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2023年鲸的说明文2023年鲸的说明文1你们别看我体形像鱼,而且人们叫我鲸鱼,其实我不属于鱼类,而是哺乳动物。
我们鲸一般分为两大类,一类叫做须鲸,性格十分温柔因为没有牙齿所以只吃小鱼小虾之类。
另一类叫做齿鲸,和须鲸相反有着非常锋利的牙齿,吃的都是大鱼和海兽类的,从来不吃须鲸的食物。
但是我是那温柔的须鲸,一点也不凶猛,只吃软弱的皮皮虾和调皮的小鱼。
我的祖先原先是跟牛羊一样生活在陆地上,用肺呼吸的哺乳动物。
现在虽然跟鱼类一样生活,但是依然用肺呼吸,并不是和鱼类一样用鳃呼吸。
我须鲸跟人类一样隔一定的时间一定要呼吸一次,我喷出的气形成的水柱可是和其他齿鲸或虎鲸的水柱不一样的哦!每种鲸鱼的水柱都不同,有些垂直,有些倾斜。
有的又细又高,有的又粗又矮,各不相同。
别看水柱没有什么用处,其实很有用处,可以根据鲸鱼喷出的水柱辨别它的种类和大小。
我和其它的鲸鱼每天都需要和人类一样睡觉、休息,睡觉时都会找一个安全的地方,和其它鱼一起头靠头的睡觉,围成一圈。
我觉得鲸鱼的警惕性特别高,因为鲸鱼睡觉如果听到什么声响,它们会立即四散游开。
鲸鱼是哺乳动物,就是胎生的,幼小的鲸鱼靠的是母鲸鱼的奶长大的,也能够证实它是哺乳动物。
看到这些,你了解鲸鱼了吗?2023年鲸的说明文2一、钻研教材,明确重点《鲸》是一篇常识性的说明文,这类课文较之其他类型的课文知识性较强。
课文介绍了鲸的形体特点、种类和生活习性等方面的知识。
__在表达上运用列举数字、比较、举例、比喻等多种说明方法,对鲸的特点作通俗的说明。
同时,作者准确用词,形象描述也是__表达上的一大特点。
选编__的意图是使学生了解鲸的一些知识,学习作者用多种方法说明事物特点的表达方法。
同时,通过学习__培养学生探索动物世界的兴趣。
《鲸》是小学语文人教版试验教材五年级上册第三单元的一篇精读课文,与其它三篇课文是全册中唯一的一组说明文。
根据教材编排特点及《语文课程标准》5~6年级的阅读目标“阅读说明性__,能抓住要点,了解__的基本说明方法”,本课在读写方面将承担双重任务,即:重点训练学生在理解课文内容的同时,体会课文不同的表达方法,并注意把这些方法运用到自己的习作练习中去。
FR-2057A 16 DO channels Module for the FRnet systemUser ManualWarrantyAll products manufactured by ICP DAS are warranted against defective materials for a period of one year from the date of delivery to the original purchaser.WarningICPDAS assumes no liability for damages consequent to the use of this product. ICP DAS reserves the right to change this manual at any time without notice. The information furnished by ICP DAS is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by ICP DAS for its use, not for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties resulting from its use.CopyrightCopyright 2004 by ICP DAS. All rights are reserved. TrademarkThe names used for identification only may be registered trademarks of their respective companies.Table of Contents1.Introduction (3)1.1.Features (6)1.2.Specifications (7)1.3.Ordering information (8)2.Hardware description (9)2.1.Pin Assignment (10)2.1.1.Side connector (10)2.1.2.Top connector (11)2.2.FRnet Application Structure (14)1. IntroductionThe FR-2057/2057T module provides a 16-channel isolated photo-coupler digital output in the FRnet. The “-T” denotes the screw terminal connector, allowing users to connect to the DO signals on module directly. The I/O data transmission is controlled by the FRnet control chip which was developed by ICPDAS. It was designed to provide for a deterministic high speed network communication. The communication mechanism is dominated by the token-stream, which is generated by the network manager located at a specific node (SA0). This manager provides for fixed scan-time and I/O synchronization capability without the need of any special communication protocol. Furthermore, special anti-noise circuitry has also been considered and built into the FRnet control chip to ensure communication reliability. This distributive digital output module must be connected to other module or a host controller with a network manger built in.However, the effectiveness of the FRnet connection depends on and is then ensured when the correct hardware configurations for the sender address (SA) and receiver address (RA) on the host controller and the remote modulein the network have been installed properly. In general, the operating principle is structured by the strategy of delivering the 16-bit data from the specified sender address (SAn) to the corresponding receiver address (RAn) via the broadcasting method controlled by the token-stream of thenetwork manager, SA0. Based on this algorithm, there are some general rules that need to be followed:(1) The sender address needs to be unique in order toavoid any communication collisions.(2) Each of the FRnet needs at least one networkmanager defined as SA0. It plays the important role ofproducing the token-stream in the network.(3) The baud rates of the controller and the remotemodules need to be the same as on the FRnet.(4) The communication method is controlled by deliveringthe data of the specified sender address (SA) to thecorresponding receiver address (RA) in the sequenceof token 0 to N cyclically, as depicted below.(5) Due to the broadcasting algorithm adopted, thereceiver address is not required to be unique.Therefore, it is easy to build a data delivery from onenode (16-bit data) to a multi-node.Figure 1.1 Token stream controlled by network manager, SA0An example of the FRnet application structure for delivering data from the specified sender address (SAn) to the corresponding receiver address (RAn) by a 4-wire inter module cable, including a 2-wire power supply cable, is shown in the figure below.Figure 1.2 The example of an FRnet application structure1.1. FeaturesThe Token stream is used to activate data transmission from the specified SA node to the corresponding RA nodes.The Network Manager is defined as SA0. Each of the FRnet must have SA0 because it issues the Token stream into the network.The Token stream is produced cyclically by the hardware system (SA0) at the fixed time interval, see Figure 1.1. Therefore, the FRnet system can provide for both Isochronous and Deterministic functionalities.It can provide data transmission from one node (16-bit) to one node or from one node to multiple nodes at the same time because FRnet uses the principle of delivering the data from the sender address to the receiver address. Therefore, the sender address must be unique, but the receiver address can be different or the same in the network.The FRnet system can easily be extended by adding new modules to the network according to the FRnet principle.Device Inter-communication: A single device can talk to other devices by setting appropriate SA and RA node configurations.No software overhead: All data transmissions are performed automatically via the FRnet control chip. Therefore, there is no need for the CPU or firmware to process transmission protocols.It only needs simple RS-485 wiring.The DIN-Rail mounting is provided.1.2. SpecificationsTable 1.1 Specifications for FR-2057(T)/2057H(T) modules.1.3. Ordering informationNote : a ) The T version module