同达英语考研基础班讲义

英语基础语法串讲Time length: 6 hoursLecturer: byk白玉宽本课的目的1.转变视角，纠正方法•可怜的中国学生(政治、英语)•2006年雅思考试中国区口语的最低分2.理清头绪，建立框架•语法的目的是什么？•语法的主线是什么？•见木见林，宏观掌控语法的作用1.信息理解的必要条件•语法是组词成句的规律（和规则），没有语法的词汇堆砌将会变得杂乱无章、毫无意义。

Lateral thinking (迂回思维)first described Edward de Bone 1967 a few years older Edward's son you might imagine Caspar raise an adventurous thinker de Bone so famous Caspar's parents worried any time he would say something bright at school his teachers might snap where you get that idea from•Lateral thinking (迂回思维), first described by Edward de Bone in 1967, is just a few years older than Edward's son.Y ou might imagine that Caspar was raise d to be an adventurous thinker, but the de Bone was so famous, Caspar's parents worried that any time he would say something bright at school, his teachers might snap, "Where do you get that idea from?"2. 正确表达的衡量尺度•掌握句型，轻松套用。

专题1考研英语考什么？2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷结构表部分节为考生提供的信息指导语语言测试要点题型题目数量计分答题卡种类Ⅰ英语知识运用（10分）1篇文章（240~280词）英语词汇、语法和结构完形填空多项选择题（四选一）2010答题卡1（机器阅卷）Ⅱ阅读理解（60分）A4篇文章（共约1600词）英语理解具体信息，掌握文章大意，猜测生词词义并进行推断等多项选择题（四选一）2040B1篇文章（共约500~600词）英语理解文章结构选择搭配题510C1篇文章（约400词）5处划线部分约150词）英语理解的准确性英译汉510答题卡2（人工阅卷、机器登分）Ⅲ写作（30分）A规定情景英语书面表达应用文（约100词）110 B主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等英语书面表达短文写作（160~200词）120总计50+2100专题2考研英语如何复习？Today I believe---This wonderful lecture will completely change my life! Today I believe---That all my efforts will produce generous returns! Today I believe---CGRE English will be conquered this time!考研英语应试技巧Vocabulary:黑白灰，分实虚，四管齐下巧记忆Reading:把握主题，纵观全局，回归原文，信息定位，合情推理，水到成渠New Reading:四种题型，四种思路；步步为营找关联，反客为主抢先机Translation:把握词义，调整语序；纸面风平浪静，心中万箭齐发Writing:(1)Letter Writing:强化格式，明确目的，十句作文，五句给你(2)Graph Writing:记住“一二三四五”，你比考官都清楚(3)Traditional Writing:全新思路，经典范文，一旦拥有，别无所求硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题真题Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（40points）Text1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk:elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks,you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon？Here are a few guesses:a）certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b）winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity,which increases soccer stamina;c）soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime,at the annual peak of soccer mania;d）none of the above.Anders Ericsson,a58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University,says he believes strongly in“none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden,and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment,nearly30years ago,involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject,after about20 hours of training,his digit span had risen from7to20,”Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving, and after about200hours of training he had risen to over80numbers.”This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words,whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize,those differences are swamped by how well each person“encodes”the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully,Ericsson determined,was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather,it involves setting specific goals,obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits,including soccer.They gather all the data they can,not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or,put another way,expert performers--whether in memory or surgery,ballet or computer programming--are nearly always made,not born.[410words]21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A]stress the importance of professional training.[B]spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C]introduce the topic of what males expert performance.[D]explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22.The word“mania”（Line4,Paragraph2）most probably means[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.[D]excitement.23.According to Ericsson,good memory[A]depends on meaningful processing of information.[B]results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C]is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D]requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A]talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B]biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C]the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D]high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey？[A]“Faith will move mountains.”[B]“One reaps what one sows.”[C]“Practice makes perfect.”[D]“Like father,like son”Text2For the past several years,the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant,who at age10had tested at a mental level of someone about23years old；that gave her an IQ of228-the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies,to envision paper after it has been folded and cut,and to deduce numerical sequences,among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe（whose IQ is100）as, What's the difference between love and fondness？Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence？It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly,intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.Just what does it means to be smart？How much of intelligence can be specified,and how much can we learn about it from neurology,genetics,computer science and other fields？The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales（both come in adult andchildren's version).Generally costing several hundred dollars,they are usually given only by psychologists,although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible,because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers,rather tan simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by100.Other standardized tests,such as the Scholastic Assessment Test（SAT）and the Graduate Record Exam（GRE）,capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life,argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article“How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing？”.Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge,components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover,IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership sills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions,but under high-stress conditions.IQ was negatively correlated with leadership--that is,it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters,whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip. [451words]26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test？[A]Answering philosophical questions.[B]Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C]Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D]Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3？[A]People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B]More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C]The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D]Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because[A]the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B]creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C]vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D]the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A]test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's ability[B]IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C]testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D]traditional tests are out of date.30.What is the author's attitude towards IQ tests？[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.Text3During the past generation,the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip,a bad diagnosis.or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation,millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics.Scholars,policymakers,and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes,but few have looked at the side effect:family risk has risen as well.Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.As a result,they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback--a back-up earner（usually Mom）whospiral could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This “added-worker effect”could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.But today,a disruption to family fortunes can not longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period,families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers,airline employees,and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates,stock market fluctuation,and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model,with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families,the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and share of it borne by families have risen--and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers,with much higher deductibles and a large new does of investment risk for families’future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family,as the odds of having a weak elderly parent--and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance--have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective,much of this,understandably,looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility,and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun,and the political fallout may not be far behind.[421words]31.Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A]the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B]their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C]they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D]they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32.As a result of President Bush's reform,retired people may have[A]a higher sense of security.[B]less secured payments.[C]less chance to invest.[D]a guaranteed future.33.According go the author,health-savings plans will[A]help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B]popularize among the middle class.[C]compensate for the reduced pensions.[D]increase the families’investment risk.34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B]the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C]financial problems may bring about political problems.[D]financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35.Which of the following is the best title for this text？[A]The Middle Class on the Alert[B]The Middle Class on the Cliff[C]The Middle Class in Conflict[D]The Middle Class in RuinsText4It never rains but it pours.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles,and improved their feeble corporation governance,a new problem threatens to earn them--especially in America--the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity.Left,until now,to odd, low-level IT staff to put right,and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel,information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year--from organizations as diverse as Time Warner,the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California.Berkeley--have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University's business school.“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value,which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.”Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles（GAAP）,perhaps it is time for GASP.Generally Accepted Security Practices,suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment level for security,redundancy,and recovery is a management issue,not a technical one.”he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obviousto the dimmest executive that trust,that most valuable of economic assets,is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore--and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged--though not justified--by the lack of legal penalty（in America,but not Europe）for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law,American firms did not have to tell anyone,even the victim,when data went astray,That may change fast:lots of proposed data-security legislation now doing the rounds in Washington.D.C.Meanwhile.the theft of information about some40million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June17th.overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission（FTC）that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.[416words]36.The statement：“It never rains but it pours”is used to introduce[A]the fierce business competition.[B]the feeble boss-board relations[C]the threat from news reports.[D]the severity of data leakage.37.According to Paragraph2,some organizations check their systems to find out[A]whether there is any weak point.[B]what sort of data has been stolen.[C]who is responsible for the leakage.[D]how the potential spies can be located.38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A]shareholders’interests should be properly attended to.[B]information protection should be given due attention.[C]businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D]the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39.According to Paragraph4,what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A]see the link between trust and data protection.[B]perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C]realize the high cost of data restoration.[D]appreciate the economic value of trust.40.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that[A]data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B]FTC's decision is essential to data security.[C]California takes the lead in security legislation.[D]legal penalty is a major Solomon to data leakage.第一部分考研英语词汇全攻略I.如何计算自己目前的词汇量?请迅速浏览下列词汇及其后所给意思选项，凭借你的第一印象，做出选择，然后结合后面所给正确答案统计出你作对的题目个数记为N.1.agree A.欢迎 B.赞同C反对D赞许2.beautiful A.美丽的 B.丑恶的 C.美女D奇妙的3.business A.繁忙 B.事务 C.匆忙D懒惰4.color A.劳动 B.可可C颜色 D.冒号5.did A.工作 B.小伙子 C.做 D.表示6.enjoy A.欣赏 B.羡慕 C.高兴 D.嘱咐7.fish A.完成 B.盘子 C.鱼 D.愿望8.glass A草地.B玻璃. C.班级 D.眼镜9.high A.低的 B.长的 C.重的D高的10.join A.参加 B.约翰 C.大块肉D开玩笑11.live A.生命 B.生活 C.活波的D肝12.moon A.中午 B.月亮C很快D语气13.object A.事物 B.主观C障碍D主语14.plan A.俚语 B.平面的C计划D飞机15.really A.实现 B.已经C现实D真正地16.sell A.告诉B买C自己的D销售17.sold A.说出B老的C售完D冷的18.such A.许多B接触C推D如此19.thought A.虽然 B.通过C携带D思想20.various A.各种各样的 B.继续 C.担忧的 D.单一的21.aim A.目的B是的C援助D救济金.22.basket A.木桶 B.火箭C篮子 D.曲棍球23.calm A.手掌 B.平静的 C.罐头D棕榈fort A.向前走 B.前进 C.起飞 D.舒适25.deck A.甲板 B.颈 C.鸭子 D.码头26.editor A.事物 B.编辑 C.计算器 D.记者27.feed A.野草 B.种子 C.喂养 D.感觉28.goes A.脚趾 B.斧头 C.鞋子 D.走29.improve A.证明 B.改进 C.反正 D.延伸30.likely A.高兴地 B.喜欢 C.类似的 D.可能的31.mix A.混合 B.最大值 C.最小值 D.牛奶32.parent A.双亲 B.专利 C.天才 D.肃静33.possibly A.具有 B.邮局 C.也许 D.邮筒34.range A.跑步 B.范围 C.围墙 D.角度35.satisfy A.牺牲 B.使满意 C.使熟悉 D.使伤心36.skirt A.郊区 B.跳跃 C.裙子 D.衬衫37.style A.典型 B.型号 C.风格D偷窃38.tip A.顶部 B.钢笔尖 C.一小口 D.小费39.weak A.虚弱 B.星期 C.顶峰D寻求40.yield A.电场 B.场地 C.电焊D让步41.agent A经理B代理人C店主D商人42.basis A基础B三级管C脸盆D基本的43.capable A首都B可能的C有能力的D无能的44.conflict A使面临B混淆C限制D斗争45.dame A游戏B一角线C同样的D少女46.drift A草图B漂流C简短D悲伤47.expedition A探险B过程C超过D实验48.fright A飞行B正确的C恐怖D高度49.hesitate A踌躇B匆忙C说明D国度的50.invent A阻碍B无效C发明D专利51.lodge A对数B逻辑C圆木D供人住宿52.museum A博物馆B展览馆C大会堂D音乐53.performance A表演B完成C实验D成立54.proof A屋顶B防水C同意D证明55.retreat A处理B欺骗C退却D进攻56.sew A看见B播种C缝合D母猪57.stiff A钢铁B硬的C偷窃D偷看58.tool A池塘B工具C器件D傻子59.wherefore A无论哪里B理由C先前进D然而60.yonder A蛋黄B较年轻C美国人D那边61.advocate A广告B提倡C装饰D利益62.banker A资金B宴会C银行家D河堤63.butcher A屠夫B单身汉C管家D灌木64.code A结尾B竹竿C冷却D电码65.creation A生物B创造C债主D创造着66.discipline A门徒B原理C阿司匹林D纪律67.emerge A显露B合并C紧急D能量68.flush A闪光B新鲜C奔流D刷子69.goddess A女神B上帝C好的D货物70.horizon A地平线B垂直线C交叉线D对角线71.jail A果酱B尾巴C罐子D监牢72.loyal A皇家的B守法的C忠实的D土壤73.mood A语气B月球C运动D沼泽74.painter A痛苦的人B熊猫C绷带D画家75.pope A主教B教皇C流行音乐家D傀儡76.reference A会议B参考C干涉D区别77.satisfactory A满意的B稳定的C工厂的D人造的78.soften A沙发B土壤C软化D安全79.sunny A星期天B儿子的C和煦的D总的80.tramp A陷阱B践踏C象鼻D电车81.alliance A同盟B断言C允许D诱惑82.bitterness A一点点B咬C苦难D污渍83.cigar A砂糖B雪茄烟C吉他D圆84.cough A咳嗽B粗糙C坚韧的D面团85.dispatch A分离B驱散C配药D发送86.explosion A开发B爆炸C考察D阐明87.glue A手套B球状物C阴暗D胶水88.hog A狗B猪C钩子D对数89.knave A小刀B骑士C恶棍D刮胡须lionaire A百万B百万周年纪念C蜈蚣D大富翁91.openly A公开的B可能的C椭圆的D能开的92.plump A不景气B水泵C李子D肥胖的93.relax A选择B索引C松弛D静电复印94.selection A选择B选举C解放D决定95.steak A木杖B牛排C粘住D僵硬96.tempest A企图B引诱C暴风雪D锻炼97.unconscious A不合理的B不值得考虑的C未料想到D无意识的98.vacant A牛痘B假期C空的D真空99.wrist A花圈B手腕C失事D包装100.zeal A热心B蜂蜡C致命的D斑马101.advertise A副词B倒转C登广告D忠告102.athletic A运动的B交替的C大西洋的D大气的103.bonnet A女佣人B禁止C香蕉D罩子104.chat A高雅B闲谈C追赶D节俭的105.constable A经常的B不变的C警官D构成的106.deliberate A解放B移交C使高兴D细想107.alert A改变B高架铁路C淘气鬼D留心的108.falter A肥胖B错的C摇晃D落下109.glen A高兴B滑走C瞥见D峡谷110.holder A支持B占有者C洞穴D家庭111.insane A精神病的B无感觉的C插进的D不诚实的112.limitation A模拟B石灰C刺激D限制113.mice A大米B老鼠C很好D地雷114.northward A南北的B向南的C向前的D向西的115.peaceable A一片的B刺穿的C和平的D孔雀116.postal A广告B邮费C柱子D邮政的117.rebuke A非难B叛逆的C拒绝D弹回118.rosy A嘈杂的B上升的C玫瑰色的D念珠119.signature A手势B签名C图章D信号120.spun A脊柱B经过的C旋转D匙子121.almighty A可能的B有为的C浑身难过的D全能的122.bald A香油B无毛的C民歌D痛苦123.calamity A钙粉B平静C灾害D甘菊passion A怜悯B压缩C罗盘D周围125.deceit A诈欺B明白C决心D衰落126.earthworm A蚯蚓B土工C热情D向下127.expel A消费B压缩C吐气D驱逐128.generously 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A信神的B类似的C善良D神似的166.hack A习惯B劈C沼池D出租马车167.heighten A提高B高度C地狱D手柄168.housekeeping A管马的B有秩序的C良好的D家务管理169.impel A阻止B逼近C推动D冲击170.infect A传染B事实C幼儿D差的171.intrude A侵入B采用C减少D加标题172.juicy A果汁B果酱C判断D多汁的173.lea A茶B草地C躺D依靠174.lordly A贵族的B大声的C放松的D口头的175.manual A方式B粪便C用手的D庄园176.mica A老鼠B微型的C仪表D云母177.mop A地图B自由集会C拖把D士气178.nebula A无能的人B星云C家牛D镍179.noticeable A声名狼藉的B显著的C理论上的D可得到的180.ordeal A兰花B演说者C严峻考验D果园181.pancake A薄煎饼B茶盘C小册子D嵌板182.pending A刑事的B补偿C悬而未决的D修补183.picket A口袋B尖桩C挖D小环184.polo A投票B柱子C地极D水球185.prestige A假装B威信C推测D漂亮的186.prowess A机首B船首C梅干D英勇187.rational A全国的B理性的C关联的D转动的188.reiterate A再处理B退却C反复讲D离开189.revision A苏醒B颠倒C反转D修改190.ruthless A无情的B不生锈的C不粗糙的D不转动的191.scornful A轻视的B有成绩的C灼热的D有影响的192.sewer A缝制B更少的C阴沟D更新的193.syrup A天狼星B陛下C胆小鬼D糖浆194.solicitor A律师B硅C熟悉D隐居者195.squarely A平行地B悲惨地C成直角地D粗糙地196.structural A斗争的B结构上的C规矩的D麻木的197.survival A测量员B环境C幸存D克服198.termination A决心B限制C期限D终点199.topmost A最高的B讨论的C过分的D湿气200．turmoil A转动B骚动C废话D意味参考答案及计算公式：1—10B A B C C A C B D A11—20B B A C D D C D D A21—30A C B D A B C D B D31—40A A C B B C C D A D41—50B A C D D B A C A C51—60A A D C C B B B D61—70B C A D B D A C A A71—80D C A D B B A C C B81—90A C B A D B D B C D91—100A D C A B C D C B A101—110C A D B C D D C D B111—120A D B A C D A C B C 121—130D B C A A A D B B C131—140D C D D C B A A C B141—150D C A D B A C B A C 151—160B C A D C D C A D B161—170A B C D D B A D C A171—180A D B A C D C B B C 181—190A C B D B D B C D A191—200A C D A C B C D A B你的词汇量=50n-<50(200-n)/3>,其中n=你做正确的题目数量，由于中国大学英语学习的特点是以阅读为主，有些课文所学词汇其实较生僻，所以大家计算出来的词汇量建议加上500（非常用但你已从课本或工具书中记住的词）应该是你目前已认知的词汇总量。

