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Outline1. Introduction2. Development of English News Title2.1 History of English News Title2.2 Functions of English News Title2.2.1 Pointing Out the News Content2.2.2 Producing Attractive Effects.2.3 Differences between Chinese and English News Titles2.3.1 V ocabulary Similarities and Differences2.3.2 Tense Similarities and Differences2.3.3 Rhetoric Similarities and Differences2.3.4 Punctuation Mark Similarities and Differences3. Translation of English News Titles3.1 Literal Translation3.2 Free Translation3.3 Addition3.4 Omission3.5 Negation Translation3.6 Alliteration3.7 Making Use of the Advantage Chinese in Translation4. Conclusion[Abstract] English news titles play a special role in news reporting. Thus we should place special emphasis on the research of the characteristics and translation of English news titles. This thesis focuses on the study of English news titles in terms of their grammatical features and its translation. When it comes to translation, it tries to reproduce the functions of English news titles which requires translators’ agility and ingenuity in applying semantic and rhetorical devices. With grammatical and semantic exploration into the English news titles, such studies strive to benefit the readers in their understanding of what the editor wants to convey.[Key words] English news title; function; comparison; translations methods英语新闻标题及其翻译[摘要]标题在新闻报道中具有独特的地位。
2021年第5期广东化工第48卷总第439期 · 277 · 目的论视阈下石油工程英语的句法特征及翻译技巧侯易婕(西安石油大学外国语学院，陕西西安710065)[摘要]随着全球化的加速，我国对石油工程领域文本的翻译需求也与日俱增。
石油工程文本的准确翻译对促进我国石油工程技术的发展有重要作用。
翻译过程中需要充分考虑目标语文本的预期目的来决定采用什么手段进行翻译。
引用目的论作为指导理论，通过对石油工程英语句法特征的分析，探讨石油工程英语句法的翻译技巧。
提倡用精益求精的态度和发展的眼光进行翻译实践，让译文适合专业科技人员阅读，以此促进学习与交流。
[关键词]目的论；石油工程英语；句法特征；翻译技巧[中图分类号]H315.9 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1007-1865(2021)05-0277-03 Characteristics and Translation Skills of Petroleum Engineering English Syntaxfrom the Perspective of Skopos TheoryHou Yijie(School of Foreign Languages, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China)Abstract: With the acceleration of globalization, there is an increasing demand for the translation of petroleum engineering texts in China. Accuracy of translation plays an important role in promoting the development of petroleum engineering technology. In the process of translation, it is necessary to fully consider the intended purpose of the target text to decide what means should be adopted. Based on Skopos theory, this paper analyzes the syntactic characteristics of petroleum engineering English and discusses the translation skills. Translators are encouraged to do translation with an attitude of excelsior and a vision of development, so that the translation is suitable for professionals of petroleum engineering to read, which can promote their learning and communication.Keywords: Skopos theory；petroleum engineering English；syntactic characteristics；translation skills石油是不可再生能源，经济的发展离不开石油。
常用翻译术语简述（一）1、内容（content）与形式相对，指原文的思想或其内在意义。
2、形式（form）与内容相对,是传统译论的核心概念之一。
指语言意义的物质表现,包括词(字)形、句型、篇章结构、修辞格、字体排列以及各种音素形式。
3、欠额翻译（under-translation）与过载翻译相对在译语中, 原语信息被译者忽视或打了不应有的折扣，即信息度过小，以致读者得不到理解原文意思的必要信息。
(Newmark)4、过载翻译（over-translation）与欠额翻译相对。
译语的意义容量超过原语的意义容量,即译语的信息度过大，一般为增译不当所致，亦有添油加醋、借题发挥而致。
(Newmark）5、不可译性（untranslatability）与可译性相对,由于原作语言形式上的特异性和不同语言民族之间文化空缺或不可替代性，使译文不可能准确完整地再现原文。
6、可译性（translatability）与不可译性相对,可译论者认为,人类思想具有同一性,认识和思维方式具有普遍性，所以原本(包括它的文体和风格)是可用另一种语言翻译出来的。
7、可译性限度（limit of translatability）因语言形式和文化不同使可译性受到局限。
8、归化（domestication）与异化”相对，指恪守本族文化的语言传统，回归地道的本族语表达方式。
9、异化（alienation）与“归化”相对。
指在翻译方法上迁就外来文化的语言特点,吸纳外语表达方式。
10、回译（back translation）指把被译写成另一种文字的内容再转译成原文的表达。
12、形合（hypotaxis）与“意合”相对,指句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用句法手段(syntacticdevices)或词汇手段(lexical equivalence)。
13、意合（parataxis）与“形合"相对,指句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语义手段(semantic connection)。
论文题目A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Euphemisms英汉委婉语对比研究Characteristics of English Vocabulary in Advertising广告英语的词汇特点An Inter-communication View of Words and Their Translation从跨文化角度看词的文化意义及其翻译The Features of Adjective Suffixes形容词后缀的特征Politeness Principles in English Communication and Pragmatic Failure英语交际中的礼貌原则和语用失误The Comparative Study of Color in Cutural Meaning Between English and Chinese 英语中颜色词的翻译S trategies for Improving Students’ Listening Abilities提高学生听力能力之策略Modal Expressions of Adjectives and Adverbs in the Context英语形容词、副词在语境中的情态表达A Comparative Study Between English and Chinese Passive Voice英汉被动语态cf 比较研究A Comparative study of English and Chinese Onomatopoeia英汉摹声比较Features of Computer English Word-formation计算机英语的词法特征The Characteristics of Web English网络英语的特点Vivid Characters, Deep Impressions – An Analysis of the Characters in Oliver Twist 鲜明的人物，深刻的印象－《雾都孤儿》人物分析Analysis of Puritanism Perspectives The Scarlet Letter红字中的清教主义思想The notional passive and comparison between English and Chinese意义被动句及其英汉比较The Forms and Uses of Genitive Nouns of English英语名词属格的形式和用法A Comparative of Existential Sentence in English and chinese英汉存在句对比The English and Chinese comparison of Rhetoric in Advertisements英汉广告修辞对比The Referential Function of the Definite Article定冠词的指涉功能The Characteristics and Translation of Trademark Words商标英语的特点和翻译On the Phenomena of Sentence Contraction in English and Chinese Marks论英汉语中的句子紧缩现象Functions and Application of English Punctuations英语标点符号的功能及应用A Comparison of Animal Figures in Chinese and English中英有关动物的比喻的比较The Linguistic Features of Punning Advertisement广告双关语的言语美特点The Image of Tess by Hardy哈代笔下的苔丝形象A Comparison of English and Chinese Phonetic Ambiguity英汉语音歧义的比较Translation Techniques of Proverbs and Idioms谚语和习语的翻译技巧The Choice of Contents and Ways in Translation论翻译的内容与译法的选择Semantic Abnormality and Rhetorical Collocation in English英语中的语义异常与修辞搭配The Analysis of Gertrude’s Psychological Description in Sons and Lovers 浅析《儿子与情人》中格鲁德的心理描写The Nature of Metaphor—From the Nature of Metaphor to Its Differences Between English and Chinese 隐喻的本质—从隐喻本质看英汉差别On the Translation of Trademark Words浅谈商标词的翻译Application of Body Language体态语的应用A Comparison of the Forms of Plural Nouns between Chinese and English 中英名词复数形式的对比The Comparative Study between Metonymy and Metaphor借代与隐喻辞格的比较研究The Differences Between British and American English英式英语和美式英语区别Characteristic Language—Analyzing Desdemona’s Charater from the Words 性格语言—从Desdemona的语言看其性格The Realism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn现实主义《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中的表现A Comparative Study of the English and Chinese Color Terms英汉颜色词使用的对比研究A Minor Classification of English Modals and Semi-modals英语助动词与和半助动词之细微分类A Study of English Active Form With Passive Meaning英语主动形式被动意义研究An Analysis of Language Features in English Advertisings广告英语的语言特点分析Transitional Words and Their Usage论过渡词及其用法The Development of the American Civil Rights Movement in 1960s论美国六十年代民权运动的发展Cultural Factors and Limitations of Translation翻译的文化因素局限性Contest Immersion and Emergence in the Translation of Chinese Poetry into English 汉诗英译中的语境与“融入”和“化入”On Gray’s Elegy论格雷的《墓畔幽思》Body Language in English Teaching in Middle School中学英语教学中的体态语On the Fighting Spirit in The Grapes of Wrath论《愤怒的葡萄》中的斗争精神Sexual Discrimination in English英语中的性别歧视On the Betrayal and Rebellion in Wuthering Heights论《呼啸山庄》中的背叛与反抗An Analysis of When You are Old评析叶芝各诗《当你老了》Holden’s Confusion, Struggle and Self-salvation—A Psycho-analysis of the Hero of The Catcher in the Rye霍尔顿的困惑、抗争与自救——《麦田里的守望者》主人公的心理解析A n Analysis of Elizabeth’s Character in Pride and Prejudice对《傲慢与偏见》中伊丽莎白性格的分析English Idioms and Culture英语习语与文化The Characterization of Robinson Crusoe论鲁滨逊的性格塑造A Comparative Study of Black Women and White Women’s Social Status in the U.S 论美国黑人妇女和白人妇女的社会地位比较The Translation of Indefinite Numerals in English英语不确定数词的翻译Marfin Eden’s Choice of Death论马丁伊登的死亡选择On the Use and Translati on of “as…as…”论as…as…的用法与翻译A C omparative Study of Two Concepts of Privacy and “Ladies First”in China and the Western Countries 有关隐私和女性优先观念在中国和西方国家的比较研究A Comparative Study of Western China Development and American Westward Expansion 中国西部开发与美国西进运动的比较研究The Political Essence of American Economic Aid in Modern Times论新时期美国经济援助的政治内涵A Look at the Mass Media of China and Britain Today and its Words Characteristics 浅谈中英大众媒体之现状及词汇特点On English Passive Voice小议被动态On the Flexible Use of English Animal Words浅谈英语动物动词的活用The Flexibility of the Translation of Chinese Idioms汉语成语英译的灵活性On Ursula in The Rainbow论《虹》中的厄修拉Analysis of Ceategorized Context and the Politeness Principle of Lrony 反语的分类语境和礼貌原则浅析On