绿色贸易壁垒的成因及对策【外文翻译】

CHINA COLLECTIVE ECONOMY绿色壁垒是指在国际贸易领域,商品进口国(多为发达国家)依靠技术优势,把保护生态环境或人类健康等作为借口,制定并颁布复杂的环保公约、法律、法规等来达到限制甚至禁止国外产品进入本国市场目的的一种贸易保护主义。

它属于一种新的非关税壁垒形式,因具有一定的合理性、隐蔽性、技术性和广泛性且不易引起贸易摩擦,正日益被发达国家纳入其贸易政策的范围。

在这种情况下,通过对绿色贸易壁垒给我国造成的影响及我国相应的对策进行研究,具有很重要的理论和现实意义。

一、相关理论及研究方法介绍“绿色贸易壁垒”通常分为政府引导型和非政府引导型两大类;内容主要包括绿色关税制度、市场准入制度、绿色技术标准、绿色环境标准、绿色包装与标签制度、环境卫生检疫制度和绿色补贴制度等。

研究方法:把理论分析与实证分析结合起来,从理论角度分析绿色贸易壁垒对国际贸易的一般影响,从实践角度分析我国不同行业受到的影响,并提出相应的对策建议。

二、绿色壁垒形成的原因一是主观原因。

贸易自由化进程的加快,加剧了各国之间的经济矛盾和贸易纠纷,贸易保护主义的形式也逐渐从关税壁垒转变为非关税壁垒。

作为非关税壁垒的绿色壁垒,为了保证自身的隐蔽性,把保护资源、环境和人类健康等作为理由。

而发达国家为了使本国企业受到保护,凭借自身健全的法制和先进的设备,纷纷设立了绿色壁垒。

二是客观原因。

当今世界,环境恶化和资源减少等问题由于直接影响到人类的生存和发展,引起了国际社会的广泛关三、中国地区经济增长收敛的机制研究经济增长以及收敛论题是自20世纪90年代以来研究最为频繁的论题之一,其主要研究核心点在于分析不同经济体或者国家不同地区之间的经济增长速度的差异,在研究中找出影响经济发展速度的因素,从而为提高地区经济发展做出对策指导。

我国区域众多,近年来对于地区经济差异的研究内容较多,但是对于具体的经济增长收敛机制的研究较少。

(一)经济增长收敛的基本模型分析通常来讲,完整的经济增长收敛模型包含有资本积累、劳动力流动以及技术扩散三个因素,当这三个变量进行变化时,其对整体的经济增长收敛性产生不同程度的影响。

绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Analysis and countermeasure of international green trade barrier The green trade barrier limits the development of the international trade by manysteps. It obstacles the integration of the international economy the free developmentof the world trade. It is in some countries，especially in some developing countriesthe production for export lost greatly. However， under the limitation of the green tradebarrier，the air and water resource have been polluted badly，and the soil resourcedecreasing and the loss of life.1.The definition of the green trade barrier . The green trade barrier is also named as green barrier. It refers to protection of theinner market by means of the limitation by the strict environment protectiontechnology or the green signs inthe import，which can keep the foreign merchandisesoutside. This causes an immense impact on the international trade order. 2.The reason of appearance of green trade barrier 1The change of view of value. Along with the development of the industrialization and the growth of the worldeconomy，the increasing destroy and pollute getting more and more serious. This hasdirectly affected the living and development of human beings. And this successfullydrew an attention of the international society. The way of people thinking， behavior ofconsumption and view of consumption have changed. The new conception of value thethat concentrate on quality of living and creating green civilization； need for greenproduction with pollution and harm to human are increasing. The people in developedcounties have formed a good view of value for green production also providesdeveloping countries chance and challenges. 2The traditional lawless tax barrier gets condemn of the international society. In order to bring up the newborn industries，some mature industries gainunpredicted profit. But even this，they never thought of the protection of the innermarket.However after the operation of the General Agreement On Tariffs andtrade the import tax has been decreased ever since. Non-tax barrier has beenlimitations. The chance and space for traditional trade barrier are getting smaller andsmaller. On this occasion，the developed countries begin to search for new ways oftrade protections for the sake of development of their own industries. And green tradebarrier come into use. 3Different standards in different countries. Economys state stays in different level owing to the different technology level.So there are great differences in the ability of environment protection in differentcountries. This leads to different environment protection standard. It is a hard to saywhich standard is the best one，because different environment standard has a directimpact on the cost. And this would have great impact on the world competence， whichaffected the balance of the international income and expenses .In order to limit theimport from developing countries，the developed countries find the green trade to beexcuses to protect their own industries. 3.The impact of the green tradebarrier on China The green trade barrier has both good and bad impact on one country. But it indeedhas different impact on different countries. Limited by the technology，China has alower ability to deal with the barrier and catch up the chance to improveitself.Moreover，China mostly focuses on export labor-centered production. By far it hasreceived negative impact from the barrier. For the time being，this kind of barrierexists everywhere，and grow stronger and stronger，which has struck our market andeconomy seriously. 1The negative impact on the green trade barrier ①It prevents the export form China and weakens the export internationalcompetence. ②It influences the bilateral even multilateral relationship with other countriesgetting to problems. Recently，the developed countries circumscribe the importation from acclaimingthat those goods are not the green production. Thus bring up the conflictions. Thedeveloped countries enjoy a free form of trade in a certain trade zone，which reducethe standard of trading rather than trading from outside of the zone. So，countries likeChina are hard to break through thetrade barrier. All those confliction are bad forChina. The situations are against China. ③It accelerates the pollution for products and makes the metastasis to China. Thestandard of environment protection are low，the systems are not perfect with lowstandard of green production in China. Because of this，a lot of production of lowquality are entering Chinese market leads to many foreign waste cases spring upeverywhere. All of this shows that China are lacking of a perfect supervising system.Without a good management there will be no efficient working. According to theinvestigation，from 1997 to 2000，the foreign waste are increased from 990，000 tonto 17，500，000 ton. There is evidently no doubt that these foreign waste have madethe environment more serious in China. But in the items got the investment nearlyhave no supervising on environment protection，which let the industries causingpollution have transferred in China. 2The positive impact on the green trade barrier. In the developed countries，the environment policy helps to strengthen themanagement of industry environment，and applies the high tech to develop the greenproduction，which can lower the cost. Thus we can gain high social and economyefficiency，and finally get the production of high quality. ①It does good to Chinas continuous development. The task of environment protection should be accomplished by all the humanbeings.The skills of management in developed countries are in an advantage placethan that in the developing countries. China as a developing country is supposed tolearn the experience of developed countries which can be made good use of topromote the harmonious development of environment and economy development. Weshould insist in the principle of continuous development which is good to ourconstruction of exportation. Furthermore，this can promote the industries to producemore and more technology-focused production and helps to break through the greentrade barrier while doing international trade. ②It get the industries change their trading concept. The law of environment protection in developed countries is more perfect than inChina. The conception of environment protection has been applied in every aspectwhile doing business activity. For example：use green package，sail greenproductionwith green after sail services provided，introduce environment protection knowledge，do promoting of green production with green theme and establish a green image ofcompany. With activities of above，everyone can protect the environment and natureconsciously. 