插班生基础班第一天词汇检测注：将下列词条短语或例句译成中文1st dayto fill out a formdifferent life formseconomic and social reformto perform an important roleto perform somersaults/magic tricksto conform to the rigorous standardsto deform the feetto inform the embassy of the situationa formal college educationto formulate a policy/theory/plan/proposalto review the troopsto renew driver licensesto renew our effortsto renew these booksto retrieve that situationto retrieve information同型：mediate /meditate //compl ai nt /compl ia nt /comply to mediate in the disputeto mediate differences/disputes/problemsto meditate on the meaning of lifeto meditate on some strong measuresthe most common complaintthe compliant studentsto comply with the ceasefire同意:improve /enhance ///elevate //escalateto improve the chances of rescueto enhance the reputationto elevate one's mindthe dispute may escalate. 。

英语基础语法讲义一、英语的句子分类1.五种基本句型(Five Basic Sentence Patterns)（1）主语+谓语(不及物动词）；（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；（5）主语+系动词+表语。

两类系动词：①表示状态，如be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain等；②表示转变或结果，如become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove等。

2.按照句子的使用目的分类：陈述句；疑问句（一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句）；祈使句；感叹句。

3.按照句子结构分类：（1）简单句；（2）并列句：不同的并列连词表示并列分句之间的不同关系：①同等关系；②选择关系；③转折和对比关系；④因果关系。

（3）复合句：由关联词把一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句联系在一起所构成的句子，也称主从复合句。

复合句根据从句在句中的作用可分为：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。

二、英语动词的时态1.动词的时态英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的，不同的时态有不同的变化形式，以do为例，列表如下：一般进行完成完成进行现在时does/do am/is/are + doing has/have + done has/have + been doing 过去时did was/were + doing had + done had + been doing将来时shall/will + do shall/will be +doingshall/will have +doneshall/will + have been doing*过去将来时should/would +dowould/should + bedoing*should/would +have done*would/should + have beendoing*“时态”就是通过动词的形态变化，来表达动作发生的时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）及所处的状态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。

1考研英语语法讲义语法，无论是对于英语学习者还是教授者而言，都是最难掌握的问题，而掌握扎实的语法无疑是学好英语的关键，尽管在研究生英语考试中并不直接涉及语法，但阅读理解，写作和翻译等试题无不体现出它的重要性。

然而，市场上种类繁多的语法书籍，大都是内容多而不精，即次重点不分，并且对于在学习过程中，大家共同反映的较有难度的语法，如非谓语动词、虚拟语气、定语从句都未能作出精辟分析，使读者看后仍不知所云。