English Color Terms英语颜色词的研究On the Associative Meaning of the Main Color Words小议颜色词的联想意义On the Rhetorical Value of Taboo Words论禁忌语的修辞价值On the Free Translation in the Translation of Idioms试论习语翻译中的意译The Infinitive Active in Form and Passive in Meaning英语不定式主动结构表被动意义A Comparison of English and Chinese Proverbs and Their Translation 英汉谚语的比较与翻译A Comparative Study of the “Be” Subjunctive and the Imperative Mood Be型虚拟语气与祈使语气的比较研究Faithfulness in Translation论翻译的忠实性The Pursuit of Gatzby论盖茨比的追求C ompson’s Family Tragedy in The Sound and Fury论《喧华与骚动》中康普生家族的悲剧On the Metaphoric Meaning of Colors and Their Translation论英汉颜色的喻义及其翻译Cultural Differences between English and Chinese Color Words and their Translation 英汉颜色词的文化差异及翻译A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Passive Sentences英汉被动句比较研究On the Interactive Teaching Method交互式教学方法Some Ways of Expressing Implied Negation英语含蓄否定的若干表达方式On the Rhetorical Features of English Proverbs论英语谚语的修辞特征On English Noun Modifier论英语名词定语A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Onomatopoeias中英拟声词对比研究Domestication and Foreignization in the Translation of English Idioms 英语习语翻译的归化与异化Differences of Body Language in Cross-Culture Communication跨文化交际中身体语言的差异性On English Subjunctive Verb Forms and Their Classifications论英语虚拟语气动词及其分类On the Structure Classification of English Tag Question附加疑问句的分类研究On Functions of Semantics and Discourse in There-Existential Sentences 论存在句的语义功能和语篇功能Study on Vogue-Words论英语中的时髦词On the Social Value of Gone with the Wind and Scarlett’s Chara cter 论《飘》的社会价值和斯佳丽的人物性格On the Development of Jane Eyre’s Character试论简爱·性格的发展A Comparison between American Puritanism and New Transcendenlism 美国清教主义与超验证主义比较A Tentative Study on English Euphemism浅论英语委婉语On The Hard-boiled Image in Hemingway’s Works论海明威作品中的“硬汉”形象On the Art of Rhetorical Devices浅谈广告中英语中修辞的艺术On the Rhetorical Structures of Texts语篇的修辞结构分析On Transferred Epithet and Its Translation浅谈移就修辞及其翻译The Latest Development of English & Chinese Vocabulary英汉词汇的新发展The Different Fate of the Two Women Love Defenders—My Comments on Lin Daiyu and Jane Eyre 两个为爱而战的两个女性的不同命运---我看林黛玉和简爱Cutural Metaphoric Meaning of Food Language in Englsih Colloquialism 论英语口语中饮食语言的文化喻义Changes of Value in Gone With The Wind《飘》中所体现的价值观念转化赏析On Comparison Between ways of Thinking and Value Tendencies of Americans and Chinese论中美思维方式的差异及价值取向之比较The lnterpersonal Function in Business Letter商务信函中的人际功能The Textual Functions of Pre-Predicate That- ClausesThat -Clauses前置的语篇功能Female Characters As Spirit ual Educate In Spenser’s The Faerie Queene 斯宾塞《仙后》中作为精神教育家的女性Symbolism in Idiomatic Expressions习语的象征意义On the Main Differences between American English and British English 美式英语与英式英语的差异On the Semantic and Pragmatic Meaning of Utterance论话语的字面意义和语用意义Translation Skills of Culture-loaded Words—On“Setected stories of LuXun” 文化员找词汇的翻译方法和技巧——《鲁迅小说选》英译谈On the Image of Women in Jan Eyre论《简爱》中的女性形象A n Analysis of the Part of Speech of “As” and Its UsesAs的词性与用法分析The Translation of the Passive Voice in EST科技英语被动语态的翻译The Useage of Articles冠词的用法Wordsworth’s View on Nature and Life论华兹华斯的自然观及人生观Mastering the Studying Law of Children’s Language Learning and Promoting the Second Language Acquisition 掌握儿童语言学习规律，促进二语习得Advertisement Translation广告的翻译Some Aspects of Articles in English Study英语冠词学习要点The Comparison between English and Chinese Nonce Words英汉仿词比较O n the Creation of Characters in Dicken’s A Tale of Two Cities论狄更斯《双城记》中的人物塑造On Similarities and Differences in the Formation English and Chinese 浅谈英汉仿词在构成形式上的异同Love Always Overcomes Hatred爱总能战胜恨The Characteristics of American English美国英语的语言特点Aanalysis on the Chineses Borrowings in English英语中汉语借词探析The Rhetoric in The Merchant of Venice论《威尼斯商人》中的修辞现象The Textual Function of Passive Voice论被动语态的语篇功能Features of Network English网络英语的特点The Use of Body Language in Middle Schools中学英语教学中体态语言的运用A Comparison Between American and Chinese Higher Education in the 21st Century 二十一世纪中美高等教育之比较The Use of the Comma and the dash in EST科技英语中逗号与破折号的用法On Phenomena of Sexism in English英语中的性别歧视现象On the Transferred Negation in English浅析英语中的否定转移On How to Translation of the Chinese Reduplicated Words into English 汉语叠词英译The Classification and translation of English Idiom Preposition英语成语介词的分类及翻译On Hardy’s Fatalism in Tess论《苔丝》中哈代的宿命论The Features and Origin of French Borrowings in English英语中法语外来词的特点及由来Symbolism of Colors in idomatic Expressions颜色习语表达的象征意义The Difference of Styles in Translation翻译中的文体差异On the Translation of Noun Phrases in EST科技英语名词术语的译法初探Tess’ Sense of Responsibility苔丝的责任心Teacher’s Roles in Class教师在课堂中的角色On Euphemistic Expressions in English论英语中的委婉表达法The Nominalization and Grammatical Metaphor英汉名词化和语法隐喻The Structures and Characteristics of English Simile and Metaphor 英语中的比喻结构的特征Humanitarianism in A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》中的人道主义思想On Satire and Humor in Pride and Prejudice浅析《傲慢与偏见》中的讽刺与幽默English Phrasal Verbs论英语短语动词Cultural Difference of English—Chinese Idioms and Its Translation 英汉习语的文化差异与翻译On English Rhetorical Elliptical Sentences英语修辞省略句Communication Failures Appeared in Intercultural Communication论跨文化交际中的语用失误On Zeugma’s Rhetorical Effect and Translation浅析轭式搭配的修辞效果与翻译A Comparative Study on Oxymoron and Duiding英语矛盾修辞比较研究The Translation of Long Sentences in EST科技英语的长句翻译The Differences and Application of Chinese and English Palindrome 中英回文辞格的发展差异与应用Lolita, the Tragedy of Pedophilia《诺莉塔》：恋童癖的悲剧S arah’s Way to Freedom萨拉的自由之路Jane Eyre’s Sense of Interiority简爱的自卑感Coherence in Interpretation of Discourse论语篇翻译中的连贯Influence of Cultural Differences on Translation文化差异对翻译的影响On the Form of Emphasis in English英语中的强调的表达形式On Translation of English New Words论英语新词的翻译A Brief Exploration of Lexical Ambiguity in English and Its Pragmatic Effects Words 浅谈英语词汇的歧义与语用效果On Ellipsis论省略The Cultural differences and translation of English and Chinese idioms 英汉习语与文化差异的翻译On Emphatic Patterns in English英语中的强调形式研究On Chinglish in Chinese-English Translation中英翻译的中式英文Elementary Analysis of Translating Attributive Clause浅析定语从句的翻译A Brief Research on the English Infinitive Structure英语不定式初探与研究English Words Sanantic Variattion and the Society英语词汇语义变化与社会的关系On the Symbolism in Blake’s Poems论布莱克诗歌中的象征主义Some Ways of Expressing Implied Negation in English英语含蓄否定表达法种种On Franslation of Trademarks and Names of Export Commodities论商标、出口商品名称的翻译A Brief Introduction to Grammatical Ambiguity in English浅谈英语中的语法歧义现象On the Basic methods and skills of translation of Business English Terms 商务英语词汇翻译常用方法与技巧初探The Functions of Pre-Posed Infinitive clauses不定式分句前置的使用功能On The Borrowed Elements in the English Vocabulary浅谈英语词汇中的外来成份English Synonyms and Vocabulary Enlargement英语同义词及词汇扩展On the Use of Euphemisms in The Daily Life浅议委婉语在日常生活中的运用Parody in advertisement A study on Translation广告中的仿似现象探悉On the Semantic Function and Usage of the Conjunction “and”连词“and”的语义功能与用法A BriefTalk on Differences and Translatability of English and Chinese Idioms 浅析英汉习语的文化差异及其可译性On Steps of Learning English英语学习步骤浅议A Comparative Study of Ambiguity and Pun in English英语中歧义与双关的对比研究Slangs about Vegetables & Fruits in English and Their Uses英语中有关蔬菜和水果的俚语及其运用On Absolute Nomination Construction浅析独立主格结构A Balanced Approach to Oral English Teaching英语口语教学平衡方法On the Verb Forms of English Subjective Mood浅谈英语虚拟语气的动词形式A Contrastive Study on English and Chinese Idioms英中习语对比On Translation of English Allusion英语典故的翻译A Constrastive Analysis of Euphemism Between Chinese and English 中英委婉语的对比分析On the Fuzziness and Vagueness of Language论语言的模糊与含糊Refle ctions on Animals in and out of China从国内外的动物说起Translation Techniques of Chinese Idioms汉语成语的翻译技巧Idioms and Features of Idioms习语及其习语特征A Comparative Study on the English and the Chinese Metaphor英汉隐喻对比研究A Comparative Study of Euphemism and Fuzzy Language in English and Chinese委婉语与模糊语中英对比研究On Idioms Used in Colloquial English论习语在英语口语中的使用A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre简·爱女权主义思想初探Translation of the Peculiar Speech of Each Participant in the Conversation 论小说个性语言翻译On the Cognition and Usage of Metaphor论隐喻的认知及其运用The Classification of Metaphor隐喻的分类On the Types and Uses of the Passive Voice论英语被动语态的类型及用法A Detailed Study on THERE in English Existential Sentence试论英语存在句结构中的引导词THEREThe Differences of Rhythm between Chinese and English英汉节奏差异On The Usage of “T hat”论“That”的用法The Exploration of Oral English Teaching Methodology英语口语教学法探讨To Cultural Difference between English and Chinese Idioms and Their Translation 浅谈英汉习语的文化差异及翻译On Feminism in Pride and Prejudice试论《傲慢与偏见》中的女权意识Appropriate Use of Body Language in Spoken English Teaching英语口语教学中体态语的适当使用On Translation