醉78第四节椎管内麻醉80一、蛛网膜下隙阻滞80二、硬脊膜外隙阻滞82第五节全身麻醉84第七章手术前后病人的护理92第一节概述93第二节手术前病人的护理94第三节手术后病人的护理101第八章外科感染病人的护理110第一节概述111第二节浅部组织的化脓性感染114一、疖和痛114二、急性蜂窝织炎115三、急性淋巴管炎及淋巴结炎116第三节手部急性化脓性感染117一、甲沟炎和脓性指头炎117二、急性化脓性腱鞘炎、滑囊炎和手掌深部间隙感染118第四节全身性外科感染119第五节特异性感染121一、破伤风121点二、气性坏疽124第九章损伤病人的护理127第一节创伤128第二节烧伤133第三节冻伤141第四节咬伤143一、犬咬伤143二、毒蛇咬伤144三、虫蜇伤145第十章肿瘤病人的护理147第一节概述148第二节恶性肿瘤148第三节良性肿瘤160第十一章移植病人的护理162第一节概述163第二节肾移植169第三节肝移植174第十二章颅内压增高及脑疝病人的护理181 第一节颅内压增高182第二节脑痛191第十三章颅脑损伤病人的护理,194第一节头皮损伤195一、头皮血肿195二、头皮裂伤196三、头皮撕脱伤196第二节颅骨骨折197一、颅盖骨折197二、颅底骨折199第三节脑损伤200一、脑震荡202二、脑挫裂伤202三、颅内血肿207四、开放性脑损伤209第十四章颅内和椎管内血管性疾病病人的护理212 第一节脑卒中213第二节颅内动脉瘤217第三节颅内动静脉畸形219第四节自发性蛛网膜下隙出血220第十五章颅内和椎管内肿瘤病人的护理223 第一节颅内肿瘤224第二节椎管内肿瘤229第十六章颈部疾病病人的护理231第一节甲状疾病232一、甲状腺癌232二、甲状腺功能亢进238三、单纯性甲状腺肿241四、甲状腺腺瘤243第二节颈部常见肿块243第十七章乳房疾病病人的护理246第一节急性乳腺炎247第二节乳腺囊性增生病249第三节乳房肿瘤249一、乳腺纤维腺瘤250二、乳管内乳头状瘤250三、乳腺癌251第十八章胸部损伤病人的护理261第一节概述262第二节肋骨骨折264第三节气胸266第四节血胸272第五节心脏损伤274一、钝性心脏损伤274二、穿透性心脏损伤275第十九章胸壁、胸膜疾病病人的护理278 第一节漏斗胸279第二节脓胸280第三节胸壁、胸膜肿瘤285一、胸壁肿瘤285二、胸膜肿瘤285第二十章肺部疾病病人的护理288第一节肺癌289第二节肺结核299第三节支气管扩张301第二十一章食管疾病病人的护理304第一节食管癌305第二节食管良性肿瘤313第二十二章心脏大血管疾病病人的护理315 第一节体外循环316第二节先天性心脏病321一、动脉导管闭321二、房间隔缺损323三、室间隔缺损325四、法洛四联症329第三节后天性心脏病330一、二尖瓣狭窄330二、二尖瓣关闭不全333三、主动脉瓣狭窄334四、主动脉瓣关闭不全335五、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病335第四节胸主动脉疾病337一、主动脉夹层338二、胸主动脉瘤342第二十三章急性化脓性腹膜炎病人的护理345 第一节急性化脓性腹膜炎346第二节腹腔脓肿352一、膈下脓肿353二、盆腔脓肿354第二十四章腹外疝病人的护理356第一节概述357第二节腹股沟疝358第三节其他腹外疝364一、股疝364二、切口疝364三、脐疝365第二十五章腹部损伤病人的护理367第一节概述368第二节常见的脏器损伤375一、脾损伤375二、肝损伤376三、胰腺损伤377四、胃、十二指肠和小肠损伤378五、结肠、直肠损伤379第二十六章胃十二指肠疾病病人的护理381 第一节胃十二指肠溃疡382第二节胃癌389第二十七章小肠疾病病人的护理395第一节肠梗阻396第二节肠瘘401第二十八章阑尾炎病人的护理406第一节急性阑尾炎407第二节特殊类型急性阑尾炎412第三节慢性阑尾炎413第二十九章大肠和肛管疾病病人的护理415 第一节大肠癌416第二节直肠肛管其他疾病425一、痔425二、直肠肛管周围脓肿427三、肛瘘428四、肛裂430第三十章肝脏疾病、门静脉高压症病人的护理433 第一节门静脉高压症434第二节肝癌439一、原发性肝癌439二、继发性肝癌446第三节肝脓肿447一、细菌性肝脓肿447二、阿米巴性肝脓肿449第三十一章胆道疾病病人的护理452第一节胆道疾病的特殊检查和护理453一、超声检查453二、放射学检查454三、胆道镜检查456第二节胆石症456一、胆囊结石457二、胆管结石461第三节胆道感染464一、急性胆囊炎464二、慢性胆囊炎466三、急性梗阻性化性炎466第四节胆道蛔虫病468第五节胆囊息肉和胆道肿瘤469一、胆囊息肉469二、胆囊癌470三、胆管癌471第三十二章胰腺疾病病人的护理473第一节胰腺炎474一、急性胰腺炎474二、慢性胰腺炎480第二节胰腺肿瘤和壶腹周围癌481一、胰腺癌481二、壶腹周围癌485三、胰岛素瘤485第三十三章周围血管疾病病人的护理488 第一节周围血管损伤489第二节动脉硬化性闭塞症491第三节血栓闭塞性脉管炎495第四节原发性下肢静脉曲张497第五节深静脉血栓499第三十四章泌尿系统损伤病人的护理503 第一节肾损伤504第二节膀胱损伤508第三节尿道损伤510第三十五章泌尿系统结石病人的护理515 第一节上尿路结石516第二节下尿路结石522一、膀胱结石522二、尿道结石523第三十六章泌尿、男性生殖系统增生和肿瘤病人的护理525 第一节良性前列腺增生526第二节膀胱癌530第三节肾癌535第四节前列腺癌537第三十七章泌尿、男性生殖系统结核病人的护理541 第一节肾结核542第二节男性生殖系统结核546一、附睾结核546二、前列腺、精囊结核547第三十八章肾上腺疾病病人的护理549第一节皮质醇增多症550第二节原发性醛固酮增多症554第三节儿茶酚胺增多症555第三十九章骨折病人的护理558第一节概述559第二节常见四肢骨折572一、肱骨干骨折572二、肱骨髁上骨折573三、前臂双骨折574四、桡骨远端骨折575五、股骨颈骨折576六、股骨干骨折578七、胫腓骨干骨折579第三节脊柱骨折和脊髓损伤580一、脊柱骨折580二、脊髓损伤583第四节骨盆骨折588第四十章关节脱位病人的护理591第一节概述592第二节肩关节脱位595第三节肘关节脱位597第四节髋关节脱位。
第章颅脑损伤颅脑损伤(cramocerebral trauma, head injury)多见于交通、工矿等事故,自然灾害,爆炸、火器伤、坠落、跌倒以及各种锐器、钝器对头部的伤害;常与身体其他部位的损伤复合存在。
颅脑损伤可分为头皮损伤(scalp injury)、颅骨损伤(skull injury)与脑损伤(brain injury),三者虽皆可单独发生,但须警惕其合并存在;其中性作用的是脑损伤的程度及其处理效果。
第一节头皮损伤一、头皮血肿头皮血肿(scalp hematoma)多因钝器伤所致,按血肿出现于头皮内的具体层次(图20-1)可分为皮下血肿(subcutaneoushematoma)、帽状键膜下血肿(subgalealhematoma)和骨膜下血肿(subperiostealhematoma)三种。
皮下血肿一般体积小,有时因血肿周围组织肿胀隆起,中央反而凹陷,易误认为凹陷性颅骨骨折,需用颅骨X线摄片作鉴别。
帽状键膜下血肿因该层组织疏松可蔓延至全头部,小儿及体弱者可导致休克或贫血。
骨膜下血肿的特点是局限于某一颅骨范围之内,以骨缝为界,见于颅骨受损之后,如产伤等。
图20-1头皮各层示愈图较小的头皮血肿在1-2周左右可自行吸收,巨大的血肿可能需4-6周才吸收。
采用局部适当加压包扎,有利于防止血肿的扩大。
为避免感染,一般不采用穿刺抽吸。
处理头皮血肿时,要着重于考虑到颅骨损伤甚至脑损伤的可能。
二、头皮裂伤头皮裂伤(scalp laceration)可由锐器或钝器伤所致。
由于头皮血管丰富,出血较多,可引起失血性休克。
处理时须着重于检查有无颅骨和脑损伤,对头皮裂伤本身除按照压迫止血、清创缝合原则外,尚应注意:①须检查伤口深处有无骨折或碎骨片,如果发现有脑脊液或脑组织外溢,须按开放性脑损伤处理;②头皮血供丰富,其一期缝合的时限允许放宽至24小时。
三、头皮撕脱伤头皮撕脱伤(scalp avulsion)多因发辫受机械力牵扯,使大块头皮自帽状健膜下层或连同颅骨骨膜被撕脱所致。
A step back is magnanimity, and a step back is compassion.整合汇编简单易用(WORD文档/A4打印/可编辑/页眉可删)外科学第七版名词解释汇总外科学第七版名词解释重点整理感染:当细菌等病原微生物侵入机体后,破坏了机体的防御功能,在一定部位生长繁殖,人体组织对该细菌极其毒素产生一系列局部或全身的炎症反应。
休克:机体有效循环血容量减少、组织灌注不足,细胞代谢紊乱和功能受损的病理过程,它是一个由多种病因引起的综合征。
氧供给不足和需求增加是休克的本质,产生炎症介质是休克的特征。
无菌术:针对微生物及感染途径所采取的一系列预防措施,包括灭菌、消毒法、操作规则集管理制度。
灭菌:杀灭一切活的微生物。
消毒:杀灭病原微生物和其他有害微生物,但并不要求清除或杀灭所有微生物。
高渗性缺水:又称原发性缺水。
水和钠同时缺失,但缺水多于缺钠,血清钠高于正常范围,细胞外液呈高渗状态。
低渗性缺水:又称慢性缺水或继发性缺水。
水和钠随同时缺失,但缺水少于缺钠,血清钠低于正常范围,细胞外液呈低渗状态。
等渗性缺水:又称急性缺水或混合性缺水,水和钠呈比例的丧失,血清钠仍在正常范围,细胞外液的渗透压也保持正常。
疖:是单个毛囊及周围组织的急性化脓性感染,病菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。
痈:指多个相邻毛囊及周围组织的急性化脓性感染;可由多个疖融合而成;病菌以金葡菌为主。
败血症:是指致病菌侵入血液循环,持续存在、迅速繁殖,产生大量毒素,并引起严重全身性症状。
菌血症:是少量致病菌侵入血液循环内,迅速被人体防御系统所清除,不引起或引起短暂而轻微的全身反映。
毒血症:是由于致病菌、严重损伤或感染后组织破坏分解所产生的大量毒素进入血液循环后所引起剧烈的全身反映。
脓毒症:病原菌引起的全身性炎症反应,体温、循环、呼吸、神志明显改变。
脓血症:是局部化脓性病灶的细菌栓子或脱落的感染血栓间隙的进入血液循环,并在全身各处的组织或器官内发生转移性脓肿。
第三十章食管疾病第一节食管癌食管癌(esophageal carcinoma或carcinoma of the esophagus)是常见的一种消化道癌肿,全世界每年约有30万人死于食管癌。
其发病率和死亡率各国差异很大。
我国是世界上食管癌高发地区之一,每年平均病死约15万人。
男多于女,发病年龄多在40岁以上。
流行病学及病因学我国食管癌发病率男性约为31.66/10万,女性约为15.93/10万,占各部位癌死亡的第二位,仅次于胃癌。
国外食管癌以亚、非、拉某些地区的黑人、中国人、印度人和日本人以及巴西、智利等地的居民发病率较高,而欧洲、北美和大洋洲地区发病率很低。
我国发病率以河南省为最高,此外江苏、山西、河北、福建、陕西、安徽、湖北、山东、广东等省均为高发区。
食管癌的人群分布与年龄、性别、职业、种族、地理、生活环境、饮食生活习惯、遗传易感性等有一定关系。
经已有调查资料显示,食管癌可能是多种因素所致的疾病。
已提出的病因因素如下:①化学病因:亚硝胺。
这类化合物及其前体分布很广,可在体内、外形成,致癌性强。
在高发区的膳食、饮水、酸菜、甚至病人的唾液中,测亚硝酸盐含量均远较低发区为高。
②生物性病因:真菌。
在某些高发区的粮食中、食管癌病人的上消化道中或切除的食管癌标本上,均能分离出多种真菌,其中某些真菌有致癌作用。
有些真菌能促使亚硝胺及其前体的形成,更促进癌肿的发生。
③缺乏某些微量元素:钥、铁、锌、氟、硒等在粮食、蔬菜、饮水中含量偏低。
④缺乏维生素:缺乏维生素A,残、C以及动物蛋白、新鲜蔬菜、水果摄人不足,是食管癌高发区的一个共同特点。
⑤烟、酒、热食热饮、口腔不洁等因素:长期饮烈性酒、嗜好吸烟、食物过硬、过热、进食过快,引起慢性刺激、炎症、创伤或口腔不洁、龋齿等均可能与食管癌的发生有关。
⑥食管癌遗传易感因素。
总之:引起食管癌的因素是复杂的、多方面的。
有些可能是主导因素,有些可能是促进因素,也有些或许只是一些相关现象。
chapter1 无菌术灭菌(物理)——杀灭一切活的微生物消毒(化学)——抗菌杀灭病原微生物和有害微生物不要求杀灭所有微生物操作规则灭菌有毒法(手术器械/物品)高压蒸气法煮沸法火烧法药物浸泡法甲醛蒸气重熏法刷手、臂上10cm手术区消毒、切口周围15cm、清洁中心外,感染伤口,外内。
chapter2 水电平衡一、体液-水分+溶质(电解质和非电解质)体液平衡-合量分布组成处于相对恒定状态(动态平衡)体液的合量:成年男占体重60%,女性50%,儿童80%。