has terminal on the panel.Therefore, users can connect their I/O to the terminal directly without a DN-20 extension board.b) The H version (high speed version) is optional. It is recommended to choose the normal speed version first. Modules of different speed version are not allowed to work together. If you need high-speed version, please make contact with manufacturer.Model No. Description FR-2057(T) 250Kbps RA 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7FR-2057H(T)1Mbps RA 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 DN-20DIN-Rail Mountable I/O Connector Blockwith two 20-pin Header connectors2. Hardware descriptionFigure 2.1 Side connector of FR-2057 and FR-2057T.Figure 2.2 Top connector of FR-2057 and FR-2057T.2.1. Pin Assignment2.1.1. Side connectorPlease refer to Figure 2.1. On the side of the module, there is one connector, as shown in the following figure. This connector provides the power and the communication interface. Users need to connect the DC24V power source and the FRnet cable through this interface.The following figure is a connector on the side of the module providing the external DC Power for the module. It is designed to be used as the power source of the I/O connection interface.In additional to these connectors, there is also one switch on the side of the module which can decide to use the internal terminal resistor on the network or not. If you switch it on, it means that the module will provide the terminal resistor on the network. Note that each network needs two modules to be on, which are usually the first and last module on the network.2.1.2. Top connectorI/O connectors :The FR-2057 is a digital output module with a 16-channel isolated photo-coupler interface. The Pin assignments and interface circuit of input connectors of FR-2057 and FR-2057T are shown in Fig. 2.3. The wire connection for how to cooperate with the controlled device is also shown in Figure2.4. In this figure, the resister R1 is optional and is used for over-current consideration.Figure 2.3 Pin assignments and interface circuit of inputconnectors of FR-2057 and FR-2057T.Figure 2.4 The wire connection examples of FR-2057 and inputdevices.LED indicator :There are several LED indicators located on the top side of the module. They are Power LED, Communication Run LED, Communication error LED, I/O LED and termination resistor LED. Users can understand the meaning directly from the label on the LED indicator. Note that the Communication Run LED and the Communication error LED illustrate whether the quality of communication is OK or not.Receiver address setting :Since the FR-2057 is a digital output module, the module can only configure the receiver address (RA) by the dip-switch, as shown in the following figure. This means that the FR-2057 can only receive 16-bit data from another node and then output this data through the interface circuit. The configuration method is depicted in the following figure:Figure 2.5 Receiver address setting.Note that the RST is normally switched to the OFF position. However, when a communication error is detected by the module, the communication error LED will be turned on and all digital output will be held in their last states. If users want to clear the hold states, you can simply switch the RST to the ON position.2.2. FRnet Application StructureWithin conventional communication methods in the control network system, the master (host) controller (CPU) must send a command with data to the slave module. Then it must wait for confirmation from the slave’s response, which is based on a complicated and fixed transmission protocol. If there are many devices on the network, all the data transmission within the network must be controlled by the master (host) controller (CPU). Therefore, the performance of communication efficiency between the host controller and each of the devices will usually be deteriorated when more and more devices are added in. In contrast to this solution, our FRnet provides innovative data transmission method which adopts the hardware FRnet control chip to do communication broadcasting and gets rid of the software transmission protocol. It is easy to set up a reliable network merely by hardware setting both the "Sender Address" and "Receiver Address" of all the modules.There are two FRnet host controllers provided by ICPDAS products, the FRB-100/200 and the 7188EF-016. The first one is a PCI interface add-on card, and the other one is an Ethernet embedded controller. Two possible application configurations are demonstrated as follows.Case 1: If the PC-based FRB-200/100 is used as the host controller.Figure 2.6 PCI interface FRnet card and distributed IO modulesCase 2: I f the embedded controller 7188EF-016 is used as the host controller.Figure 2.7 Embedded controller and distributed IO modules。
文/马晓惠人类对虎鲸的印象大致可归纳为两类:一类是被其可爱的外形所迷惑,将它们和熊猫一样归入可爱行列;一类则是被它的英文名“killer%whale ”吓到,将它们当成嗜血的杀人鲸。
其实“killer%whale ”的正确译法应为“鲸鱼杀手”,而非“人类杀手”。
虽然虎鲸的武力值超高,食物类别也超多,但人类真的不在它们的食谱上。
此外,野生虎鲸对人类非常友善,迄今为止仅有一起咬伤人事件。
这不是采访双髻鲨时准备的防鲨笼吗?怎么又把它拿出来了?现在是升级版防鲸笼了。
咦,你为什么要做防鲸笼呀?当然是为了防本期嘉宾———凶残的杀人鲸了。
这“大杀器”要是现场失控,会造成大规模流血事件呀!谁告诉你“killer%whale ”就是杀人鲸了?杀人鲸没文化吓死人呀!. All Rights Reserved.神经生物学家利用核磁共振成像技术,获得了虎鲸的脑部结构图。
通过对比发现,虎鲸的脑部解剖结构和人类的惊人相似。
从大脑的重量除以体重的指数来看,黑猩猩是人类的1/7。
也因此,它一直被认为是人类最聪明的“近亲”。
不过现在人们知道,虎鲸的指数是黑猩猩的2.5倍。
由此可知,这种海洋动物比黑猩猩更聪明。
武力超群、智商爆表,还天生丽质,难怪虎鲸会成为人见人爱的海洋霸主了。
听说你们虎鲸都很聪明。
嗯。
比人类还聪明?比黑猩猩更聪明?黑猩猩是谁呀?我忘了你是海里的,黑猩猩是陆地的……虎鲸凭借着强大的武力,在海洋世界里所向披靡。
不过,座头鲸却是少数能勇敢站出来,用行动对虎鲸说“不”的鲸类。
只要它们发现附近有虎鲸在捕猎,就会冲过去横加干涉。
那么,座头鲸为什么总喜欢坏虎鲸的“好事”呢?原来这得追溯到座头鲸的童年。
虎鲸素有“鲸鱼杀手”之称,座头鲸的幼崽也是其受害者。
幼崽只有在成年座头鲸的保护下,才能逃过虎鲸的猎杀。
也因此,成年后的座头鲸身上大多留有被虎鲸噬咬的伤痕,仇恨也随之留在了它们的心里。
俗话说“君子报仇,十年不晚”,座头鲸的复仇方式很好地诠释了这句话。