4. Breaking the barrier 1The government plays the role of the lead to help to develop the” greenenvironment protection” industries. ①adjust the construction to the” green environment production industriesquot. ②complete the” law of the green tradequot，resist the barrier. 2For the industries，they should face to the challenge to produce more” greenproductionquot. ①Collecting quotgreen informationquot，developing quotgreen productionquot. The companies are supposed to take part in international economic technologyconference and business trade expo or visit others who are of abundant”greeninformation” and exchange with each other. The most essential way of breaking”green trade barrier”is to establish a nice international image. The industries shouldestablish a good supervision of production design and material picking，productionandwaste recycling，recto explore a green production needed by the market.Furthermore，the industries should pay much attention to financial input and thetraining of the employers. ②Strengthen the green management. Improve the market competence. Thequotgreen management” refers to a management that require industries form akind of sailing conception of conform the rule of green trade by continuous mind andgreen environment requirement. It is an effective way of breaking through thebarrier. The green environment protectionism is recognized as a worldwide trade newproblem，which need to face it and challenge it. Correcting trade standard is allcountries are aware of its unavoidable ability. In the WTO system，environmentprotection has been on the agenda. If we want to be successful in changing China agreat trading country into a great trading world power ， we have to doself-improvement and raise the conception of environment protection. So only whenwe make every effort to do improvement can we break through the green tradebarrier. 5. Our strategy and thinking on green trade barriers 1Strengthen education and drumbeating，raise awareness of environmentalprotection. the acceleration of the awareness of environment from all people can notbe separated from extensive publicity and education. Propagandize foreign trade andeconomy and environmental protection，especially do some work on universalenvironmental pact and environmental standards，making all the economic and tradeworkers at different levels fully understand the crucial and practical significance ofenvironment in this field. We should do a good job on the negative reports on foreigntrade and environmental protection，lead environmental protection awareness intoenterprises business decisions，and foster a sense of crisis and urgency. 2Establish and improve environmental protection laws and regulations ，strengthen execution of trade environment. we In the respect of preventing pollution， have set up some laws and regulations，but they are not in accordance with practical needs，maneuverability is not good，punishment is not enough；we are actually using economic methods to makeenterprises buy and sell drainage right，rather than urging them to deal with.Consequently aftertimewe should improve every environmental protection regulationwith the priority of prevention and strengthen supervision and management. Tostrengthen governments environmental management function，to punish acts againstenvironmental laws legally，develop the effect of green products and environmentalsigns，strengthen all the consumers surviving effects，develop green industry intosupporting industry，green product into fist product. 3Develop green market，green product，green marketing. With the strengthening of the awareness of environmental and resource protection anew industry with the purpose of protecting environment and resource——greenindustry is growing fast. At the same time，it has driven the development andformation of green product and green market. It is reported that in the following tenyears green product will lead the main markets in the world. We should adoptourselves with this tide change product designation package promote productquality， increase environmental items， make the best to achieve the standards of everytechnique， security， and sanitation， environment， adopt the tide of greenconsumption andneeds， also developlow-environment-protection-cost， good-quality green productthat is in accordance with universal environmental standards. 4Strengthen international exchange and cooperation，use international power toresist trade barrier. Although Uruguay will make an” Decision on Trade and Environment” toenhance awareness of environmental protection also it will make some basic items inwhich include security items to prevent developing countries from beingdiscriminated by developed countries. Therefore we can make use of some relevantitems and international agreements and unite other developing countries to resistdiscriminating strategies adopted by developed countries who are making use of greenprotection，and promote the development of our foreign trade. 6. Conclusion With the world economy developing fast，the developed country hold higherstandards and stronger awareness of environmental protection. We are in the thedeveloping stage， protection of green products have great effect on the exportationof our products，we must adapt our country and our foreigntriage with this new tideand follow relevant regulations strictly.国际绿色贸易壁垒的分析和采取的对策绿色贸易壁垒通过多种途径限制国际贸易的发展。

