2021 考研英语 语法基础讲义

《2021英语》第二部分语法第五章副词及状语从句➢课前自测Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, ____ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around.A. whenB. onceC. whileD.whereas➢知识精讲状语类别：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式。

1．时间状语从句常用引导词：when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as; the moment, the minute, the day, every time; no sooner ...than..., hardly...when, scarcely ...when.a. 连词引导词Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too.not...until结构的四种句式:正常句式倒装句式Until位于句首强调句式译文：直到……才b. 短语引导词I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.c. 时间名词引导词The baby starts crying the minute he sees his father.(2004Text1) Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.检测题Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that American’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.2. 让步状语从句a. Though系列常见的引导让步状语从句的连词有though, although, even though和even if。

考研英语十二大根底语法体系对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。

每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。

其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。

著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。

因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。

一、英语动词的时态〔一〕英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异：英语的词类与汉语的不同。

汉语词类形态稳定，比方“书〞这个字，“一本书〞、“三本书〞都一样，没有词形变化。

英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。

动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。

有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。

同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。

〔二〕英语动词的形式：英语的时态是通过动词的变化来表达的。

因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。

英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：(1)动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。

主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。

(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式〔简称现单三〕：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。

(3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。

(4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。

(5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。

规那么动词有一定的规律。

如：weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。

因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。

不同的时态有不同的变化形式。

以do 为例，列表如下：成进行〕。

比方在“They are doing their exercises.〞这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时；在“They have done their exercises.〞这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时；在“They always do their exercises.〞中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。

8. The age of rage：are we really living in the angrier times？The best data we have suggests that, overall, we are indeed getting angrier. Last year, 22% of respondents around the world told the Gallup organisation they felt angry, a record since the question was first asked in 2006. And something else, even harder to measure, feels like it’s different as well: it’s as though our anger has curdled, gone rancid. As a society, we seem not to express it and move on, but to stew in it – until, at the extremes, it hardens into violence and hate.Because the effects of anger are sometimes so appalling, it’s easy to conclude that anger is inherently bad in itself – with occasional exceptions, perhaps, for major social transformations, like the fight for women’s suffrage, or the US civil rights movement. But studies have consistently shown that even everyday anger – not campaigns against injustice, but snappy remarks over the dinner table – usually has positive results. Pioneering work in the 1970s by the American researcher James Averill, confirmed in the years since, found that nonviolent expressions of anger generally helped people understand each other better, and to cooperate more successfully. For example, when an angry teenager shouted about his curfew, his parents agreed to modifications – as long as the teen promised to improve his grades.In evolutionary terms, this makes sense. An emotion as widespread and ancient as anger doesn’t persist by accident, but serves a clear purpose: to protect boundaries, deter threats, and make it a less appealing prospect to injure or exploit you – to make the target of anger “less willing to impose costs and more willing to tolerate costs”, in the words of the psychologist Aaron Sell. It provides a feeling of control, and the motivation to take the necessary actions in order to assert that control – as when it helps a shouty teenager negotiate more freedom from his parents.But the crucial point about these productive outbursts is that there was an obvious route for translating anger into action, and thus reaching resolution. By contrast, we’ve built a world that’s extremely good at generating causes for anger, but extremely bad at giving us anything constructive to do with it. We live in densersettlements, and thus more frequently get each other’s backs up – but our gripes are usually with strangers, which means there’s no pre-existing relationship to discuss and recalibrate.We face big, systemic forces that threaten our wellbeing – automation, globalisation and above all climate change – but that offer few ways for individual people or communities to turn their anger into change. Incidentally, this also explains why “venting” your anger, by punching a pillow or suchlike, doesn’t work, and can even make things worse. That old advice is based on the assumption that emotions simply need release. But anger isn’t trapped wind. It doesn’t need somewhere to go. It needs something to do.Social media, it almost doesn’t need saying, is where this problem reaches its extreme. The algorithms of the attention economy relentlessly expose us to enraging stories and opinions, for the straightforward reason that anger spreads more virally than other emotions – so you’re more likely to click, like, share and stay glued to Twitter or Facebook when you’re furious.That certainly doesn’t mean anger is always, or even often, justifiable. The philosopher Martha Nussbaum has argued that it’s almost never justifiable, because the desire for payback, which lies at the heart of anger, is fundamentally irrational. Getting angry about mistreatment, yours or someone else’s, doesn’t turn the clock back and magically reduce the mistreatment. (It might dissuade future wrongdoing, of course; but the sheer fact of making the culprit suffer achieves nothing.) This is a useful perspective, not because any of us could hope to become perfectly rational, but because one way to take the edge off your own anger is to ask yourself if it’s actually going to help the situation you’re angry about. In this, Nussbaum’s stance complements rather than contradicts those who argue that anger is useful; they all agree that what counts is constructive action. If you want to assuage your own anger, or other people’s anger, or the destructive effects of anger in the world at large, the only meaningful course is to do something concrete, however modest, in ways that will improve the situation, rather than fueling the cycle of anger.。