Parts Manual cFor Technical Assistance call: 800-227-2233, Fax: 888-329-8207 To Order Parts call: 888-227-2233, Fax: 888-329-0234Push Pull-Hyd Platen 35E-PHS-Q011R0ModelSerial Number cascadeாcorporationPublicationsPART NO.DESCRIPTIONParts Manual686455Service Manual684945Operators Guide685531Operators Pocket Guide684944Installation Instructions680664Servicing Cascade Cylinders-VHS 679929Tool Catalog673964Literature Index Order FormDecalsPlaten Group45EREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION3008460Platen Group113008498Platen – R.H.213008501Platen – Center313008495Platen – L.H.410769583Capscrew510681467Lockwasher6x3008509Shim – .030 in. (.762 mm)7x3008510Shim – .021 in. (.533 mm)823008508Hook923008504Hook10x3008505Shim – .030 in. (.762 mm)11x3008506Shim – .021 in. (.533 mm) 1213008465Hydraulic Component Group s x Quantity as required.s See Hydraulic Components page for part breakdown.45EREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION3008465Hydraulic Component Group 113008466Cylinder – L.H. x213008467Cylinder – R.H. x34617917Fitting, 4-444617641Fitting, 4-4522451Fitting, 4-462222939Fitting, 4-472763024Capscrew82679828Nut923008477Hose s1013008478Hose s1113008479Hose s1226002109Hose sx See Cylinder page for parts breakdown.s Included in Hose Group 3009543.45EREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION3008466Cylinder - L.H.113008471x Piston Rod223008470x Retainer313008469x Tube412712x O-Ring52615116x Back-up Ring623008474x Nylon Ring72641332Seal823008476Washer923017Snap Ring1013008475x Platex Parts cannot be serviced.Order complete Cylinder if replacement needed.45EREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION3008467Cylinder - R.H.113008471x Piston Rod223008470x Retainer313008469x Tube412712x O-Ring52615116x Back-up Ring623008474x Nylon Ring72641332Seal823008476Washer923017Snap Ring1013008475x Platex Parts cannot be serviced.Order complete Cylinder if replacement needed.Frame Group45EREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION3008459Frame Group 113008480Frame222453Fitting, 6-645EREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION3008458Mounting Group 113008621Anchor Bracket22671165Upper Bearing32682814Lower Bearing413008624Sideshift Cylinder s52666984Fitting, 4-662675550Restrictor72208378Rod End Cap82208355Retainer92761170Capscrew102685906Nut112768529Capscrew122787398Washer1312680Fitting, 6-61412375Fitting, 6-61512453Fitting, 6-61622669Fitting, 6-4172617641Fitting, 4-41822451Fitting, 4-41913008659Tube2013008660Tube2113008662Tube2213008661Tubes See Sideshift Cylinder page for parts breakdown.Sideshift Cylinder45EREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION3008624Sideshift Cylinder 1110042-615x Piston Rod22218324Threaded Retainer31218323x Retainer4110041-245x Tube52218326x Back-up Ring61218325x Piston Seal71218322x Retainer82562132Rod Seal92415866O-Ring102562131Wiperx Parts cannot be serviced.Order complete Cylinder if replacement needed.Quick-Change Lower Hook Group ITA IIREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION683179Lower Hook Group ITA II12678832Pin22675514Hook3 4 683182 Capscrew42675515Guide35E/45EREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION204644Mechanism Group 11204691Arm-Inner Secondary R. H.21204692Arm-Secondary Outer R. H.34683154s Bushing4q683161Shim (.030)5q683162Shim (.060)64205070Roller7q683163Shim (.030)8q683164Shim (.060)94683155s Bushing101682821Pin11156229Washer122685661Capscrew1315682999Eye-Pin142682822Pin-Head152205065Pin166683153s Bushing17q204532Shim (.12)182204694Arm-Outer Primary 194204533Pin-Frame204204535s Bushing214204695Pin221204604Arm-Inner Primary 231204693Arm-Secondary Outer L. H. 241204690Arm-Inner Secondary L. H. 252204696Pin-Outer262682823Pin-Rod272683165Spacer2813767961Capscrewq Quantity as required.s Included in Bushing Service Kit 205075.REF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION582635Cylinder Assembly 11—Spacer 21562552s Seal 317348Snap Ring 41562334Piston 51562716Shell 61558626Rod 71559705s Seal 812785s O-Ring91615128s Back-Up Ring 101559696Retainer 111636853s Wiper 124559697Bearing 131559698Spacer 141678019Nut151671047s Seal Loader Kits Included in Service Kit 562338.Reference:S-3424.CylinderHydraulic Group35E/45EREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION685828Hydraulic Group ITA II 11685831Hose22683173Hose312375Fitting, 6-648604511Fitting, 6-651682812s Valve62765329Capscrew, M8x1.25x20-8.8 72685978Hose ITA II82684956Cable tie94605235Fitting 5-6101200647Tube112604510Plug, 6121200649Tube131200648Tubes See Valve page for parts breakdown.ValveLoad Push/PullREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION682812Valve Assembly 11677125Sequence Valve (Retract) 22669597Service Kit31682813Body45663694Fitting, 351677124Sequence Valve (Extend) 61659058Gripper Check Valve 71667516Service Kit45EREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION3008461Faceplate Group3008552Gripper Jaw Assembly 113008549Faceplate213008553Gripper Jaw31206403Gripper Bar41672712Gripper Pad55787375Capscrew656444Lockwasher723008558Gripper Cylinder v82220628Nut913008561Manifold Valve 102787373Capscrew118617915Fitting, 4-41226525Cotter Pin1323008562Hose1423008563Hose1523008564Stop166779010Capscrew172604511Fitting, 6-6182686573Bearing192200877Drive Pinv See Gripper Cylinder page for parts breakdown.Gripper Cylinder45EREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION3008558Gripper Cylinder 11646540w Seal 21636850w Wiper 312718w O-Ring 412710w O-Ring51615122w Back-Up Ring 613008559Shell 71685663Rod 81685664Retainer 91685665Piston 101563462Nut 111563916Ring1213137Snap Ring 131663728w Piston SealwIncluded in Service Kit 684827.Solenoid Adaption Groups See Solenoid Valve page for parts breakdown.q See Solenoid Valve page for parts breakdown.v See Control Knob page for parts breakdown.RacineREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION11614089Solenoid Valve – 12V 21665044Coil – 12V685012Service KitREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION6009146Solenoid Valve Assembly 11204978Valve Body21221193Coil - 12V316002084Valve Cartridge416009164Service KitReference: S-21076Control KnobTwo Function – Sideshift Only35E/45EREF QTY PART NO.DESCRIPTION355058Knob Group11665250Snap Ring21355059Cover31665012Knob41665076Strain Relief51677112s Switch615902Nut, 3/8 NC71665081Adapter81667718Cable Assembly92667752Connector-Grays This switch may be purchased without wires. Order part number 665004. Soldering is required.P A R T S O R D E R I N G L O GP U R C H A S E S E R I A L R E F C A S C A D E C U S T O M E R D A T EO R D E R N U M B E RP A G E N O .Q T Y P A R T N O .P A R T N O .D E S C R I P T I O N P R I C EDo you have questions you need answered right now? Call your nearest Cascade Parts Department. Visit us online at Cascade (UK) Ltd.15, Orgreave Crescent Dore House Industrial Estate HandsworthSheffield S13 9NQ EnglandTel: 742-697524FAX: 742-695121Cascade Scandinavia AB Box 124Hammarvägen 10567 23 Vaggeryd SwedenTel: 42-0-393-36950 FAX: 46-0-393-36959Cascade N.V. European Headquarters P.O. 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2023年鲸鱼说明文6篇鲸鱼说明文1有人说大象是世界上最大的动物,其实还有比大象还大的动物,那就是鲸。