国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒应对管理随着环境问题愈发严峻，绿色贸易已成为国际贸易的新趋势。

各国对绿色产业和环保产品投入的巨大经济支出，也使得绿色贸易越来越受到重视。

然而，在推动绿色贸易发展的同时，一些国家也在通过制定绿色贸易壁垒限制进口环保产品，从而保护本国的利益。

本文旨在探讨绿色贸易壁垒的成因、特点，以及如何应对管理。

一、绿色贸易壁垒的成因1. 环保要求不同：各国在环保要求上各有不同，其制定的环保标准和认证体系也不同。

因此，同一种产品在不同国家之间往往难以获得认可，进而成为制约国际贸易的因素。

2. 竞争压力：一些国家在环保产业上取得了较大的利润，另一些国家也开始加入市场，形成了竞争。

这种竞争不仅是竞争关系，还存在一定的利益冲突，进而导致了贸易摩擦。

3. 本国环保产业支持：一些国家为本国的环保产业提供了很大的加工补贴，这导致其他国家的产品难以进入该国市场，进而限制了国际贸易。

二、绿色贸易壁垒的特点1. 环保要求的限制：绿色贸易壁垒通常是指在环保标准和认证难以达到某国要求的情况下，该国对进口产品进行限制的处罚措施。

这通常表现为加征过高的关税、限制进口数量，以及对进口货物进行更严格的检验。

2. 实施主体不同：绿色贸易壁垒的实施主体通常是政府机构，这既能保证绿色贸易壁垒的严格性，又具有一定的主观性，不同实施机构制定的标准和措施也千差万别。

3. 对进口国不同的影响：绿色贸易壁垒通常是对某种具有特殊性质的产品或国家产生限制，因此其对进口国的影响也各不相同。

一些国家的环保产业获得了保护，而一些国家的出口受到了限制和影响。

三、绿色贸易壁垒应对管理1. 着力提高环保产品的质量，提高符合各国标准的环保产品的出口量。

2. 通过提供竞争力的价格和增加对消费者的附加服务来增加自己的市场份额。

3. 推动全球环保标准的协调和认证机构的建立，为环保产品提供全球通行证，从而减少绿色贸易壁垒的发生。

4. 各国间加强沟通、协商，尽可能妥善解决争端，共同推动绿色贸易壁垒降低或取消。

绿色壁垒的成因及其防范绿色壁垒（Green Barrier）是指一系列由发达国家设立的非关税贸易壁垒，旨在限制来自发展中国家的农产品和制造业产品进入其市场的现象。

绿色壁垒的成因可以归结为以下几点：环境标准、食品安全标准、技术壁垒、产业政策和贸易保护主义。

环境标准是导致绿色壁垒产生的一个重要因素。

发达国家为了保护本国的环境，在进口产品时往往要求产品符合他们制定的一系列环境标准。

由于发展中国家的环境治理水平和技术装备可能落后于发达国家，这些国家的产品很难达到发达国家的环境要求，从而受到限制和排斥。

食品安全标准也是绿色壁垒形成的一个重要原因。

发达国家对食品安全十分重视，为了确保进口食品的安全性，他们设定了一系列严格的食品安全标准。

发展中国家的一些农产品和食品加工企业由于技术和管理方面的不足，无法满足发达国家的食品安全标准，因此被拒之于门外。

其三，技术壁垒也是绿色壁垒的一种表现形式。

发达国家通过技术规定和专利保护等手段，使自己拥有先进技术的产品具有竞争优势，从而限制发展中国家产品在其市场上的销售。

发达国家还通过设立技术壁垒，要求进口产品必须符合他们的技术标准，拥有必要的认证和准入手续，导致发展中国家产品的准入困难。

产业政策也是导致绿色壁垒的一个原因。

发达国家通过制定一系列保护本国产业的政策和法规，为本国企业提供优惠和支持，从而限制和排斥来自发展中国家的竞争对手。

通过对进口产品征收高额的关税和其他非关税壁垒，发达国家可以有效地保护本国产业免受国际竞争的冲击。

贸易保护主义也是导致绿色壁垒产生的原因之一。

在全球经济不景气和国际贸易紧张的背景下，一些国家采取贸易保护主义措施，以限制和排斥来自其他国家的产品，保护本国经济和利益。

这些措施往往包括提高关税、采取非关税壁垒和其他贸易限制措施等，进一步加剧了绿色壁垒的形成和发展。

针对绿色壁垒的发生，发展中国家可以采取一系列措施来进行防范。

加强环境治理，提高环境标准和技术水平，使自己产品达到发达国家的要求。

以环境保护为借口的贸易壁垒破解之道环境壁垒（environmental trade barrier）依据有关的环保标准和规定，要求进口商品不但要符合质量标准，而且从设计、制造、包装到消费处置都要符合环境保护的要求，不得对生态环境和人类健康造成危害。