本着这个目的，我们再次相聚考研讲堂，希望通过两天的深入学习使广大考生对语法有个彻底的了解，在今后考试中遇到相应问题能游刃有余。

一、语法知识回顾（一）基础语法知识1. 英语句子的基本句型(Basic Sentence Pattern)（1）主+系+表(SVP)（2）主+谓（不及物动词）(SV)（3）主+谓（及物动词）+宾(SVO)（4）主+谓（及物动词）+间接宾语（指人）+直接宾语（指物）(SVOO)（5）主+谓（及物动词）+宾+补足语(SVOC)2. 按照用途句子的分类（1）陈述句(Declarative Sentence)（2）疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)①一般疑问句(General Question)②特殊疑问句(Special Question)③选择疑问句(Alternative Question)④反意疑问句 (Tag Question)（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的反意疑问句）（3）祈使句（Imperative Sentence）（4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）3. 按照结构句子分类(Division by Structure)（1）简单句（Simple Sentence）只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子称为简单句：（2）并列句（Compound Sentence）用并列连词（或分号、冒号、逗号）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子叫并列句（3）复合句（Complex Sentence）由关联词把一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句联系在一起所构成的句子称为复合句，也称为主从复合句，复合句根据关联词在句中的作用可分为如下类型：①名词性从句（Noun Clause）（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）②状语从句（Adverbial Clause）（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中状语从句）（二）重点语法回顾1、主谓一致(Subject-verb Agreement)一致是指句子成份间或词语间必须在人称、数、性等方面保持一致关系，一致这一语言现象在日常应用及各类英语考试中出现较多，最主要的一致关系是主谓一致。

2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(一) 2007 – KY-- 1 I. Reading Comprehension内部资料翻印必究Text I[2006, RC Text 1]In spite of "endless talk of difference," American society is an amazing machinefor homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress anddiscourse, and the casualness and absence of deference" characteristic of popularculture. People are absorbed into "a culture of consumption" launched by the19th-century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegantatmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite" these werestores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shoppinginto a public and democratic act." The mass media, advertising and sports are otherforces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not bealtogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National ImmigrationForum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither atunprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants werepercent of the population; in 1900, percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990,immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, forevery 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -- language, home ownershipand intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteenmost common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after tenyears of residence." The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficientin English. "By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majorityof immigrant families." Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" forlanguages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a homeownership rate of percent, higher than the percent rate among native-bornAmericans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than dowhites and blacks." By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are marriedto non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans ofsuperstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fearthat immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to thenati on’s assimilative power."Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. Itis big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed againstAmerica’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark anddeteriorating social environment. (400 words)Notes: homogenize vt. 使匀质。