考研英语基础语法精讲主讲⽼师：陈余丹诺陈余丹诺上海外国语⼤学国际关系博⼠武汉⼤学新闻与传播硕⼠复杂句多个简单句连接，多处谓语动词，说清楚多件事。

简单句一处谓语动词，说清楚一件事。

—>[conj.]并列连词：A and A1 and A2 and A3复杂句多个简单句连接，多处谓语动词，说清楚多件事。

—>[conj.]从属连词：A that A1 that A2 that A2【主语】对我来说，{你一整天都不理我}是无法接受的。

【宾语】我无法理解{为什么你一整天都不理我}。

【表语】关键的问题是{你到底爱不爱我}。

【同位语】我立下誓言—{我再也不要爱你了啦}！【主语】对我来说，{你一整天都不理我}是无法接受的。

For me, {that you leave me alone a whole day} is not okay.【宾语】我无法理解{为什么你一整天都不理我}。

I don’t understand{why you just leave me alone a whole day}.【表语】关键的问题是{你到底爱不爱我}。

The most important question is{whether you really love me.}【同位语】我立下誓言—{我再也不要爱你了啦}！I made a promise {that I won’t love you anymore}.名词性从句的本质：在句中的名词性成分中放入一个句子【主语】对我来说，{你一整天都不理我}是无法接受的。

For me, {that you leave me alone a whole day} is not okay.【宾语】我无法理解{为什么你一整天都不理我}。

I don’t understand{why you just leave me alone a whole day}.【表语】关键的问题是{你到底爱不爱我}。

考研英语语法知识点归纳本内容将考研英语的语法点做了详细归纳，以便考生能系统性、针对性地学习和掌握，提高备考效率。

这里将考研英语语法点分成了7点，分别是1.简单句的核心2.简单句的拓展3.并列句4.复合句5.特殊句式6.普通结构的长难句7.特殊结构的长难句以下针对每一点做详细分析和解读。