这种新的贸易保护措施可有效地阻止外国，特别是环保技术落后的发展中国家的产品进口，为本国市场形成巨大的保护网，是国际贸易中最隐蔽、最棘手和最难对付的贸易壁垒之一。

目前主要是西方国家对发展中国家建立绿色贸易壁垒。

从某种意义上说，有其合理的精神内涵。

问题是发达国家在实施这些环境政策和措施时带有愈来愈重的贸易保护主义色彩，结果往往对国际贸易造成一些不合理的限制和扭曲，阻碍了发展中国家工业化及现代化进程。

我国作为世界上最大的发展中国家，出口货物大多是劳动密集型产品，受环境保护措施的影响很大，绿色贸易壁垒正在成为21世纪初我国出口贸易发展的巨大障碍。

当前国际贸易中的绿色壁垒是根据各国国内的环保水平和标准来设置的，这样就容易产生一个问题：发达国家的产品比较容易进入发展中国家的市场，而发展中国家的产品却因难以达到发达国家的环保标准而常常被拒之于发达国家国门之外。

这种掌握在发达国家手中的国际环保标准是极不利于发展中国家开展国际贸易的。

我国是一个发展中国家，由于经济较落后，环保水平还比较低，致使我国许多产品的出口因“绿色壁垒”而受到冲击。

例如，在我国的瓷器出口中，经常发生金边和蓝边瓷器退货事件，据称是因金边材料中含汞量超标，蓝边材料中含铅过高，危害健康；我国的一些食品因质量问题特别是农药残留量和其他有害物质超标而面临出口危机，等等。

我国产品的生产和加工的过程和方法、包装贮运、组成成分及性能存在诸多不利环保的因素所造成的贸易国禁止进口、退货和索赔的案例非常之多。

这些已严重地影响到我国正常的出口贸易，使我国在国际贸易中处于极为不利的地位。

面对发达国家筑起的“绿色壁垒”，环境战略应该成为我国贸易战略的一个重要组成部分；而强化绿色产品的生产与销售应是我国企业的一项战略性任务，我国企业只有既注重产品性能、服务质量、促销手段等方面的竞争，又注重环境保护水平的竞争，通过实施国际化的绿色营销战略，才能打破绿色壁垒。

绿色贸易壁垒的成因及法律规制摘要：随着我国经济的发展，出口贸易的不断扩大，我国遇到的贸易壁垒贸易摩擦越来越多，成为制约我国出口经济增长的重要因素。

在非关税贸易壁垒中绿色贸易以其自身独有的特征，成为各国抵制外国产品进口实行贸易保护的最为有效的手段，我国也因此遭受的损失巨大。

本文从绿色贸易壁垒的特征、成因、国内国际相关法律制度方面进行分析，提出应对绿色贸易壁垒的具体措施。

关键词：绿色壁垒环境贸易规则标准一．绿色贸易壁垒的概念，特征，表现形式绿色贸易壁垒(Green Trade Barrie)，又称“环境贸易壁垒”、“技术贸易壁垒”、“绿色保护主义”。

是指进口国以保护自然环境、生态资源和人类及动植物的健康为由，通过制定严格的环保技术标准或采用绿色环境标志，绿色包装制度、绿色卫生检疫制度和绿色补贴制度，以的限制或禁止外国商品进口的贸易保护措施。

【1】绿色贸易壁垒作为一种非关税壁垒与其他非关税壁垒相比较,从其内容上看,具有以下特征：(一)外在的合理性与合法性。

现代社会科学发展观越来越深入人心，人类对于环保的要求越来越高，对于生态环境问更加重视，倡导绿色消费观。

绿色贸易壁垒正是借助保护生态环境和人类健康的名义，对进口贸易进行限制和制裁，为自己披上合理的外衣。

与其他非关税壁垒相比，实施绿色贸易壁垒的国家是以公开立法的形式加以规定，甚至以国际条约为依据，具有坚强的法律后盾，在形式上更具严肃性、合法性。

【2】WTO 对于绿色贸易壁垒相关规定的模糊性，导致进口国在贸易纠纷中，更容易从WTO 法规中寻找依据。

（二）保护对象的广泛性绿色贸易旨在保护的对象十分广泛，从初级产品到制成品，从农产品、加工食品到工业产品；不仅包括产品本身而且包括产品包装，生产加工环节的技术标准。