体液:C内液(40%)C外液(20%)——血浆5%,组织间液(15%(功能性 C外液,无功能性C外液)阳离子毫克当量/升阴离子毫克当量/升Na+142 Cl-103K+ 5 H2g-27Ca+ 5 HPO4g2- 2Mg+ 2 SO42- 1二、体液平衡的调节(一)水的平衡:肾脏调节(二)电解质的平衡调节1、钠正常值 142-145mmo1/L摄入量(ml)排出量(ml)饮水 1000~1500 尿 1000~1500食物中含水 700 粪 150食物氧化生水 300 皮肤蒸发 500呼吸 350总计:2000~2500 总计:2000~25002、钾(1)98%在cell内(2)cell外液中量少但重要 3.5~5.5mmo1/L(3)肾对K+的调节能力很低3、Cl-、HCO3-(1)相互增减、代偿作用(2)[HCO3-]为储碱,调节酸碱平衡三、水、电的质代谢失调(一)脱水1、高渗性脱水(原发性脱水)(1)缺水>缺钠血清Na+ cell外液是高渗(2)病因,大量出汗水分摄入不足(3)体液容易变化,细胞内液(4)临床表现()(5)治疗:(1)饮水(2)静入5%G或0.45%GS2、低渗性脱水(慢性脱水,继发性缺水)(1)缺钠>缺水血清Na+ cell外液低渗 cell水肿(2)病因:①液体丢失②饮用大量白开水(3)体液容量变化:cell外液 cell内液(4)临床表现:①早期130-140 mmo1/L②中期120-130 mmo1/L③重度〈120 mmo1/L(5)治疗:①轻中度缺钠 5%GNS 200t+日需量2000t②重度3%-5%Nacl3、等渗性脱水(急性脱水,混合性脱水)(1)外科最常用,失水二失钠,血清Na+,渗透压均在正常范围(2)病因:消化液大量丢失(肠梗阻、腹膜炎、呕吐)(3)体液改变(4)临床表现(5)治疗:平衡盐溶液3000、5000t高渗低渗等渗口渴明显无轻度或明显皮肤弹性尚可极差差粘膜干燥正常干脉膊稍快或正常极快快血压可正常低低尿量极少正常(晚期少)少(二)低钾白痕1、血清钾<3.5 mmo1/L2、病因:(1)摄入不足——长期禁食(2)损失过多——胃肠造瘘、呕吐、利尿剂和碱中毒(3)分布异常——葡萄糖+胰岛素输入3、临床表现:缺K+三联征(1)神态淡漠,肌肉无力(2)腹胀,肠鸣音减弱(3)心音低沉,T波低平,U波4、治疗:(1)争取口服(2)见尿补K+补K+ (3)浓度适宜(4)滴入勿快(5)控制总量高钾血症(1)血清K+ >5.5mmo1/L(2)表现:乏力软瘫、心搏缓、T波高尖低钙血症1、血钙<2 mmo1/L(8mg/dl)2、病因:急性胰腺炎,肠瘘,甲旁功能不全3、N-M兴奋性↑口指尖麻木手足抽搦 Chwstek sign(+) Trouseau sign(+)4、治疗:补Ca2+(一)酸碱平衡维持正常血液弱碱性:PH为7.35-7.451、血液缓冲系统:Hco3-:H2 co3=20:12、肺的调节:CO2排出加快或减慢3、肾的调节:H+的排出()(二)代酸1、病因:腹膜炎、休克、肠瘘、肠梗阻等2、表现:呼吸深快,呼气带酮味、面部潮红、常伴脱水症状3、治疗:(1)纠正脱水(2)CO2、CP<35vol/dl、HCO3-<10mmol/l时碱性溶液静注(NaHco3 、THAM)(三)代碱()1、病因:幽门梗阻,输入碱液,低K+血症,利尿药(低a-,低K+碱中毒)2、表现:手足抽搐,碱性尿或反常性酸性尿CO2 CP 游离G2+ ↓ PH值 HCO53、治疗:输入NS,5%GNS,补K+(四)呼酸()呼吸道梗阻,肺气肿,肺炎,肺外伤,解决通气(五)呼碱过度通气或ARDS前兆,减少CO2排出,呼吸机阴离子间障,PO43- 3 SO42- 5chapter3 输血自身输血血液成分制剂:血液成分制品输血反应:1、发热反应:致热源引起,缓滴退热2、过敏反应:过敏体质,抗过敏3、溶血反应:血型不符表现:(1)输入10余ml以后,寒战,高热,呼吸困难,腰痛(2)血红蛋白尿,少尿,无尿,急性肾衰(3)溶血性黄疸(4)迟发性溶血,输血后1—2W治疗:停输,保肾(Hb溶解结晶,防肾小管栓塞)抗休克chapter4 休克(shock)一、概念:有效循环血容易组织血流不足 cell代谢紊乱()cell功能受损二、分类:(一)低血容易性休克出血性休克,失血性休克(二)感性性休克高动力型(高排低阻型,暖休克)低动力型(低排高阻型,冷休克)三、常用指标:存在休克 SBP<90mmHg 脉压<20mmHg早期休克<30ml/h <休克纠正,少尿<400t/24h,无尿<100t/24h中心静脉压(CVP),5~10cmH2OCVP<5cmH2O,血容量不足,CVP>15cmH2O心功能不全肺毛细血楔压(PCWP)chapter5 麻醉(anethesia)()心脑肺复苏 CPR CPCRchapter6 肿瘤一、发病:肺、胃、乳、肝、肠—城市,胃、肝、肺、食、肠—农村二、分类:按组织学分化程度,有无浸润生长或转移三、病因:职业—石棉、放射、苯生物因素—病毒、细菌(胃、肝、淋巴瘤、鼻咽)生活方式—烟叶(肺、胰、膀胱、肾)、硝酸盐、真菌(胃、肝)、灰黄毒素、黄曲霉等。
ACTH依赖性皮质醇症corticotropin-dependent Curshing's syndrome 阿米巴肝脓肿amebic liver abcess凹陷性骨折depressed fractureB巴德吉亚利综合症Budd-Chiari syndrome白线疝hernia of linea alba败病真菌Fusariun sporotrichiella包茎phimosis包皮过长redundant prepuce包皮环切术circumcision包虫病hydatid disease贲门失弛症achalasia of cardia,Cardiospasm必需氨基酸essential amino acids,EAA闭合伤closed injury闭合性骨折closed fracture闭合性脑损伤closed brain injury闭合性气胸closed pneumothorax臂丛神经损伤brachial plexus injury扁平颅底platybasia表面麻醉surface anesthesia髌骨骨折fracture of the patella髌骨软骨软化症chondromalacia of the pattella病人自控镇痛patient controlled analgesia勃起erection勃起功能障碍erection dysfunctionC擦伤abrasion残余尿residual urine侧脑室-腹腔分流术ventricle-peritoneal shunt肠梗阻intestinal obstruction肠结核intestinal tuberculosis肠内营养enteral nutrition肠扭转volvulus肠套叠intussusception肠外营养parenteral nutrition,PN肠息肉intestinal polyps肠息肉病intestinal polyposis肠系膜上动脉栓塞superior mesenteric arterial embolism肠系膜上动脉栓形成superior mesenteric arterial thrombosis肠系膜上动脉综合症superior mesenteric arterial syndrome肠系膜上静脉栓形成superior mesenteric venous thrombosis肠源性感染gut derived infection超急性排斥反应hyperacute rejection,HAR潮气量tidal volume,VT成人呼吸窘迫综合症adult respiratory distress syndrome迟发型外伤性颅内血肿delayed trumatic intracranial hematoma尺桡骨干骨折fracture of the radius and ulna尺神经损伤injury of ulnal nerve耻骨上膀胱造瘘suprapubic cystostomy冲击伤impact lesion重症监测治疗室intensive care unit,ICU出血性胃炎hemorrhagic gastritis初期复苏basic life support,BLS创伤性窒息traumatic asphyxia垂体腺瘤pituitary adenoma挫伤contusionD大脑大静脉vein of Galen大脑大静脉动脉瘤aneurysm of vein of Galen代谢性碱中毒matabolic alkalosi代谢性酸中毒metabolic acidosis代偿性抗炎症反应综合症compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome,CAIS 带状纤维瘤desmoid fibromatosis丹毒erysipela单纯性甲状腺肿simple goiter胆道出血hemobilia胆道蛔虫病biliary ascariasis胆管癌carcinoma of bile duct胆囊结石cholecystolithiasis胆石病cholelithiasis胆总管结石choledocholith等渗性缺水isotonic dehydration低钙血症hypocalcemia低钠血症hyponatremia低磷血症hypophosphatemia低氯血症hypochloremia低钾血症hypokalemia低体温hypothermia低氧血症hypoxemia滴沥dribbling骶管阻塞caudal block地方性甲状腺肿endemic goiter电除颤defibrillator电烧伤electric burn动静脉畸形arteriovenous malformations,AVM动脉导管未闭patent ductus arteriosus,PDA动脉瘤aneurysm动脉瘤样骨囊肿aneurismal bone cyst动脉栓塞arterial embolism动脉硬化性闭塞症arteriosclerosis obliterans,ASO冻疮chilblain冻伤frostbite冻结性冷伤frost cold injury短肠综合征short bowel syndrome短暂性脑缺血发作transient ischemic attact,TIA断指再植术digital replantation断肢再植术limb replantation多发性大动脉炎Takayasu's arteritis多囊肝polycystic disease of liver多囊肾polycystic kidney多器官功能障碍综合征multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS 多器官功能衰竭multiple organ failure,MOF多系统器官衰竭muttiple system organ failure,MSOF多指畸形polydactylismE恶性淋巴瘤maligant lymphoma,NOS儿茶酚胺catecholamine二尖瓣关闭不全mitral regurgitation,mitral insufficiency二尖瓣狭窄mitral stenosis二重感染superinfectionF发育性关节脱位developmental dislocation of the lip,DDH法洛四联症tetralogy of Fallot房间隔缺损atrial septal defect,ASD非必要氨基酸nonessential amino acids,NEAA非精原细胞瘤nonseminoma非肠系膜血管阻塞性缺血nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia非少尿型急性肾衰竭nonoliguric acute renal failure非特异性肋软骨炎Tietze's infection肺癌lung cancer肺爆震伤blast injury of lung肺大炮pulmonary bulla肺动脉口狭窄pulmonary stenosis肺棘球蚴病pulmonary echinococcosis肺结核pulmonary tuberculosis肺毛细血管楔压pulmonary capillary wedge pressure,PCWP肺移植lung transplantation分流术shunts蜂螫伤bee sting腹腔胆囊切除术laparoscopic cholecystectomy腐蚀性食管灼伤erosive burn of esophagus附睾结核epidymal tuberculosis附睾炎epidimitis复合麻醉combined anesthesia复合伤combined injury复苏后治疗post-resuscitation treatment,PRT腹部损伤abdominal injury腹股沟斜疝indirect inguinal hernia腹股沟直疝direct inguinal hernia腹腔间隔室综合症abdominal compartment syndrome,ACS腹腔内高压intra-abdominal hypertension,IAH腹膜透析peritoneal dialysis腹主动脉瘤abdominal aortic aneurysmG肝包虫病hydatid disease of the liver肝海绵状血管瘤cavernous hemangioma of liver肝棘球蚴病echinococcus disease of the liver,echinococciasis(echnococcosis)of the liver肝良性肿瘤benign tumor of liver肝囊肿cyst of the liver肝内胆管结石hepatolithiasis肝脓肿liver abscess肝性脑病hepatic