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《木材科学与工程专业外语》课程大纲一、课程概述课程名称（中文）：专业外语（英文）：Professional English for Wood Science and Engineering 课程编号：14351073课程学分：3.0课程总学时：48课程性质：（专业课）二、课程内容简介（300字以内）木材科学与工程专业英语是在学习大学英语和相关专业课后而开设的一门专业核心课。
本课程内容主要包括木材结构、木材物理化学性能、木材力学性能、木材保护、木材干燥、胶粘剂、木质人造板等。
三、教学目标与要求《木材科学与工程专业英语》课程既为学生继续英语学习并同时接受专业训练提供帮助。
通过本课程的学习，要求学生既要掌握专业英语初步的“读写听”能力，同时巩固学过的专业知识，学习一些新的木材科学与工程知识。
本课程教学采用多媒体辅助教学，引导学生将英语学习和专业学习有机地结合起来，锻炼学生理解英文文献、正确翻译文献以及初步专业英语写作的能力。
四、教学内容与学时安排绪论Introduction（2学时）1. 教学目的与要求：了解木材资源、木材分类、木材特性等方面的英语知识;掌握本部分出现的英语单词。
2. 教学重点与难点：重点：掌握木材特性的英文专业术语；难点：一般性木材科技英文习惯表达法。
第一章Structure and Function of Wood/ 木材结构与功能（7学时）1. 教学目的与要求：了解不同尺度下的木材宏观构造特征的英语知识；掌握本部分出现的英语单词。
2. 教学重点与难点：重点：木材宏观构造特征的英文基本专业术语；难点：理解并掌握木材宏观构造特征的基本概念的英文描述。
第一节Biological Structure of Wood at Decreasing Scales /木材宏观构造（3学时）一、The tree/ 树木（0.2学时）二、Softwood and Hardwood/ 针叶树材和阔叶树材（0.2学时）三、Sapwood and Heartwood/边材和心材（0.3学时）四、Axial and Radial Systems/轴向和径向体系（0.3学时）五、Planes of Section/三切面（0.4学时）六、Vascular Cambium/维管形成层（0.2学时）七、Growth Rings/年轮、生长轮（0.4学时）八、Cells in Wood/木材细胞（0.4学时）九、Cell walls/细胞壁（0.4学时）十、Pits/纹孔（0.2学时）第二节Microscopic Structure of Softwoods and Hardwoods/针叶树材和阔叶树材微观构造（2学时）一、Softwoods/ 针叶树材（1学时）（一）Tracheids/管胞（0.3学时）（二）Axial Parenchyma and Resin Canal Complexes/轴向薄壁组织和树脂道（0.4学时）（三）Rays/木射线（0.3学时）二、Hardwoods/ 阔叶树材（1学时）（一）Vessels/导管（0.3学时）（二）Fibers /木纤维（0.2学时）（三）Axial Parenchyma/轴向薄壁组织（0.2学时）（四）Rays/木射线（0.2学时）第三节Juvenile Wood and Reaction Wood/幼龄材和应力木（1学时）一、Juvenile Wood/ 幼龄材（0.5学时）二、Reaction Wood/ 应力木（0.5学时）第四节The Properties of Wood Valuable in Identification /对木材识别有价值的木材物理性质（1学时）一、Color / 材色（0.2学时）二、Luster / 光泽（0.2学时）三、Grain and Texture/纹理和结构（0.4学时）四、Odor and taste / 木材的气味和滋味（0.2学时）第二章Chemical components of wood / 木材化学组成（2学时）1. 教学目的与要求：掌握木材化学成分的组成、定义。
仿生学：人造肌肉中的能量存储与转化几百年来，人们一直在向自然界寻求解决问题的答案，因此，衍生出了一门名为仿生学的学科。
“仿生学〞这一概念由澳大利亚仿生学研究所所长、自然历史作家珍妮班·亚斯于1998年首次提出。
亚斯表示：“向自然学习非常重要，毕竟，在38亿年漫长的进化过程当中，自然孕育了很多理念。
〞2005年，亚斯创办了全球首个仿生学研究所，其主要目的是帮助商业机构研发从自然界中获取灵感而得到的设计。
据英国播送公司〔BBC〕近日报道，英国布里斯托大学的科学家们研制出一种人造肌肉，科学家们有望在此根底上设计出一套能改变颜色的智能服装，最终让人能像乌贼一样伪装。
相关研究发表在英国物理学会创办的?生物灵感和仿生学?杂志上。
最新技术隶属于软机器人学领域，该领域将有机化学、软材料科学和机器人学有机融合在一起。
研究人员乔纳森·罗斯特表示：“传统的机器人非常僵硬而且不灵活，因此，我们希望将模拟自然的技术——仿生学和机器人学结合在一起，研制出非常善于自然制造的软构造。
我们研究并模拟了生物有机体的特征，制造出了这些人造肌肉。
〞为了研制出这些人造肌肉，科学家们研究了某些动物改变颜色的方式和技巧。
动物在躲避危险，受到情绪、压力和外部温度变化的影响或与配偶联系时，都会改变身体的颜色。
包括乌贼、鱿鱼、章鱼等在内的无脊椎软体动物会通过让其皮肤内细小的肌肉伸出黑色的小液囊来改变身体颜色。
这些小液囊位于动物的皮肤细胞内，当一个细胞准备改变颜色时，大脑会朝肌肉发送一个信号，接收到信号的肌肉会收缩。
这会使得这些液囊扩展并制造出光效应，使动物看起来就像改变了颜色一样。
不过，斑马鱼不一样，其主要通过从皮肤下喷射出黑色素液体到皮肤外表来改变身体颜色。
为了模拟出这些自然机制，该研究团队使用了同电路连接在一起的“智能〞电活性高分子材料。
当朝其上施加电压时，这些高分子材料会收缩；而当发生短路时，这些材料会恢复到原初的形状。
*国家自然科学基金资助项目（编号：51290294）摘要：4D 打印是指智能材料的增材制造，智能材料结构在3D 打印基础上在外界环境激励下随着时间实现自身的结构变化。
4D打印是3D 结构打印与智能材料性能的结合。
阐述4D 打印的基本技术特征，介绍了目前国际上利用增材制造技术制备智能材料的研究发展状况，展示了几种典型应用，给出了在此方面的研究初步进展，并分析了4D 打印技术发展的趋势。
关键词：增材制造；智能材料；智能结构中图分类号：TP24文献标识码：A文章编号：1009－9492(2014)05－0001－094D Printing-Additive Manufacturing Technology of Smart MaterialsLI Di-chen 1，LIU Jia-yu 1，WANG Yan-jie 1，WANG Yong-quan 1，WANG Shu-xin 2（1.State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering ，Xi'an Jiaotong University ，Xi'an710049，China ；2.Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education ，Tianjin University ，Tianjin300072，China ）Abstract:3D Printing technology of smart materials makes it promising to fabricate complex smart material systems of arbitrary shapes.4D Printing technology ，combining 3D Printing technology and smart materials ，refers to the technology to use 3D Printing technology tofabricate smart material systems capable of changing shapes over time in a controlled fashion under external stimuli ，such as electric ormagnetic field ，temperature ，moisture ，light ，pH etc.We review recent advances and applications of Additive Manufacturingtechnology of smart materials and the development of the novel 4D Printing technology.We also provide a brief outline of our research on Additive Manufacturing technology of smart materials systems and 4D Printing technology.Key words:Additive Manufacturing ；Smart Material ；Smart Structure4D 打印-智能材料的增材制造技术*李涤尘1，刘佳煜1，王延杰1，王永泉1，王树新2（1.西安交通大学机械制造系统工程国家重点实验室，陕西西安710049；2.天津大学机构理论与装备设计教育部重点实验室，天津300072）DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-9492.2014.05.0010引言智能材料结构又称机敏结构（Smart/Intelli⁃gent Material and Structure ），在外界环境刺激下，如电磁场、温度场、湿度、光、pH 值等，智能材料结构可将传感、控制和驱动三种功能集于一身，能够完成相应的反应，智能材料结构具有模仿生物体的自增值性、自修复性、自诊断性、自学习型和环境适应性[1]。