同等学力英语一卷综合讲义张丽艳口语交际习惯用语补充内容3-151. Hit the books52. Hit the ceiling / Hit the roof53. Hit the nail on the head54. Hit the sack/hay55. Hold One's Horses56. Holy cow57. Be in a pickle58. Be in the same boat59. Great minds think alike.60. It's (That's) easier said than done.61. Be in hot water62. It's about time.date63. Keep an eye on someone/something64. Keep one's bed65. Kick the bucket66. Kill time67. Know something by heart68. The last/final straw69. Let someone know (something)70. Be like taking candy from a baby71. Be like the cat that got the cream72. Low-key73. Make Ends Meet74. Feel / Look like a million dollars75. Not hold waterTheir argument doesn 't hold water.76. Be on the tip of someone's tongueWhat's the girl 's name?Wait a second, It is on the tip of my tongue.77. Once in a blue moon78. Out of the blueSuddenly and unexpectedly79. Out of the frying pan and into the fireA: I've finally finished my assignment. It was very difficult, but the next one looks much harder. B: Out of the frying pan and into the fire..80. Be over the hillToo old to do sth81. Pop the question82. Play it by earWe cannot plan for today's interview. Let 's play it by ear.83. Pop quiz84. Pull someone's leg85. Put all your (my, their, etc.) eggs into one basket86. Put yourself in someone's shoesIf I were you87. Race against the clock / timeTo do sth very fast in order to finish a work before the deadline. Bottom lineBottoms up. Cheers!Cheer up!88. Rain cats and dogs89. Read betwee n the lines90. Rings a bell (with some one)91. See the light92. Shake a leg93. Be shak ing like a leaf94. So far so goodThe bigger, the better.The farther, the better.The sooner, thebetter.95. Be sold outWhere do you have the 30 cent bananas?I'm sorry. They're all sold out.96. Speak of the devilExample:(They were talki ng about some one and he just came in the room.)Speak of the devil! We were just talk ing about you! How did you know that?97. Stay upExample:The stude nts stayed up late last ni ght to prepare for the final exam.We stayed up all ni ght telli ng our stories.Cloze强化训练Cloze 1We know the kiss as a form of express ing affect ion. But long before it became 66 , it was the custom in many parts of the world to use the kiss as a(n) 67 of respect.In many Africa n tribes the n atives 68 the gro und over which a chief has walked. Kiss ing the had and foot has bee n a mark of respect form the 69 times.The early Roma ns kissed the mouth or eyes 70 a form of dig ni fied greet ing. One Roma n emperor allowed his importa nt no bles to kiss his lips, but the 71 importa nt ones had to kiss his han ds, and the _72 importa nt ones were 73 allowed to kiss his feet!It is quite probable that the kiss as a form of affection can be traced back to primitive times when a mother 74_fondle （爱抚）her child, just as a mother 75 today. It only remained for society to 76 this as a custom for express ing affecti on betwee n adults. We have evide nee that this was already the 77 by the time of the sixth cen tury, but we can on ly assume it was 78 long before that. The first 79 where the kiss became accepted in courtship and love was in France. When dancing became popular, almost every dance figure en ded 80 a kiss. From France the kiss spread rapidly all over Europe. Russia, which loved to 81 the customs of Fran ce, adopted the kiss and it spread there through all the upper 82 . a kiss from the Tsar became 83 of the highest forms of recog niti on from the Crow n. In time, the kiss became a part of courtship. 84 marriage customs developed, the kiss became a part of the weddi ng ceremony. Today, of course, we regard the kiss as an expressi on of love and tendern ess. But there are still many places in the world where the kiss is 85 of formal cere monies and is inten ded to con vey respect.66. A. it B. one C. this D. itself67. A. custom B. traditi on C. affectio n D. expressi on68. A. watch B. kiss C. touch D. greet69. A. latest B. earliest C. lo ngest D. eldest70. A. of B. in C. for D. as71. A. of B. less C. most D. least72. A. last B. less C. most D. least73. A. too B. only C. also D. ever77. A. history B. event C. case D. evide nee78. A. expressed B. discovered C. kissed D. practiced82. A. gover nments B. coun tries C. cities D. classesB. OnceC. WhileD. Since 85. A. bit B. some C. part D. any74. A. could B. would C. should D. will 75. A. does B. hasC. doingD. would 76. A. accept B. allow C. kiss D. express79. A. city B. tribe C. country D. society 80. A. by B. withoutC. inD. with 81. A. copy B. allow C. spread D. quote83. A. itB. oneC. thisD. that84. A. AsCloze 2Individuals and businesses have legal protection for intellectual property they create and own. Intellectual property___62 __ from creative thinking and may include products,___63 ___________ ,processes, and ideas,, intellectual property is protected___64___misappropriation (滥用) ,misappropriation is taking the intellectual property of others without__65___compensation and using it for monetary gain.Legal protection is provided for the__66__of intellectual property, the three common types of legal protection are patents, copyrights, and trademarks.Patents provide exclusive use of inventions. If the U.S patent office___67___a patent, it is confirming that the intellectual property is__68___.the patent prevents others from making, using, or selling the invention without the owner ' s__69___for a peri2o0d yoefars.Copyrights are similar to patents___70___that they are applied to artistic works. A copyright protects the creator of an ________ 71___artistic or intellectual work, such as a song or a novel. A copy right gives the owner exclusive rights to copy,___72___,display, or perform the work, the copyright prevents others from using and selling the work, the__73 ____ of a copyright is typically the lifetime of the author___74___an additional 70 years.Trademarks are words, names, or symbols that identify the manufacturer of a product and___75___it from similar goods of others, a servicemark is similar to a trademark__76 ________ is used to identify services. A trademark prevents others from using the___77___of a similar word, name, or symbol to take advantage of the recognition and__78___of the brand or to create confusion in the marketplace,__79___registration, a trademark is usually granted for a period of ten years, it can be__80___for additional ten yeat periods indefinitely as__81___as the mark ' s use continues.62. A) retrieves B) deviates C) results D) departs63. A) services B) reservers C) assumptions D) motions64. A) for B) with C) by D) from65.A) sound B) partial C) due D) random66.A) users B) owners C) masters D) executives67.A) affords B) affiliates C) funds D ) grants68.A) solemn B) sober C) unique D) universal69.A) perspective B) permission C) conformity D) consensus70.A) except B) besides C) beyond D) despite71.A) absolute B) alternative C) original D) orthodox72.A) presume B) stimulate C) nominate D) distribute73.A) range B) length C) scale D) extent74.A) plus B) versus C) via D) until75.A) distract B)differ C) distinguish D) disconnect76.A) or B) but C) so D) whereas77.A) identical B) analogical C) literal D) parallel78.A) ambiguity B) utility C) popularity D) proximity79.A) From B) Over C) Before D) Upo n80.A) recurred B) ren ewed C) recalled D) recovered81.A)lo ng B)soon C) far D) well9: 00——10 :30P8 ------限时限量训练第二组Part I Dialogue Communication1. Speaker A: Hey, that's a great silk shirt!Speaker B: _______________A. Yeah, it was really cheap. That 'swhy I bought it.B. Thank you. Don 'they look great on me?C. Than ks, I got it on sale a few week ago.D. Yes. But it looks expensive, doesn 'tit?2. Speaker A: How much are the tickets, please?Speaker B:A. It is $ 3.00 every one.B. They are sold out.C. They are $3.00 each. Children can get it at half price.D. The price list is on the wall. You can find that yourself.3. Speaker A: How about see ing a movie with me today, Ala n?Speaker B: _______A. I am looking forward to seeing you again.B. Many tha nks.C. Sounds great!D. You look so han dsome today!4. Speaker A: I don 'tknow what I ' have done without you.Speaker B: __________________A. How is everythi ng going?B. It is very kind of you to say so. I am very grateful to you.C. It was nothing.D. I didn 'tmean it.5. Speaker A: I am not at all satisfied with the service.Speaker B: ________________A. Nobody has complained like that before.B. I sincerely apologize for that.C. I wonder why you are dissatisfied with it.D. It' not our fault as there are too many customers.6. Woman: I think education is the most important thing we need to work on if we want to make this city a better place.Man: You've hit the n ail on the head! I completely agree with you!Question: What does the man think of the woman ' idea?A. He cannot un dersta nd what the woma n is say ing completely.B. He can 'agree the woma n completely.C. He thinks that what the woman says is exactly right.D. He thi nks that what the woma n says is exactly wrong.7. Woma n: Do you have any idea about why Jack quitted his job last week?Man: The low salary and the dema nding boss were bad eno ugh, but the rude co-worker was the last straw.Questi on: What does the man think about Jack 'co-worker?A. Jack 'co-worker helps Jack a lot in his job.B. Jack's co-worker was so rude that Jack can 'bear any longer and chose to quit the job.C. Jack's co-worker was Jack 'last hope in his job.D. Jack "'co-worker saved Jack 'life.8. Woma n: Hurry up, Lin da! I hear that there aren 'tma ny tickets left for the football match.Man: I am ready now. Let ' go. It is the early bird that catches the worm.A. He would like to warm up for the game.B. He didn 'twant to be held up in traffic.C. He didn 'want to miss the game.D. He wan ted to catch as many game birds as possible.9. Man: Marry, could you please tell Thomas to con tact me? I was hop ing he would be able to hold out with the freshma n orie ntati on program n ext week.Woma n: I would certa inly tell him if I saw him. But I have n 'see n him around for quite a few days.A. She is not sure she can pass on the message.B. She met with Thomas just a few days ago.C. She can help with the orientation program.D. She will certa inly try to con tact Thomas.10. W: You didn 'seem to be terribly enthusiastic about the performanee.M: You must be kidding! I couldn 'have clapped any harder! My hands are still hurting!Q: What does the man think of the performa nee?A. It was just terrible.B. It was applaudable.C. The plot was funny eno ugh.D. The actors were en thusiastic.Part II Vocabulary1. The first, second, and the third prizes went to Jack, Tom, and Harry ___________ .A. equally B . differently C. respectively D. responsively2. _________________________ We' ve bought some chairs for the garden so that they are easy to store away.A. adapting B . adjusting C. bending D . folding3 . The new speed restricti ons were a _____ d ebated issue.A . heavilyB . hotlyC . deeplyD . profou ndly4 . His cha nge of job has __ him with a new challe nge in lifeA . in troducedB . in itiatedC . presentedD . led5 . No ______ you ' re hungry if you haven ' t eaten since yesterday.A . matterB . surpriseC . wonderD . problem6 . He had deceived a great many people but she ____ a t once.A . saw him offB . looked him overC . saw him throughD . looked his through7 . The boss ____ into a rage and started shouti ng at Robert to do as he was told.A . flewB . chargedC . rushedD . burst8 . Politicia ns should n ever lose ___ of the n eeds of the people they represe ntA . viewB . sightC . regardD . prospect9 . The employees tried to settle the dispute by direct __ with the boss.A . communicationB . conn ecti onC . associati onD . condemn ati on10 . You haven' t heard all the facts so don' t ____ to conclusions.A . dashB . jumpC . muchD . fly11. Stock market prices tumbled after rumors of a rise in in terest rates.A. dispersedB. collapsedC. drippedD. plunged12. Failure to provide rational expla nati ons for his freque nt blun ders, this young man was fired.A. reasonableB. sen time ntalC. ecce ntricD. skeptical13. She is so solicitous and persistent that she virtually kills you with kindness.A. valuablyB. practicallyC. in theoryD. slightly14. I n what ways and to what exte nt does the fact of com mon reside nee in a locality force or in vite its in habita nts to act together?A. compileB. compelC. composeD. frow n15. The in sults from the reporters stirred up her an ger to the point where she became speechless.A. swallowedB. imitatedC. ignitedD. disturbed16. Cheap en ergy, specifically cheap oil, quite literally fueled this record econo mic expa nsion.A. liberablyB. solelyC. theoreticallyD. actually17. Some measured all actions by the un alterable rule of right, and the permament fit ness of thin gs.A. exter nalB. i nternalC. eternalD. i ntermitte ntIn termediate18. Only whe n you have accumulated eno ugh credits will you be qualified to apply for the degree.A. eleme ntaryB. eligibleC. eth nicD. logical19. Begi nners of En glish are likely to make many grammatical errors in speech.A. proneB. easilyC. similarlyD. familiar20. During volcanic eruption, dark clouds of smoke fill the sky, bringing fears to local residents.A. outburst outbreakB. ejectionC. erosi onD. erect ionrotPart 皿Reading ComprehensionPassage 1As a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an in creas ing nu mber of Europea ns are choos ing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn ' the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europe ' s new economic Iandscape, embraced by sociologists, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the “ irresistible momentum of individualism over the last century. The com muni cati ons revoluti on, the shift from a bus in ess culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of wome n into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc（扰舌L） on Europea ns ' private lives.Europe ' new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe ' shift from social democracy to the sharper, more in dividualistic climate of America n style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatizati on and in creased con sumer choice, today te'h-savvy （精通技术的）workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Moder n Europea ns are rich eno ugh to afford to live alone, and temperame ntally in depe ndent eno ugh to want to do so.Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage----twentysomething professionals or widowed senior citizens. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative ------------------------------------------------- d ark and cold,while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone.The booming econo my means people are working harder than ever. And that doesn 't leave much roomrelationships. Pimpi Arroyo, a 35-year- old composer who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasn ' t gto get lonely because he has too much work. “ Ishwahviechdewaodullidnemake life with someone else fairly difficult. ” Only an Ideal Woman would make him change his lifestyle, he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent” thinks this fierce new individualismpmeoepalnes that book called “ The Single Woman and Prince Charmingexpect more and more of mates, so relationships don -if the'y tslt a sr t alotnagll. Eppendorf, a blond Berlinerwith a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says she ' d never have wanted to do what her moth-geirvedidup a career toraise a family. Instead, “ I ' ve always done what I wanted to d-doe:tleivremianesedlflife. ”16. More and more young Europeans remain single because ________ .A) they are driven by an overwhelming sense of individualismB) they have entered the workforce at a much earlier ageC) they have embraced a business culture of stabilityD) they are pessimistic about their economic future17. What is said about European society in the passage?A) It has fostered the trend towards small families.B) It is getting closer to American-style capitalism .C) It has limited consumer choice despite a free market.D) It is being threatened by irresistible privatization.18. According to Paragraph 3, the newest group of singles are _______ .A) warm and lightheartedB) on either side of marriageC) negative and gloomyD) healthy and wealthy19. The author quotes Eppendorf to show that _______ .A) some modern women prefer a life of individual freedomB) the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day EuropeC) some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonelyD) most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable20. What is the author ' s purposeinign twhreitpassage?A) To review the impact of women becoming high earners.B) To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism.C) To examine the trend of young people living alone.D) to stress the rebuilding of personal relationship.Passage 2Supporters of the biotech industry have accused an American scientist of misconduct after she testified to the New Zealand government that a genetically modified (GM) bacterium could cause serious damage if released.The New Zealand Life Sciences Network, an association of pro-GM scientists and organisations, says the view expressed by Elaine Ingham, a soil biologist at Oregon State University in Corvallis, was exaggerated and irresponsible. It has asked her university to discipline her.But Ingham stands by her comments and says the complaints are an attempt to silence her. “ They to cause trouble with my university and get me fired, ” Ingham told New Scientist.The controversy began on 1 February, when Ingham testified before New Zealand ' sioRnoyal Commiss on Genetic Modification, which will determine how to regulate GM organisms. Ingham claimed that a GM version of a common soil bacterium could spread and destroy plants if released into the wild. Other researchers had previously modified the bacterium to produce alcohol from organic waste. But Ingham says that when she put it in soil with wheat plants, all of the plants died within a week.“ We would loseterrestrial ( 陆生的) plants... this is an organism that is potentially deadly to the continued survival of human beings, ” she told the commission. She added that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) canceled its approval for field tests using the organism once she had told them about her research in 1999.But last week the New Zealand Life Sciences Network accused Ingham of “ presenting inaccurate, carelessand exaggerated information ” and “ generating speculativesdcoeonmarsiodsay( 世界末日的局面) that are not scientifically supportable ” . They say that her study doesn ' t even show that threvivbeacintetrhiaewould su wild, much less kill massive numbers of plants. What ' s more, the network says that contrary to Inghamthe EPA was never asked to consider the organism for field trials.The EPA has not commented on the dispute. But an e-mail to the network from Janet Anderson, director of the EPA 'b s io-pesticides (生物杀虫剂) division, says “ there is no record of a review and/or clearance to fieldtest ” the organism.Ingham says EPA officials had told her that the organism was approved for field tests, but says she has few details. It ' s also not clear whether the organism, first engineered by a German institute for biotechnology, is stillin use.Whether Ingham is right or wrong, her supporters say opponents are trying unfairly to silence her.“I think her concerns should be taken seriously. She shouldn 't be harassed in this way, ”plant biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada who also testified before the commission.to silence the opposition. ”21. The passage centers on the controversy _______ .A) between American and New Zealand biologists over genetic modificationB) as to whether the study of genetic modification should be continuedC) over the possible adverse effect of a GM bacterium on plantsD) about whether Elaine Ingham should be fired by her university22. Ingham insists that her testimony is based on ______ .A) evidence provided by the EPA of the United StatesB) the results of an experiment she conducted herselfC) evidence from her collaborative research with German biologistsD) the results of extensive field tests in Corvallis, Oregon23. According to Janet Anderson, the EPA ______ .A) has cancelled its approval for field tests of the GM organismB) hasn ' t reviewed the findings of Ingham h ' s researcC) has approved field tests using the GM organismD) hasn ' t given permission to field test the GM organism24. According to Ann Clarke, the New Zealand Life Sciences Network ______ .A) should gather evidence to discredit Ingham ' s claimsB) should require that the research by their biologists be regulatedC) shouldn ' t demand that Ingham be disciplined for voicing her viewsD) shouldn ' t appease the opposition in such a quiet way25. Which of the following statements about Ingham is TRUE?A) Her testimony hasn ' t been supported by the EPA.B) Her credibility as a scientist hasn ' t been undermined.C) She is firmly supported by her university.D) She has made great contributions to the study of GM bacteria.Passage 3Every fall, like clockwork, Linda Krentz of Beaverton, Oregon, felt her brain go on strike. “ I just couldget going in the morning, ” she says. “ I ' d get depressed and gain 10 pounds every winter and lose them again the spring. ” Then she read about seasonal affective disorder, a form of depiornesthsat occurs in fall and winter, and she saw the light---literally. Every morning now she turns on a specially constructed light box for half an hour and sits in front of it to trick her brain into thinking it ' s still enjoying stheoesmeslotong summer dayswork.Krentz is not alone. Scientists estimate that 10 million Americans suffer from seasonal depression and 25 million more develop milder versions. But there ' s never been definitive proof that treatment with very bright lights makes a differenc e. After all, it ' s hard to do-ablidnodutbelset when the subjects can see for themselves whether or not the light is on. That 'wshy nobody has ever separated the real effects of light therapy from placebo ( 安慰剂) effects.Until now. In three separate studies published last month, researchers report not only that light therapy works better than aplacebo but that treatment is usually more effective in the early morning than in the evening. In two of the groups, the placebo problem was resolved by telling patients they were comparing light boxes to a new anti-depressant device that emits negatively charged ions (离子). The third used the timing of light therapy as the control.Why does light therapy work? No one really knows. “ Our research suggestsinitghtaosds o mwiethth shifting the body ' s internal clock, ” says psychiatrist Dr. Lewey. The body is programmed to start the day with sunrise, he explains, and this gets later as the days get shorter. But why such subtle shifts make some people depressed and not others is a mystery.That hasn ' t stopped thousands of winter depressives from trying to heal themselves. Light boxes for that purpose are available without a doctor ' s prescription. That bothers psychologist Michael Terman of Columbia University. He is worri ed that the boxes may be tried by patients who suffer from mental illness that can treated with light. Terman has developed a questionnaire to help determine whether expert care is needed.In any event, you should choose a reputable manufacturer. Whatever product you use should emit only visible light, because ultraviolet light damages the eyes. If you are photosensitive ( 对光敏感的), you may develop a rash. Otherwise, the main drawback is having to sit in front of the light for 30 to 60 minutes in the morn ing. That 's an inconvenience many winter depressives can live with.26. What is the probable cause of Krentz ' s problem?A) An unexpected gain in body weight.B) Unexplained impairment of her nervous system.C) Weakening of her eyesight with the setting in of winter.D) Poor adjustment of her body clock to seasonal changes.27. By saying that Linda Krentz saw the light ” (Line 4, Para. 1), the author means that she ______ .A) learned how to lose weightB) realized what her problem wasC) came to see the importance of lightD) became light-hearted and cheerful28. What is the CURRENT view concerning the treatment of seasonal depression with bright lights?A) Its effect remains to be seen.B) It serves as a kind of placebo.C) It proves to be an effective therapy.D) It hardly produces any effects.29. What is psychologist Michael Terman ' s major concern?A) Winter depressives will be addicted to using light boxes.B) No mental patients would bother to consult psychiatrists.C) Inferior light boxes will emit harmful ultraviolet lights.D) Light therapy could be misused by certain mental patients.30. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A) Winter depressives prefer light therapy in spite of its inconvenience.B) Light therapy increases the patient nsiti'vitys. photoseC) Eye damage is a side effect of light therapy.D) Light boxes can be programmed to correspond to shifts in the body clock.Passage 4Working at nonstandard times －evenings, nights, or weekends －is taking its toll on American families. One-fifth of all employed Americans work variable or rotating shifts, and one-third work weekends, according to Harriet B.Presser, sociology professor at the University of Maryland. The result is stress on familial relationships, which is likely to continue in coming decades.The consequences of working irregular hours vary according to gender, economic level, and whether or not children are involved. Single mothers are more likely to work nights and weekends than married mothers. Women in clerical, sales, or other low-paying jobs participate disproportionately in working late and graveyard shifts.Married-couple households with children are increasingly becoming dual-earner households, generating more split-shift couples. School-aged children, however, may benefit f rom parents ' nonstandard work schedules because of the greater likelihood that a parent will be home before or after school. On the other hand, a correlation exists between nonstandard work schedules and both marital instability and a decline in the quality of marriages.Nonstandard working hours mean families spend less time together for diner but more time together for breakfast. One-on-one interaction between parents and children varies, however, based on parent, shift, and age of children. There is also a greater reliance on child care by relatives and by professional providers.Working nonstandard hours is less a choice of employees and more a mandate of employer. Presser believes that the need for swing shifts and weekend work will continue to rise in the coming decades. She reports that in some European countries there are substantial salary premiums for employees working irregular hours-sometimes as much as 50% higher. The convenience of having services available 24 hours a day continues to drive this trend.Unfortunately, says Presser, the issue is virtually absent from public discourse. She emphasizes the need for focused studies on costs and benefits of working odd hours, the physical and emotional health of people working nights and weekends, and the reasons behind the necessity for working these hours. “ Nonstandard work schedules not only are highly prevalent among American families but also generate a level of complexity in family functioning that needs greater attention, ”she says.36．Which of the following demonstrates that working at nonstandard times is taking its toll on American families ？A．Stress on familial relationships． B ．Rotating shifts.C．Evenings ，nights ，or weekends. D．Its consequences.37．Which of the following is affected most by working irregular hours ？A ．Children. B．Marriage.C．Single mothers. D．Working women.38．Who would be in favor of the practice of working nonstandard hours ？A．Children. B ．Parents.C．Employees D．Professional child providers.。