一、简单句的核心目录1. 简单句的核心构成2. 简单句的核心变化2.1 谓语动词的核心变化2.1.1 谓语动词的时态变化2.1.2 谓语动词的情态变化2.1.3 谓语动词的语态变化2.1.4 谓语动词的否定变化2.1.5 谓语动词的强调变化2.2 主语、宾语、表语的变化2.2.1 名词、代词作主宾表2.2.2 非谓语动词doing作主宾2.2.3 非谓语动词to do作主宾表2.2.4 并列多个主宾表语1. 简单句的核心构成简单句：仅描述一件事情1.主谓结构：主语+谓语Smaller species survived.More apparent reasonableness followed.2.主谓宾结构：主语+谓语+宾语Everybody loves a fat pay rise.Many students experience both varieties.3.主谓双宾结构：{主+谓+人+物主+谓+物+介+人\begin{cases}& \text{主+谓+人+物} \\& \text{主+谓+物+介+人}\end{cases}{主+谓+人+物主+谓+物+介+人They gave justices permanent positions.…railroads charged all customers the same average rate.4.主谓宾补结构：主语+谓语+宾语+宾补You always keep your eyes open.The spooks call it “open source intelligence”.5.主系表结构：主语+系动词+表语常用系动词如下表：系动词注解be动词单独使用get/become/trun/go/grown“变得…”look/sound/smell/saste/feel感官动词(看/听/闻/尝/感觉) keep remain/seem appear/prove保持/看起来/证明This is a dangerous game.Their behavior became markedly different.And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability…2. 简单句的核心变化2.1 谓语动词的核心变化谓语动词只能有一个，由一个或几个单词构成一个整体2.1.1 谓语动词的时态变化时态表格如下，加粗为重点掌握：态\时过去现在将来过去将来一般did do/does will do/be going to do would do/(was/were) going to do进行was/were doing be doing w ill/shall be doing完成had done have/has done will have done完成进行had been doing have/has been doing will have been doing1.一般过去时指过去的事谓语动词⟹did (was/were)Last year Japan experenced 2125 incident of school violence.…this city was one of the largest human settlements in the word.2.一般过去时指现在的状态，现在经常性/习惯性的事谓语动词⟹do/does (is/are)So far the results are inconlusive.Today it makes almost no difference.3.一般将来时指现在的将来谓语动词⟹will do/be going to doWe will have a less civil society.I don’t know if other clients are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hot-contested market.4.过去将来时指过去的将来，常与一般过去时一起使用谓语动词⟹would do/(was/were) going to doThey gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors … was going to be the next casualty.5.过去完成时指过去的之前谓语动词⟹had doneHe had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling. The interviewers had rated applicants on a scale of one to five.6.现在完成时指现在的之前，跨越过去→现在两个时间段谓语动词⟹have/has doneTime has given them legitimacy.For the most part, the response has been favorable.补充：现在完成时常加"already,just,ever,never,lonely,also"等副词作为补充成分。

2021年考研英语语法讲义考研英语语法基础与长难句分析考研英语语法基本规则体系句子的基本成分与语法概述谓语动词和系动词及其变化：时态、语态、情态动词、虚拟语气非谓语动词短语：动词不定式、动名词、分词从句：名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句特殊结构：强调结构、倒装结构、并列结构、分隔结构、特殊语序英语词法概述英语词汇按照词义、词形及其在句子中的功用可分为十大类，即： (一). 名词表示人或事物的名称,英文缩写n.。

(二). 代词代替名词或数词,英文缩写pron.。

(三). 形容词表示人或事物的性质和特征, 英文缩写adj.或a.。

(四). 副词用来说明动词、形容词或其它副词，英文缩写adv.或ad.。

(五). 数词表示数量或顺序, 英文缩写num.。

(六). 动词表示动作或状态, 英文缩写v.。

(七). 冠词表示名词的泛指或特指, 英文缩写art.。

(八). 介词表示名词或代词与其它词的关系, 英文缩写prep.。

(九). 连词连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子, 英文缩写conj.。

(十). 感叹词表示说话时的感情, 英文缩写interj.。

很多英语单词可能属于不同的词类。

辨认某一单词的词性通常从看它的含义、词形和句法功能上分析。

英语句法概述句子的基本成分句子成分指构成句子、在其中起着不同语法作用的部分。

常见的句子成分有： (一)主语：表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”，通常由名词、代词或与之相当的短语或句子担任。

(二)谓语：说明主语的动作或所处的状态，由动词或动词短语担任。

(三)表语：说明主语的性质、特征、状态、名称或身份等，与连系动词一起使用，由名词、代词和形容词或与之相当的短语或句子担任。

(四)宾词：表示动作的对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词宾语，由名词、代词或与之相当的短语或句子担任。

部分动词，后跟间接宾语和直接宾语，其中，直接宾语一般指动作的对象，间接宾语一般指动作的内容。

(五)补语：补充说明主语或宾语，由形容词、名词或其它相当的短语担任。

2021考研英语知识点：定语从句的语法精析考研英语备考很多事情都要提上日程了，看看哪些是该注意的，下面由小编为你精心准备了“2021考研英语知识点：定语从句的语法精析”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!2021考研英语知识点：定语从句的语法精析语法是考研英语的基础，这部分在研究生英语考试中不再单独考查，但是语法知识贯穿在整个英语考卷的各个题型中。