of Trade Marks论商标的翻译The Rhetoric in Advertising English广告英语中的修辞The Hegemonic Nature of Unilateralism of the Bush Administration’s Foreign Policy 布什政府外交政策单边主义的霸权主义实质The Linguistic Characteristics of Business English and Its Translation 商务英语的语言特点及翻译刍义On the Borrowed Words in English英语中的外来词Color Words in English英语中的颜色词研究The Existence and adaptation of Untranslatable From不可译现象的存在和转化The Tense-Aspect System of English Grammar-Forms and Meanings英语语法中的时体体系：形式和意义On Vague Terms in Everyday Spoken English论英语日常口语中的模糊词语A Tentative Study on the Translation of Adverbial English Dallses in Clause 英语状语从句汉译初探Euphemism and Its use in Translation委婉语及其在翻译中的使用The Communicative Functions of Euphemism委婉语的交际功能On the Usage of “It”“It”的用法On English Linguistic Taboos论英语语言的禁忌A Tentative Analysis of English Color Words探英语中的颜色词On English Siamese Twins英语成对词词组初探On English Elliptical Sentence英语省略句The Characteristics of Attributes in English英语定语之我见Feminism in Jane Eyre论女权主义在简爱中的体现The Translation of Idioms谈习语翻译A Comparative Study of Chinese Jokes and Western Humor中国笑话和西方幽默Cultural Differences in English and Chinese Everyday Conversation 中英日常会语中的文化差异The Form and Function of the Euphemism英语委婉语的构成及其功能O n the Pessimistic Fendencies in Hemingway’s later works试论海明威后期中作品中的颓废主义倾向On the Cultural Differences between Chinese—English Translation 论中英翻译中的文化差异On Translation of English of Colour Words论颜色词的翻译An Analysis of the Usage of Infinitive in English不定式的用法剖析Culture Differences and Translation文化差异与翻译The cultural Connotation and Expressive Technique of Euphemism委婉语的文化内涵和表现手法A Comparative Study of “Pun” and “Shuangguan”“Pun”与“双关”的比较研究English from Sexism to Neutralization英语中的性别歧视与中性化。
Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. My name is Lan An . I’m from class 12. The title of my thesis is On Cultural factors in English idioms and the translation. This thesis is completed under the instruction of Ms. He Rong. I’m extremely grateful to her for her constant direction and suggestion for revising the draft of my paper. I also have to thank the professors sitting here today for your generosity in spending your time here.The title of my paper is On Cultural factors in English idioms and the translation.I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language. Idioms are not a separate part of the language that we cannot omit. Idioms are unique and fixed expressions which are used in linguistic communication. They are the essence of language, and also the quintessence of a nation’s culture and wisdom.Therefore, the translation of English idioms should be faithful to their cultural information. As the product of English culture that the nation has accumulated through thousands of years, English idioms are heavily-loaded with cultural information. Studying the cultural factors in English idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn it well. For the above facts, I select the subject as the title of my paper.This paper consists of five parts.Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose. Part two presents overview of the English idioms, it concludes the origins and characteristics. Part three emphasize cultural factors in English idioms. Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy. Part four tackles on how to translate English idioms well and put forward four methods to translate English idioms. Part five draws some conclusions that characteristics and translate methods of English idioms. It is not easy to translate idiom exactly and translation methods are different in specific idioms. Cultural factors and characteristics of idioms should be considered during the process of translation. It is necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. A translator must be well acquainted with the source language (English) and the target language (Chinese) so that he can convey meanings from one language to another effectively OK, that’s all. Thank you.。
新闻英语的特点及翻译技巧1. 引言1.1 新闻英语的重要性Currently, I need to produce an article about the characteristics and translation techniques of news English based on my outline. The outline includes an Introduction: [Importance of News English, Characteristics of News English], Body: [Conciseness of News English, Objectivity of News English, Accuracy of News English, Translation Techniques of News English, Learning Methods of News English], Conclusion: [Summary of the Characteristics and Translation Techniques of News English]. Now, please provide the content related to the Importance of News English in the Introduction section with a word count requirement of 200 words. Just focus on the content, and do not include any information unrelated to the content.1.2 新闻英语的特点新闻英语的特点在于其简练、客观和准确。
新闻英语通常采用简洁明了的语言，避免冗长复杂的句子，以便读者能够迅速理解新闻内容。
US-China Foreign Language, October 2021, Vol. 19, No. 10, 270-275doi:10.17265/1539-8080/2021.10.003A Study on the Characteristics and Translation Strategies ofEnglish News HeadlinesLU Danli, ZHANG LeUniversity of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaWith the rapid development and gradual maturity of the information age, the news media has become the basicmedia for people to obtain information from all over the world. Due to the differences between English and Chinesein cultural background, rhetoric tradition, and linguistic expression, news translation is confronted with thechallenge of overcoming language barriers in information transmission. The headline is the soul of news anddetermines the attention of news. Mastering the headline information can help readers effectively understand thegist of the news. Therefore, when translating English news headlines, we should first understand the characteristicsof the headlines and apply translation strategies in a targeted way. By analyzing the characteristics of newsheadlines, this paper studies the principles and strategies of translation of English news headlines.Keywords: linguistic characteristics, English news headlines, translation strategiesIntroductionThe headline of a newspaper story usually gives the main idea or the gist of the story. It is a very importantpart of a news report. This paper will discuss the characteristics and translation strategies of English news headlines. This paper consists of three major sections. Section one introduces major characteristics of English news headlines. Section two describes the translation principles of English news headlines. Section three discusses the translation strategies of English news headlines. The final section will conclude the whole paper. Characteristics of English News HeadlinesConcise and Vivid ExpressionThe purpose of a headline is to give a summary of what is going on in the news so that readers can quickly get to the heart of the story. In order to meet the requirements of the popularity of English news headlines, short and simple words are often used. This can not only save the space of the newspaper, but also enable more readers to understand English news and improve the readability and practicability of English news. So, acronyms appear frequently in English news headlines, especially in the description of organizations. Appropriate shortening of some common words in news headlines can not only reduce the length of news headlines, but also enhance their novelty. Abbreviations are roughly divided into two categories. One category includes shortened words. For example, “expo” is the abbreviation of “exposition”. The other categoryLU Danli, Master, postgraduate student, College of Foreign Languages, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.ZHANG Le, Doctor, associated professor, College of Foreign Languages, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai, China.All Rights Reserved.CHARACTERISTICS & TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF ENGLISH NEWS HEADLINES 271combines the capital letters of each word in a phrase into one word, such as AQ (Adversity Quotient), EST(Eastern Standard Time). No matter readers are familiar with them or not, they can find the full names ordefinitions of them in news chapters.