encephalopathy肝移植liver transplantation肝肿瘤tumor of liver感染伤口infected wound肛裂anal fissure肛瘘anal fistula高钙血症hypercalcemia高钾血症hyperkalemia高氯血症高磷血症hyperphosphatemia高镁血症hypermagnesemia高深性缺水hypertonic dehydration高选择性迷走神经切断术highly selective vagotomy睾丸固定术orchidopexy睾丸扭转testicular torsion睾丸鞘膜积液hydrocele testis,testicular hydrocele,hydrocele膈肌损伤diaphramatic injury膈下脓肿subphrenic abscess跟骨骨折fracture of calcaneum跟腱断裂Achilles tendon rupture肱骨干骨折fracture of the shalt of the humerus肱骨髁上骨折supracondylar fracture of the humerus肱骨外科颈骨折fracture of surgical neck of the humerus肱骨外髁炎lateral epicondylitis of the humerus谷氨酰胺glutamine股骨干骨折fracture of the shaft of the femur股骨颈骨折fracture of the femoral neck股骨转子间骨折intertrochanteric fracture股疝femoral hernia骨关节炎osteoarthritis骨筋膜室综合症osteofasial compartment syndrome骨巨细胞瘤giant cell tumor骨囊肿bone cyst骨盆骨折fracture of the pelvis骨肉瘤osteochondroma骨纤维发育不良fibrodysplasia of the bone骨样骨瘤osteochondroma骨与关节结核bone and joint tuberculosis骨折bone fracture骨折不愈合或骨不连接nonunion骨折的固定fixation of the fracture骨折延迟愈合delayed union冠状动脉样硬化性心胀病atherosclerotic coronary artery diseaseH海绵状血管瘤cavernous hemangioma,hemangioma cavernosum 黑色素瘤melanoma黑痣pigment nevus后期复苏advanced life support,ALS呼气终末正压positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP呼吸道梗阻airway obstruction呼吸器ventilation呼吸性碱中毒respiratory alkalosis呼吸性酸中毒respiratory acidosis壶腹周围癌periampullary adenocarcinoma滑囊炎bursitis化脓性骨髓炎suppurative osteomyelitis化脓性关节炎suppurative arthritis化脓性脊柱炎suppurative spondylitis化脓性腱鞘炎suppurative tenosynovitis化学烧伤chemical burn踝部骨折fracture of the ankle踝部扭伤sprain oth the ankle混合痔mixed hemorrhoid回收式自体输血salvaged autotranfusionJ肌肉松弛药muscle relaxants基础麻醉basal anesthesia基础能量消耗basal energy expenditure,BEE畸胎瘤teratoma畸形愈合malunion急腹症acute abdomen急性出血性肠炎acute hemorrhagic enteritis急性胆囊炎acute cholecystitis急性蜂窝织炎acute cellulitis急性附睾炎acute epidymitis急性肝衰竭acute liver failure,acute hepatic failure急性骨萎缩acute bone atrophy,Sudeck's atrophy急性非结石性胆囊炎acute acalculus cholecystitis急性梗阻性胆管炎acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis,AOSC急性呼吸窘迫综合征acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS急性结石性胆囊炎acute calculous cholecystitis急性阑尾炎acute appendicitis急性淋巴管炎acute lymphangitis急性淋巴结炎acute lymphadenitis急性排斥反应acute rejection急性乳腺炎acute mastitis急性肾衰竭acute renal failure,ARF急性疼痛acute pain急性胃肠功能障碍acute gastrointestinal dysfunction急性胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔acute perforation of gastroduodenal ulcer急性细菌性膀胱炎acute bacterial cystitis急性细菌性前列腺炎acute bacterial prostatitis急性上消化道出血acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding急性胰腺炎acute pancreatitis急性硬膜下血肿acute subdural hematoma急性生理及慢性健康评分标准acute physiology and chronic health evaluation 急性重症型胆管炎acute cholangitis of severe type,ACST急性肺损伤acute lung injury急性下消化道出血acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding棘间韧带损伤trauma of interspinous ligament棘上韧带损伤trauma of supraspinous ligament挤压伤crush injury脊髓损伤spine cord injury脊髓肿瘤spinal tumors脊索瘤chordoma脊柱侧凸scoliosis脊柱骨折fracture of the spine脊柱结核tuberculosis of spine脊柱裂spina bifida机械通气引起的肺损伤ventilator-induced lung injury,VILI继发性腹膜炎secondary peritonitis继发性肝癌secondary liver cancer继发性脑损伤secondary brain injury夹层动脉瘤dissecting aortic aneurysm甲沟炎paronychia甲状腺癌thyroid carcinoma甲状腺功能亢进hyperthyroidism甲状腺腺瘤thyroid adenoma甲状腺炎thyroiditis戒断综合征withdrawal syndrome阶梯治疗echelon of care肩关节脱位dislocation of the shoulder joint肩关节周围炎scapulohumeral periarthritis肩锁关节脱位dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint腱鞘或滑液囊肿synovial cyst腱鞘囊肿ganglion腱鞘炎tenovaginitis僵硬性平足症rigid flatfood绞窄性疝strangulated hernia疖furuncle痈carbuncle节育contraception结肠癌colon cancer结肠破裂rupture of colon,colon rupture结节性甲状腺瘤nodular goiter结节性肾上腺增生nodular adrenal hyperplasia经颈静脉肝内门体分流tranjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS 经内镜鼻胆管引流术endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENAD经皮腔内血管成形术percutaneous transluminal angioplasty,PTA经皮肝穿刺胆管造影percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC经皮血管内支架置放术percutaneous stent placement in vessel晶体尿crystalluria精原细胞瘤seminoma精囊炎seminal vesiculitis精索静脉曲张varicocele精索鞘膜积液funicular hydrocele颈动脉海绵窦瘘carotid cavernous fistula颈动脉内膜切除术carodid endarterectomy颈淋巴结结核tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis颈椎病cervical spondylosis胫腓骨骨折fracture of the tibia and fibula胫骨平台骨折tibial plateau fracture静脉导管感染catheter-related infection静脉畸形venous malformations静脉麻醉药intravenous anesthetics静脉曲张varices静脉全身麻醉intravenous general anesthesia局部浸润麻醉local infiltration anesthesia局部麻醉local anesthesia局限性骨脓肿Brodie's abscess菌血症bacteriemia, bacteremiaK开放性创伤opened injury开放性骨折open fracture开放性脑损伤open brain injury开放性气胸open pneumothorax开胸心脏按压open chest compression嵌顿性疝incarcerated hernia可逆性缺血性神经功能障碍reversible ischemic neurological deficit,RIND 克罗恩病Crohn's disease控制性降压deliberate hypotension, controlled hypotension库欣综合征cushing's syndrome髋关节结核tuberculosis of the hip joint髋关节脱位dislocation of the hip joint溃疡性结肠炎ulcerative colitisL阑尾切除术appendectomy阑尾周围脓肿periappendicular abscess老年性色素疣senile pigmental wart雷诺综合征Raynaud's syndrome肋骨骨折rib fracture类风湿关节炎rheumatoid arthritis冷沉淀cryoprecipitate,Cryo冷伤cold injure梨状肌综合征pyriformis muscle syndrome连枷胸flail chest良性前列腺增生benign prostatic hyperplasia淋巴水肿lyphedema淋菌性尿道炎gonorrheal urethritis鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma隆突性皮纤维肉瘤dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 漏斗胸funnel chest漏尿leakage of urine颅底陷入症basilar invagination颅骨骨折skull fracture颅后窝骨折fracture of posterior fossa颅裂craniocerebral trauma,head injury颅内动脉瘤颅内血肿incranial hematoma颅内压intracranial pressure颅内压增高increased intracranial pressure颅内肿瘤intracranial tumor颅脑损伤craniocerebral trauma,head injury颅前窝骨折fracture of anterior fossa颅咽管瘤craniopharyngioma颅中窝骨折fracture of middle fossa挛缩膀胱contracted bladderM麻醉anesthesia麻醉机anesthesia machine麻醉前用药premedication麻醉性镇痛药narcosis