鲸的大小是大象的好几十倍,鲸的大小犹如有十几头大象那么大,如果在鲸的舌头里打麻将,可以摆上十桌以下三桌以上的麻将桌。
不打麻将也可以锻炼身体,在鲸的左右鳍跑步跑几圈也可以气喘吁吁。
鲸也是世界上最重的动物,最重的有十六万吨重,最轻的也有五万吨重,鲸为什么这么重,那是因为它的饭量也很大,每一顿饭饭量要按吨算。
鲸是怎么来的呢?它的祖先生活在浅水身边,渐渐的鲸的祖先为适应了水的生活,四肢也退化了变成了鱼鲸,之后应有了鲸这个称号。
鲸也分两类,一个是须鲸,一个是齿鲸。
齿鲸也可以称它为虎鲸,须鲸是喜欢一个单独行动的,也只是吃很多很多的小鱼小虾,它只要一吸就能吃到几吨的食物,须鲸为什么要叫它须鲸呢?因为它只有须没有牙齿,须鲸呼吸的时候吐出的水是直的,虎鲸跟须鲸完全不同。
虎鲸喜欢几个几个在一块,它们喜欢吃比它们大的水生动物,所以它们要几个几个在一起。
虎鲸虽然比须鲸小重量轻但虎鲸比须鲸更有动击力,因为它们有锋利的牙齿没有胡须,几头虎鲸把一头长须鲸围起来一个小时就可以把长须鲸吃的连渣都不剩。
而且虎鲸也喜欢群居生活,它们睡觉也是在一块睡觉的。
虎鲸喷出的水跟花洒一样喷。
它们会发出一种超声波,这样它们就不怕找不到对方了。
虎鲸的咬合力可以说勘比狮子,虎鲸可以说是海洋里的老虎,而须鲸也就是海洋里的兔子。
不过鲸有个一模一样的特征,那就是它们都是胎生的,不论是须鲸还是虎鲸都是一样的,鲸也是哺乳动物哦!须鲸的体形是虎鲸的几倍而长须鲸的体形是虎鲸的几十倍,体重是虎鲸的几十倍,可想而知看鲸在海洋里是多么大和重。
我们不能破环海洋生态,要不然就不会有那么多可爱又神奇的动物了。
鲸鱼说明文2大家好,我们来玩一个游戏吧!你们猜我是谁?我生活在海洋中,是海洋中最庞大的动物之一。
我们的舌头有几头大肥猪那么重!想必你们已经猜出我是谁了吧。
没错,我就是海洋中的“地主”—鲸。
G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O NIon Xe 20 provides complete control of conventional and moving lights, LEDs and media servers. It supports multiple users with partitioned parameter control and full backup, multiple playback faders and cue lists in a tracking, move-fade environment. The desk includes backlit buttons and 20 45mm non-motorized faders with associated displays.FEATURES• 2,048 or 12,288 outputs• 32,768 control channels (any number from 1 - 99,999)• Up to 99 discrete users• Partitioned control• Master playback pair with 100mm faders• 20 45mm faders x 100 pages for configurable faders,submasters, masters and grandmaster control with twoassociated high-contrast monochrome LCD displays• User-definable direct selects• Four discrete palette types (IFCB)• Presets function as “all palette”• E ffects provide dynamic relational and absolute progressivebehavior• C entral information area (CIA) accesses the browser andother controls• F our pageable encoders for non-intensity parameter control• C onfigurable high-density channel display, with format andflexi-channel modes• U p to six abstract color spaces, tinting, spectrum and fadepath tools.• User configurable, interactive Magic Sheets• E TCNet2™ and Net3™ (powered by ACN), ArtNet and Avab®UDP network output protocols• S how import from Obsession, Express™, Expression®,Emphasis®, Congo®, Cobalt®, Grand MA1, Grand MA2, Safariand Strand 500/300 Series• T wo individually configurable Ethernet ports• M ultiple MIDI and/or SMPTE TimeCode Inputs, Analog/SerialInputs, OSC transmit/recieve• V irtual Media Server function for pixel mapped effects,images, animations• S upport for multiple languages, including English, German,Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Russian andChinese (Simplified and Traditional)O R D E R I N G I N F O R M A T I O NIon Xe 20MODEL DESCRIPTIONIon Xe 20 - 2K Ion Xe 20, 2,048 outputs (minimum)Ion Xe 20 - 12K Ion Xe 20, 12,288 outputs (maximum)Ion Xe RPU - 2K Ion Xe Remote Processor, 2,048 outputsIon Xe RPU - 12K Ion Xe Remote Processor, 12,288 outputs Ion Xe 10K After-sale 10K upgradeETCnomad 512Client for Mac/PCO utput protocols are distributed using ETCNet2 DMX Nodes or Net3 DMX/RDM Gateways. I/O Gateways and Show Control Gateways provide switch closure functionality, MIDI and SMPTE TimeCode.Ion Xe 20 AccessoriesMODEL DESCRIPTIONEos MFW 10Eos Motorized Fader Wing 10Eos MFW 20Eos Motorized Fader Wing 20Eos FW 20Eos Standard Fader Wing 20Eos FW 40Eos Standard Fader Wing 40Net3 RVI3Net3 Remote Video InterfaceETCpad ETC Portable Access DeviceIon Xe - FC Ion Xe FlightcaseEos Family Offline Editor software for Mac and PC platforms is called ETCnomad and is available for download from Ion Xe 20 requires Windows 7 compatible external monitors,1280x1024 minimum resolution, standard, touch or multi-touch SHIPS WITH:• Dust cover• One Littlite• Mouse and mousepad• External alphanumeric keyboard• Two active display-port to DVI adapters•One locking IEC power cordS P E C I F I C A T I O N SSYSTEM CAPACITY• 2,048 or 12,288 Outputs• 32,768 Control Channels (devices)• 10,000 Cues• 999 Cue Lists• 200 Active Playbacks• 999 Submasters• 100 Fader Pages• 4 x 1,000 Palettes (Intensity, Focus, Color, Beam)• 1,000 Presets (all palette)• 1,000 Groups• 1,000 Effects (relative, absolute or step)• 99,999 Macros• 1,000 Snapshots• 1,000 Curves• 1,000 Color Paths• S upports two external display-port monitors at 1280x1024minimum resolution, with optional touch or multi-touchcontrol• Solid-state hard drive• Five USB ports for flashdrives, pointing devices, keyboards DISPLAY FUNCTIONS• A ll show data may be viewed on a single external monitor.External views may be posted separately or expanded acrossa maximum of two monitors. Three user-configurableworkspaces per display, with split-screen/sizing controls.