“Newness” is the life of news language, which is determined by the content of news reports. In order to keep close to social life and grasp the pulse of the times, news reports need to create a large number of newwords to spread new ideas and fashions, so as to attract public attention. Therefore, frequent use of new wordsis a prominent feature of English news, which usually includes two types of situation (Xu, 2018). In onesituation, a new meaning is derived from an old word, such as “clone”, which means “copy” now. In the othersituation, a new word is purely created, such as “computernik”, which means someone addicted to computers.News reports have a high requirement for information dissemination and effectiveness, so words often change their part of speech (such as from a noun to a verb, or vice versa). For example, the headline“Cooperative Operation Profits Farmers” has changed “Profit” from noun to verb, making the headline moreconcise and clear. In addition, English news has wide audience, so a large number of easy-to-understand wordsare used to enhance the overall accessibility of the headlines. Among them, using proper nouns and specialnames to refer to specific meanings is one of the ways to improve the popularity of the headlines. For instance,it is common to use the name of a building or place to refer to a country, such as “the White House” for theUnited States and “the Louvre” for France.Distinct Grammatical FeaturesThe grammar of English news headlines is different from that of normal use and has its unique characteristics. The news story that appears in the newspaper has already happened; so according to the basicrules of grammar, it needs to be expressed in the past tense. But the use of past tense deviates from the essentialcharacteristic of news. In order to enhance readers’ experience of news events, editors should abide by thespecial principle of “news present tense”, and use the simple present tense to formulate news headlines (Zhu,2008).A news headline should be a complete sentence, but in order to be concise and highlight importantinformation, function words such as articles, auxiliary words, link verbs, conjunctions, and pronouns are oftenomitted from the headline on the premise of not affecting the expression of the main theme of the news. In thisway, the length of the headline is shortened to a large extent, so as to avoid procrastination and redundancy. Forexample, the headline “It’s Time to Organize Your Book” could be shortened to “Time to Organize YourBook” and the headline “Japan Is in Danger of Reform” could be shortened to “Japan in Danger of Reform”.Punctuation marks are auxiliary recording symbols of the written system, which can divide meaning groups, substitute words, emphasize information, and highlight the sense of reality (Zhang, 2020). Punctuationmarks can make news headlines simple and lively, leaving people with thinking space. Headlines focus onstructural clarity and often use three types of punctuation. The first is comma, which is used to replace theconjunction “and” to save space, such as in the headline “US, Japan Meet in Women’s World Cup”. Thesecond is dash, which is often used to quote a statement to make the headline more intuitive and clear. Forinstance, the headline “Next iPhone Update Will Let You Disable Intentional Slow Down—Tim Cook” meansthat Tim Cook says that next iPhone update will let you disable intentional slowdown. The third is colon, whichis used to mean “to say” or “to think” or to replace the related verb “to be”, so as to make the headline moredirect.All Rights Reserved.CHARACTERISTICS & TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF ENGLISH NEWS HEADLINES272 Abundant Rhetorical FeaturesIn order to highlight the novelty of English news headlines, rhetorical devices are often used in order to achieve humorous, vivid, or ironic effects. The first type is pun. In a specific context, homophone or polysemy can be used to generate double meaning. In English, there are a lot of words with the same spelling but different meanings. Applying this kind of puns in news headlines can increase their connotation and arouse readers’ interest. For example, the headline “Champagne Economy or Bubble Economy?” highlights the difficulty of maintaining production in France in the economic decline caused by champagne losses. And when headlines are created, champagne can be used to both illustrate economic losses and allude to the bubble economy. Pun can not only induce readers’ associations, but also add humor or irony to headlines.The second type is exaggeration, which can quickly attract the attention of readers and enhance the influence of the headline, causing readers’ imagination of news content. However, editors should highlight the essence of the matter when applying exaggeration so as to avoid overreaching. For example, “A Vow to Zip His Lips” not only rhetorically indicates the action of “sew up the lips”, but also can be translated as “keep a secret”.The third type is euphemism. For taboo contents in a specific culture, the direct expression is not elegant, so obscure and polite words can be used to express them, which makes the language more appropriate and generally accepted by the public. For example, after Watergate, people often use the word “Watergate” to describe similar political events, followed by “Monica Scandal” and “Korea Scandal”.The fourth type is alliteration and end rhyme. “Soldiers Salary Soars”, for example, is a headline with each word starting with an “S”. From the perspective of lexical meaning, “Rises” or “Goes High” can replace “Soars”, but the beauty of rhythm in the original headline will be lost. It can be seen that alliteration could more easily attract readers’ attention and leave a deep impression on readers. In the headline “After the Boom Everything Is Gloom”, “Boom” is similar to “Gloom” in the form of final rhyme. End rhyme can not only enhance readers’ audio-visual pleasure, but also stimulate readers’ interest in this news content. In addition, the double rhyming rhetoric of “alliteration + end rhyme” makes English news headlines more orderly, which has a strong sense of rhythm. In the headline “From Monster to Martyr?”, “Monster” and “Martyr” have completely opposite meanings but with the same pronunciation of the first and the last sound. The simultaneous appearance of alliteration and end rhyme, which concentrates on a single person in a news headline, is highly ironic and highlights the excellent writing skills of news editors.Translation Principles of English News HeadlinesAccuracyIn the translation of English news headlines, the first principle is to ensure the accuracy of the headlines, which is not to go against the original author’s idea and which is to grasp the important content of the news. Once the key content of the news is not grasped in the translation, the translator may not be able to feel the error of the translation, trapped in the dilemma of catching the meaning of words literally. The accuracy of the news headline directly determines the quality of the whole report, so it should be regarded as the primary standard in the translation and the theme content of the news should not deviate. As Chinese and foreigners have different ways of thinking, it is necessary to take into account cultural differences and accurately express the connotation and mood of the news headlines.All Rights Reserved.CHARACTERISTICS & TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF ENGLISH NEWS HEADLINES 273RefinementWhen the requirement of accuracy is met, another important point of translation of English news headlines is refinement. Due to the differences between languages, it is difficult to find the corresponding words inChinese for some words in English, which leads to procrastination in translation. Therefore, it is necessary toensure the refinement of translation. In order to ensure that the headlines achieve the effect of refinement,translators need to analyze the headlines of English news. Abbreviations are often used to make English newsheadlines more concise, so abbreviated words can also be used in translation, which is also a common methodfor translating English news headlines.VitalityWith the special nature, English news headlines have a unique way of presentation. In most cases, news headlines are often made vivid by rhetorical devices. A good news headline can not only make readersunderstand the important content of the news, but also stimulate readers’ interest and deepen readingimpression. However, due to cultural differences, translators must have a deep understanding of the culture ofrelevant English-speaking countries, and fully consider the Chinese language and culture to translate withappropriate words. In addition to ensuring the similarity in form, it is more important to ensure the mutualcommunication of connotation, so as to express the original charm of language.Translation Strategies of English News HeadlinesLiteral TranslationWhen English