Sensors and Actuators A 157 (2010) 307–312Contents lists available at ScienceDirectSensors and Actuators A:Physicalj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /s naActuation mechanism of plasticized PVC by electric fieldHong Xia a ,∗,Midori Takasaki b ,Toshihiro Hirai aa Smart Materials Engineering,Faculty of Textile and Technology,Shinshu University,3-15-1Tokida,Ueda,Nagano 386-8567,Japan bSVBL Center,Faculty of Textile and Technology,Shinshu University,3-15-1Tokida,Ueda,Nagano 386-8567,Japana r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 20February 2009Received in revised form 2September 2009Accepted 27November 2009Available online 11 December 2009Keywords:PVC gelsSpace charge distribution Attraction force Maxwell forceInterfacial adhesive forcesa b s t r a c tThe deformation of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC)gels in an electric field was considered to result from the electric charging and the interaction between the electrodes.Basic experiments were carried out to investigate the deformation response of PVC gels.PVC and the plasticizer dibutyl adipate (DBA)showed strong polarization phenomena in an external electric field.This was confirmed by a constituent electric response test,in which PVC particles flocked together at the anode and adopted an arrangement of line-like tracks in the electric field due to the contribution of DBA as a solvent,while DBA moved from cathode to anode very quickly.The space charge distribution of PVC gel was clearly different from that of poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)film and silicone film.The intrinsic polarization charges of PVC gel accumulated on the gel surface near the anode,and their intensity was much stronger than for PMMA and silicone.With this comparison the polarization of PVC gel was further confirmed.Furthermore,by using a force measurement method,the Maxwell force and the variation of interfacial adhesive force were evaluated.The force generated in the PVC gels was expected as the result of polarization response of charges,and it mainly took place between the gel and the anode due to the accumulated negative charges on the surface of the PVC gel near the anode.With this force,the PVC gel was deformed asymmetrically,resulting in creeping motion along the anode.Thus the deformation of PVC gels depended on the attractive force between the two electrodes due to the polarization of accumulated charge density in the electric field.© 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionOne of the important aspects of the development of poly-mer actuators is to find or fabricate a material with electrical or dielectric behavior.Recently,many kinds of materials have been developed for polymer actuators such as dielectric elastomers,polymer gels (electrical and dielectric)and so on.At the same time,many analysis methods have been developed for deforma-tion evaluation,electromechanical/electrochemical response and materials structure simulation.For example,Mukai [1]reported that a bucky gel actuator that was based on an ion transfer mecha-nism.Kofod [2]attempted to measure the pressure arising between the two electrodes of a capacitor when it is charged,which is known as the Maxwell pressure and is due to the positive charges on one electrode attracting the negative charges on the other electrode.Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC)gel that deforms in response to an applied electric field has been researched as an actuator material for several years in our laboratory [3–5].It is found that although the deformation of PVC gels between two∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+81268215390;fax:+81268215391.E-mail address:s08t107@shinshu-u.ac.jp (H.Xia).parallel electrodes is usually on a small scale,some large defor-mations and different motions can be obtained by controlling the boundary conditions,such as electrode size,shape,the loca-tion of gel or electrodes,and so on.For example,the bending actuator (in which the gel position relative to the length of the electrodes was changed as in Fig.1a)and the variable focal length lens (with anode designed in a cylindrical shape as in Fig.1b)[6–8]were invented in previous studies in our laboratory.For the PVC gels,there exists a special deformation in an applied elec-tric field.This unique performance of PVC gels may be related to their components (polymer and plasticizer),electrochemistry and electromechanical characteristics.Thus the PVC gel is a unique actuator material and can be used to develop various actuators with large deformation and different motions by designing appropriate boundary conditions.Understanding the structure and electrome-chanical/electrochemical response of PVC gels will be important for further polymer actuator development.It is believed that the deformation response of PVC gels results from electric charges,ion transfer and Maxwell force in an applied electric field.Based on this supposition,in the present study we attempt to conduct some basic experiments to determine the motion of chemical reagents,to compare the space charge distri-bution of some dielectric polymer materials,and to measure the forces between the materials and electrodes in electric fields.These0924-4247/$–see front matter © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.sna.2009.11.028308H.Xia et al./Sensors and Actuators A157 (2010) 307–312Fig.1.Applications of the PVC gel actuator.(a)Image of a bending actuator;(b)variable focal length lens.experiments will be helpful to clarify the deformation mechanism of PVC gels in an applied electric field.2.Experimental2.1.Materials and displacement measurementPlasticized PVC was made from commercial PVC powder (n =3700),with tetrahydrofuran (THF)solvent and dibutyl adipate (DBA)plasticizer.The ratio of PVC:DBA is 10:90%(w/w)[9].PVC was dissolved in the THF/DBA mixture,and then the THF was evap-orated at room temperature for 3–5days to give a soft,gel-like dielectric elastomer with high transparency.PVC gel was set between two parallel electrodes under a polar-ized light microscope.When an electric field was applied,a camera recorded the deformation of the gel,and its corresponding displace-ment was measured using image analysis software.2.2.Electric response testIn the electric field the PVC gel showed a creeping motion between the two electrodes.To investigate this mechanism,PVC particles and paper scraps were put into DBA,and set between two parallel electrodes under the polarized light microscope,as shown in Fig.2,to observe the motion of the PVC particles and paper scraps in an applied electric field.The distance between the two electrodes was 3mm and the applied DC voltage was 1000V.Fig.2.Setup for reagent electric responsetest.Fig.3.The principle of the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA)method.2.3.Space charge measurementThe space charges for PVC gels with varying DBA contents,PMMA film and silicone film were measured with a pulsed elec-tro acoustic (PEA)method.The principle of PEA measurement is shown in Fig.3.The samples were set between two electrodes at a specified pressure,and a distribution of space charge was obtained when an electric field was applied.The PVC:DBA ratios %(w/w)used