考研英语词汇辅导基础班课堂讲义Passage 1Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.What does “alphabetism” refer to in this passage?A. Some letters in EnglishB. All the letters in EnglishC. A kind of discriminationD. a kind of unawarenessThe humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)？[A] They are getting impatient [B] They are noisily dozing off[C] They are feeling humiliated [D] They are busy with word puzzlesPassage 2Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birdsfailed to control them. (2010)Passage 3In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.V ocabulary Exercises：1.There is an agreed _______ of human rights，which is something the world does not have.A. accountB. agreementC. accumulationD. reaction2._________ theory think, people’s cognition and faith are the root of psychological problem.A. Behavior B Cognitive C Evolution D. Learning3.How can you _________ a weak woman of your crime? A. blame B. criticize C. accuse D. charge4.The bag was containing two mobile phones (one company mobile phone), an Identity _________, about RMB 700-800cash, a PMC Restaurant Card, and an Insurance Card..A. badgeB. medalC. antennaD. brand5.It is time we _________ ourselves to the problem of global warming.A. abandoned B abdomened C addressed D. contributed6. The Construction Bank gave her a (an) ______________ of $ 500.A. mortgageB. advanceC. adventD. payment7.People have to learn to_______ easily to all circumstances.A. adjustB. adoptC. adaptD. alter8.Due to the economic slowdown, our company had to reduce the cost to get more ____________.A benefit B. advantage C. profit D. income beneficial9.Japan and Nazi Germany were once ______________.A. alliance B allies C. rivals D. alloy10.These occupations also allow __________ an element of creativity and flexibility.A. of B for C. in D. /11.When reading books, start from the easy to the difficult, and then from the ______ to the concise.A. abundantB. redundantC. affluentD. accurate12.The failure in his investment on the venture __________ him.A. bankruptedB. went underC. betrayedD. announced13.Red is an indication of raw energy, force, vigor, intense passion, ________, power, courage and passion.A. aggressiveB. aggressionC. violenceD. aggravation14.Contact the __________ of the server for further assistance.A. ambassadorB. acquaintanceC. anchorD. administrator15.I need a(n )_______________, I am having a heart attack.A. ammunitionB. approvalC. accessoryD. ambulance16.Like Antarctica, the___________ is a land of ice snow. A. Atlantic B. Arctic C. Antarctica D. Continent17.Moreover, I have rich experience in the _______ of information retrieval.A. applicationB. utilizationC. appreciationD. accumulation18.A clever lawyer can coax the prisoner into an____ of guilt. A. acclaim B. admission C. acquisition D. affirmation19.Don't expect him to ________ of your plan straight away. A. confirm B. affirm C. charter D. approve20.Praise not a man for his looks; despise not a man for his ____. A. appeal B. affection C. ambition D. appearance21.accelerate= ___________. A. bid B. speed up C. acknowledge D. activate22.A good judge should try to be fair not to make_________decisions.A. arithmeticB. academicC. arbitraryD. accidental23.The Emancipation Proclamation ____slavery in the United States. A. bewildered B. abused C. abolished D. abode24.Good fish________ in the North Sea. A. is rich B. abound C. affluent D. enrich25.Be not you________ of your selfish behavior A. aside B. abused C. ashamed D. addicted26.The story was so ____________ that no one believed it. A. abrupt B. absurd C. acute D. attentive27.My father generously______a friend with a loan of money. A. lent B. capitalized C. accommodated D. affiliated28.A country can only exercise the right of _____in its own territory.A. accordance B. asylum C. bias D. campaign29.I felt very ___________ during my first hours in that country.A. baldB. conceitedC. accessibleD. alien30.She____ her purse tightly, fearing that someone might snatch it. A. clutched B. allocated C. approached D. boasted31.You are a professional, but I am a(n)____________. A. accountant B. competitor C. civilian D. amateur32.Suning _________ will move "to build China's best chain service brand" and make unremitting efforts to the goal.A. ApparatusB. EquipmentC. ManufacturingD. Appliance33.You should _________ of strangers. A. aware B. coach C. approve D. beware34.Since 1963, the first pop can brought up, Coca-Cola became the most convenient ___________ for youth on hand or invending machine. A. alcohol B. beer C. banquet D. beverage35.In enterprise management practice, the performance_______ is a very complicated and difficulty work.A. appraisalB. accessC. assessD. award36.What is the baggage _______ of this airline? 20kg. A. ballot B. restrict C. allowance D. permit37.You can _____ this question if you study British history. A. clarity B. clarify C. cancel D. charity38.The party has threatened to ________ the election because it believes it will not be democratic.A. boycottB. benignC. arouseD. advocate39.Books are ___________ to knowledge. A. appetite B. avenues C. analogy D. array40.It is difficult to _______ one's character.A. calculate B. estimate C. gauge D. count41.They _______ for their country and died happily. A. blundered B. bled C. blunted D. blurred42.Loving be one kind of sweet ________ , sincere love never is a even road's.A. agentB. aluminumC. architectureD. agony43.He likes to______ with vendors when he buys something.A. accompany B. bargain C. blush D. bribe44.I read in your travel ____ about your tours to X i 'an. A. bonus B dividend C. handout D. brochure45.There are ______ too many companies in the Expo. A. barely B. only C simply D purely E merely46.There is no common ____________ at which the syllables join, but each is separate and distinct from the rest.A. boundaryB. limitationC. prohibitionD. bracket47.The Middle Eastern___ takes you back to hundred even thousands of years ago.A bizarreB bazaarsC bachelor D. bridegroom48.There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will ______ them when theyoffend. A. enable B. capable C. able D. disable49.The People's Republic of China owns indisputable sovereignty over these islands and _______ waters.A. adjacentB. neighboringC. adjoinD. additional50.The president ______ his views at the nation through television speeches.A. beamedB. adoredC. accomplished D adhered51.These newspapers ________ mostly in the commercial districts.A. circular B circulate C circulation D circumference52.Green results from _______ blue and yellow. A. blooming B bait C arresting D blending53.Dreams are the beginning of an _________, such as an unknown country, but is so familiar with.A. aerial B clumsy C average D ambiguous54.To restore market confidence in the current stage, any sign of trouble could have________ consequences.A. adverse B averse C amplier D analytic55.The discussions were ___________, though businesslike. A amicable B amiable C. alert D. annual56.The gas______ at Auschwitz I was rebuilt after the war as a memorial, but without a door in its doorway.A. room B booth C chamber D stall57.Her unkind remark ______ his feeling. A. spoiled B. bumped C boomed D bruised58.The police ________ that the man was murdered but they have given no proof.A. certify B allege C cherish D bypass59.Many people are still struggle the poverty line, lack of food and shelter. Why not use the limited funds to _______poverty? A decrease B. shake C. alternate D alleviate60.The _________ Bureau says birthrates have dropped in every area of the world except Africa.A. Celebrity B Census C Cabinet D Calendar61.The cultural philosophy provides a new _______ for the explanation of gender equality.A angelB ankleC angleD aisle62.________mental experts said that young inner emptiness and loneliness are often overlooked by parents.A. Adolescent B Acrobat C. Burglar D. Carpenter63.The genius, wit, and spirit of a nation are discovered in its proverbs. ----________A. Anonymous B anecdote C blackmail D bureaucracy64.The southwest part of China witnesses a serious car crash with a _______ of about 30 people.A caressB bannerC casualtyD approximate65.Pineapples and celery have _______ fiber. A. coarse B. smooth C appealing D brisk66.In history, the rise of great powers are often_____ and bloody.A. aesthetic B brutal C bleak D cardinal67.Steamed dumpling contains low calorie, equivalent to only 70% of the latter, and lower fat and ________than rice.A champagneB carbohydrateC calorieD buffet68.He has a small hotel and also _______ for weddings and funerals. A clips B caters C clays D clings69.Young men are _____ to think themselves wise enough, as drunken men are ____ to think themselves sober enough.A. aptB. intends C easy D acid70.South of the equator, the winds flow in the same direction as the hands on a clock. North of the equator, they flow___________. A. clockwise B counter-clockwise71.It is your_______, not your______ , that determines your_______! altitude attitude aptitude备注：。