• The Central Information Area accesses:-Browser-File Management-System Defaults-Show Defaults-Desk Defaults-Partition Definitions-Network Configuration-Show Data Utilities-Print to PDF-Record Target Lists-Patch functions-Help-Electronic alpha-numeric keyboard-Command Line-Selected Cue-Error messages-Context-Sensitive Control-Parameter Categories and individual parameters-Filters• Channel Displays-Live channel or table view-B lind cue, palette, preset and group views, in list, channel,table and spreadsheet formats-U ser-configurable to show required parameters and/orparameter categories (IFCB)-Flexi-channel to determine which channels to display-Zoom allows user to define how many channels are viewed-Color-coded intensity levels indicate direction of move S P E C I F I C A T I O N S-C olor-coded non-intensity levels indicate change fromprevious state-G raphic differentiation of moving lights, single parameterdevices and unpatched channels• Magic Sheets-User-defined interactive display layouts-O bjects and images may be imported• Patch Views-Patch by channel-Patch by address-Patch by Device List (RDM)-A ssign proportional patch value, curve and, preheat valuefor intensity-Swap pan and tilt-Invert pan and tilt-Custom fixture editor-User configurable shutter order• Playback Status Display-Accesses status of 100 fader pages-E xpanded cue list for selected cue, optional dynamiccountdown of active cues• Cue List Index• Effect Editor• Group Editor• Park Display• Dimmer Monitoring• Submaster List• Fader Config DisplayPLAYBACK CONTROLS• M aster Playback crossfade pair with two 100mmpotentiometers, Go, Stop/Back and Load• 50 pages of 20 45mm faders, each configurable as:-IFCB Palette/Preset Lists or single instances-Cue Playback, with user-configurable button/slider behavior-Grand Master with Blackout-A dditive or Inhibitive Submaster, with user-configurablebutton/slider behavior-Filtered Manual Timing Master• Rate Controller• Playback fader controls include:-Load to assign cue lists-Timing Disable-Off/On-Release-Freeze-Assert-Manual Override-Rate-Go To Cue 0-Spread-Background Enable/Disable-10 Priority States-10 Background Priority States-Parameter and channel filters• Macros-May be set to play background or foreground-Startup and Shutdown Macros-Disconnect MacrosS P E C I F I C A T I O N SMANUAL CONTROL• C hannel selection from keypad and/or multi-touchdirect selects• Lists constructed with +, -, thru• I ntensity set with level wheel, keypad, level button, fulland out• Select Last recalls last sequential channel selection set• Select Manual selects all channels with manual values• Select Active selects all channels with intensity above zero• Ordered groups• Offset; including even, odd, random and reverse• Fan• Sneak• User-definable home• H ome by parameter, parameter category or all non-intensityparameters• Capture• Park at level• Scaled park for temporary percentage adjustment• Recall-from and Copy-to commands• A bout provides detailed view of selected channels orrecord targets• Undo• Highlight and Lowlight, with optional user-definable Rem Dim • L amp controls to strike and douse arc sources,calibrate devicesPROGRAMMING FEATURES• Channel Functions-N on-intensity parameters set via numeric entry orpageable encoders-Encoders support software-controlled tactile response-Local display of color and gobo images-C olor matching to gel selector-Color Path, color tinting and color spectrum tools.-Apply discrete time and delay per channel parameter• Palette and Preset Functions-Record and Update-Toggle display to absolute data-U p to 999 decimal values may be inserted between anytwo whole numbers• Effects-Create live or blind-Pattern-based relative dynamic effects-Absolute effects-Step effects-Channel level overrides-Cue level overrides-Entry mode determines how parameters enter effects-Exit mode determines how parameters depart effects• Cue Recording-Cue List HTP/LTP Intensity-Cue List Priority and Background Priority-Cue List Assert-Fader as progress controller, manual or intensity master-Record manual values or channels in use-Auto playback of recorded cues-Referenced or auto-mark instructions-Block at cue or parameter level-Assert at cue or parameter level-All-fade flag S P E C I F I C A T I O N S-Follow or hang times-Out of sequence link-Loop functions-Cue level parameter category timing-20-part multi-part cues-Cue-level rate override-M ark flags for Auto or Referenced and Referenced PriorityMarks-U p to 999 decimal cues between each twowhole-numbered cues-Execute List·Triggers snapshot·Triggers macros·Triggers go of other cues·Syncs go to multiple cue lists·Show-control triggers·Analog triggers-Update and Update Trace functions-Undo record and delete• Submaster Recording and Playback-999 additive or inhibitive submasters-Bump button timing for fade up/dwell/fade out-Assert/Channel select button-Exclusive or Shielded Mode-Background enable/disable-Restore to background or minimum value-LTP/HTP intensity-Fader as progress controller or intensity master-Bump button to mark NPs-Priority and Background Priority status-M otorized faders match level across all devices andwhen paging-Submaster mapping on the fly• Curves-Assignable in patch to modify dimmer output ramp-A ssignable at cue or cue part level to modify intensitycrossfade profile or non-intensity parameter ramping INTERFACES• T wo individually configurable ethernet ports• E TCNet2, Net3 (powered by ACN), ArtNet and Avab UDPoutput protocols• Four DMX/RDM ports• Contact-closure triggers via D-Sub connector• T wo video connectors support display-port external displays(1280x1024) with optional single-touch or multi-touch screencontrol• USB multipurpose (five ports)• OSC Transmit/Receive• UDP Transmit/Receive• MIDI TimeCode, MIDI Show Control through Gateway• SMPTE TimeCode through Gateway• C ontact closure (12 analog inputs, 12 SPDT contact outputs,RS-232) through GatewayELECTRICAL• AC input (100 - 240V at 50/60 Hz)• P ower consumption (less external monitors) approximately 1amp at 120V or 230/240VP H Y S I C A LIon Xe 20 Dimensions*MODEL HEIGHT WIDTH DEPTHinches mm inches mm inches mm Ion Xe 20 4.1010429.3074414.24362 Ion Xe 20in shippingcontainer7.7519736.5092718.50470Ion Xe 20 in roadcase 8.3421245.121,14619.45494Ion Xe 20 Weights*MODEL WEIGHTlbs kgsIon Xe 20 console16.67.35Ion Xe 20 in shipping container22.59.98Ion Xe 20 in roadcase46.7TBD*Weight and dimensions typicalCorporate Headquarters 3031 Pleasant View Rd, PO Box 620979, Middleton WI 53562 0979 USA +1 608 831 4116London, UK Unit 26-28, Victoria Industrial Estate, Victoria Road, London W3 6UU, UK +44 (0) 20 8896 1000Rome, IT Via Pieve Torina, 48, 00156 Rome, Italy +39 (06) 32 111 683Holzkirchen, DE Ohmstrasse 3, 83607 Holzkirchen, Germany +49 (80 24) 47 00-0Hong Kong Room 1801, 18/F, Tower 1 Phase 1, Enterprise Square, 9 Sheung Yuet Road, Kowloon Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong +852 2799 1220Web Copyright©2018 ETC. All Rights Reserved. All product information and specifications subject to change. 4311L1002 Rev C 02/18。