analgesic,narcotic麻醉学anesthesilogy慢性静脉功能不全chronic venous insufficiency,CVI 慢性附睾炎chronic epididymitis慢性阑尾炎chronic appendicitis慢性排斥反应chronic rejection慢性缩窄性心包炎chronic constrictive pericarditis 慢性疼痛chronic pain慢性疼痛治疗chronic pain relief慢性前列腺炎chronic prostatitis慢性胰腺炎chronic pancreatitis慢性硬脑膜下血肿chronic subdural hematoma慢性胆囊炎chronic cholecystitis慢性细菌性前列腺炎chronic bacterial prostatitis蔓状血管瘤hemangioma racemosum毛细血管扩张telangiectases毛细血管瘤hemangioma capillanism猫抓病cat-scratch disease镁过多magnesium excess镁缺乏magnesium dificiency门静脉高压性胃病portal hypertensive gastropathy 门静脉高压症portal hyertension弥散性轴突损伤diffuse axonal injury迷走神经干切断术truncal vagotomy糜烂性胃炎erosive gastritis泌尿男生殖系结核genitourinary tuberculosis泌尿生殖系统梗阻urinary tract obstruction,obstruction of urinary tract 灭菌sterilization踇外翻hallux valgusN内固定internal fixation内镜endoscope内镜下粘膜切除术endoscopic mucosal resection内镜逆行胰胆管照影endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP内痔interal hemorrhoid内脏动脉瘤visceral arterial aneurysm难复性疝irreducible hernia脑挫裂伤cerebral contusion and laceration脑底异常血管网症moyamoya disease脑复苏cerebral resuscitation脑脊液瘘CSF leak脑膜瘤intracerebral hematoma脑内血肿brain hematoma脑疝brain hernia脑水肿brain edema脑损伤brain injury脑振荡cerebral concussion尿潴留retension of urine尿道分泌物urethral discharge尿道结石urethral calculi尿道上裂epispadias尿道损伤urethral injury尿道下裂hypospadias尿道炎urethritis尿急urgency of urination尿路结石urolithiasis尿频frequency尿失禁incontinence尿痛dysuria尿细胞学检查urinaru cytology尿线无力decreased force of urination尿线中断interruption of urinary stream浓缩白蛋白leukocyte concentrate尿毒症retention of uriary脓尿pyruria脓血胸pyohemothorax脓胸empyema脓肿abscessO偶发性肾上腺瘤incidentally discovered adrenal massesP排尿费力straining排尿延迟urinary hesitancy膀胱癌carcinoma of bladder膀胱结石vesical calculi膀胱损伤bladder injury膀胱外翻bladder exstrophy膀胱炎cystitis膀胱肿瘤bladder tumor,tumor of urinary bladder膀胱肿瘤抗原bladder tumor antigen,BTA盆腔脓肿pelvic abscess皮肤癌skin carcinoma皮肤基底细胞癌skin basal cell carcinoma皮肤乳头状瘤skin papilloma皮样囊肿dermoid cyst皮脂囊肿sebaceous cyst疲劳骨折fatigued fracture, stress fracture脾囊肿splenic cyst脾脓肿splenic abscess脾破裂splenic rupture脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术splenectomy with periesophagogastric devascuarization 脾切除后凶险性感染overwhelming postsplenectomy infection,OPSI脾肿大splenomegaly脾肿瘤tumor of spleen平滑肌肉瘤leiomyosarcoma平足症flatfoot破伤风tetanusQ脐疝umbilical hernia起搏器pacemaker气管内插管endotracheal intubation气尿pneumaturia气性坏疽gas gangrene气胸pneumothorax器官移植organ transplantion前列腺癌prostate cancer, carcinoma of prostate前列腺结核prostatic tuberculosis前列腺特异性抗原prostate-specific antigen,PSA前列腺痛prostatodynia前列腺炎prostatitis前列腺炎综合症prostatitis syndrome强直性脊柱炎ankylosing spondylitis切割伤incised wound切开复位open reduction切口疝incisinal hernia倾倒综合症dumping syndrome清创术debridement清洁伤口cleaning wound区域阻滞regional block去白细胞的红细胞leukocyte privative red blood cell全肠外营养total parenteral nutrition,TPN全静脉麻醉general anesthesia全静脉麻醉诱导induction of anesthesia全身性炎症反应综合症systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS 缺血性肠炎ischemic colitisR桡骨头半脱位subluxation of the radial head桡骨下端骨折fracture of the distal radius绕神经损伤injury of radial nerve人工呼吸artificial respiration乳房后脓肿retromammary abcess乳管内乳头状瘤intraductal papilloma乳糜尿chyluria乳头湿疹样乳腺癌Paget's carcinoma of the breast乳腺癌breath cancer乳腺病mastopathy乳腺肉瘤breast sarcoma软骨病chondroma软骨肉瘤chondrosarcomaS疝hernia上叶顶部肺癌Pancoast's tumor烧伤burn少尿oliguria蛇咬伤snake bite深静脉血栓形成deep venous thrombosis神经缝合法neurosuture,neurorrhaphy神经胶质瘤glioma神经鞘瘤schwannoma神经松解术neurolysis神经纤维瘤neurofibroma神经移位术nerve transposition神经植入术nerve implantation神经阻滞nerve block肾癌renal carcinoma肾部分切除术partial nephrectomy肾固定术nephropexy肾积脓pyonephrosis肾积水hydronephrosis肾绞痛renal colic肾结核renal tuberculosis肾结石renal calculi肾母细胞瘤nephroblastoma,Wilms' tumor肾皮质脓肿cortical abscess of kidney肾切除术nephroptosis肾上腺皮质增生adrenal cortical hyperplasia肾上腺髓质增生adrenal medulla hyperplasia肾损伤renal trauma肾下垂nephroptosis肾血管性高血压renovascular hypertension肾移植renal transplantation肾痈renal caruncle肾盂肾炎pyelonephritis肾盂肿瘤renal pelvic tumor,肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻ureteropelvic junction obstruction肾脓肿renal abscess肾周围炎perinephritis肾自截autonephrectomy十二指肠憩室duodenal diverticulum十二指肠损伤injury of duodenum实际静息能量消耗resting energy expenditure食管癌esophageal carcinoma室间隔缺损ventricular septal defect手外伤hand injury兽咬伤animal bite输精管结扎术vasoligation输尿管膀胱吻合术ureterocystostomy输尿管结石ureteral calculi输尿管囊肿ureterocele输血blood transfusion输血相关性移植物抗宿主病transfusion associated graft versus host disease,TA_GVHD 输血相关的急性肺损伤transfusion-related acute lung injury,TRALI水中毒water intoxication术中肠镜检查intraoperative enteroscopy撕裂伤laceration损伤性动静脉瘘traumatic arteriovenous fistula锁骨骨折fracture of the clavicleT特异性感染specific infection蹄铁形肾horseshoe kidney体外冲击碎石extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL 体外循环extracorporeal circulation条件性(机会性)感染opportunistic infection听神经瘤acoustic neuroma通气不足hypoventilation头皮裂伤scalp laceration头皮撕脱伤scalp avulsion头皮损伤scalp injury头皮血肿scalp hematoma突眼性甲状腺肿exophthalmic goiterW外固定external fixation外科感染surgical infection外科学surgery外伤性脑室内出血traumatic intraventricular hemorrhage外痔external hemorrhoid完全性卒中complete stroke,SC腕管综合症carpal tunnel syndrome网球肘tennis elbow胃癌gastric carcinoma胃淋巴瘤gastric lymphoma胃泌素瘤gastrinoma胃损伤gastric injury胃十二指肠溃疡peptic ulcer(gastroduodenum ulcer)胃肠道间叶源组织肿瘤gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor,GIMT 胃肠道间质瘤gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST胃粘膜内PH intramucosal pH危重病医学critical care medicine微创外科minimally invasive surgery吻合血管的组织移植tissue microvascular tramsfer污染伤口contaminated wound无菌术asepsis无尿anuria无张力疝修补术tension-free hernioplastyX稀释式自体输血hemodiluted autotransfusion吸入麻醉药inhalation anesthesia吸允伤口sucking wound细菌性肝脓肿bacterial liver abscess狭颅症craniostenosis狭窄性腱鞘炎narrow tenosynovitis,tenosynovitis stenosans 下丘脑损伤hypothalamus injury下肢静脉曲张lower extremity varicose veins先天性并指congenital syndactylia先天性胆道闭锁congenital biliary