2010考研英语词汇基础班同步讲义词汇一、背单词的方法1.记忆的规则：重复、思考例1：Theology (神学)-theory-theoretical例2：wife、husband例3：Temporary：临时的，暂时的；Contemporary：同时代的；Temperature：热度、温度；temper：脾气；Temperament：气质、性情2.卡片记忆法二、通过记忆单词的方法研究考研的核心词汇1.横向比较：考研核心词汇-55002.考研词汇的特点：(1)考研词汇的难点是对一些简单词汇的深入考察，对于这部分词汇一定要结合语境进行理解；.(2)考研词汇是非常强调对词的反应速度；(3)考研中加大了对一些常见词第二层含义的考查力度，如sound, brief。

3.考研词汇的考查角度：(1)写作用词。

(2)阅读核心词。

阅读核心词就是反复出现在历年考研的试卷中，对理解文章的意思有深刻作用的词。

(3)常见的书面词汇。

三、词根(1) land：main land, landscape(2) cess：表示“走(go)”的意思，如access, success(3) cede：表示走(go)的意思，如concede, recede.(4) con、com、co：表示“共同”的含义cooperation合作，动词cooperate concede让步、妥协confess, fess是指说，confess忏悔(5) pro：向前推动，如promote促进，其中的mote动力，motive动机(6) re：1)再一次2)向后：recede,退却，recession(7) pose：放pose a challenge; pose a question.Pollution poses a threat to the environment.position当动词用，v,定位，locate.stick to your own position.坚持你的立场(观点)take a position.表示采取某种立场(态度)。

5th day 插班生基础班词条整理a respectable neighbourhooda respectful attitudeour respective interestsa grateful smilea fearful recessiona peaceful demonstrationsuccessful careersan awful smellmeaningful discussionscognitive processprimitive technologya very sensitive issuethe most addictive drugan imaginative approach/idea/childa defensive measurea more restrictive policythe Conservative Governmenta conservative estimatea second successive yearan effective methoda productive meetingcomprehensive instructionsa very sensible and reliable mana sensational performancea very sentimental songpassive acceptancethe attentive audiencea tentative plana persuasive argumenta talkative guyan attractive optionabusive language/remarksthe third consecutive yearan affirmative answeran alternative therapyalternate yearsan extensive cooperative medical servicethe executive committeean explosive deviceprospective clientscorrosive substancesderivative worksan impressive achievementa decisive factora deceptive advertisementinnate perceptive abilitiescohesive powera collective decisionan exclusive interviewintensive discussionsextensive researchan imaginative writeran inclusive priceHis action is indicative of growing concern about the shortage of skilled labor.the most innovative designirrespective of racethe state's massive deficittheir respective meritssome fairly conclusive evidence a constructive rolethe destructive powerintuitive feelingsinvasive speciesstrong erosive effecta pervasive probleman elusive conceptto take evasive actionthe most acquisitive firmsa meditative state contemplative appearancea profound effectprosperous countriesa plentiful supply of food economic prosperitythe profundity of his knowledge the fragile economythe hostile attitudejuvenile delinquencythe fragility of the global recovery his hostility to your planan extraordinarily agile mind mental agilityin obscure languagethe obscurity of his replya curious mindwith generosity and thoughtfulness his original planthe originality of his worka desire for noveltythe death penaltysome drastic changescareless deportmenta deportation orderto civilize peoplethe decline of Western Civilization a hazardous investmenthis infamous actsthe infamous organizationa notorious criminalto defame an honest mansafety precautionsa fabulous performancea tremendous explosiona luxurious hotela precious vasea glorious victorya humorous remarka harmonious communityin harmony with our environment to harmonize with its surroundings a commodious housein commodity tradesmajor purchasesprevious experiencea tedious jobsome dubious business practices an ambiguous statementan anonymous letter unanimous supportthe conscious memorya conspicuous landmarka conspicuous figurethe conscientious researchera meticulous managera very ingenious methodhuman ingenuitya spontaneous offer of helpa simultaneous interpreteran instantaneous responsethe financially precarious situation gregarious animalsa capricious weathera hilarious storya sagacious businessman subterraneous tunnela hilarious storynumerous attemptsa luminous greenthe most luminous starsa mountainous countrythick lustrous haira circuitous routea poisonous snakea very advantageous positionan autonomous governmenta zealous workerin his covetous eyessuspicious looksscrupulous attention to detailan unscrupulous businessmanto make presumptuous commentsthe more pretentious wordsa prestigious universitya loquacious boyto overcome weaknessto overtake a truckThe house was completely overrun with mice.。

同等学力申硕英语水平全国统考考前辅导词汇速记班讲义2018第一次课：P、R开头的核心词汇学习时间：1—2天学习内容：P、R开头的核心词汇学习方式：认真听讲，记笔记。

在每个词后都要记住其记忆方法，语义和使用语境。

完全能拼写出单词是不必要的，但是要做到看到单词能认出其语义。

学习提醒：你愿意一生都坐失良机吗?你愿意今年在职考试功亏一篑吗?不! 当然不!知道做不到＝不知道！成功不在于能知乃在于能行！如果你没有决心严格按照讲义中的要求来做，反而会浪费你的时间!所以，在你课程开始时，请你先把下面的承诺填好。