VL53L0X Distance SensorUser ManualVL53L0X Distance Sensor is a Time-of-Flight(ToF)ranging module based on the VL53L0X from ST,with accurate ranging up to2m,it is controlled through I2C interface, and pretty low power consumption.The VL53L0X is a ToF sensor which embeds the ST’s second generation FlightSense patented technology.Unlike conventional ranging sensors,the VL53L0X is able to provide accurate distance measurement whatever the target color and reflectance,achieves betteranti-interference capability.FEATURES●I2C communication interface,control the module on/off via IO pins●Onboard voltage translator,compatible with3.3V/5V operating voltage●Comes with development resources and manual(examples for RaspberryPi/Arduino/STM32)SPECIFICATIONSOperating voltage:3.3V/5VDimension:20mm×24mmMounting holes size:2.0mmRanging distance:30~2000mmRanging accuracy:±5%(high speed mode),±3%(high accuracy mode)Ranging time(min):20ms(high speed mode),200ms(high accuracy mode) Field of view:25°Laser wavelength:940nmOperating temperature:-20~70°CPINOUTSVCC: 3.3V/5V power inputGND:groundSDA:I2C data pinSCL:I2C clock pinSHUT:shutdown control,connects to IO pinINT:interrupt output,connects to IO pinVL53L0XVL53L0X Time-of-Flight(ToF)ranging sensor is ST’s second generationlaser-ranging module housed in the smallest package on the market today.TheVL53L0X is a fully integrated miniature module which integrates embedded infrared ranging sensor,VCSEL(Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser),couples with internal physical infrared filters and a leading-edge SPAD array(Single Photon Avalanche Diodes).The VL53L0x embeds ST’s second generation FightSense TM patented technology,has longer ranging distance,higher rate and accuracy,opening the door to various new applicationVL53L0X can measure absolute distances up to2m t whatever the target reflectances unlike conventional technologies.It’s ultra-Low designs supports for wireless and IOT application.Features:●Fully integrated miniature module–940nm laser VCSEL–VCSEL driver–Ranging sensor with advanced embedded micro controller–4.4x2.4x1.0mm●Fast,accurate distance ranging–Measures absolute range up to2m–Reported range is independent of the target reflectance–Advanced embedded optical cross-talk compensation to simplify cover glass selection●Eye safe–Class1laser device compliant with latest standard IEC60825-1:2014-3rd edition●Easy integration–Single reflowable component–No additional optics–Single power supply–I2C interface for device control and data transfer–Xshutdown(reset)and interrupt GPIO–Programmable I2C addressPictures:For more details,please read the datasheetWORKING WITH RASPBERRY PIThe demo code is based on open-source project on github: https:///cassou/VL53L0X_raspHARDWARE CONNECTIONThe connection is based on Raspberry PiCOMPILING AND RUNGING1.Download demo code from Wiki2.Unzip and copy the code of Raspberry Pi to your Pi(Recommend put on/home/pi/)3.Enter the path of the demo code on Terminal and run this compiling commandsudo make clean&&sudo make&&sudo make examples4.After compiling,enter bin folder and list the files as below:5.Execute command to run the code vl53l0x_SingleRanging_Long_Range_Example:6.Execute the command to run code vl53l0x_ContinuousRanging_Example:WORKING WITH ARDUINOHARDWARE CONNECTIONThe connection is based on Waveshare UNO PLUSRUNINGCopy the VL53L0X-Arduino-Library folder which is under Arduino demo code directory to Arduino IDE’s Libraries directory which is under the installation directoryof your IDE.Then Open Arduino IDE,and choose File->Examples-> VL53L0X-Arduino-LibraryCompiling and run5examples for test as below:1.high_accuracy_ranging:High accuracy ranging which will cost more times2.high_speed_ranging:Fast ranging,cost less time and low accuracy3.long_distance_ranging:Long distance ranging,with bigger measure rang4.single_ranging:Single ranging mode5.continuous_ranging:Continuous ranging modeFor more information about different ranging modes,please read VL53L0X APIWORKING WITH STM32HARDWARE CONNECTIONThis connection is based on XNUCLEO-F411RE/NUCLEO-F401RE:RUNNING VL53L0X_GUI1.Connecting sensor to NUCLEO-F401RE board as Hardware connection above2.Install ST’s VL53L0X_GUI software and run it.The software will write the testfirmware to NUCLEO board automatically.(Note:for this example,you need touse the NUCLEO-F401RE development board,and it is not an open-source code)3.Switch to Low-Power Automous,Distance Mode choose Short,then click Start.Distance curve will be showed on the softwareFor more information about STM32examples VL53L0X,please visit ST website.。