可以说，绿色贸易壁垒几乎涉及了所有的产品。

由于保护对像的广泛性，导致了不确定性，也为进口国规避壁垒带了难度。

（三）保护方式的隐蔽性绿色贸易壁垒与其他非关税措施的公开性相比，隐蔽于进口国的贸易法规和国际公约当中，有效的回避了分配不合理，歧视性等引发的分歧，由于其涉及各种标准极为复杂的检疫标准，出口国往往难以应对。

我国遭受绿色贸易壁垒的原因及对策王建中【摘要】绿色贸易壁垒是发达国家贸易保护主义者利用环境保护浪潮滥用环境保护条约、法律和规则的产物.它以其过高的技术标准、繁杂的检验检疫程序和各种环境标志、认证体系阻碍着发展中国家产品的市场准入,严重损害了发展中国家的利益,违背了WTO规则,影响了贸易自由化进程.作为发展中国家,我国要积极应对绿色贸易壁垒,一方面要充分利用GATT/WTO规则赋予的权利,利用世贸组织的争端解决机制解决纠纷;另一方面政府要大力发展绿色产业,提高环保水平,参与国际标准的制定;企业要积极推广清洁生产,提高产品技术含量,取得相关的环保认证、环保标志.【期刊名称】《东北大学学报（社会科学版）》【年(卷),期】2005(007)001【总页数】3页(P33-35)【关键词】绿色贸易壁垒;贸易保护;多边贸易【作者】王建中【作者单位】东北大学,工商管理学院,辽宁,沈阳,110004【正文语种】中文【中图分类】F752.02一、问题的提出绿色贸易壁垒又称环境壁垒或绿色壁垒,产生于20世纪80年代后期,90年代开始兴起,是指在国际贸易领域,进口国以保护人类的健康和安全、动植物的生命和健康,保护生态和环境的名义,凭借经济、科技优势,通过立法制定严格、苛刻的环境技术标准和繁杂的动植物卫生检验检疫措施,以及利用国际社会已制定的多边环境保护条约中的贸易措施,对来自外国的产品或服务进行限制和制裁的一种手段。

其主要形式包括:绿色技术标准、法规,绿色环保标志,绿色卫生检疫制度,绿色包装制度,绿色关税和市场准入,绿色补贴与反补贴,绿色贸易制裁等[1]。

绿色贸易壁垒保护范围广,凡是与人类健康和生存有关的商品包括初级产品、中间产品和工业制成品都成为其保护对象。

绿色贸易壁垒在形式上具有合法性,从有关国际环境公约及世界贸易组织的有关规定来看,它是以保护环境、自然资源和生命健康为借口,表面上符合可持续发展的历史潮流,也迎合了绿色消费的需要。