atresia先天性胆总管囊肿congenital choledochus cyst先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄congenital hypertrophic pylorostenosis 先天性肌斜颈congenital torticollis先天性畸形足congenital clubfoot先天性巨结肠congenital megacolon先天性髋关节脱位congenital dislocation of the hip先天性马蹄内翻足congenital equinovarus先天性脑积水congenital hydrocephalus先天性直肠肛管畸形congenital ano-rectal malformation纤维腺瘤fibroxanthoma显微外科microsurgery显微血管吻合microvascular anastomosis线性骨折linear fracture小肠破裂rupture of the small intestine小肠肿瘤small intestine tumor消化道大出血massive alimentary tract bleeding心肺复苏cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR心肺转流术cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB心肌保护myocardial protection心排出量cardiac output,CO心移植cardiac transplantation心脏粘液瘤cardiac myxoma心脏指数cardiac index,CI新鲜冰冻血浆fresh frozen plasma,FFP星状神经节阻滞stellate ganglion block性欲libido胸壁结核tuberculosis of the chest wall胸壁肿瘤tumor of the chest wall胸部损伤chest trauma胸部物理治疗chest physiotherapy,Cpt胸腹联合伤thoraco-abdomianl injury胸外心脏按压external chest compression胸腺瘤thymoma胸主动脉瘤thoracic aortic aneurysm休克shock低血容量性休克hypovolemic shock失血性休克hemorrhagic shock创伤性休克traumatic shock感染性休克,脓毒性休克septic shock旋后肌综合症supinator syndrome血管畸形mascular malformation血管网状细胞瘤angiorecticuloma血浆代用品plasma substitute血浆增量剂plasma volume expander血精hematospermia血清肿seroma血气胸hemopneumothorax血尿hematuria血栓闭塞性脉管炎thromboangitis obliterans,Buerger's disease 血胸hemothorax血流动力学监测hemodynamic monitoring血液净化hemopurification血液透析heodialysisY氧治疗oxygen therapy炎性乳腺瘤inflammatory breast carcionma延迟性溶血反应delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction,DHTR 腰肌劳损strain of lumbar muscles腰交感神经阻滞lumbar sympathetic ganglion block腰椎间盘突出症lumbar intervertebral disc herniation医院内感染nosocomial infection胰岛素瘤insulinoma胰头癌cancer of the head of the pancreas胰腺癌pancreas cancer胰腺假性囊肿pancreatic pseudocyst胰腺损伤injury of pancreas胰腺移植pancreas transplantation移植物对抗宿主病graft-versus-host disease,GVHD遗尿enuresis异位ACTH综合症ectopic corticotropin异位睾丸etopic tests异位肾etopic kidney异位输尿管开口etopic ureters易变性平足症flexible flatfoot易复性疝reducible hernia阴茎癌penile cancer,carcinoma of penis阴茎头包皮炎balanoposthitis隐睾症cryptorchidism应激性溃疡stress ulcer婴儿脑积水infantile hydrocephalus硬化性骨髓炎Garres's osteomyelitis硬脊膜外间隙阻滞epidural block硬脑膜外血肿epidural hematoma硬脑膜下血肿subdural hematoma痈carbuncle幽门梗阻pyloric obstruction幽门螺杆菌helicobacter pylori,HP尤文肉瘤Ewing's sarcoma游走脾wandering spleen原发性腹膜炎primary peritonitis原发性肝癌primary liver cancer原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进primary hyperparathyroidism原发性脑干损伤primary brain sterm injury原发性醛固酮增多症primary hyperaldosteronism原发性下肢静脉曲张primary lower extremity varicose vein 原发性硬化性胆管炎primary sclerosis clolangitis预存式自体输血predoposited autotransfusion容量伤volutrauma运动系统慢性损伤chronic trauma of locomotion systemZ早泄premature ejaculation粘连性肩关节囊炎adhesive capsulitis of shoulder粘连性肠梗阻intestinal obstruction due to adhesive 战伤military injury,war wound真菌感染fungal infection支链氨基酸branched-chain amino acids,BCAA支气管肺癌broncho-pulmonary carcinoma支气管扩张bronchietasis支气管腺瘤addenoma of brochus脂肪瘤lipoma脂肪栓塞综合症fat embolism syndrom直肠瘤carcinoma of rectum直肠肛管周围脓肿perianorectal abscess直肠损伤rectal injury直肠脱垂rectal prolapse直肠息肉rectal polypse趾骨骨折fracture of the phalanx指头炎felon跖骨骨折fracture of the metatarsal痣hemorrhoid治疗干预评分系统therapeutic intervention scoring system,TISS 中间清醒期lucid interval中心静脉压central venous pressure肿瘤tumor周围动脉瘤peripheral arterial aneurysm周围血管损伤peripheral vascular trauma肘关节脱位dislocation of the elbow肘管综合症elbow tunnel syndrome蛛网膜下隙阻滞subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH蛛网膜下隙-硬脊膜外间隙联合阻滞combined spinal-epidural block,CSE 主动脉瓣关闭不全aortic regurgitation,aotic insufficiency主动脉瓣狭窄aortic stenosis主动脉窦动脉瘤破裂rupture of the aortic sinus aneurysm主动脉狭窄aortic stenosis转移性肝癌metastatic cancer of the liver椎管内肿瘤intraspinal tumorZollinger-Ellison syndrom胃泌素瘤自发性气胸spontaneous pneumothorax自体输血autologous blood transfusion纵膈肿瘤mediastinal tumor最低肺泡有效浓度minimum aveolar concentration,MAC坐骨神经损伤injury of sciatic nerve转移性骨肿瘤metastatic tumor involving bone。
第一章绪论一、外科学的范畴外科学是医学科学的一个重要组成部分,它的范畴是在整个医学的历史发展中形成,并且不断更新变化的。
在古代,外科学的范畴仅仅限于一些体表的疾病和外伤;但随着医学科学的发展,对人体各系统、各器官的疾病在病因和病理方面获得了比较明确的认识,加之诊断方法和手术技术不断地改进,现代外科学的范畴已经包括许多内部的疾病。
按病因分类,外科疾病大致可分为五类:(一)损伤由暴力或其他致伤因子引起的人体组织破坏,例如内脏破裂、骨折、烧伤等,多需要手术或其他外科处理,以修复组织和恢复功能。
(二)感染致病的微生物或寄生虫侵袭人体,导致组织、器官的损害、破坏,发生坏死和脓肿,这类局限的感染病灶适宜于手术治疗,例如坏疽阑尾的切除、肝脓肿的切开引流等。
(三)肿瘤绝大多数的肿瘤需要手术处理。
良胜肿瘤切除有良好的疗效;对恶性肿瘤,手术能达到根治、延长生存时间或者缓解症状的效果。
(四)畸形先天性畸形,例如唇裂9v裂、先天性心脏病、肛管直肠闭锁等,均需施行手术治疗。
后天性畸形,例如烧伤后w痕挛缩,也多需手术整复,以恢复功能和改善外观。
(五)其他性质的疾病常见的有器官梗阻如肠梗阻、尿路梗阻等;血液循环障碍如下肢静脉曲张、门静脉高压症等;结石形成如胆石症、尿路结石等;内分泌功能失常如甲状腺功能亢进等,也常需手术治疗予以纠正。
现代外科学,不但包括上列疾病的诊断、预防以及治疗的知识和技能,而且还要研究疾病的发生和发展规律。
为此,现代外科学必然要涉及实验外科以及自然科学基础。
外科学与内科学的范畴是相对的。
如上所述,外科一般以需要手术或手法为主要疗法的疾病为对象,而内科一般以应用药物为主要疗法的疾病为对象。
然而,外科疾病也不是都需要手术的,而常是在一定的发展阶段才需要手术,例如化脓性感染,在早期一般先用药物治疗,形成脓肿时才需要切开引流,而一部分内科疾病在它发展到某一阶段也需要手术治疗,例如胃十二指肠溃疡引起穿孔或大出血时,常需要手术治疗。
课程编码:学时/学分:160/9适用专业:五年制临床医学专业(定向)外科学surgery教学大纲一、课程性质必修专业课程。
二、教学目的外科学是对医学科学发展产生重要影响的临床医学学科。
外科教学应使学生了解和掌握外科常见病和多发病的病因、发病原理、临床表现、诊断和治疗的基本理论知识和基本技能;使学生了解当前外科学各领域的发展;使学生能联系实践,主动学习,主动思考外科疾病诊断、治疗方法;在实践中培养学生严谨、踏实的工作作风和关心病人,尊重病人人格和身体,视病人健康高于一切的人道主义精神。
三、教学方法与手段本课程教学采用理论讲授、见习操作以及电视和多媒体辅助教学相结合,同时教学过程中介绍常用的专业英文词汇及部分英文参考资料。
(一)理论教学1、理论课以大班授课为主。
2、全部使用幻灯、多媒体及实物教具配合理论讲解,以加强学生的理解和记忆。
3、部分章节进行课堂讨论(临床常见病部分)(二)课间见习1、分小班分别进入外科各二级专业的门诊、病房进行教学见习,各二级专业根据见习内容,可分小组(3-4人)进行相关疾病的病史采集,和病人的检体。
2、带教老师结合具体病人进行相关疾病的讲解,并运用电视及现代化多媒体教学技术,展示其临床特点,诊断及鉴别诊断步骤及手术过程,增加教学吸引力 ,提高实践效果。
并组织同学进行讨论。
四、课程成绩考核方法及评定标准本课程为考试课,成绩由两部分组成,期末理论考试成绩和实践技能考核,理论考试占70%,考核方式为闭卷笔试;实践技能考核占30%。
每学期期末理论试卷由教研室出具,为A、B卷两份,分别提供标准答案,出毕,严格保密,交由科教处保存,备考。
考试完毕,进行试卷、成绩评定。
按照首都医科大学提供的成绩评定的软件包SPSS 10.0进行统计学处理。
五、教材及参考书所用教材:《外科学》吴在德吴肇汉主编;人民卫生出版社;第6版参考资料:《黄家驷外科学》;吴阶平裘法祖主编;人民卫生出版社;第6版六、课程各章节学时分配七、教学基本内容及基本要求大纲的要求分别列为“掌握”(必须深刻理解、记忆)、“熟悉”(要理解其概念及意义)和“了解”三个层次,学生则按此要求进行学习。