news headlines are clear and easy to understand, literal translation can be used. The greatest advantage of literal translation is that it retains the language features, expression forms, and content meaning ofthe original text. Although there are some differences between Chinese and Western cultures, people have a lotin common in terms of feelings and thinking patterns. Therefore, literal translation is the most commontranslation method and also the preferred strategy of translators.Free TranslationIf literal translation cannot accurately express the content of the original headline, or its readability cannot be accepted by the reader of the target language, free translation can be considered. In general, free translationdoes not need to strictly maintain the original structure, but only needs to clearly and completely express itscorresponding meaning, without paying attention to too many details in grammar. But this does not mean thatthe translator can freely adjust the patterns and structure; instead, the translator must translate on the basis ofthe original meaning. It allows readers to capture the true content of news from hidden information. Forexample, the headline “Believing the Believers” can be translated into “人类的信仰” and “Looking Back toLook Ahead” can be translated into “回首往昔，展望未来”. Free translation can not only accurately expressthe meaning of the original headline, but also better reflect the rich and profound connotation of Chinese.Amplification Method in TranslationIf the readers of target language lack the relevant background knowledge, the addition of annotations or related information becomes necessary. For instance, the translation of “Tyson’s Trade Treatment” is “美国女贸易经济学家泰森的贸易对策”. For the readers familiar with the content of the original text, “Tyson” in theheadline is easy to understand. Accurately grasping the main point, however, can be difficult for the targetreaders, who will mistake “Tyson” for a champion boxer. Therefore, it is necessary for the translator to add All Rights Reserved.CHARACTERISTICS & TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF ENGLISH NEWS HEADLINES274 some information about Tyson as an economist, so that the target audience can accurately receive the information. As another example, the translation of “Jack Ma: Don’t Use Trade as a Weapon” is “马云出席达沃斯：不要把贸易当作武器”. The original headline only tells what Ma said, but the translator added specific conference details to help the target readers better know the news information. The translated version gives the readers background information on Ma’s stance on the trade war. Such translation is helpful to improve the accuracy of expression and shorten the distance between events and readers. More importantly, it can stimulate the reader’s interest to continue reading.Method of Using Rhetorical DevicesAlthough news needs to be concise and accurate, distinctive headlines are a magic weapon to attract readers. The use of various rhetorical devices can make a news report sparkling. If the headline contains some rhetorical devices, such as puns, metaphors, and rhymes, the translation should also use the corresponding rhetorical devices, in order to achieve the same rhetorical characteristics as the original as much as possible. For instance, the headline “After the Booms, Everything Is Gloom” is translated by “一别繁荣，一片愁容”. “Boom” and “Gloom” form the end rhyme and the Chinese translation perfectly shows the rhyme feature of the original through “Rong” and “Rong” with the same pronunciation to form the end rhyme. Also, the two “yi” achieve the effect of alliteration, fully showing the rhetorical effect with a feeling of unity. As another example, the headline “A Bowl of Soup a Day Could Keep the Pounds at Bay” applies the pattern of an old saying “An Apple a Day Keeps Doctor Away”, achieving the rhyme effect. So, it can be translated by “一天一碗汤，脂肪减光光” by imitating the format of this proverb. This translating method not only accurately conveys the intended meaning of the original headline, but also makes the news headlines more interesting.Conversion Between Positive and Negative Words In the process of translation, we should also pay attention to the different nature of words between countries and understand the context of the original news. For example, in the headline “The Chinese Market, a Bottomless Pit”, the phrase “A Bottomless Pit” in Chinese has a negative meaning. If we literally translate it into Chinese, the Chinese market will be described as derogatory. Through reading the content of the news, the phrase “A Bottomless Pit” comes from the mouth of the president of the famous sports brand Nike, which happened when he inspected Shanghai. After analyzing the context, it can be found that what he wants to express is that the market potential of China is great. In this headline, if the relevant context and expression of the words are not analyzed, it is easy to cause negative understanding and even affect the relationship between the two countries. Therefore, in the process of translation, we should focus on the meaning of each word in different countries to make it fit with the original context, so that we can translate and express it accurately and play a positive role in communication.ConclusionNews headlines, whether in Chinese or English, reflect their own language and cultural characteristics. So, the translation of news headlines is not only the conversion between different languages, but also a cultural communication which must be carried out on the basis of the characteristics of English news headlines. In the process of translation, translators will be affected by many cultural differences, such as different cultural backgrounds, thinking patterns, and historical allusions. Therefore, it is particularly important to adopt different translation strategies according to the specific situation.All Rights Reserved.CHARACTERISTICS & TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF ENGLISH NEWS HEADLINES 275The purpose of news headline translation is to enable the readers of the target language to accurately obtain the information in the source language. Readers tend to pay more attention to the content of the originalnews headline, but less to its form. In order to ensure the readability of the news headlines, translators shouldnot only accurately convey the information of the original headline, but also make the target language conformto the reading habit and thinking mode of the readers. Only in this way can the cultural information hidden inthe original news headlines be excavated and transmitted accurately and effectively, which helps readers of thetarget language better understand the news content.ReferencesDuanmu, Y. W. (2011). Functions and language features of English newspaper headlines. Foreign Languages Research, (2), 43-45.Dou, H. L. (2016). Lexical features and translation strategies of news English. News Junkie, (2), 66-68.Xu, M. W. (2018). News English and translation. Beijing: China International Translation Press.Zhu, Y. G. (2008). Linguistic features & translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University Press.Zhang, X. (2020). English news headline translation based on functional theory. Journalistic Research Guide, (1), 225-226.All Rights Reserved.。
The Features and Translation of English Sports NewsAbstract: In the current society, with the increasing level of people‟s living and on the basis of satisfaction of material life, people started to pursue their spiritual fulfillment. Taking part in and watching sports programs have become a incredible part in people‟s spiritual life. As the international competitions increase, the transmission of sports news has been seen as the carrier of sports information, which has made the sports news an irreplaceable part of transmission of international news. Since 1992, the third leapfrog development was made in China‟s press, the paper and electrical media enjoyed a rapid development. As the development of media, watching sports news , as an important face and time presented on the various media, has become a topic issue surrounding people‟s life.This thesis firstly introduced the general characteristics and forms including the structure, lexicon, topic,numbers and the opinions and skills the translators came up with. In addition, this paper also displayed the problems always occurred in translating English sports news and its reason. According to the basic principles and elements of translation, this thesis puts the emphasis on the discussion of the standard, condition, skills and method of translation.Key Words: Translation methods; sports news; application英语体育新闻的特色及翻译摘要：当前社会，人民生活水平日益提高，在物质生活满足的基础上，人们开始追求精神上的满足。