外文翻译一：Technical trade barriers could sour China tiesContenmporary Economic Research 2004,(05)WUZhen With the international society for environmental protection of the people environmental protection consciousness wide attention and the unceasing enhancement, the westMany countries use the party, in this era of international trade transactions of a new kind of non-tariff measures - green trade barriers, to limit the other countries to get their products into the best interests of foreign trade. The green trade barriers is a double-edged sword, for China's economy and the development of environmental protection industry, challenging has opportunity. Therefore, our country should be in opposition to high levels of environmental standards, at the same time, and to adapt to the international trend of environmental protection, and adopt feasible measures to promote the sustainable development of China's foreign trade.Chinese tiesChina announced a trade surplus of US$26.9bn for June, a record not just in China, but worldwide. Exports grew by 27.1% year on year, to US$103.3bn, while，import growth fell to 14.2%. The lood of Chinese goods on world markets is credited with having suppressed inflationary pressures in the global economy. At the local level, however, governments have come under strengthening pressure from domestic business sectors to halt the flow of goods that erode their profit margins and, in extreme cases, threaten their survival.However, governments are sharply constrained in their choice of responses. As a member of the WTO, China is protected from the most direct methods for restricting trade flows: import tariffs and trade quotas.Alternatives such as persuading China to adopt self-imposed export restraints or higher export taxes are unlikely to prosper. This is partly because the government in Beijing has shown itself capable of resisting international moral suasion. But it is also because the central government is not always able to implement coherent policy that achieves specific aims without causing problems elsewhere.For instance, the announcement last monththat export-tax rebates would be reduced on arange ofproducts starting on July 1at mayhave contributed to the June surplus byencouraging exporters to beat the rush.Restrictions imposed on some productclassifications have seen manufacturers tweaktheir production to put their products in a newand unrestricted category.The government also lacks clout when it comes to making centrally-imposed regulations stick in the regions, where political and business interests are often closely aligned.barriers influenceThe only option remaining to governments seeking to slow the tide of imports is using non-tariff barriers such as technical and safety standards. Like tariffs and quotas, these are regulated by the WTO, but the rules allow national governments much greater leeway in their use, as long as they match the standards applied to domestic producers and are applied equally in all foreign countries.As a result,the number of objections to Chinese imports on safety, phytosanitary or technical grounds is likely to increase sharply over the coming years. The need for such measures is also likely to become a central dispute between domestic actors in affected economies, with producers for home markets lobbying against importers.As China’s economic and geopolitical emergenc e proceeds, there will also be growing popular pressure on politicians to defend national interests. If the recent growth phase in the world’s leading economies moderates sharply or is reversed, pressure to protect domestic jobs will also intensify. In both circumstances, barriers to trade will offer politicians a convenient weapon.The protectionists will find their argument strengthened by China’s own record on quality and health standards; shortcomings in this area have been brought increasingly to the fore recently, both at home and abroad.Dodgy solutionAs the latest trade figures show, attempts to slow the Chinese juggernaut—imposed both from within and without—have had little impact, and the same is likely to be true of non-tariff barriers. These may act to slow imports at the margins, but growth in China’s low-cost manufacturing base and the slow pace of revaluation of the currency mean that the flood of Chinese goods onto world markets is unlikely to be stemmed. However, rising antagonism in dealings between the major economies and China over trade has implications in other areas. The tenor of relations between China and the leading powers it appears destined to join will help to define the character of the new global power structure.A China that feels victimised, resented and misrepresented will be more defensive and less likely to engage in global affairs in a cooperative way. Elsewhere, satisfying domestic lobbies threatened by China’s rise could encourage protectionist leanings more broadly, helping to sour the global trade negotiating process and denying the global economy the benefits of freer trade. Neither is China defenceless against an onslaught of technical barriers to trade; China has a long history of imposing retaliatory (and in some cases vastly disproportionate) phytosanitary and safety sanctions on countries that seek to obstruct its trade. When, in 2005,South Korea cited health concerns to ban the sale of Chinese Kimchi, a traditional Korean dish imbued with semi-magical properties, China retaliated by threatening imports of cars and mobile phones from Korea. Japan and the US have also been subject to a number of such measures.技术贸易壁垒对中国的关系来源：当代经济研究作者：武振时间：2004，（05）随着国际社会对环境保护的广泛关注和人们环保意识的不断增强，西方不少国家利用这一时代要求，在国际贸易交易中实行了一种新的非关税壁垒措施—绿色贸易壁垒,来限制其他国家产品的进入以获取本国对外贸易的最大利益。

·77·《中国商界》２０１０年８月总第２０４期近些年来，金融危机使得一些国家和地区经济发展受阻，贸易保护主义重新抬头。

在传统的关税和非关税壁垒（ｎｏｎ－ｔａｒｉｆｆｂａｒｒｉｅｒｓ）起不到很好作用的情况下，越来越多的国家倾向于采用非传统的非关税壁垒来保护本国的产品和市场，绿色壁垒就是一种新兴的、隐蔽的和灵活多变的非传统的贸易保护措施。