ACTH依赖性皮质醇症corticotropin-dependent Curshing's syndrome 阿米巴肝脓肿amebic liver abcess凹陷性骨折depressed fractureB巴德吉亚利综合症Budd-Chiari syndrome白线疝hernia of linea alba败病真菌Fusariun sporotrichiella包茎phimosis包皮过长redundant prepuce包皮环切术circumcision包虫病hydatid disease贲门失弛症achalasia of cardia,Cardiospasm必需氨基酸essential amino acids,EAA闭合伤closed injury闭合性骨折closed fracture闭合性脑损伤closed brain injury闭合性气胸closed pneumothorax臂丛神经损伤brachial plexus injury扁平颅底platybasia表面麻醉surface anesthesia髌骨骨折fracture of the patella髌骨软骨软化症chondromalacia of the pattella病人自控镇痛patient controlled analgesia勃起erection勃起功能障碍erection dysfunctionC擦伤abrasion残余尿residual urine侧脑室-腹腔分流术ventricle-peritoneal shunt肠梗阻intestinal obstruction肠结核intestinal tuberculosis肠内营养enteral nutrition肠扭转volvulus肠套叠intussusception肠外营养parenteral nutrition,PN肠息肉intestinal polyps肠息肉病intestinal polyposis肠系膜上动脉栓塞superior mesenteric arterial embolism肠系膜上动脉栓形成superior mesenteric arterial thrombosis肠系膜上动脉综合症superior mesenteric arterial syndrome肠系膜上静脉栓形成superior mesenteric venous thrombosis肠源性感染gut derived infection超急性排斥反应hyperacute rejection,HAR潮气量tidal volume,VT成人呼吸窘迫综合症adult respiratory distress syndrome迟发型外伤性颅内血肿delayed trumatic intracranial hematoma尺桡骨干骨折fracture of the radius and ulna尺神经损伤injury of ulnal nerve耻骨上膀胱造瘘suprapubic cystostomy冲击伤impact lesion重症监测治疗室intensive care unit,ICU出血性胃炎hemorrhagic gastritis初期复苏basic life support,BLS创伤性窒息traumatic asphyxia垂体腺瘤pituitary adenoma挫伤contusionD大脑大静脉vein of Galen大脑大静脉动脉瘤aneurysm of vein of Galen代谢性碱中毒matabolic alkalosi代谢性酸中毒metabolic acidosis代偿性抗炎症反应综合症compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome,CAIS 带状纤维瘤desmoid fibromatosis丹毒erysipela单纯性甲状腺肿simple goiter胆道出血hemobilia胆道蛔虫病biliary ascariasis胆管癌carcinoma of bile duct胆囊结石cholecystolithiasis胆石病cholelithiasis胆总管结石choledocholith等渗性缺水isotonic dehydration低钙血症hypocalcemia低钠血症hyponatremia低磷血症hypophosphatemia低氯血症hypochloremia低钾血症hypokalemia低体温hypothermia低氧血症hypoxemia滴沥dribbling骶管阻塞caudal block地方性甲状腺肿endemic goiter电除颤defibrillator电烧伤electric burn动静脉畸形arteriovenous malformations,AVM动脉导管未闭patent ductus arteriosus,PDA动脉瘤aneurysm动脉瘤样骨囊肿aneurismal bone cyst动脉栓塞arterial embolism动脉硬化性闭塞症arteriosclerosis obliterans,ASO冻疮chilblain冻伤frostbite冻结性冷伤frost cold injury短肠综合征short bowel syndrome短暂性脑缺血发作transient ischemic attact,TIA断指再植术digital replantation断肢再植术limb replantation多发性大动脉炎Takayasu's arteritis多囊肝polycystic disease of liver多囊肾polycystic kidney多器官功能障碍综合征multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS 多器官功能衰竭multiple organ failure,MOF多系统器官衰竭muttiple system organ failure,MSOF多指畸形polydactylismE恶性淋巴瘤maligant lymphoma,NOS儿茶酚胺catecholamine二尖瓣关闭不全mitral regurgitation,mitral insufficiency二尖瓣狭窄mitral stenosis二重感染superinfectionF发育性关节脱位developmental dislocation of the lip,DDH法洛四联症tetralogy of Fallot房间隔缺损atrial septal defect,ASD非必要氨基酸nonessential amino acids,NEAA非精原细胞瘤nonseminoma非肠系膜血管阻塞性缺血nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia非少尿型急性肾衰竭nonoliguric acute renal failure非特异性肋软骨炎Tietze's infection肺癌lung cancer肺爆震伤blast injury of lung肺大炮pulmonary bulla肺动脉口狭窄pulmonary stenosis肺棘球蚴病pulmonary echinococcosis肺结核pulmonary tuberculosis肺毛细血管楔压pulmonary capillary wedge pressure,PCWP肺移植lung transplantation分流术shunts蜂螫伤bee sting腹腔胆囊切除术laparoscopic cholecystectomy腐蚀性食管灼伤erosive burn of esophagus附睾结核epidymal tuberculosis附睾炎epidimitis复合麻醉combined anesthesia复合伤combined injury复苏后治疗post-resuscitation treatment,PRT腹部损伤abdominal injury腹股沟斜疝indirect inguinal hernia腹股沟直疝direct inguinal hernia腹腔间隔室综合症abdominal compartment syndrome,ACS腹腔内高压intra-abdominal hypertension,IAH腹膜透析peritoneal dialysis腹主动脉瘤abdominal aortic aneurysmG肝包虫病hydatid disease of the liver肝海绵状血管瘤cavernous hemangioma of liver肝棘球蚴病echinococcus disease of the liver,echinococciasis(echnococcosis)of the liver肝良性肿瘤benign tumor of liver肝囊肿cyst of the liver肝内胆管结石hepatolithiasis肝脓肿liver abscess肝性脑病hepatic encephalopathy肝移植liver transplantation肝肿瘤tumor of liver感染伤口infected wound肛裂anal fissure肛瘘anal fistula高钙血症hypercalcemia高钾血症hyperkalemia高氯血症高磷血症hyperphosphatemia高镁血症hypermagnesemia高深性缺水hypertonic dehydration高选择性迷走神经切断术highly selective vagotomy睾丸固定术orchidopexy睾丸扭转testicular torsion睾丸鞘膜积液hydrocele testis,testicular hydrocele,hydrocele膈肌损伤diaphramatic injury膈下脓肿subphrenic abscess跟骨骨折fracture of calcaneum跟腱断裂Achilles tendon rupture肱骨干骨折fracture of the shalt of the humerus肱骨髁上骨折supracondylar fracture of the humerus肱骨外科颈骨折fracture of surgical neck of the humerus肱骨外髁炎lateral epicondylitis of the humerus谷氨酰胺glutamine股骨干骨折fracture of the shaft of the femur股骨颈骨折fracture of the femoral neck股骨转子间骨折intertrochanteric fracture股疝femoral hernia骨关节炎osteoarthritis骨筋膜室综合症osteofasial compartment syndrome骨巨细胞瘤giant cell tumor骨囊肿bone cyst骨盆骨折fracture of the pelvis骨肉瘤osteochondroma骨纤维发育不良fibrodysplasia of the bone骨样骨瘤osteochondroma骨与关节结核bone and joint tuberculosis骨折bone fracture骨折不愈合或骨不连接nonunion骨折的固定fixation of the fracture骨折延迟愈合delayed union冠状动脉样硬化性心胀病atherosclerotic coronary artery diseaseH海绵状血管瘤cavernous hemangioma,hemangioma cavernosum 黑色素瘤melanoma黑痣pigment nevus后期复苏advanced life support,ALS呼气终末正压positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP呼吸道梗阻airway obstruction呼吸器ventilation呼吸性碱中毒respiratory alkalosis呼吸性酸中毒respiratory acidosis壶腹周围癌periampullary adenocarcinoma滑囊炎bursitis化脓性骨髓炎suppurative osteomyelitis化脓性关节炎suppurative arthritis化脓性脊柱炎suppurative spondylitis化脓性腱鞘炎suppurative tenosynovitis化学烧伤chemical burn踝部骨折fracture of the ankle踝部扭伤sprain oth the ankle混合痔mixed hemorrhoid回收式自体输血salvaged autotranfusionJ肌肉松弛药muscle relaxants基础麻醉basal anesthesia基础能量消耗basal energy expenditure,BEE畸胎瘤teratoma畸形愈合malunion急腹症acute abdomen急性出血性肠炎acute hemorrhagic enteritis急性胆囊炎acute cholecystitis急性蜂窝织炎acute cellulitis急性附睾炎acute epidymitis急性肝衰竭acute liver failure,acute hepatic failure急性骨萎缩acute bone atrophy,Sudeck's atrophy急性非结石性胆囊炎acute acalculus