Step 11. Enter to the Thermocouple Type Input Submenu Press d to display flashing, previously selected Thermocouple type.Step 12. Scroll through available selection of TC types Press b to sequence thru flashing Thermocouple types,(select k -for type "K" CHROMEGA ®/ALOMEGA ®)J K T E N DIN J R S B C - TC types J k t E N dN J R S b C - DisplayStep 13. Store TC typeAfter you have selected the Thermocouple type press d to store your selection, the instrument automatically advances to the next menu item.Step 14. Enter to Reading Configuration MenuThe display shows RDG Reading Configuration, which is the top menu for 4 submenus: Decimal Point, Degree Units,Filter Constant and Input/Reading Submenus.Step 15. Enter to Decimal Point Submenu Press d to show DEC Decimal Point.Step 16. Display the Decimal Point positionPress d again to display the flashing Decimal Point position.Step 17. Select the Decimal Point position Press b to select FFF.F Decimal Point position.Step 18. Store selected Decimal Point positionBy pressing d momentarily the Decimal Point position will be stored and the instrument will go to the next menu item.Step 19. Enter to Temperature Unit Submenu Display shows TEMP Temperature Unit.Step 20. Display available Temperature Units Press d to display the flashing Degree °F or °C .Step 21. Scroll through Temperature Units selection Press b to select °F Degree.Step 22. Store the Temperature UnitPress d to display momentarily that the Degree Unit has been stored and the instrument will go automatically to the next menu item.Step 23. Enter the Filter Constant Submenu Display shows FLTR Filter Constant Submenu.Step 24. Display the Filter Constant Value Submenu Press d to display the flashing, previously selected Filter Constant.Step 25. Scroll through available Filter Constants Press b to sequence thru Filter Constants 0001, 0002,0004, 0008, 0016, 0032, 0064and 0128.Step 26. Store the Filter ConstantPress d momentarily to store 0004Filter Constant and the instrument will automatically go to the next menu item.Step 27. Enter Alarm 1 MenuPress a until the ALR1Alarm 1 Menu appears on the Display. In the following steps we are going to DisableLatch, Active Above, Deadband 020.0, and above Setpoint 1Value will activate Alarm 1.Step 28. Select Latch Type SubmenuPress d to display flashing DSBL / ENBL .If flashing DSBL is displayed, press a , if ENBL is displayed, press buntil DSBL is displayed, then press d to store and go to the next menu item.Step 29. Select the Above Type of Active Submenu Press d . If flashing ABoV Above is displayed, press a ,otherwise press b until ABoV is displayed. Press d to store and advance to next menu item.MQS3716-SM/0305iLD24 Big Display Universal Temperature&ProcessSimplified Menu (-SM)WARRANTY/DISCLAIMEROMEGA ENGINEERING, INC. warrants this unit to be free of defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 61 months from date of purchase. OMEGA’s WARRANTY adds an additional one (1) month grace period to the normal five (5) year product warranty to cover handling and shipping time. T his ensures that OMEGA’s customers receive maximum coverage on each product.If the unit malfunctions, it must be returned to the factory for evalua-tion. OMEGA’s Customer Service Department will issue an Authorized Return (AR) number immediately upon phone or written request. Upon examination by OMEGA, if the unit is found to be defective, it will be repaired or replaced at no charge. OMEGA’s WARRANTY does not apply to defects resulting from any action of the purchaser, includ-ing but not limited to mishandling, improper interfacing, operation outside of design limits, improper repair, or unauthorized modifica-tion. This WARRANTY is VOID if the unit shows evidence of having been tampered with or shows evidence of having been damaged as a result of excessive corrosion; or current, heat, moisture or vibration; improper specification; misapplication; misuse or other operating conditions outside of OMEGA’s control. Components in which wear is not warranted, include but are not limited to contact points, fuses, and triacs.OMEGA is pleased to offer suggestions on the use of its vari-ous products. However, OMEGA neither assumes responsibil-ity for any omissions or errors nor assumes liability for any damages that result from the use if its products in accordance with information provided by OMEGA, either verbal or writ-ten. OMEGA warrants only that the parts manufactured by the company will be as specified and free of defects. OMEGA MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS OF ANY KIND WHATSOEVER, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, EXCEPT THAT OF TITLE, AND ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES INCLUDING ANY W ARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: The remedies of purchaser set forth herein are exclusive, and the total liability of OMEGA with respect to this order, whether based on contract, warran-ty, negligence, indemnification, strict liability or otherwise, shall not exceed the purchase price of the component upon which liability is based. In no event shall OMEGA be liable for consequential, incidental or special damages.CONDITIONS: Equipment sold by OMEGA is not intended to be used, nor shall it be used: (1) as a “Basic Component” under 10 CFR 21 (NRC), used in or with any nuclear installation or activity; or (2) in medical appli-cations or used on humans. Should any Product(s) be used in or with any nuclear installation or activity, medical application, used on humans, or misused in any way, OMEGA assumes no responsibility as set forth in our basic WARRANT Y/DISCLAIMER language, and, additionally, purchaser will indemnify OMEGA and hold OMEGA harmless from any liability or damage whatsoever arising out of the use of the Product(s) in such a manner.RETURN REQUESTS/INQUIRIESDirect all warranty and repair requests/inquiries to the OMEGA Customer Service Department. BEFORE RE URNING ANY PRODUC (S) O OMEGA, PURCHASER MUS OB AIN AN AUTHORIZED RETURN (AR) NUMBER FROM OMEGA’S CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPART MENT (IN ORDER T O AVOID PROCESSING DELAYS). T he assigned AR number should then be marked on the outside of the return package and on any correspondence.FOR WARRANTY RETURNS, please have the followinginformation available BEFORE contacting OMEGA:1. Purchase Order number under which the product was PURCHASED,2.3. Model and serial number of the product under warranty, and Repair instructions and/or specific problems relative to the product.FOR NON-WARRANTY REPAIRS, consult OMEGA for current repair charges. Have the following information available BEFORE contacting OMEGA:1. P urchase Order number to cover the COST of the repair or calibration,2.3.Model and serial number of the product, and R epair instructions and/or specific problems relative to the product.OMEGA’s policy is to make running changes, not model changes, whenever an improvement is possible. This affords our customers the latest in technology and engineering.OMEGA is a trademark of OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC.© Copyright 2018 OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC. All rights reserved. T his document may not be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC.***********************Servicing North America:Omega Engineering, Inc.Toll-Free: 1-800-826-6342 (USA & Canada only)Customer Service: 1-800-622-2378 (USA & Canada only) Engineering Service: 1-800-872-9436 (USA & Canada only) Tel: (203) 359-1660 Fax: (203) 359-7700 e-mail:**************For Other Locations Visit /worldwidehis Quick Start Reference provides information on setting up your instrument for basic operation. The latest complete Communication and Operational Manual as well as free Software and ActiveX Controls are available at or on the CD-ROM enclosed with your shipment .SAFETY CONSIDERATIONThe instrument is a panel mount device protected in accordance with EN 61010-1:2001, electrical safetyrequirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory.Remember that the unit has no power-on switch. Building installation should include a switch or circuit-breaker that must be compliant to IEC 947-1 and 947-3.SAFETY:•Do not exceed voltage rating on the label located on the back of the instrument housing.•Always disconnect power before changing signal and power connections.•Do not use this instrument on a work bench without its case for safety reasons.•Do not operate this instrument in flammable or explosive atmospheres.EMC:•Whenever EMC is an issue, always use shielded cables. •Never run signal and power wires in the same conduit.•Use signal wire connections with twisted-pair cables.•Install Ferrite Bead(s) on signal wire close to the instrument if EMC problems persist.。
鲸说明文作文合集五篇鲸说明文作文篇1我叫虎鲸,是齿鲸中的一种,也是最凶猛的海洋动物之一,因此,人们给我取了许多绰号:恶鲸、杀手鲸等。
我的体形很大,呈纺锤形,长约有600-1000厘米,重约有5000-8000公斤,非常强壮有力。
体色黑白分明,背部大都是漆黑色的,腹部大部分是白色的,在两眼后各有一块梭形的白斑,在三角形背鳍后面有一个马鞍形灰白色斑。
我们喜欢成群结队地栖息在0度至13度的水域里。
我们的猎物主要是海兽,在我的部族里,曾有一头一次吃掉过13只海豚和14只海豹的“虎鲸英雄”。
有时,我还会用一些“诡计”来捕猎:先将自己的腹部朝上,一动不动地躺在水面上,像一具死尸,当猎物接近时,我就会突然翻过身来,张开大嘴,把他们吞掉,我是鲸类中的“语言大师”,能发出62种不同的声音。
在捕食鱼类时,我会发出断断续续的“咋嚏”声,就像用力拉扯生锈铁门窗发出的声音,鱼群听到声音后,吓呆了,乖乖地呆在原地,成了我的美餐。
我虽说是凶猛贪食的海中巨兽,却很少伤害人类,是人类的“好朋友”。
我在水族馆里被人类饲养、驯化,表演各种精彩的节目。
我现在成为美国海军水下作战中心动物部队的一员,执行水下深潜、导航、排雷等工作。
哦,对了,忘了告诉你们,我是哺乳动物,是靠妈妈的奶喂大的,以后大家可不要叫我鲸鱼了。
鲸说明文作文篇2大家好,我是一头刚成年的鲸。
我们还有一个拉丁文名字,叫“海怪”。
由此可见,你们人类对我们有多么敬畏了吧!在几千万年前,我们的祖先在陆地上,由于环境的变化,我们不得不前往浅海生活。
当我们重新回到陆地上时,发现自己已经离不开那些美味的鱼虾了,而自己也开始向鱼类进化。
无耐,我们只好定居海洋,离开那自由的大平原,开始了新的生活。
我们鲸身体虽然很大,而眼睛却出奇的小,并且视力很差劲。
如果我们是人类,差不多要带上几百度的眼镜。
你知道吗,我们鲸的眼睛没有泪腺。
也就是说你们不管怎么折腾我们,或用葱汁来辣我们的眼睛,均毫无作用,至少想让我们流泪,几十年内估计是不可能的了。
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中国大陆银行业闹钱荒2013年6月20日疯狂的一天,当日银行间隔夜回购利率最高涨幅达到史无前例的30%至
13.4440%
银行闹钱荒央行不“放水” 总理一句话浇灭市场期盼
08:52:53 当前货币政策基调从紧,央行亦坚持不放松的态度,各方对短期副作用的容忍度正在提高
“没见过隔夜上30%的交易员,人生是不圆满的。
”昨日,众多银行间市场交易员如是感慨。
2013年6月20日,这个疯狂的一天,足以载入中国银行(601988)间市场史册。
当日,银行间隔夜回购利率最高达到史无前例的30%,7天回购利率最高达到28%。
在近年来很长时间里,这两项利率往往不到3%。
时值盛夏,在全国各地笼罩在高温之际,银行间市场同样“高烧”不退。
从5月中旬以来,中国银行间市场资金利率逐步走高;进入6月份,资金面呈现高度紧张状态,连日来资金利率不断创下新高。
甚至有传言称,有大型银行(中国银行)出现资金违约,不过消息已被辟谣。
在分析人士看来,商业银行年中考核、外汇占款流入
放缓、债市整顿规范,都与资金面紧绷不无关联;而2013年6月20日之所以如此疯狂,缘于接连落空的货币宽松预期。
本周三(2013年6月19日)召开的国务院常务会议宣布:“把稳健的货币政策坚持住、发挥好,合理保持货币总量。
”此语一锤定音,彻底浇灭了市场对央行“放水”的盼望。
而央行也以坚持发行央票的实际行动,进一步表明了不放松的态度。
在众多经济学家看来,新一届中央政府的政策思路是以改革为重点,通过改革调结构,这意味着对出台短期刺激政策的意愿减弱。
尽管同样重视经济增长,但随着政府对经济下滑容忍度的提升,它对收紧流动性产生短期副作用的承受力也在不断增强。
“钱荒”持续
昨日开盘,银行间债券市场隔夜回购利率报10%,7天利率报12%,1个月利率报9%,均为历史高位;盘中行情惨烈,隔夜回购一度成交在30%,7天回购利率最高达到28%,1个月利率跳涨至18%,均刷新了银行间的历史纪录;截至收盘,隔夜、7天回购利率上行幅度逾300个基点,分别至11.65%和11.449%。
在银行间同业拆借市场,同样是“哀鸿遍野”。
上午11点半公布的上海银行间同业拆放利率(Shibor)数据显示,隔夜Shibor暴涨578.40个基点,升至13.4440%的历史新高;7天利率上涨292.90个基点至11.0040%;1个月利率上涨178.40个基点至9.3990%。
一名资深的大行交易员向记者表示:“四处是借钱声,资金价格一再冲破想象,做了这么多年交易员,如此‘盛况’前所未有,市场几乎失控了。
”
值得注意的是,中长期Shibor亦显著走高,显示机构对未来资金面预期悲观。
其中,3个月利率上涨39.50个基点至5.8030%,6个月利率上涨13.93个基点至4.2425%。
受资金面拖累,昨日银行间债券价格普遍大幅“跳水”,“大钱荒”还殃及了一级市场。
仅在6月20日,就有4家发行人发布公告,宣布推迟或变更债券发行计划。
“短端利率这么高,没法做交易,市场上哪里找得到收益率10%的债券?”北京某债券私募经理告诉记者,“要么忍痛买入,要么主动去杠杆。
”
市场预期的货币宽松未至,等来的却是资金成本飙
升,受此影响国内股市昨日再次大幅下挫,上证综指收报2084.02点,跌2.77%。
昨日资金市场和股票市场均呈现少有的恐慌情绪,两者既有联系也相互作用。
在国内释放流动性预期落空的同时,由于美联储主席伯南克最新发表讲话勾勒出了退出
QE(量化宽松)的时间表,再加上汇丰中国制造业PMI初值低于预期,都给金融市场造成了压力。
“QE3退出预期升温,导致资本从包括中国在内的新兴市场经济体撤出,抽紧了这些国家的资金面。
”光大证券(601788)分析师徐高在其研究报告中称。
事实上,资本外流、本币贬值的压力并非仅仅发生在中国,而是在很多新兴市场经济体都同步出现。
5月以来,泰铢、印度卢比、韩元等货币都一改去年以来的走势,开始对美元明显贬值。
央行“反常”
到目前为止,这场“大钱荒”持续了足足一个月。
在此期间,不仅资金面的紧张程度超出预期,央行的“反常”举动,更是让市场人士跌破眼镜。
5月下旬,受外汇占款流入减少、季节性财政税款上缴和月末因素等影响,银行间资金利率逐步走高。
进入6月
份,随着端午节前商业银行现金备付压力上升,资金利率持续飙涨,隔夜Shibor逼近10%。
然而,出乎意料的是,央行并没有施以援手,央票发行与正回购操作照做不误,逆回购与短期流动性调节工具(SLO)依然停留在传说阶段,打破了市场关于央行节前“放水”的惯性期待。
节后,资金紧张格局一度有所缓和,但迟迟未见实质性改善,并且资金成本从本周二开始再次飙涨。
和往常一样,市场越紧张,就越是期盼央行出手。
而作为一种姿态,央行在本周坚持央票发行,尽管两次发行量不过20亿元,但逆回购继续引而不发。
申银万国最新分析认为,地量央票的继续发行表明央行继续坚持不放松信号,降息降准或者SLO等比较渺茫,尚不可过于期待。
不过,也有学者对当前的“钱荒”现象表达了一定的忧虑。
摩根大通中国首席经济学家朱海斌就对本报表示,短期内存在央行的强硬态度人为制造流动性紧缩,并导致实体部门贷款利率走高的风险,从而为已然乏力的经济活动
雪上加霜。
他建议,央行应该尽快再次引入逆回购操作,以安抚银行间市场的恐慌。
“当前银行间的最大问题不是缺少资金,而是机构太悲观。
要想扭转悲观预期,应当出台降准措施,让资金面告别失控状态,这才真正符合稳健的货币政策要求。
”资深市场人士刘植对记者说。
民生银行(600016)金融市场部首席经济学家李志强告诉记者,中国没有一个市场化的将预期体现出来的平台,市场不知道央行的意图,央行不清楚市场的预期,这会导致预期的硬着陆。
“央行或许只是希望把流动性收一收,没想到让市场措手不及。
”
铁血“纠偏”
在银行间市场迎来历史性的紧张格局之际,央行为何迟迟不肯“放水”?一些分析人士猜测,这或许反映了新一届政府应对金融风险隐患的强硬姿态。
“我们认为对金融风险的控制是近期流动性收紧的主要原因。
”高华证券中国宏观经济学家宋宇在研究报告中称,预计此举将导致短期内经济增长面临下行压力,但新政的有利影响在于,这些改革举措应该会降低系统性风险,并
可能提高中国经济潜在增速。
在华泰证券(601688)首席经济学家刘煜辉看来,央行的意图是打压风险偏好,促使商业银行以更加谨慎的方式管理资产负债表,特别是控制一些机构流动性错配的风险。
他认为,今年以来,商业银行信用膨胀非常厉害,社会融资规模同比多增3万亿元,积累了越来越多的风险。
多位商业银行人士向本报记者称,近年来商业银行表外业务及“影子银行”迅速扩张,其所蕴藏的风险引发了决策层的关注,央行近期的举动正是要对此进行调控。
“能明显感觉到,对比之前的所作所为,此次央行出现明显变化。
”李志强说,“以前只要货币市场资金比较紧张,央行都会投放,熨平市场波动;这次央行有意让资金成本往上走,希望资金能够向实体经济更有效率的方向流动。
”
这一切猜测,在2013年6月19日得到了佐证。
当日,国务院总理李克强主持召开国务院常务会议,会议要求“引导信贷资金支持实体经济,把稳健的货币政策坚持住、发挥好,合理保持货币总量”。
这样一来,近期高企的货币政策松动预期被彻底浇灭了。
正如民生证券研究院副院长管清友所言,从国务院最新表态来看,当前货币政策的基调是紧,坚持稳健、盘活存量、用好增量意味着顶住压力继续调结构,货币不会放水。
“市场以血的教训适应了央行节奏,央行的铁血‘纠偏’基本成功。
”兴业银行(601166)[-3.76% 资金
研报]首席经济学家鲁政委昨日评论称,等到二季度末过去,银行超额储备金率将回归常态,到7月中旬资金面有望松动。