语法讲义

初三上语法项目初三上语法项目 (1)一单元时间状语从句（状语从句） (2)状语从句 (2)二单元感官动词 (4)三单元简单句的基本结构 (6)五单元宾语从句 (8)一定义 (8)二连接词 (8)三宾从语序 (10)四宾从时态 (10)五否定前移 (10)六单元一般过去式 (11)七单元被动语态 (12)九单元现在完成时 (14)十单元序数词 (14)十一单元定语从句 (14)一单元时间状语从句（状语从句）状语从句1.状语从句的含义状语从句是在复合句中充当状语。

2.位置⏹主句之前，常用逗号隔开⏹主句之后⏹主句当中3. 九大状语从句时间状语从句（一）九大从属连词1.When while asWhen 主句从句动作同时发生或主句动作发生在从句动作之前既可时间点，也可时间段It was raining when we arrived.When I got off the bus , I fell off .When I was in China , I visited many places of interest . While“在..期间”强调某一时间内主句和从句中谓语动词所表示的动作在同一时期发生（表示时间段和对比转折）While she ate her supper , Kate watched TV.She fell asleep while her parents were talking with each other. There is little rain in the north while there is much rain in the south .As “当..时，一边…一边”主句和从句同时发生（强调伴随，强调同时发生）She went out as I entered the room .He sings as he goes along .2.before afterBefore “在…之前’Turn off the light before you go out .I said goodbye before I left .We won’t leave before she comes back .After “在…之后”I went to bed at about 10 after I finished my homework .He had a good rest after he had drunk a glass of milk . 3.as soon as “一…就..”I’ll tell you about it as soon as school is over .4.since “自从…以来…”时态：主现在 / 完成，从过Where have you been since I last saw you ?Cherry has never been to the cinema since he came to China .5.until (till) not…until (till)主句谓语动词是延续性动词主句肯定式Please wait here until ( till ) I come back.主句谓语动词是瞬间动词主句否定式They won’t leave here until ( till ) you come back .（二）主将从现.I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.I will tell him everything when he comes back.He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.地点状语从句Where wherever everywhereWe should go where we are needed,原因状语从句Because since asI won’t go with you because I am busy doing my homework .条件状语从句If unless so long asIf it doesn’t rain tomorrow ,we are going to the Great Wall . 让步状语从句Although howeverThough he is young ,he knows a lot .比较状语从句Than as…as…Guilin is as beautiful as Hangzhou .目的状语从句So that in order thatI hurried so that I wouldn’t be late .结果状语从句So…that such…thatHe is so good a doctor that all of us like him .方式状语从句As if as thoughThe old man runs very fast as if he were a young man .二单元感官动词一含义表示说话人所感知的主语特征和状态的系动词成为感官动词。