完型填空题会直接考查语法知识;阅读理解题和英译汉中有大量的长难句，这些句子只有具备一定的语法知识才能正确分析;作文中要写出正确无误的句子，也需要语法知识。

这部分基础如果欠缺，其它的综合能力提高起来将会很慢，所以所有考生都务必重视考研语法的复习。

从句就是一个主谓结构相当于整个句子(这样的句子叫复合句)中的一个成分，因此从句不能单独使用。

在复合句中修饰名词或代词、作定语的句子叫定语从句。

定语从句是中国人学英语最重要的难点之一。

其实定语从句很有规律，总结如下：在关系代词中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主语又可作宾语，因此，除了在非限定性定语从句中，用that一般不会出问题。

关系副词的用法比较单一，它们从句中只起状语的作用，表示时间的就用who门，表示地点的就用where，而why只修饰一个词，即reason。

定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”，因为它总是处在定语从句的前头，比定语从句先行一步。

引导定语从句的词叫关系词，包括关系代词和关系副词。

•关系代词：who，which，that作从句的主语whom，which，that作从句的宾语(可省略)whose从句中作定语以下情况只能用that，不能用which:i.先行词为不定代词all, little, none，any，every，no，much, anything, nothingii. 先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等)iii.先行词既有人又有物的时候以下情况只能用which，不能用that;① 引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时)② 介词+关系代词的结构中•关系副词：when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，只修饰reason。

《考研英语基础语法》第一讲时态与语态一、动词基本时态二、动词时态含义1、一般1）一般过去时①表示过去的动作或状态I worked in that company in 1982.②表示现在往往已经改变I loved you.注意：区别在于是否有时间状语。

2）一般将来时①将来的动作或状态I will be a college student 3 years later.②现在往往还没有实现I will finish my homework.注意：区别在于是否有时间状语。

3）一般现在时①现在的动作或状态I am single.※②客观事实、真理。

The earth is round.客观事实需要与时间无关，所以只能是一般现在时。

2、进行1）进行时表示延续概念。

I am learning English.I am eating.注意：只有延续性动词才有资格拥有进行时。

2）非延续动词的be doing 形式表示将来。

I am coming.I am going.He is dying.看，周杰伦来了。

Look, Jay is coming.Look, Jay comes.3、完成1）完成时的含义-以现在完成时为例。

①表示过去延续到现在。

I have worked in that company for 3 years.②表示过去做过，但对于现在有影响。

I have broken the window.I broke the window.③表示过去到现在反复做。

I have done that many times.2）完成时的标志。

①起点：since/ from…②终点：by now(far)/ so far/ up to now/ up till now/③过程：for/during/in+一段时间④次数注意：yet/ already 不是完成时标志。

3）过去完成时——过去的过去①典型的标志结构Before…did…, …had done…②逻辑关系4、完成进行时其实是完成时的一个含义的突出，强调延续且不间断。

考研英语基础语法扎实的语法功底对于考研解题是很重要的。

据总结，最令大多数考研学生头疼的基础语法现象主要有以下几项：英语的基本句式、形容词性（定语）从句、名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）、副词性（状语）从句、As 的用法。

下面将对以上语法点详解，并通过练习进一步强化对它们的掌握。

一、英语的基本句式（一）英语句子的主要成分英语句子主要由主语，谓语，宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），定语，状语，补语（主语补语和宾语补语），表语（主语补语的一种），同位语，感叹语，插入语等构成。

（二）英语的五大句式一)主 + 系 + 表语例如：You are a baby.系动词：联系动词（Link Verb）是一种表示谓语关系的动词，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

系动词可以是be动词，也可以是某些实义动词。

例如：The dog looks dangerous.五大类常见系动词：1）be动词--用来表示主语状态。

例如：He is a teacher.2）“持续类”--用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度。

这类系动词主要有：例如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.This matter rests a mystery.3）“表象类”--用来表示"看起来像"这一概念这类系动词主要有：例如：He seems （to be）very sad.4）“感官类”--用来表示“感觉”“触觉”等这类系动词主要有：例1：It sounds reasonable.例2：-Do you like this sweater?-Yes, it __________ very soft.A. is feelingB. feltC. feelsD. is felt5）“变化类”--这些系动词表示主语变成什么样这类系动词主要有：例如：It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.The rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success.二) 主语+不及物动词+（状语）例如：He changed a lot.You cried loudly.注意：该句型可接状语。