我承诺：从今天开始，疯狂背诵，用1—2天的时间彻底掌握P、R开头的核心词汇我将100%付出我的行动!我将100%忠于我的承诺！签名___________________ 时间________________ 地点：_____________语境词汇题：——P4.The reading section of the tests contain five ____ ,each of which followed by five questions.A messagesB paragraphsC statementsD passages5. The elderly of Russians find it hard to live on there ____ state.A pensionsB earningsC salariesD donations8. This is a new model of ____ typewriter especially to meet the needs of traveling business.A mobileB flexibleC portableD active9. While nuclear weapons present grave __ dangers, the predominant crisis of overpopulation with us today.A inevitablyB constantC overwhelmingD potential10. My time is very __, I can only spare you minutes for a interview.A previousB scareC dearD precious11. It is believed that a good breakfast is __ a big supper.A more preferable thanB more preferable toC preferable toD preferable for12. The __estimate of gains IN gross national product suggest a fast recovery from economic recession.A introductoryB primeC primaryD preliminary13. Some people criticize family doctor for ______ too many medicines minor illness.A prescribingB orderingC advisingD delivering14. He gave his _- for new marketing procedures.A presentationsB representationsC commentsD memoranda15. The fundamental __which govern all physical processes are also related to many everydayoccurrence.A rulesB regulationC principalD principle16. He adjusted his hat __.A prior of leavingB prior to leavingC prior to leaveD prior leave17. The food we eat through the whole __ of digestion, absorption and elimination.A procedureB processionC proceedingD process18. Chinese customers regulations ______ taking precious works of art out of China.A prohibitB forbidC avoidD repel19. Mr. Bloom is not ______ now, but he used to be an excellent doctor.A significantB dominantC magnificentD prominent20. Weight is an inherent __ of matter.A proprietyB prosperityC propertyD privilege21. He __that the house be repaired.A proposedB imposedC opposedD composed22. The office says there is little __ of rain in the near future.A perspectiveB foresightC prospectD outlook 23．In a time of social reform, their state of mind tends to keep __ with the rapid changes of society.A stepB progressC paceD touch25. The little boy has a __ cut in finger.A painB painsC painfulD ache26. The newly built railway runs __ the Expressway 808.A parallel toB line withC according toD parallel with27. It is said that the Math teacher seems __ towards bright students.A partialB beneficialC preferableD liable29. The summer here is very hot, __ at noon.A SpeciallyB particularlyC particularD peculiar30. They will be married next month and promised to be each other life __A bosom friendB colleagueC partnerD secretary31. He is a little hot-tempered and will get into a __ if you contradict him.A angryB loveC feelingD passion32. In India they mounted a campaign of __ resistance with no arms against the British colonists.A passiveB positiveC activeD constructive33. He is a man with a strong will and can be patient __ all kinds of sufferings.A withB ofC toD in34. He dressed up and had a false beard on, but soon we __ his disguise.A sawB penetratedC observedD concentrated35. __ are a special kind of money, which are often paid because of long service, special merit, or injures received.A pensionsB penetrationsC cash moneyD reward36. What __ of the students pass the Band-4 English Test in your college?A per centB percentC speedD percentage37. He hated wandering about and expected to find a __ position in the Civil Service of government.A permissiveB perceptiveC permanentD perpetual38. If you __ causing troubles, the company has to dismiss you.A persevereB persist inC insist withD insist with39. We must learn to see things in their right __ avoid making mistakes.A prospectiveB prosperityC perspectiveD permissive40. There must be a __ explanation for this strange happenings which have made us restless all these days.A physicalB mentalC practicalD natural41. Coal is a __ source of energy compared with other forms of energy such as oil.A plentyB enoughC sufficientD plentiful43. The servants __ the silver tableware before the guests arrived.A polished upB polished outC pointed outD polished with44. If you decrease the __ of alcohol in this solution, it would be less dangerous.A partB portionC sectionD share45. Are you __ that the boy you saw is Peter?A rightB positiveC doubtfulD wrong46. The English language __ a vivid saying to describe this sort of situation.A ownsB containsC holdsD possesses47. According to the facts __, he can not be possibly guilty.A in my possessionB in my professionC in the processionD in the provision48. Since the situation has changed, we have to __ making a decision.A deferB postponeC delayingD announce49. I am a __ person. I have never been interested in theory.A practiceB practiceC practicalD practicable50. You must practice __ ,you will never only learn it in books.A swimmingB swimC to swimD of swimming51. The answer is 8.625, a __ of calculation.A correctB rightC preciousD precise52. We prefer to discuss the fully __ it in practice hurriedly.A than putB to putC rather than putD to putting53. Mother is __ us dinner. We may wash our hands and __ the meal.A preparing prepareB preparing prepare forC preparing for prepareD preparing for prepare for55. Let us leave the things as they are __;We can always make changes later on if necessary.A for the momentB at presentC to the presentD up to the present56. It is the duty of the police to __ the public order.A preventB presentC preserveD prepare57. When we meet in the street we pretended __ each other.A not to knowB to not knowC knowing notD not knowing58. Some of the traditional customs still __ among members of the older generation.A preventB prevailC existenceD widespread59. There were no women committee __ 1976, but now women are in a majority.A prior toB previousC before toD ago60. The __ problem is to unite all the members and go on with our cause.A principalB principleC primarilyD chiefly61. Mr. Green can be very sad __, though in public he is extremely cheerful.A by himselfB in personC in privateD as individual62. Only guests in the hotel enjoy the __ of bowing on the 9th floor.A favorB possibilityC privilegeD advantage63. Do you know the __ for obtaining a new passport?A processB procedureC proceedingD proceedings64. After looking through the students homework, he __ to give the history class.A precededB proceededC procedureD proceeded65. Can you __ any proof of your education?A produceB productC makeD play66. Mary made steady __ in English after she put her heart in it.A advanceB improvementC progressD program67. We should follow the __ law of teaching and bring up the children healthy.A progressB progressiveC advanceD model68. The __ of establishing a new national park seemed to be very attractive.A planB projectC itemD progress69. The government is trying to do something to __ better understanding between the two countries.A raiseB promoteC heightenD increase70. I do not know why he has not come yet, but usually he is __.A promptB soonC promoteD early71. Have you got any __ that you own the luxury car?A proveB proofC factD details72. The company belongs to Mrs. Green , so it is private __.A properB properlyC propertyD possess73. The __ of men to women in the city has changed a lot since 1950.A portionB proportionC rateD ratio74. John has insured all his properties to protect them _- losses from damageA atB againstC withD on75. The machine __ satisfactory after being tested.A has provedB has been provedC has been provenD is prove76. They had no sense of saving things, spent all their money and made no ____ for future.A provideB provisionC proportionD profession77. Let us talk in other places, it is too __ here.A privateB publicC publicityD publish78. I came here for nothing else but to see you __.A purposeB proposeC to the purposeD on purpose79. Without guidance, we could not __ with the chapter , so we had to pause for the teacher.A pursueB pursuitC persistD push80. Facing the __ situation the sales manager looked __.A puzzling puzzledB puzzling puzzlingC puzzled puzzled Dpuzzled puzzling答案：4 D5 A8 C 9 D 10 D11 C 12 D 13 A 14 A 15 D16 B 17 D 18 A 19 D 20 C21 A 22 C 23 C 25 C26 A 27 A 29 B 30 C31 D 32 A 33 B 34 B 35 A36 D 37 C 38 B 39 C 40 A41 D 43 A 44 B 45 B46 D 47 A 48 B 49 C 50 A51 D 52 C 53 B 54 A 55 B56 C 57 A 58 B 59 A 60 B61 C 62 C 63 B 64 B 65 A66 C 67 B 68 B 69 B 70 A71 B 72 C 73 B 74 B 75 A76 B 77 B 78 D 79 A 80 A语境词汇题目――R3. Mr. Grand ordered me to make a ____ upon the enemy’s camp.A. railB. rainC. raidD. rage5. When she was criticized, she claimed that it was outside her ____ of responsibility.A. fieldB. limitC. extentD. range6. New York____ second in the production of apples, producing 850,000,000 pounds this year .A. rankedB. occupiedC. arrangedD. classified8. The ____of currency of many Asian countries to US dollar greatly lowered in the recent financial crisis.A. rateB. speedC. degreeD. price9. We divided it in the ____2:1.A. rationB. ratioC. rateD. scale10. Man is a ___ being.A. rawB. rationC. rationalD. ratio11. The price of commodity should be determined by the ____ of supply and demand.A. principleB. ruleC. lawD. regulation12. How did he ____to the news?A. functionB. performC. operateD. react13. We thought they had come to repair the phone, but in ____they were robbers.A. realityB. additionC. futureD. vain14. You are not very ____if you expect a child to behave like a grown-up.A .reasonable B. true C. reality D. rational15.I haven’t heard from her____A. recentlyB. latelyC. presentlyD. nowadays16. Leave your key at ____A. receiveB. receiverC. receiptD. reception17. The movement of moon conveniently provided the unit of moon, which was ____from onenew moon to the next.A. measuredB. reckonedC. judgedD. assessed18. The place has changed beyond _____.A. recommendationB. recognitionC. receptionD. realization19. Your plan has very little to ____.A. recognizeB. reckonC. recordD. recommend20. The old man should listen to the doctor’s recommendation that he____ in bed.A. stayB. staysC. stayedD. staying21. As soon as Charles had ____a little from his surprise, his one thought was to get away.A. recoveredB. discoveredC. dissolvedD. absorbed22. During the war, the government _____many soldiers from workers and farms.A. adoptedB. collectedC. recruitedD. integrated23. As long as you own the VIP card, you could buy these books at a ____ of 10 percent.A. reductionB. recreationC. reflectionD. relation24.I didn’t know the word, I had to _____refer to the dictionary.A. look outB. make outC. refer toD. go over25. A man’s actions ___ his thoughts.A. refineB. reformC. reflectD. refresh26. He knows nothing ____ the case .A. regardB. regardingC. regardlessD. regain27. Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to ,____the color of his skin.A. with the exception ofB. in the light ofC. by virtue ofD. regardless of28. There are strict rules ____the use of chemical in food .A. reformingB. relatingC. regulatingD. registering29 The same factors push wages and price up together, the one ____ the other .A. emphasizingB. reinforcingC. multiplyingD. increasing30. The government ____the diplomatic note from Japan for its unclear attitude to the tradebetween two countries .A. deniedB. refusedC. rejectedD. objected31 The energy _____ by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.A. transferredB. releasedC. deliveredD. conveyed32. To our ____, Geoffrey’s illness proved not to be as serious as we had fearedA. anxietyB. reliefC. viewD. judgment33. We were ____to hear the news.A. reliefB. religionC. relievedD. reliable34. She is ____ to leave that job, but another company has offered her a high salary.A. willingB. reluctantC. hesitantD. determined35. He ____upon the prosperous look of the countryside.A. makeB. sayC. remarkD. speak36. No effective____ has been found for this fatal disease which claims thousands of lives eachyear .A. settlementB. method.C. remedyD. prescription37. He is ____and cold in his manner.A. removeB. remoteC. renderD. renew38. We would never have secured our independence without the aid you ____.A. renderB. requestedC. presentedD. pursued39. Can anything ____a mother’s love and care ?A. renderB. remarkC. replaceD. remote40 .The picture ____the batter of Waterloo.A. drawsB. readsC. representsD. reveals41. She attained a world-wide ____with her pioneer research in chemistry and physics.A. repetitionB. resignation c name D. reputation42. He will agree to do what you require__ him.A. ofB. fromC. toD. for43. The boys ____each other in that they both have ginger hair and round faces.A. rescueB. resembleC. alikeD. similar44. When I asked her whether she could help me , she agreed with no____.A. reservoirB. reserveC. reservationD. residence45. After a number of disagreement with the committee, the chairman decided to ____A. retireB. retreatC. withdrawD. resign46. The goods were displayed so well that she couldn’t ____the temptation to buy it .A. pullB. missC. denyD. resist47. Although a teenage, Fred could resist ______what to do and what not to do.A. being toldB. tellingC. to be toldD. to tell48. The transplanted seedling are ____to cold weather.A. resistanceB. resistC. resistantD. resident49. The lawyer’s advice led to the ____ all our difficulties.A. resolvingB. solvingC. resolutionD. reputation50. I would never have ____to a court of a law if I hadn’t been so desperate.A. sought forB. accounted ofC. turned upD. resorted to51. Please accept this gift with our ____.A. respectsB. expectsC. mindsD. greets52. He announced immediate action .The ____was instantaneous.A. resortB. responseC. respectD. resistance53. It does not after the factor that he was the man ____for the death of the little girl.A. accountingB. guiltyC. responsibleD. obliged54.A notice in the library reads: ____the book to its place on the shelf.A. returnB. restoreC. rescueD. resign55. When the young man was in formed of his father’s death he _____his tears with difficulty .A. heldB. reservedC. restrictedD. restrained56. The wise man exercises ____in his behavior and enjoyments.A. limitationB. interestedC. restrictionD. restraint57. The supply of electric power to Madrid and neighboring districts has to be____.A. weakenedB. omittedC. restrictedD. lowered58 .Supermarket can afford to ____ cigarettes at a couple pence below the price charged by most tobacconistsA. exportB. bargainC. tradeD. retail59. I guess the whole paper has to be re written; only the first paragraphs may be ____.A. sustainedB. containedC. retainedD. maintained60. The ministers ____to make the decision.A. retiredB. resumedC. retoldD. retorted61 The defeated army had to ____ from their fortress to seaside.A. retreatB. retireC. advancedD. draw62 .I hate people who ____the end of the film that you haven’t seen before.A. revealB. rewriteC. reviseD. reverse63.______ their work will give us a much better feel for the wide differences between the two schools of thought.A. To have reviewedB. Having reviewedC. reviewingD. being reviewed64.I have to ____my doctorial as there are some parts that I am not satisfied.A. rehearseB. reviseC. renewD. retell66. None of us can ____him in strength.A. competeB. rivalC. beatD. win67. The crowd ____ itself hoarse in protest against the government’s decision to send troops inVietnam.A. madeB. gotC. foughtD. roared68. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ____in broad daylight yesterday.A. being robbedB. having been robbedC. to have been robbedD. robbed70.I had to shake him several times to ____him from his sleep.A. stimulateB. rouseC. motivateD. prompt71. Please do it according to ____A. rowB. routeC. routineD. rouseKeys:1-10 CD AABC 11-20 DDAAA DBBDA21-30 ACACC BDCBC 31-40 BBCBC CBACC41-50 DABCD DACCD 51-60 ABCBD DCDCA61-70 aabbd bdcbb第一次课复习：P、R开头的核心词汇学习时间：2天学习内容：P、R开头的核心词汇学习方式：把老师上课讲的单词重新记忆一遍。