cholecystitis急性梗阻性胆管炎acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis,AOSC急性呼吸窘迫综合征acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS急性结石性胆囊炎acute calculous cholecystitis急性阑尾炎acute appendicitis急性淋巴管炎acute lymphangitis急性淋巴结炎acute lymphadenitis急性排斥反应acute rejection急性乳腺炎acute mastitis急性肾衰竭acute renal failure,ARF急性疼痛acute pain急性胃肠功能障碍acute gastrointestinal dysfunction急性胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔acute perforation of gastroduodenal ulcer急性细菌性膀胱炎acute bacterial cystitis急性细菌性前列腺炎acute bacterial prostatitis急性上消化道出血acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding急性胰腺炎acute pancreatitis急性硬膜下血肿acute subdural hematoma急性生理及慢性健康评分标准acute physiology and chronic health evaluation 急性重症型胆管炎acute cholangitis of severe type,ACST急性肺损伤acute lung injury急性下消化道出血acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding棘间韧带损伤trauma of interspinous ligament棘上韧带损伤trauma of supraspinous ligament挤压伤crush injury脊髓损伤spine cord injury脊髓肿瘤spinal tumors脊索瘤chordoma脊柱侧凸scoliosis脊柱骨折fracture of the spine脊柱结核tuberculosis of spine脊柱裂spina bifida机械通气引起的肺损伤ventilator-induced lung injury,VILI继发性腹膜炎secondary peritonitis继发性肝癌secondary liver cancer继发性脑损伤secondary brain injury夹层动脉瘤dissecting aortic aneurysm甲沟炎paronychia甲状腺癌thyroid carcinoma甲状腺功能亢进hyperthyroidism甲状腺腺瘤thyroid adenoma甲状腺炎thyroiditis戒断综合征withdrawal syndrome阶梯治疗echelon of care肩关节脱位dislocation of the shoulder joint肩关节周围炎scapulohumeral periarthritis肩锁关节脱位dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint腱鞘或滑液囊肿synovial cyst腱鞘囊肿ganglion腱鞘炎tenovaginitis僵硬性平足症rigid flatfood绞窄性疝strangulated hernia疖furuncle痈carbuncle节育contraception结肠癌colon cancer结肠破裂rupture of colon,colon rupture结节性甲状腺瘤nodular goiter结节性肾上腺增生nodular adrenal hyperplasia经颈静脉肝内门体分流tranjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS 经内镜鼻胆管引流术endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENAD经皮腔内血管成形术percutaneous transluminal angioplasty,PTA经皮肝穿刺胆管造影percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC经皮血管内支架置放术percutaneous stent placement in vessel晶体尿crystalluria精原细胞瘤seminoma精囊炎seminal vesiculitis精索静脉曲张varicocele精索鞘膜积液funicular hydrocele颈动脉海绵窦瘘carotid cavernous fistula颈动脉内膜切除术carodid endarterectomy颈淋巴结结核tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis颈椎病cervical spondylosis胫腓骨骨折fracture of the tibia and fibula胫骨平台骨折tibial plateau fracture静脉导管感染catheter-related infection静脉畸形venous malformations静脉麻醉药intravenous anesthetics静脉曲张varices静脉全身麻醉intravenous general anesthesia局部浸润麻醉local infiltration anesthesia局部麻醉local anesthesia局限性骨脓肿Brodie's abscess菌血症bacteriemia, bacteremiaK开放性创伤opened injury开放性骨折open fracture开放性脑损伤open brain injury开放性气胸open pneumothorax开胸心脏按压open chest compression嵌顿性疝incarcerated hernia可逆性缺血性神经功能障碍reversible ischemic neurological deficit,RIND 克罗恩病Crohn's disease控制性降压deliberate hypotension, controlled hypotension库欣综合征cushing's syndrome髋关节结核tuberculosis of the hip joint髋关节脱位dislocation of the hip joint溃疡性结肠炎ulcerative colitisL阑尾切除术appendectomy阑尾周围脓肿periappendicular abscess老年性色素疣senile pigmental wart雷诺综合征Raynaud's syndrome肋骨骨折rib fracture类风湿关节炎rheumatoid arthritis冷沉淀cryoprecipitate,Cryo冷伤cold injure梨状肌综合征pyriformis muscle syndrome连枷胸flail chest良性前列腺增生benign prostatic hyperplasia淋巴水肿lyphedema淋菌性尿道炎gonorrheal urethritis鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma隆突性皮纤维肉瘤dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 漏斗胸funnel chest漏尿leakage of urine颅底陷入症basilar invagination颅骨骨折skull fracture颅后窝骨折fracture of posterior fossa颅裂craniocerebral trauma,head injury颅内动脉瘤颅内血肿incranial hematoma颅内压intracranial pressure颅内压增高increased intracranial pressure颅内肿瘤intracranial tumor颅脑损伤craniocerebral trauma,head injury颅前窝骨折fracture of anterior fossa颅咽管瘤craniopharyngioma颅中窝骨折fracture of middle fossa挛缩膀胱contracted bladderM麻醉anesthesia麻醉机anesthesia machine麻醉前用药premedication麻醉性镇痛药narcosis analgesic,narcotic麻醉学anesthesilogy慢性静脉功能不全chronic venous insufficiency,CVI 慢性附睾炎chronic epididymitis慢性阑尾炎chronic appendicitis慢性排斥反应chronic rejection慢性缩窄性心包炎chronic constrictive pericarditis 慢性疼痛chronic pain慢性疼痛治疗chronic pain relief慢性前列腺炎chronic prostatitis慢性胰腺炎chronic pancreatitis慢性硬脑膜下血肿chronic subdural hematoma慢性胆囊炎chronic cholecystitis慢性细菌性前列腺炎chronic bacterial prostatitis蔓状血管瘤hemangioma racemosum毛细血管扩张telangiectases毛细血管瘤hemangioma capillanism猫抓病cat-scratch disease镁过多magnesium excess镁缺乏magnesium dificiency门静脉高压性胃病portal hypertensive gastropathy 门静脉高压症portal hyertension弥散性轴突损伤diffuse axonal injury迷走神经干切断术truncal vagotomy糜烂性胃炎erosive gastritis泌尿男生殖系结核genitourinary tuberculosis泌尿生殖系统梗阻urinary tract obstruction,obstruction of urinary tract 灭菌sterilization踇外翻hallux valgusN内固定internal fixation内镜endoscope内镜下粘膜切除术endoscopic mucosal resection内镜逆行胰胆管照影endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP内痔interal hemorrhoid内脏动脉瘤visceral arterial aneurysm难复性疝irreducible hernia脑挫裂伤cerebral contusion and laceration脑底异常血管网症moyamoya disease脑复苏cerebral resuscitation脑脊液瘘CSF leak脑膜瘤intracerebral hematoma脑内血肿brain hematoma脑疝brain hernia脑水肿brain edema脑损伤brain injury脑振荡cerebral concussion尿潴留retension of urine尿道分泌物urethral discharge尿道结石urethral calculi尿道上裂epispadias尿道损伤urethral injury尿道下裂hypospadias尿道炎urethritis尿急urgency of urination尿路结石urolithiasis尿频frequency尿失禁incontinence尿痛dysuria尿细胞学检查urinaru cytology尿线无力decreased force of urination尿线中断interruption of urinary stream浓缩白蛋白leukocyte concentrate尿毒症retention of uriary脓尿pyruria脓血胸pyohemothorax脓胸empyema脓肿abscessO偶发性肾上腺瘤incidentally discovered adrenal massesP排尿费力straining排尿延迟urinary hesitancy膀胱癌carcinoma of bladder膀胱结石vesical calculi膀胱损伤bladder injury膀胱外翻bladder exstrophy膀胱炎cystitis膀胱肿瘤bladder tumor,tumor of urinary bladder膀胱肿瘤抗原bladder tumor antigen,BTA盆腔脓肿pelvic abscess皮肤癌skin carcinoma皮肤基底细胞癌skin basal cell carcinoma皮肤乳头状瘤skin papilloma皮样囊肿dermoid cyst皮脂囊肿sebaceous cyst疲劳骨折fatigued fracture, stress fracture脾囊肿splenic cyst脾脓肿splenic abscess脾破裂splenic