were 10:0,10:25,10:50and 10:90.The sample size was at least 10mm ×10mm,and the thickness was about 1mm.The applied electrical fields were 500,1000,2000and 3000V mm −1.2.4.Force measurementIt is thought that the deformation of PVC gel occurs due to the interaction of charges [10]and/or the attractive force between two charged electrodes.We used the setup of Fig.4to measure the force between electrode and PVC gel.The side of the bottom electrode with an insulating layer was fixed to the stage that was moved up and down by a screw that was used to control the pressure on the sample.Since the gel was very soft,the deformation of the gel and the distance between the two electrodes may have had an influ-ence on the test results.For that reason the force sensor was used to adjust the pressure close to zero.When the DC voltage was turned on (with the upper electrode positive and the bottom electrode neg-ative)for 20s and turned off,then tuned on again with the opposite polarity for another 20s as depicted in Fig.5,the forces generated between the anode and cathode were measured.In the same way,a force–voltage curve for silicone film was measured for compari-son.The specimen (15mm ×10mm and 0.5mm thick)for thePVCFig.4.The setup for force measurement between the electrode and sample.(1)Force gauge;(2)an insulation holder;(3)electrodes;(4)PVC gel;(5)DC source;(6)an insulating layer fixed on a moveable stage.H.Xia et al./Sensors and Actuators A157 (2010) 307–312309Fig.5.The applied electricfield for force measurement.gels was in the form of a sandwich between the two electrodes.The applied voltage was varied from400to1000V.3.Results and discussion3.1.Displacement associated with PVC gel deformationPVC gel had a creeping motion as shown in Fig.6when it was charged.This deformation is usually difficult to measure,but it may appear in locations such as at an edge of the gel,at the interface between gel and electrode,and so on,where the local displace-ment can be easily observed.Fig.7shows the displacement at the corners of a PVC gel near the electrodes,at point1and point2 (Fig.7(a)and(b)),for a specimen with thickness500m before and after charging.The displacement at point1corresponding to deformation along the anode increased up to about250m,and the displacement at point2from the cathode was up to about 300m,when the voltage was increased to1000V.The displace-ments at points1and2reached more than50%of the sample thickness.These local displacements showed that the deformation area increased significantly with increase of the applied voltage. Using the local displacement,various actuations were obtained by changing boundary conditions.The deformation process may be conceptualized as follows. Together with the transfer of constituents due to the polarization of charges,the extent of migration of charges in PVC gel varies with the location,and the attractive force near the edge of the sample resulted in two stress components(F1and F2in Fig.6).The stress component,F2,parallel to the anode caused shear deformation at the edge and facilitated the creeping motion in the gel.3.2.Constituent electric responseTo confirm the transfer of constituents in the PVC gels,Fig.8 shows a test to observe the motion of particles in DBA,in anelectricFig.6.Schematic of PVC geldeformation.Fig.7.The displacement in PVC gel deformation as a function of applied voltage.(a and b)Polarized light microscope photographs;(c)displacement curves of point1and point2with different DC voltages.310H.Xia et al./Sensors and Actuators A157 (2010) 307–312Fig.8.The polarized light microscope photographs of constituent electric response test results.