英语专业开题报告范文怎么写----WORD文档，下载后可编辑修改----下面是小编收集整理的范本，欢迎您借鉴参考阅读和下载，侵删。
您的努力学习是为了更美好的未来！英语专业开题报告范文篇一：设计毕业论文题目(外文) Analysis of English idioms and proverbs题目来源开题时间 2008.03.10选题的原因、基本内容：英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。
其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。
如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。
英语谚语是英语语言的精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。
英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。
学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。
第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
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英语谚语的修辞特点研究。
重庆工学院学报,2000/3。
英语专业开题报告范文篇一：提纲Thesis statemen：This essay discourse the features and translation of English idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between Chinese.OutlineⅠ. Introduction: For Chinese stude nts, English idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. So the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.Ⅱ. The Characteristics of English Idioms and ProverbsA. The characteristics of English idioms1. Simple but Rich2. Harmonious Phonology3. Vivid MetaphorB. The characteristics of English proverb1. Concise and Clear2. Symmetrical sentence pattern3. Rich and Varied RhetoricⅢ. The Translation of English Idioms and ProverbsA. The theories of translation1. Literal Translation2. Free Translation3. Mechanical application of the synonym Chinese proverb4. Literal Translation and Free TranslationB. The points of translation1. The literal translation of proverbs prohibited2. The translation of proverbs to keep the original text style3. The translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic4. The translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristicⅣ. Conclusion指导教师意见：指导教师签名：年月日英语专业开题报告范文篇二：研究设计论文题目the Application and Innovationof Gothicism in Wuthering Heights一、选题的意义和研究现状1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。
毕业论文题目：On Characteristics and Translation of Leadof English News英语新闻导语的特征与翻译系别：外国语系专业：英语语言文学姓名：苗彦喜学号：141210132指导教师：朱建祥河南城建学院2012年5月25日ON CHARACTERISTICS AND TRANSLATION OF LEADOF ENGLISH NEWSByMiao YanxiA ThesisSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for theDegree of Bachelor of Artsin EnglishUnder the Supervision of Professor Zhu JianxiangHenan University of Urban ConstructionMay 2012摘要导语是新闻报道中不可缺少的组成部分,导语的翻译也是整个新闻翻译过程中至关重要的环节。
本文作者将试从文体学角度出发研究英语新闻导语的特征，然后从交际翻译和语义翻译的角度来探讨如何有效地翻译英语新闻导语,从而能够准确地传达信息并尽量保留原导语的创作特点和文化特色。
英国翻译家纽马克根据布勒对语言功能的分类将文本分成了三种类型,即表达型、信息型和号召型。
针对不同类型文本的翻译,他提出了交际翻译和语义翻译的方法。
就文本而言,新闻导语是信息文本,但是其中也包含了原创者的语言风格以及丰富的修辞特点和文化元素。
因此,在交际翻译和语义翻译的使用问题上,作者认为译者应该根据导语的文本类型特点采取灵活的策略,总体把握翻译的效果。
本论文由四章组成。
第一章引言，介绍了研究的背景，所采用的理论和整体的结构框架；第二章主要讲英语新闻导语的特点：先探讨了导语的定义、分类，然后从书写特征，词汇特征和语法特征三个方面来讨论其特点；第三章在文本论的指导下，深入探讨了交际翻译和语义翻译、文本类型以及运用,从而为本论文打下了核心的理论基础；第四章结论。
关键词：英语新闻导语；导语的特征；文本论；交际翻译；语义翻译AbstractThe lead of English news is an indispensable component of a news report and the translation of it is a vital stage in the process of news translation. This thesis attempts to probe into the characteristics of lead according to the stylistics and the translation of English news leads from the perspective of communicative translation and semantic translation in quest of efficient ways to accurately transmit information. To tackle the problems of translating different types of texts, Peter Newmark accordingly contributes the methods of communicative translation (CT) and semantic translation (ST). As far as the text type is concerned, news leads belong to informative texts, yet containing intermingle d characteristics of the author’s creating features and rich rhetorical devices and cultural elements. Hence, with regard to application of communicative translation and semantic translation, the author holds that translators should adopt flexible strategies according to different textual functions in news leads so as to guarantee the overall quality of translation. To be specific, the author suggests translators apply communicative translation to transmitting truthful information on the one hand and apply semantic translation to reserving literary and cultural features embedded in original news lead on the other hand. This thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter One Introduction: It introduces the background of study this paper, the theories that we adopt and framework of whole paper; Chapter Two The Characteristics of lead of English news: It mainly talks about the definition of lead and the features of lead from three aspects, namely graphological features, lexical features and grammatical features; Chapter Three Translation of lead of English news: On the basic of Text Typology, we lay down the core theoretical foundation of this thesis by means of conducting in-depth researches into communicative translation and semantic translation, text typology and their application; Chapter Four Conclusion.Key Words:Lead of English news; Characteristics of lead; Text Typology; Communicative translation; Semantic translationContents1. Introduction (1)2. Characteristics of Lead of English News (2)2.1 The Lead (2)2.1.1 Definition of Lead (2)2.1.2 Lead Essentials (3)2.1.3 Categorization of Lead (3)2.2 Stylistic Characteristics of Lead of English News (4)2.2.1 Graphological Features of Lead of English News (4)2.2.2 Lexical Features of Lead of English News (6)2.2.3 Grammatical Features of Lead of English News (7)3. Translation of Lead of English News (10)3.1Text Typology (10)3.2 Translation of Lead of English News (10)3.2.1 Semantic Translation (11)3.2.2 Communicative Translation (12)4. Conclusion (15)References (16)Acknowledgments (17)1．IntroductionWhere there is a life, there is a news. With the rapid development of society and economy, the people around the world become more and more familiar through cooperating and communicating with each other more quickly and efficiently. Being one of the most convenient ways for people to share information, news plays a significant role in everyone’s daily life. Under such a circumstance, news translation is of great importance in terms of conveying information. Many people read the news to get to know what is happening around them, especially those who take international news as an important window to learn the outside world. Everyone in the modern society is influenced more or less by mass media. However, because of the step of life quickening and all kinds of information diversifying, it is impossible for people to read all the news that are around them from the beginning to the end. As the important part of the news, the lead has its own special significance. Through reading the lead, people learn when, where and what the whole news is reporting. If they are interested in the lead, they will read on. ―So we can say that the lead is the soul of the news, and it is quite necessary to find a proper way to produce high-quality translated texts of lead of English news.‖(杨冬青，2010:315-316)There is contradiction between the demand and supply: on the one hand, the need for lead translation is on the rise; on the other hand, the study in this field is somewhat neglected and the quality of the lead translation is usually undesirable. Thus, researchers should be encouraged to find effective ways to produce satisfactory lead translation. On the basis of the stylistic theory, the author of this thesis finds the special features of the lead, including graphological features, grammatical features and lexical features. And according to its stylistic features, the author considers that the Text Typology can effectively guide the lead translation, and then through the semantic translation and communicative translation, the author will study the translation methods of lead of English News.2．Characteristics of Lead of English News2.1 The Lead2.1.1 Definition of LeadHere are two definitions about the lead:A: Lead: A simple, clear statement consisting of the first paragraph or two of a story.In this paragraph, ―you have to answer six basic questions: who, what, when, where, why, and how?‖ (Brian S. Brooks, 2005: 146)B: Lead: Captures the essence of the event, and it cajoles the reader or listener into staying awhile. The lead sentence usually contains one idea and follows the subject-verb-object sentence structure for clarity. It should not exceed 35 words.