rupture脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术splenectomy with periesophagogastric devascuarization 脾切除后凶险性感染overwhelming postsplenectomy infection,OPSI脾肿大splenomegaly脾肿瘤tumor of spleen平滑肌肉瘤leiomyosarcoma平足症flatfoot破伤风tetanusQ脐疝umbilical hernia起搏器pacemaker气管内插管endotracheal intubation气尿pneumaturia气性坏疽gas gangrene气胸pneumothorax器官移植organ transplantion前列腺癌prostate cancer, carcinoma of prostate前列腺结核prostatic tuberculosis前列腺特异性抗原prostate-specific antigen,PSA前列腺痛prostatodynia前列腺炎prostatitis前列腺炎综合症prostatitis syndrome强直性脊柱炎ankylosing spondylitis切割伤incised wound切开复位open reduction切口疝incisinal hernia倾倒综合症dumping syndrome清创术debridement清洁伤口cleaning wound区域阻滞regional block去白细胞的红细胞leukocyte privative red blood cell全肠外营养total parenteral nutrition,TPN全静脉麻醉general anesthesia全静脉麻醉诱导induction of anesthesia全身性炎症反应综合症systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS 缺血性肠炎ischemic colitisR桡骨头半脱位subluxation of the radial head桡骨下端骨折fracture of the distal radius绕神经损伤injury of radial nerve人工呼吸artificial respiration乳房后脓肿retromammary abcess乳管内乳头状瘤intraductal papilloma乳糜尿chyluria乳头湿疹样乳腺癌Paget's carcinoma of the breast乳腺癌breath cancer乳腺病mastopathy乳腺肉瘤breast sarcoma软骨病chondroma软骨肉瘤chondrosarcomaS疝hernia上叶顶部肺癌Pancoast's tumor烧伤burn少尿oliguria蛇咬伤snake bite深静脉血栓形成deep venous thrombosis神经缝合法neurosuture,neurorrhaphy神经胶质瘤glioma神经鞘瘤schwannoma神经松解术neurolysis神经纤维瘤neurofibroma神经移位术nerve transposition神经植入术nerve implantation神经阻滞nerve block肾癌renal carcinoma肾部分切除术partial nephrectomy肾固定术nephropexy肾积脓pyonephrosis肾积水hydronephrosis肾绞痛renal colic肾结核renal tuberculosis肾结石renal calculi肾母细胞瘤nephroblastoma,Wilms' tumor肾皮质脓肿cortical abscess of kidney肾切除术nephroptosis肾上腺皮质增生adrenal cortical hyperplasia肾上腺髓质增生adrenal medulla hyperplasia肾损伤renal trauma肾下垂nephroptosis肾血管性高血压renovascular hypertension肾移植renal transplantation肾痈renal caruncle肾盂肾炎pyelonephritis肾盂肿瘤renal pelvic tumor,肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻ureteropelvic junction obstruction肾脓肿renal abscess肾周围炎perinephritis肾自截autonephrectomy十二指肠憩室duodenal diverticulum十二指肠损伤injury of duodenum实际静息能量消耗resting energy expenditure食管癌esophageal carcinoma室间隔缺损ventricular septal defect手外伤hand injury兽咬伤animal bite输精管结扎术vasoligation输尿管膀胱吻合术ureterocystostomy输尿管结石ureteral calculi输尿管囊肿ureterocele输血blood transfusion输血相关性移植物抗宿主病transfusion associated graft versus host disease,TA_GVHD 输血相关的急性肺损伤transfusion-related acute lung injury,TRALI水中毒water intoxication术中肠镜检查intraoperative enteroscopy撕裂伤laceration损伤性动静脉瘘traumatic arteriovenous fistula锁骨骨折fracture of the clavicleT特异性感染specific infection蹄铁形肾horseshoe kidney体外冲击碎石extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL 体外循环extracorporeal circulation条件性(机会性)感染opportunistic infection听神经瘤acoustic neuroma通气不足hypoventilation头皮裂伤scalp laceration头皮撕脱伤scalp avulsion头皮损伤scalp injury头皮血肿scalp hematoma突眼性甲状腺肿exophthalmic goiterW外固定external fixation外科感染surgical infection外科学surgery外伤性脑室内出血traumatic intraventricular hemorrhage外痔external hemorrhoid完全性卒中complete stroke,SC腕管综合症carpal tunnel syndrome网球肘tennis elbow胃癌gastric carcinoma胃淋巴瘤gastric lymphoma胃泌素瘤gastrinoma胃损伤gastric injury胃十二指肠溃疡peptic ulcer(gastroduodenum ulcer)胃肠道间叶源组织肿瘤gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor,GIMT 胃肠道间质瘤gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST胃粘膜内PH intramucosal pH危重病医学critical care medicine微创外科minimally invasive surgery吻合血管的组织移植tissue microvascular tramsfer污染伤口contaminated wound无菌术asepsis无尿anuria无张力疝修补术tension-free hernioplastyX稀释式自体输血hemodiluted autotransfusion吸入麻醉药inhalation anesthesia吸允伤口sucking wound细菌性肝脓肿bacterial liver abscess狭颅症craniostenosis狭窄性腱鞘炎narrow tenosynovitis,tenosynovitis stenosans 下丘脑损伤hypothalamus injury下肢静脉曲张lower extremity varicose veins先天性并指congenital syndactylia先天性胆道闭锁congenital biliary atresia先天性胆总管囊肿congenital choledochus cyst先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄congenital hypertrophic pylorostenosis 先天性肌斜颈congenital torticollis先天性畸形足congenital clubfoot先天性巨结肠congenital megacolon先天性髋关节脱位congenital dislocation of the hip先天性马蹄内翻足congenital equinovarus先天性脑积水congenital hydrocephalus先天性直肠肛管畸形congenital ano-rectal malformation纤维腺瘤fibroxanthoma显微外科microsurgery显微血管吻合microvascular anastomosis线性骨折linear fracture小肠破裂rupture of the small intestine小肠肿瘤small intestine tumor消化道大出血massive alimentary tract bleeding心肺复苏cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR心肺转流术cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB心肌保护myocardial protection心排出量cardiac output,CO心移植cardiac transplantation心脏粘液瘤cardiac myxoma心脏指数cardiac index,CI新鲜冰冻血浆fresh frozen plasma,FFP星状神经节阻滞stellate ganglion block性欲libido胸壁结核tuberculosis of the chest wall胸壁肿瘤tumor of the chest wall胸部损伤chest trauma胸部物理治疗chest physiotherapy,Cpt胸腹联合伤thoraco-abdomianl injury胸外心脏按压external chest compression胸腺瘤thymoma胸主动脉瘤thoracic aortic aneurysm休克shock低血容量性休克hypovolemic shock失血性休克hemorrhagic shock创伤性休克traumatic shock感染性休克,脓毒性休克septic shock旋后肌综合症supinator syndrome血管畸形mascular malformation血管网状细胞瘤angiorecticuloma血浆代用品plasma substitute血浆增量剂plasma volume expander血精hematospermia血清肿seroma血气胸hemopneumothorax血尿hematuria血栓闭塞性脉管炎thromboangitis obliterans,Buerger's disease 血胸hemothorax血流动力学监测hemodynamic monitoring血液净化hemopurification血液透析heodialysisY氧治疗oxygen therapy炎性乳腺瘤inflammatory breast carcionma延迟性溶血反应delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction,DHTR 腰肌劳损strain of lumbar muscles腰交感神经阻滞lumbar sympathetic ganglion block腰椎间盘突出症lumbar intervertebral disc herniation医院内感染nosocomial infection胰岛素瘤insulinoma胰头癌cancer of the head of the pancreas胰腺癌pancreas cancer胰腺假性囊肿pancreatic pseudocyst胰腺损伤injury of pancreas胰腺移植pancreas transplantation移植物对抗宿主病graft-versus-host disease,GVHD遗尿enuresis异位ACTH综合症ectopic corticotropin异位睾丸etopic tests异位肾etopic kidney异位输尿管开口etopic ureters易变性平足症flexible flatfoot易复性疝reducible hernia。