感官动词不可以独立做谓语，必须和表语一起构成复合谓语二常见的感官动词Look taste smell feel sound等三感官动词的用法1.look , taste , smell , feel , sound + adj. (作表语)除了look外，其余主语往往是物She looks tired .That book looking interesting .The ice cream tastes sweet .The dinner smells good.These tomatoes feel very soft .That music sounds beautiful .2. look , taste , smell , feel , sound + like (介词) + 名词….像….. He looks like his father .They taste like our pies.It smells like cheese.This wallet feels like leather.That sounds like a good idea.3. look , taste , smell , feel , sound 作实意动词Look (vi.)人 + taste , smell , feel , sound (vi. / vt.)She looked at me and smiled .He tasted the soup to see if he had put enough salt in it .Smell this and tell me what it is .He felt in his pocket for some money .4. taste , smell (vi.)Taste / smell of + n. “有…味道/气味”It tastes strongly of mint .The meat smells of garlic .5. look , taste, smell ( n. )Have / take a look / smell / tasteHave / Take a look at this letter .Have / Take a smell of this egg and tell me if it’s bad.Just have a taste of this cake .6. look / sound / feel as if ( though ) + 从句“…感觉好像…” It looks as if it’s going to rain .It sounds as if there’s somebody singing somewhere .My cold feels as though it’s getting better .三单元简单句的基本结构一定义简单句 = 一个主语（并列主语）+ 一个谓语（并列谓语）二五种基本结构1. 主谓结构主语（S）+谓语（V）---- 主语 + 不及物动词（+ 状语）He smiled .The rain stopped .We worked.He runs fast .They listened carefully .She suffered from cold and hunger.2. 主系表结构主语（S）+ 系动词（LV）+ 表语（P）主语 + 连系动词 + 表语连系动词: be appear become get grow keep turnSeem feel look smell sound taste等They are boys .The story sounds interesting .The doctors seemed very tired.The cake tastes delicious.He became a teacher when he grew up .You should do more exercise if you want to keep healthy.3. 主谓宾结构主语（S）+ 谓语（V）+ 宾语（O）主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语（状语）She speaks English .They like the delicious food.He bought a pen .I didn’t know her name .I saw a film yesterday .They found their home easily .4. 主谓双宾语结构主语（S）+ 谓语（V）+ 间接宾语（IO）+ 直接宾语（DO）主语 + 带双宾语及物动词 + 间接宾语（人）+ 直接宾语（物） She teaches us maths .Please tell me the way to the station .She gave the baby a bath .Lend me your dictionary ,please.He bought me a pen .She bought her son a new coat .buy ; cook ; get ;bringleave ; make ; choose ; + fororder ; singbring ; give ; lend ; pass ;sell ; send ; show ;promise ; read ; take ; + toteach ; tell ; write ; set 等注意：动词 + 代词 + 介词Here is a book .Give it to Tom .I’ve got three tickets here .Please give them to Lucy .Bring him a cup of tea , please .= Bring a cup of tea to him ,please. My mother bought me a book .= My mother bought a book for me .5. 主谓宾宾补结构主语（S）+ 谓语（O）+ 宾语补足语（C）主语 + 可接复合宾语的及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语（复合宾语）宾语补足语：用来补充说明宾语的，与宾语一起构成复合宾语，宾语补足语 == 名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式以及分词They called the baby Shuyegen.The news make us happy .Will you bring them in ?Leave it on the desk .Let me have a try .Last night when I passed her room ,I heard her singing .五单元宾语从句一定义从句在主句中充当宾语动词 + 宾语介词 + 宾语二连接词1.三个从属连词a)that 的用法：一省三不省1.通常可省略，不作任何成分The teacher told us （that） New Oriental School is a good place .She said (that ) she would come.2.that 不可以省略的情况①当宾语从句的主语是that时He says that that is a useful book .②当宾语从句中含有主从复合句时I am afraid that if you’ve lost it , you must pay for it .③当两个或多个宾语从句由并列连词连接时，从句中第一个that 可省略，其余从句的that 都不可以省略He said the film was very interesting and that he enjoyed seeing it very much .b)whether / if (是否) 三个区别①疑问句转换的宾语从句必须用陈述语序if位于句中，whether随意doubt ,find out ,ask ,know ,tell ,wonder 等 + if / whether从句I want to know whether / if she still lives there .I doubt whether / if he will succeed .He asked if / whether you have received the letter.②whether与or not 连用He didn’t say whether or not he would go to the party .I want to know whether or not he has got the information.③介词后只用whetherIt all depends on whether they will support us .We are talking about whether Kobe lived here .2.四个连接代词（主语，宾语)+ whose（定语）具体用法看词义I don’t know who will take part in the game.I don’t know whom you invited to our English party .Let’s see whose umbrella it is .He can’t tell which method they will use for the experiment. We always mean what we say .I’ll read whichever book you recommend.3.四个连接副词具体用法看词义Please tell me when we shall discuss our work plan .I don’t know where we are going to have this meeting .Will you tell me how I can get to the railway stationDo you know why he said that ?三宾从语序1. 由if / whether及连接副词引导的宾从陈述语序The teacher wants to know whether/if his students have finished their homework.I don’t know who all those people are.Please tell me when he heard the news.2. 连接副词在从句中作主语语序不变I don’t know what is wrong with you .四宾从时态1. 主现从随意I don’t know why he hasn’t come yet .I don’t know when he was born .2. 主过从过He said that he liked it very much .He told me that he had left his book in my room .3.主随意从现在（客观真理，事实）He said that light travels much faster than sound.The teacher told us that the earth moves round the sun .五否定前移①主语第一人称②谓语动词为think / believe /suppose/decide/know等时I don’t think it’s going to rain .I don’t believe he will lend you money .I don’suppose he has finished the work .六单元一般过去式一定义一般过去时主要指过去发生的动作或是存在的状态，一般在句子中会有表示过去的时间状语二表示过去的时间状语Yesterday the day before yesterday thenLast (night week year month Monday )Once upon a time 从前 just nowA few minutes two weeks a few days two yearsAgo in 1995When I was five years ago in the old days三动词过去式变化规则1. work – worked2. like - liked3. stop - stopped4. study - studied5. Irregular VerbsAAB bring – brought – broughtABC do – did - doneAAA let – let - letABA run – ran – run四一般过去式的用法1.过去动作和状态He got home at ten o’clock last night3.过去经常或反复Last term he often played computer games.Used to 过去常常– didn’t use(d) to / usedn’t to doI used to have a dream .I didn’t used to have a dream .Would + V原4.时间/条件一般过去R过去将来He said that he would not go if it rained.They told us that they would not leave until she came back . 五与现在完成时区别过去时纯粹过去动作现在完成过去+现在影响七单元被动语态一定义语态： 1主动我打你2 被动你被我打二结构be + Vt.过去分（by + 动作发出者）三各时态被动语态构成be + Vt.过去分(有be 有Vt.过去分,各家规则)四被动语态四注意1.某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laughat等，也可用于被动语态。