(a)–(c)are the motion of paper scraps;(d)–(f)show PVC particles in the plasticizer DBA in an electric field of 1kV.field.The polarized light microscope photographs in Fig.8show the motion of PVC particles and scraps of paper in an electric field of 1000V.In Fig.8a,in the absence of the electric field,the paper scraps were static in the center of the area between the electrodes.When the electric field was turned on,the paper scraps moved to the anode (upper side in Fig.8b)within about 0.5s.When the elec-tric field was reversed the paper scraps again moved to the anode side (lower side in Fig.8c)with a slightly longer time due to the longer distance.One of the paper scraps remained near the upper electrode due to adhesion between the surface fibers of the paper and the electrode.For comparison,when the paper scraps were put between two electrodes with water or air in place of DBA,they did not move in the electric field.The motion of the paper scraps in DBA implies that DBA flowed from the cathode to the anode when the electric field was applied.Fig.8d–f shows the motion of PVC particles in DBA in an elec-tric field of 1000V.The PVC particles were randomly distributed in the absence of the electric field (Fig.8d).When the electric field was applied,the PVC particles began to move in a circular fash-ion close to the anode (upper electrode;Fig.8e)in line-like tracks.When the polarity was reversed the PVC particles began to depart from the cathode (upper electrode)and moved to the anode (the lower electrode)again in a line-like arrangement (Fig.8f).This phe-nomenon did not occur with PVC particles in water.It is thought that DBA may be a type of electrorheological (ER)fluid whose vis-cosity increased when the electric field was applied,and the ER effect should thus occur in a line-like arrangement of PVC particles in DBA.However,for the dispersion of PVC particles in water the viscosity increase does not occur since water is not an ER fluid.Due to the movement and viscosity increase of DBA by the electric field,the gel surface near the anode is more adhesive than is the surface near the cathode.From the viewpoint of the molecular microstructure,both PVC and DBA have strong polarizability due to the existence of C–Cl and C O bonds.Under the influence of the polarizable solvent,the dipole moment (C–Cl)of PVC may cause molecules to beordered in some fashion and the C O bonds [11–12]made solvent move from cathode to anode in an electric field;these processes may also occur in a PVC gel.The PVC gel is a physical gel and a mixture of PVC polymer and plasticizer,such as DBA,and the optimum composition of PVC gels for actuating appears to be 10%PVC/90%plasticizer.Thus,the mesh size of the gel network in PVC gels is large and their crosslink points may be not very strong.When an electric field is applied to PVC gel,the network of PVC polymer chains may become ordered,although not as eas-ily as in the liquid phase.This structural reorganization in PVC gels facilitates DBA movement.When the plasticizer molecules accumulate at the anode,the gel deformation will become large and will extend to both sides along the anode (see Fig.6).This is one reason why the deformation of PVC gel always occurs on the anode.3.3.The distribution of space chargeAccording to the electric/chemical behavior discussed above,charge transfer may cause interior charges to accumulate on the gel surface when an electric field is applied,and this will have an influence on the deformation of the materials [13–14].In order to confirm the charge transfer in PVC gels,space charge measurement by the PEA method was carried out.Fig.9shows the space charge density of PVC gels,PMMA film and silicone film.For the PVC gels,negative charges accumulated on the gel surface near the anode and its space charge density was much higher than for the other two materials.For the PMMA film and silicone film,there was almost no accumulation of charge between the two electrodes,while a weak peak of injection electronic charge was observed on the sil-icone film surface near the anode.Although charge accumulation