（2004-2013）十年考研核心高频1000词汇元音降级1accuracy['ækjʊrəsɪ]n.精确（性）8secure[si'kjuə]vt.使安全a.安全的1rescue ['reskju:]vt./n.营救，援救1 incentive[ɪn'sentɪv]a.刺激的n.刺激；鼓励；诱因1 disrupt[dis'rʌpt] vt. 使破裂，使崩溃1 abrupt[ə'brʌpt] a. 突然的，唐突的1deduce[di'dju:s] vt. 推断，演绎10 conduct['kɒndʌkt]n. 行为vt.管理；指挥；传导3 conductor [kənˈdʌktə(r)] n. <电>导体；售票员；乐队指挥1 prime [praim]a. 首要的，主要的；最好的n. 青春，壮年；全盛时期at/in the prime of…在…最好的时候1 primitive ['primitiv] a. 原始的，早期的n. 原始人6 primary ['praiməri] a. 最初的，初级的1 aspire [ə'spaiə] vi. 渴望，追求（知识、名誉等）4 inspire[ɪn'spaɪə] v.鼓舞，激起；使产生灵感4 master['mɑ:stə(r)]n. 硕士；主人（尤指男性）；vt. 精通，熟练；作为主人3 domestic[də'mestik] a.国内的；家庭的，家用的；驯养的1 anonymous[ə'nɔniməs] vt. 无名的，无特色的 a. 匿名的cluster[ˈklʌstə]n.星团；丛，簇，串luster['lʌstə]n. 光泽；光辉6 illustrate['iləstreit] vt. 阐明；（给…作插图）说明辩异illustrate，explain，interpret（1）illustrate 指绘图或举例说明（2）explain 是普通的日常用语，指解释、说明不了解的事情（3）interpret 较正式，侧重以知识、经验来解释难理解的事情，因此其宾语往往是法律、条约中的条文或行文等8 conclude [kən'klu:d]v.结束，下结论4 exclude[iks'klu:d] vt. 把…排除在外，拒绝；排斥exclude sb. from（doing）sth. 不让某人做某事2 exclusive[ik'sklu:siv] a. 独有的，唯一的，排外的exclusive of 不计…在内exclusive to 为…所独享，独有1 inclusive [in'klu:siv]a.范围广的；（首末日或页码等）包括在内的2 disaster[,di'zɑ:stə] n. 灾难，大祸n. 彻底的失败1 astrology[əˈstrɒlədʒi]n.占星术；占星学astrologer [əˈstrɒlədʒə(r)]n.占星家1 stroll[strəul] vi./n. 散步，闲逛have a stroll 闲逛，散步4 token['təukən] n.代价劵；信物，象征 a.象征性的in token of 作为…的标记，成为…的纪念by the same token 由于同样原因，同样地1 novel['nɔvəl] a. 新颖的，新奇的n.（长篇）小说10 innovation[,inəu'veiʃən] n.创新；新事物，新观念，新方法5 crucial ['kru:ʃəl]a. 十字形的；至关重要的，决定性的3 superfluous [sju'pə:fluəs]a.过剩的，多余的39 influence['ɪnflʊəns]vt./n .影响（力），改变n. 势力，权利exert an influence on 对…有影响；对…施加影响have influence over 有左右…的力量under the influence of 在…影响下16 influential[,ɪnflʊ'enʃ(ə)l] a. 有影响的，有权利的n. 有影响力的人或物1fluctuate ['flʌktʃʊeɪt; -tjʊ-]vi. 波动，起伏，涨落6 communicate [kə'mju:nikeit] vi. 交流，传播15 community [kə'mju:niti] n. 团体，社团，社区，群落4 immune [i'mju:n] a. 免疫的；不受影响的 a. 免除的be immune to the disease 对该病有免疫力1 assimilate[ə'sɪmɪleɪt] v.（被）吸收，（被）消化1 simultaneous [,siməl'teiniəs] a. 同时发生的，同时的1 symptom['simptəm] n.症状；症候，征兆2 assemble [ə'sembl] v.（物）组装v.（人）集合1 distort[dis'tɔ:t] vt.扭曲，使变形；歪曲，曲解attorn[ə'tɜ:n]v. <法>转让，让序1 attorney [ə'tɜ:nɪ]n. 代理人；律师3 literally ['lɪt(ə)rəlɪ]ad. 照字面意义；简直，确实，不夸张2 literary['lɪt(ə)(rə)rɪ]a. 文学（上）的 a. 文人的，书卷气的1 illiterate[ɪˈlɪtərɪt]a. 不识字的，文盲的1 literature[ˈlɪtrətʃə(r)]n.文学；文学作品1 repel [ri'pel]vt. 击退；排斥1 compel[kəm'pel] v. 强迫，迫使辩异：语气由强到弱：force＞compel＞oblige11 factor['fæktə] n. 因素，要素7 effect[ɪ'fekt]n. 影响；效果7 effective[ɪ'fektɪv]a.有效的，事实上的8 affect[ə'fekt, 'æfekt]v.影响，感动5 sufficient [sə'fɪʃ(ə)nt]a. 足够的，充分的2 efficiency[ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nsɪ] n.效率，效能，功效3 efficient[ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nt] a.效率高的1 artificial [,ɑ:ti'fiʃəl] a. 人工的，人造的；假的，矫揉造作的2fiction ['fikʃən] n.（总称）小说n.虚构4 contact ['kɔntækt, kən'tækt] vt.（与…取得）联系，（与…）接触n. 联系intact[inˈtækt]a.完整无缺的，未被碰过的5 integrate['ɪntɪgreɪt]v.（使）成为一体，（使）合并integrate…into 使…合并成为一个整体integrate…with 使…与…结合在一起1 integrity[ɪn'tegrɪtɪ]n.正直，诚实；完整（性），完全辨异：integrity，honesty(1)integrity指品格纯正，廉洁奉公，不偏心；(2)honesty一般用词，指与人相处的公正，遵守道德标准，不欺骗、不说谎、不偷窃等tact[tækt]n.触觉；机敏，老练1tactics(tactic)['tæktɪks]n. 战术；策略4 temporary ['tempərəri] a. 暂时的，临时的6 ancesto r ['ænsestə]n. 祖宗，祖先2 ancient['einʃənt] a. 古老的5 advanced[əd'vɑ:nst, -'vænst] a.先进的，高级的9 advantage[əd'vɑ:ntidʒ, əd'væn-] n. 优势，有利条件get the advantage over 优于，胜过take advantage of 利用6 disadvantage[ˌdɪsəd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ] n.劣势5 prescribe [prɪ'skraɪb]v.指示，规定；开处方4 subscribe [səb'skraib] vi.签署；认购，订购；认捐，捐赠3 arouse [ə'raʊz] vt. 激起，引起，唤醒，唤起3 horizon [hə'raizən] n. 地平线；（常pl.）眼界，见识on the horizon （事件）即将出现的；在地平线上4 arise [ə'raɪz]vi .出现；发生arise from 由…引起辨异：rise，arise，arouse(1)rise多为具体事物的“升起”（太阳、月亮升起，水涨高等）(2)arise多为问题、困难的“发生”(3)arouse通常表示情绪方面的“激发”5 conservative[kən'sə:vətiv] a. 保守的n. 保守的人，保守主义者7 reserve [ri'zə:v]vt.保留，预订n.储备(物)6 preserve [pri'zə:v]v. 保鲜，腌制n.保护区5 commerce['kɔmə:s]n.商业，贸易辨异：trade，dealing，commerce（1）trade“贸易，交易”（2）dealing“一笔交易”（3）commerce“商业”，范围广，常与industry （工业）并称11commercial[kə'mə:ʃəl]a.商务的；商业（性）的；广告性质的n.商业广告6 decline[di'klain] vi./n. 衰退；下降，减少v. 婉拒，谢绝on the decline 在没落中2 incline[ɪn'klaɪn]v.（使）倾向于v.（使）倾斜，（使）偏向n.斜坡，斜面be inclined to do 倾向于，常常…1 lean[li:n] a.贫乏的vi.倾斜，屈身；靠，倚；依赖 a.瘦的，无脂肪的lean on sb. For help 依靠某人帮助lean over 俯身lean over backward辨异：lean，thin，slim/slender（1）lean指廋而肌肉结实（2）thin指因病而消瘦的状态（3）slim/slender指“苗条的”1 prone[prəun] a. 俯卧的 a. 易于…的，有可能…的be prone to sth.（do sth.）易于…，可能…1 essence['es(ə)ns]n.本质，实质，精华in essence 本质上，实质上，基本上be of the essence…极其重要，必不可少7 essential [ɪ'senʃ(ə)l]a.必不可少的；本质的，基本的n.(常pl.)要素，要点；必需品辨异：essential，necessary（1）essential“必要而不可缺的”，绝对意味最强的用语，指事物的本质而言；（2）necessary“必要的”，一般的和不确定的用语。