一、绿色壁垒的表现形式所谓绿色壁垒（ｇｒｅｅｎ　ｂａｒｒｉｅｒｓ），就是以保护自然资源、生态环境和人类健康为名，通过制定一系列复杂苛刻的环保制度和标准，对来自其他国家和地区的产品及服务设置障碍，限制进口，最终实现保护本国市场为目的的新型非关税壁垒。

世界各国特别是发达国家将环境与贸易问题挂钩以后，制定并实施了大量的绿色壁垒措施，其表现形式多种多样。

（一）绿色关税制度这种形式是绿色壁垒的初期表现形式。

即进口国以保护环境为理由，对一些污染环境、影响生态环境的进口产品除征收一般正常关税（ｎｏｒｍａｌ　ｔａｒｉｆｆ　ｄｕｔｙ）外，再加征额外的关税。

（二）环境配额制度配额（ｑｕｏｔａｓ）是非关税壁垒常用的数量限制措施。

现在延伸到环境贸易领域。

国际上有些环保主义者主张，根据某一出口国家某种产品环保实绩来确定其在本国市场的销售配额。

这种做法对发展中国家和各国中小企业具有很大的歧视性。

（三）环境许可证制度环境许可证制度（ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ　ｌｉｃｅｎｓｅ　ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）要求在取得许可证的基础上才能允许进口或出口，也就是在出口前获得了进口国的“预先通知同意”。

（四）绿色补贴制度由于污染治理费用十分昂贵，导致一些企业难以承受此类开支。

尤其是一些发展中国家和一些中小企业，靠自身实力去解决此类积重难返的问题更是困难重重。

当企业无力投资于新的环保技术、设备或无力开发清洁技术产品时，政府需要采用环境补贴来帮助筹资控制污染。

这些方式包括专项补贴，使用环境保护基金，低息优惠贷款等。

绿色贸易壁垒的成因及应对对策【摘要】随着世界经济全球化进程的不断加速和贸易自由化在全球范围的扩张，关税壁垒和传统的非关税壁垒作为贸易保护手段的作用越来越弱。

绿色贸易壁垒逐渐成为当今最为主要的贸易保护手段，我国几乎所有的产品均已受到绿色贸易壁垒的影响。

本文通过分析其成因，从而归纳出一套我国面对绿色贸易壁垒的应对对策。

【关键词】绿色贸易壁垒成因对策一、绿色贸易壁垒兴起的原因（一）世界环境的恶化引起人类价值观念的变化。

随着工业化的加速,世界经济的高速增长,资源和环境的破坏和污染变得日益突出，如气候变暖、臭氧层破坏、生物多样性减少等等。

这些问题的存在，直接影响到人类的生存和发展,引起了国际社会的广泛关注。

人们的思维方式,消费行为和价值观念都发生了变化,注重生活质量、营造绿色文明的新的价值观念超越了狭隘的人类中心论；对不污染环境、人体健康无害的绿色产品的需求日益增长。

发达国家消费者绿色价值观的形成,对绿色产品的需求偏好,也为发达国家绿色贸易壁垒的形成提供了条件和机遇。

（二）传统的非关税壁垒越来越受到国际社会的谴责各国为使本国的“幼稚”产业得到发展,“夕阳”产业减缓衰退,使具有规模经济的产业获取超额利润,都没有放弃过贸易保护。

但是,随着关贸总协定和世界贸易组织的运行,随着关税不断降低,非关税壁垒受到更多的限制,传统的贸易壁垒的运用空间也越来越小。

在此种情况下,发达国家为了其自身的利益,开始寻求新的贸易保护措施。

绿色贸易壁垒应运而生,成为在各国发展最快的一种贸易壁垒。

（三）各种绿色组织的存在及其政治影响早在70年代,美国成立了两个青少年环保组织,发起了保护地球生态平衡的“地球日”活动。

此后,各国绿色组织纷纷成立。

这些绿色组织及绿色政党的不断涌现,逐渐成为一种不可忽视的政治力量,他们的言论和行动直接影响到政府的政策和有关政党及其领导人的政治地位和政治生涯。

因此，许多政党开始把环境保护政策纳入自己的政策体系,使环境问题政治化,不可避免地涉及到经济和贸易领域。