already exists in pure PVC,for the PVC gels with DBA the polariza-tion became much stronger due to the contribution of the polarized response of the DBA.Figs.10and 11show the induction and accumulation charge densities,respectively,of PVC samples in different electric fields.H.Xia et al./Sensors and Actuators A 157 (2010) 307–312311Fig.9.The space charge distribution of PVC gel,PMMA and siliconefilm.Fig.10.The induction charge density of PVC gels with varying DBA content in various electric fields.For pure PVC the space charge density of both induction charges and accumulation charges were almost unchanged when the electric field increased.However,for the PVC gels with DBA,the induction charges increased almost linearly and the density of accumulation charge also showed an increasing tendency with increase of the applied electric field,except for the PVC gel with 50wt%DBA in the 3kV electric field.The PVC gel with 90wt%DBA had the largest DBA content of all of the samples,but its space charge density for both the induction and accumulation charges was not thelargest.Fig.11.The accumulation charge density of PVC gels with different DBA contents in various electricfields.Fig.12.The force curves between PVC gel and the electrodes at different voltages.Thus,it was found that the DBA content has a great influence on the space charge density and there may be an optimum content of DBA for higher polarization response.3.4.Force measurementUsing the high resolution of the force sensor in the force mea-surement setup in Fig.4,we were able to measure the force acting on the samples between the two electrodes.Fig.12shows the measured force for the PVC gel with 90wt%DBA during periods with the electric field ON and OFF.Corresponding to the ON and OFF periods of the electric field and their duration,the measured force curves varied significantly.When the applied electric field was ON with the upper electrode positive (see Fig.4),an induced force was immediately observed.For example,for the 800V elec-tric field about 0.004N was measured,which can be considered as a Maxwell force between the two electrodes.With progressive deformation,the contact area between the PVC gel and the bottom electrode decreased (see Figs.6and 7)and this may have resulted in the reduction of the attractive force.Thus the measured force decreased after the electric field was switched ON,after which the applied voltage was OFF for a period of time.When the electric field was turned ON again with opposite polarity (bottom electrode positive),an induced force was again immediately observed with almost the same magnitude as in the first step.The force then clearly increased during the electric field ON period,because when the electric field was turned OFF recov-ery of the interior polarization state required time even though the gel deformation was recovered.The polarization of C**O C=O bonds and electric charge accumulation on the surface may change sur-face wettability [15–18]and the interfacial adhesive properties of PVC gel.This results in adhesion between the PVC gel surface and the upper electrode even after the electric field was turned OFF.The adhesive force maintained the contact of the upperelectrodeFig.13.The force curves between silicone film and the electrodes at different volt-ages.312H.Xia et al./Sensors and Actuators A157 (2010) 307–312with the PVC gel,and when the electricfield was applied again with opposite polarity an attractive force between the PVC gels and bottom electrode occurred and pulled the PVC gels together with the upper electrode.With progressive PVC gel deformation, the force increased due to increase of the contact area between the PVC gel and the bottom electrode.However,for the siliconefilm (Fig.13),irrespective of the polarity of the upper and bottom elec-trodes the force curve was symmetrical.This was confirmed by