(Melven Mencher, 2003: 111)From these definitions, we can find that lead is the first paragraph or two of a story. ―The lead is the key to any successful story. It gives the reader the sense of the story.‖（刘其冲，2009:25）The lead is the beginning of the news and is also the key paragraphs to help readers to read the news and is the most important part of the news. The most important and the pivotalest contents are generalized by the tersest lead language. It is the essence of the news reporting, which can make the readers learn the main contents. A lively and interesting lead will attract the readers or listeners to go on paying attention to the detailed contents of the news. All in all, having an excellent lead equals to owning a piece of nice news. The leads represent the most important contents of news by using vivid and pithy language and attract readers to continue to finish the beginning of whole news, which links the preceding with the following. For example: Two children at play were killed and 12 others injured today when a speeding sports car jumped the curb outside Prospect Park and ran them down.This lead is a successful one. The whole lead just has 26 words, but it not only includes the main content of the news, but also expresses the news clearly and concretely. Besides, the situation that the children were knocked down when they were playing, the type of the car and the tragic current situation of victims were embodied through the lead, which strengthened the readers’ sympathy and interest suddenly.2.1.2 Lead EssentialsLeads usually contain specific information about what happened or what was said, when the event occurred, the location of the event and the source of the information. Journalists conclude six factors, which are 5 Ws and 1 H- who, what, where, when, why and how. The six factors are the questions that journalists must answer in the lead. But a lead must limits time and saves more space, so not all of these must be presented in every lead.The first sample contains all the six factors and the second one only has 4 factors.Japanese electronics giant Sony and Swedish telecoms maker Ericsson kicked off a mobile phone joint venture yesterday in Beijing and said the city will soon become its major manufacturing base.Who: Sony and EricssonWhat: kick off a mobile phone joint ventureWhen: yesterdayWhere: BeijingHow: Major manufacturing base will be in Beijing soon.WASHINGTON- The International Monetary Fund (IMF), seeking to contain a deepening economic crisis in South America, has agreed to provide an additional US$30 billion in loans to Brazil.Who: The International Monetary Fund (IMF)Where: BrazilWhat: provide US$30 billion in loansWhy: seeking to contain a deepening economic crisis in South America2.1.3 Categorization of LeadThe information of the news reporting is unending changes and themes of reporting are also more plentiful with the developing of the medias, which make the lead present diversified features. Classifying all kinds of leads according to their own features can help us understand and translate the lead properly and accurately.Many scholars have classified them according to features of leads of English news.For example, Zhangjian(张建，2004:60) classifies the lead of English news into 12 kinds: summary lead, main fact lead, descriptive lead, direct address lead, quotation lead, suspense lead, delayed lead, contrast lead, question lead, anecdotal lead, combined lead and label lead.Xu Mingwu(许明武，2003:323) categorizes the leads according to different standards: According to the time, it has direct lead and delayed lead; According to the choosing fact, there is summary lead, descriptive lead, critical lead and showcase lead.Brooks, Brian S. and others (Brooks, Brian S. and others，2002:147) classifies the leads into 4 kinds: immediate-identification lead, delayed-identification lead, summary lead and multi-element lead.Zeng Fengqing(曾庆丰，1999:42) considers that leads fall into two kinds according to the level of information: singular-event structure and multi-event structure. Because of the complexity of the multi-event structure, he classifies the leads into several parts. 1) According to the semantic logic: cause and effect, conditional /purposive, contrast and development; 2) According to standpoint of reporting: factual lead and opinionated lead; 3) According to the point of view of reporting: eventual lead, expressive lead and analytical lead.Above all, all of them have their own reasons. But, Zhu Yige considers that ―Zeng Fengqing’s view of assortment of leads is better than others‖.（朱伊革，2008:98）For example:Airlines across Asia are reminding passengers of strict limits on hand baggage in the run-up to Lunar New Year. (Singular-event structure lead)An explosion at the apartment block in northwestern Brussels killed four people and injured 14 early yesterday, police said. (Cause and effect lead)WASHINGTON (Reuters)- The United States has dropped drug sanctions Colombia but stopped short of certifying the cocaine producing country as a fully ally in the war against trafficking. (Contrast and development lead)2.2 Stylistic Characteristics of Lead of English News2.2.1 Graphological Features of Lead of English NewsGraphological features of lead are more conspicuous than that of other varieties. “In order to catch the readers’ attention, and to highlight what is considered important in the news, the correspondent usually uses fully the graphological devices, such as variation in formats, paragraphing, punctuation marks and pictures. Among these,punctuation and paragraphing are the most outstanding features in lead of English news.”（董启明，2008:146）2.2.1.1 PunctuationAs far as punctuation is concerned, quotation marks are perhaps the most noticeable markers, which are used for direct or indirect quotations of people involved in the leads. The employment of quotation marks makes the lead more authentic and the quotations more conspicuous. e.g.“My friends and family think I am completely nuts,” Dale Rogers says, smiling and taking a languorous drag on his cigarette.The Times, July 26, 2003 Another often-used punctuation is the dash, which is stylistically significant in leads, though in other varieties, the comma might be employed instead. The dash is used in case of parenthetical expressions for the sake of clarity. e.g.WASHINGTON, FRIDAY, APRIL 14, 1865—The president was shot in a theatre tonight and perhaps mortally wounded.2.2.1.2 ParagraphingParagraphs in leads are usually short, because too long a paragraph without break will make readers feel bored and difficult to understand and thus they will lose the interest in keeping reading. So the journalists often alternate the use of long and short sentences. Each paragraph usually consists of one or two sentences. Short paragraphs can facilitate reading, and provide more space for the rest of the eye. e.g.: WASHINGTON—Iraq could have a nuclear weapon by 2010 and meanwhile is bolstering its stockpile of chemical and biological weapons, U.S. intelligence agencies report.This lead just has one sentence with 24 words, but it gives us all the important things among the news.Have you taken time to check your credit file lately? Do you know what the banks think about you?This lead is a question lead. It has two sentences and it is a good lead to attract readers' attention.2.2.1.3 PicturesPictures play a very important role in the graphological features. One vivid picture accompanying the lead adds color to the lead and helps to convey meaning of the report. Also pictures are eye-catching and can successfully draw the readers’attention. The main function of picture lead is to stimulate readers’ interest in the storyline.2.2.2 Lexical Features of Lead of English NewsEach journalist wants to write the lead easy to understand. Leads have their own special writing forms, especially in words. When we read the news, sometimes we feel it hard to read. “Journalists create many new words for daily news in many fields.”（董力，2001:62-64）Here we study the lexical features of lead from affix, acronyms and flexible application of idiom.2.2.2.1 AffixThe language of lead of English news strives to express succinctly and fancifully, so journalists often cobble the affix together and make the affix actively.For example:botel (boat+ hotel) 汽艇游客宾馆workfare (work + welfare) 工作福利helipad (helicopter + pad) 直升飞机起降场sitcom (situation + comedy) 情景喜剧beatnik 颓废一代watergate 水门事件anti-inflation 反通货膨胀antimusic 反正统音乐These words in use are fixed gradually and accepted by people. Meanwhile, special language features of lead of English news have been formed.2.2.2.2 AcronymsAcronyms include clipping word, initialism and acronym. ―Acronyms in leads include not only all kinds names of organizations and institutions, but also names of things which are familiar to people.