the space charge distribution of the siliconefilm in Fig.9where the accumulation charges are distributed uniformly with neutraliza-tion.4.ConclusionIn this study we carried out some basic experiments to elucidate the motion of the chemical constituents and to measure the forces between PVC gel and electrodes.We successfully implemented a method for measuring the force between the two electrodes,that enabled not only the Maxwell force but also the variation of inter-facial adhesive forces to be measured.The force generated in the PVC gels was expected as the result of the polarization response of charges and has a strong dependency on the intensity of the elec-tricfield.In the constituent electric response tests,we found that PVC particles in the plasticizer DBA moved to the anode in line-like tracks.And the DBA moved quickly from the cathode to anode by the motion of paper scraps in DBA.The polarization phenomenon was also observed in the space charge measurement.The space charge density on the anode was much higher than for PMMA and siliconefilms.According to the results of these measurements,the PVC and DBA moved to the anode,and the negative charges accu-mulated on the surface of PVC gel near the anode.These results may well support the Maxwell force arising from the polarization of charges and the deformation of PVC gels that occurred on the anode.With this force,the PVC gel is deformed asymmetrically and stretched along the anode.The deformation of PVC gel increased with increase of the Maxwell force,which depends strongly on the applied electricfield.AcknowledgmentsThis work was partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Global COE Program by the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science,and Technology.We also acknowledge Professor Minoru Hashimoto and Ms.Misaki Yamano for their device support.Appendix A.Supplementary dataSupplementary data associated with this article can be found,in the online version,at doi:10.1016/j.sna.2009.11.028.References[1]K.Mukai,K.Asaka,K.Kiyohara,T.Sugino,I.Takeuchi,T.Fukushima,T.Aida,High performance fully plastic actuator based on ionic-liquid-based bucky gel, Electrochmica Acta53(2008).[2]G.Kofod,R.Kornbluh,R.Pelrine,P.Sommer-Larsen,Actuation response ofpolyacrylate dielectric elastomers,Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures14(12)(2003)787–793.[3]T.Hirai,The present and the future of polymer actuators,Polymer Preprints,Japan56(1)(2007).[4]Md.Z.Uddin,M.Watanabe,H.Shirai,T.Hirai,Creeping and novel huge bendingof plasticized PVC,Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics14(2)(2002).[5]Md.Z.Uddin,M.Yamaguchi,M.Watanabe,H.Shirai,T.Hirai,Electricallyinduced creeping and bending deformation of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride), Chemistry Letters(2001).[6]O.Kinoshita,T.Hirai,The circular creep deformation and the bending actua-tion of DBP content PVC gel by applying an electricfield,in:3rd International Conference on Advanced Fiber/Textile 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BiographiesHong Xia B.E.degree from Zhejiang Sci-Tech University,China,1982.M.S.degree from Kyoto Institute of Technology,Japan,1995.At present a Ph.D.student at Shin-shu University,Japan.Researchfield:the deformation mechanism and measurement methods of polymer actuators.Midori Takasaki:Ph.D.degree from Tokyo Institute of Technology,Japan,2002.At present an Assistant Professor at the Satellite Venture Business Laboratory,Shinshu University,Japan.Main research:fiber engineering,high performance polymers. Toshihiro Hirai:Ph.D.(Engineering)degree from Osaka Prefecture University, Japan,1976.At present,the Dean of the Faculty,the leader of Global COE Program International Center of Excellence on Fiber Engineering and Professor of Shinshu University,Japan.Main research:development of artificial muscle from polymer materials,active transport membrane system,analysis offlow dynamics in narrow gel tubing,control of enzyme activity and so on.。