‖ (薛荣，2003:33-36) Using of acronyms can make the lead looks concise.For example:Parachute --- chute降落伞(clipping word)Refrigerator --- fridge 冰箱(clipping word)IMF: International Monetary Fund (initialism)ASP: American Selling Price (initialism)UNESCO: the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(acronym)2.2.2.3 Flexible Application of IdiomJournalists often take advantages of idiom to make the lead humorous, to innovate in style and to attract the eyes of readers.For example:Inside Rosalynn’s velvet gloves is a stainless steel hand.In this lead, the writer adds a word stainless in the idiom – the iron hand in the velvet glove, and changes the ―iron‖ for ―steel‖, which makes the whole sentence full of interest.2.2.3 Grammatical Features of Lead of English News2.2.3.1 Heavy Use of Pre-modificationPre-modification, just as its name implies, is placed before a head word, and while post-modification after it. In stylistics, a head word is easier to be modified by post-modification than pre-modification. Journalists believe that using multiple pre-modifications may convey the brief information promptly. In general English, pre-modification normally consists of an adjective or a noun with adjective meaning, and post-modification includes phrases or clause.In lead of English news, multiple pre-modification is used and more complicated. Using pre-modification can save more space and time, and increase interests and readability. For instance, ―a 69-year-old guerrilla leader‖ can be written by ―a guerrilla leader who is 69 years old‖, we can find out the former pattern is easier and shorter than the letter one.2.2.3.2 Voice and TenseSuccinct language of leads of English news also embodies on the special using of the tense and voice. First of all, linking verbs usually are omitted when they are used in prompting the tense and voice. Moreover, the present simple tense is widely used inleads that can show past, present and the future. Generally speaking, the present simple tense is often used to show the past time, the infinitive is used to show the future, and the present participle is used to show the present.For example:1)UC Journalism suffers rough year in credibility. (the present simple tense)2) A ground war begins. (the present simple tense)3)Nippon steel to hold down production. (the infinitive)4)Largest Chinese trade delegation to visit US in Nev.(the infinitive)5)Yugoslav pianist stirring music world.(the present participle)6)Deposits, loans rising in HK.(the present participle)7)US car makers viewed as threat by Europeans.(the past participle)8)Indians stunted by malnutrition.(the past participle)2.2.3.3 OmissionOmission is a common phenomenon in the lead of English news. Because the words omitted usually are the un-notional words, which can’t cause great difference. However, translators should pay more attention to the omission in translating and avoid translated text being misunderstood and the original information being left out because of omission.1) The article omittedPatient loses hearts, gets third.(=A patient loses heart, gets the third.)2) The linking verb omittedCourses on Practical Skilled Popular with Students.(= Courses on Practical Skill Remain Popular with Students. )3) Pronoun omittedIrish group kills ex-chief. (= An Irish group kills its ex-chief.)4) Auxiliary verbs omittedMoscow’s food prices soaring. (= Moscow’s food prices are soaring.)5)Conjunction omitted, comma replacedBelgium supports francs, denies it will quit ―snake‖. (= Belgium supports francs and denies it will quit ―snake‖.)2.2.3.4 Participle PhraseIn leads of English news writing journalists usually employ participle phrase tomix secondary content into one sentence. This usage can include as much as possible information in one sentence. Participle phrases are often used as adverbial clause. Here are two examples:More than 30 Ukrainians coal miners trapped below ground after a methane gas explosion were found dead yesterday, raising the final death toll at the pit in Donetsk to63.A powerful earthquake struck North Yemen on Monday, leaving more than 600 people dead and injured, the official Sana Radio said.2.2.3.5 AppositiveIn leads journalists use a large amount of appositive to make the sentence brief, clear and as much information as possible, especially in explaining person’s identify, career and age and an organization’s place, quality and also further explanation. It is a typical characteristic in leads. For example:The group of five Senators, led by Frank Church, Democrat of Idaho, the committee chairman, is on a six-day visit to China.These two appositive explain Frank Church’s identity.3．Translation of Lead of English News3.1 Text TypologyStudying and analyzing the text type is very important, because not only the pragmatic texts are very practical, but also different texts need the different translation strategy. This thesis mainly talks about Newmark’s text type.―In the text type of Newmark’s, reference variable has text category, the author status, text type, topic and format. His text type falls into three parts: expressive text, informative text and operative text.‖ (伍峰，何庆机，2008:54)In Newmark’s informative functional text, topic and format are two different variables. Even though it has the same topic with the different text type, the method of translation is also different.The expressive text usually uses hyperbole, figure of speech and personification and so on, and uses the words and sentence types which have personal mark to express the authors’ attitude, feeling and the value orientation. This text type mainly includes serious literary works.Informative text is used to transfer the information and to reflect the objective fact, such as teaching material, academic monographs, news and so on.Operative text stresses on taking the reading for the center, and its purpose is to impel the readers to feel, think and act according to the author’s intention, such as advertisement, brochure and introduction and so on.Generally speaking, the lead of news text is informative text. The purpose of lead is to spread information, so the language is exact, clear and pithy. Therefore, the translations of leads mainly adopt the communicative translation method. However, the leads have different topic, different genre and vehicle, so when we try to translate, we should pay more attention to it.3.2 Translation of Lead of English NewsPeter Newmark made an important contribution to the study of translation theory. His major contribution is the dichotomy of communicative translation and semantic translation, which have already been recognized as his most influential achievement in translation studies.3.2.1 Semantic Translation3.2.1.1 Definition of Semantic TranslationSemantic translation is a method of translation which places extra emphasis on the original language. Comparing with the literal translation, it pays more attention to the context, and tries to remain the grammatical features and lexical features of original text. And it puts more emphasis on its aesthetic value. Semantic translation remains within the original culture and assists the reader only in its connotations if they constitute the essential human (non-ethnic) message of the text. Semantic translation would be more informative but less effective. A semantic translation is always inferior to its original, since it involves loss of meaning. The semantic translation pays more attention to re-presenting the progress of thought of original text, therefore, maybe, the translated text is clumsy and unnatural, and it is easy to cause over-translation. In other words, in order to express one conception, translators use more words in target text than in original text.3.2.1.2 Example AnalysisNarrating news, some of leads of English news’structure and inner logic are similar to the Chinese one. So we can adopt the semantic translation to translating the leads.1) South Africa’s ruling ANC won a sweeping election victory Saturday and party leader Jacob Zuma pledged that as president he would work with unions and business to ensure stability aimed global turmoil. (Reuters Apr. 25, 2009)南非执政党非国大周六（四月二十五日）在大选中赢得决定性胜利，该党领袖雅各布· 祖马承诺作为总统他将与工会和商界合作，在全球动荡中确保稳定。