不对称电极介电弹性体的电致动响应与有限元分析陈鹿民;王晨;王才东;史波;郭东杰【摘要】Dielectric elastomers (DE) actuator with asymmetric electrodes is assembled, where DowCorning 186 silicone rubber is acted as the dielectric elastomer substrate, and silicone elastomers of 184 doped by Ag nanoparticles and conductive graphite are used to fabricate the asymmetric electrodes.There exist evident difference between the mechanical and conductive properties, and the corresponding electrode film thicknesses, moduli, surface resistance are 96.8 μm, 26.6 MPa, 8.42kΩ/cm2 and 179.3 μm, 32.6 MPa, 3.87 kΩ/cm2, respectively.Under the excitation signal of 4 kV voltage, 2 Hz frequency, and 25% duty cycle, the largest amplitude deviation from the equilibrium position of the asymmetric DE membrane is 3.6 mm, and the deviation angle is 17.4°.The relationship among the excited displacement, driving voltage and the frequency are studied by using a laser displacement sensor.The results show that the excited displacement increases with the driving voltage, and decreases with the increase of frequency.Meanwhile, ANSYS software is used to simulate the outputted stress, power, and flow of the asymmetric DE pump, and the calculation results can provide experimental data and research foundations for developing a new intelligent controllable micropump.%以DowCorning 186硅橡胶为介电弹性体(DE)基底膜,以精细Ag 纳米颗粒和导电石墨掺杂的硅橡胶为电极,组装了不对称DE电致动膜.两电极膜存在显著的力学性能、导电性能差异,其厚度、模量、面电阻分别为96.8 μm、26.6MPa、8.42 kΩ/cm2和179.3 μm、32.6 MPa、3.87 kΩ/cm2.导入4 kV、2 Hz、25%占空比的激励信号,不对称DE膜发生上下振动,中心偏离平衡位置的最大振幅为3.6 mm,偏离角为17.4°.利用激光位移传感器研究了偏振位移与驱动电压、频率之间的关系,结果表明,偏振位移随驱动电压的增加而增加,随激励频率的增加而减小.同时利用ANSYS模拟了不对称DE泵膜的应力输出、功率、流量,计算结果可为研制新型智能可控微泵提供实验数据和研究基础.【期刊名称】《功能材料》【年(卷),期】2017(048)006【总页数】6页(P6074-6079)【关键词】电活性聚合物;绝缘弹性体;硅橡胶;微泵;有限元分析【作者】陈鹿民;王晨;王才东;史波;郭东杰【作者单位】郑州轻工业学院机电工程学院,郑州 450002;郑州轻工业学院机电工程学院,郑州 450002;郑州轻工业学院机电工程学院,郑州 450002;南京航空航天大学能源动力学院,南京 210016;郑州轻工业学院材料与化学工程学院,郑州 450002【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TB381介电弹性体(DE)属电子型的电活性聚合物(EAP)，又称“人工肌肉”[1-3]。
Video 13: Thermoplastic ElastomersToday, we are going to talk about thermoplastic elastomers. 热塑性弹性体。
译文：今天，让我们来学习热塑性弹性体。
In the previous class, we have already learned the molecular structures and properties of natural rubbers and synthetic rubbers. The main chemical composition of natural rubber is polyisoprene, but there are still some problems of natural rubbers.译文：在前面的课程里，我们已经学习了天然橡胶和合成橡胶的分子结构和性能。
天然橡胶的主要化学成份是聚异戊二烯。
然而，天然橡胶依然存在着一些问题。
Vulcanization is an effective method to improve the mechanical property of natural rubbers. And we have already understood how vulcanization process improve the mechanical property of natural rubbers. Crosslinked chain structure is the key point. Therefore, most of conventional rubbers are thermosetting elastomers.译文：硫化可以有效的提高天然橡胶的机械性能。
我们也已经解了硫化是如何提高天然橡胶机械性能的。
交联的链结构是关键。
因此，大部分的传统橡胶材料都是热固性弹性体。
基于Neo-Hooken的介电弹性体单轴拉伸发电特性研究曹建波;葛彩军;鄂世举;刘爱飞;金丽丽;江孝琪【摘要】为研究介电弹性体发电机(DEG)在单轴拉伸下的发电特性,结合Neo-Hooken模型建立了DEG在单轴拉伸下的机电耦合数学模型,运用Matlab/Simulink软件建立了DEG的单轴发电仿真模型,对DEG的发电过程及拉伸力、拉伸率、初始电压与电势差之间的关系进行了仿真研究,通过搭建DEG发电测试试验台,进行了试验研究并与仿真结果进行对比.仿真和试验结果表明在单轴拉伸收缩发电过程中,DEG两端电压先降后升;在初始拉伸时和即将拉伸至最大时电压有两个突变点;电势差随着初始电压、拉伸力的增加而近似线性增加.【期刊名称】《农业机械学报》【年(卷),期】2016(047)003【总页数】6页(P389-394)【关键词】介电弹性体发电机;单轴拉伸;发电机理;机电耦合模型【作者】曹建波;葛彩军;鄂世举;刘爱飞;金丽丽;江孝琪【作者单位】浙江师范大学工学院,金华 321000;浙江师范大学工学院,金华321000;浙江师范大学工学院,金华 321000;浙江师范大学工学院,金华 321000;浙江师范大学工学院,金华 321000;浙江师范大学工学院,金华 321000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TB381介电弹性体发电机(Dielectric elastomer generator, DEG)是一种基于可变电容原理的新型微发电机[1]，其三层式构造的中间层为介电弹性体材料(DE)。
作为一种新型智能材料，DE具有超大变形、高理论比能量密度、高效率、超短反应时间及高疲劳寿命等特点[2-4]。
众多研究表明，DE既是一种良好的仿生驱动材料[5-7]，也可逆向应用于发电领域，可以用来构造形式多样、成本低廉的新型发电机，在可再生能源发电及微机电系统等领域将具有广阔的应用前景[8-11]。
国内外学者对DEG发电特性展开了相关研究[1,12-14]，但大多只给出了DEG的单轴、双轴拉伸力学模型，未与电学模型相结合，且推导过程较为简略，未对所得模型进行试验验证。
