四级基础语法讲义
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基础语法讲义一、简单句和并列句1. 简单句的五种形式:(1)主语+谓语(不及物动词);(2)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语;(3)主语+谓语+宾语+补语;(4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;(5)主语+系动词+表语。
两类系动词:①be动词;②一些实义动词用作系动词:feel, taste, smell等;2. 并列句:一个句子当中包含两个或更多互不相依存的主谓结构,中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。
并列句不能只用逗号隔开,而要用连接词连接。
连接词:(1)并列关系句型:连接词有and, as well as, either…or…,neither…nor…,not only…but also…eg: Last year I met kate and we became friends.Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it.(2)转折概念并列句型:转折词有buteg: It has no mouth,but it can talk.(3)对比关系的并列句型:eg: He liked sports,while I would rather collect stamps.练习:2009年6月阅读Cerling’s team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a mop of the regional differences.(简单句)Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable , but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes . (并列句)简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。
二、句子成分句子六大成分:主谓宾、定状表。
主语、宾语和表语:通常由代词或者名词构成,定语:修饰名词;状语:修饰形容词或者动词;表语:接在系动词后面;(一).代词:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词。
1人称代词:第一、二、三人称,主格、宾格、所有格;I,you ,he,she, it, me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its.2 物主代词①形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, our, their,后面加名词;②名词性物主代词:mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs,后面不能加名词。
eg: May I borrow your pen?Mine is missing.3反身代词:通过反身代词指代主语,使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。
强调人称问题。
eg:I myself took Mary to the airport.I cooked it myself.4. 指示代词:this, that, these, those5. 不定代词:some,someone,something,any,anyone,anything,no,no one,nothing,all,both,neither,either,each,every,everybody,everyone,everything.一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别:(1)all, each, every:①all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物;all可以表示所有东西的总和,是一个不可分割的整体;each只能表示两个或两个以上的人,侧重个体;②all和every侧重整体,each侧重个体;eg:Every staff of the university contributed to the fund.Two girls came, and I gave an apple to each.(2)everyone&every oneeveryone等同于everybody,all people ,指的是所有的人;eg:Everyone thinks they have the right to be here.every one既可以指人,也可以指物,强调一个个体,通常用every one of ;eg:Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a succes.(3)no one&noneno one 只能指人,none既可以指人,也可以指物,none后面还可以接of;eg:No one failed the examination.None of the students failed the examination.6. it 的用法(1)指代人,通常用于口语中;(2)书面语:①it 用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等eg:It's three years since I saw him.②it 用来前指或者后指eg:I've lost my book. Where is it?There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher.③it 做形式主语eg:Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly?④it 做形式宾语,通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语(形容词)之间,真正的宾语放在宾补之后常见动词有:feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regardeg:She thinks it no use telling me.He has made it clear that he wouldn't agree to the plan.⑤it 用于强调句,构成句型It's…that/who…如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it?eg:It's clear that they have won.如果It's和that去掉后,剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子,就是强调句;否则,即为形式主语。
(二)名词1. 可数名词有单复数之分,若名词为单数,通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定;若名词为复数,可以加上the,或者直接用复数名词,或者加上数词来进行限定。
名词的复数形式可以直接加s/es,以y 结尾的,变y 为i ,再加es,还有一些特殊形式的。
有些单数名词的形式,是集合名词,可以用作复数,如police,cattle,people,mankind 等;eg:Several hundreds police were on duty at the demonstration yesterday.Cattle are allowed to graze on the village common.不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词2. 不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词,其前可以不加任何东西,若有特指,可以加the.前面可以加上单位词,进行分类:常见单位词:①a piece of +advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse②a bit of、an item of、an article of3. 名词在翻译中遇到的问题:(1)不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式:eg:water&waters(水域、海洋),sand&sands(沙滩),wood&woods(树林),goods(商品),ash和ashes(废墟)(2)名词表示特指时,可以加冠词①不定冠词:a/an,通常表示一,但是不强调数目,翻译时注意;eg:Germany is a European country.②定冠词:表示特定或特指eg:Is this the book that you are looking for?定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象:如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物the+名词:表示全部或者整体eg:Do you know who invented the computer?用于乐器或专有名词前,如play the piano、the Thames(三)数词数词分为基数词和序数词1. 表示大约的词汇:about,approximately,around,roughly,some,more or less, or so;eg:About 200 people were killed in the crash.The town is 5 Miles or so from here.2. 表示多于的词汇:above,more than, over3. 表示少于,不到的词汇:almost,below,less than, undereg:It's 2:57, and it's almost 3 o'clock4. 一些可以直接表示数字的单词:dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million这些词前面出现基数词,表示确切的数时,不能加复数;若不能表明确切数字,只是说大约有多少的时候,以上这些词不可以加确切的基数词,但是可以将其变为复数,后加of;eg:There are millions of kinds of matter in the world.(四)形容词和副词1. 定语用来修饰名词,通常是形容词;若是单个形容词,一般放在修饰名词前;若为词组,一般放在修饰名词之后;形容词词组的两种情况:(1)成对的形容词;eg:She has many pencils, blue and red.(2)形容词短语:eg:I think he is a man suitable for the job.形容词还可以做表语,放在be动词之后;英语中有一些词语作表语和作定语时,含义会有所不同:(1)certain:作定语时,表示特定的:eg: A certain Mr. Wang just came here to look for you.作表语时,表示当然的,一定,相当于be sure;(2)complete:作定语时,表示完全的:作表语时,表示完成的或完美的;(3)ill:作定语时,表示坏的;作表语时,表示有病的;(4)late: 作定语时,表示已故的;作表语时,表示晚的、迟到的;(5)ready:作定语时,表示现成的;作表语时,表示准备好的、愿意做……;(6)present:作定语时,表示目前的,相当于current;作表语时,表示出席,参加;the+形容词:表示一类人;eg: the old, the poor, the blind, the rich, the young, the wounded2. 状语:通常由副词构成,副词可以修饰动词,形容词,乃至整个句子;副词通常是褒义的,有部分是有否定含义的,常见否定含义副词有seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely;其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念;3. 形容词和副词的比较级:(1)一些没有比较级的形容词和副词:①单词本身的含义是表示比……年长、比……优秀、比……优等时,没有比较级概念;如supreme,inferior,junior,senior,priorat ,后面搭配的介词一般是to,而不用than.②有些单词本身的含义即是最,独一无二,没有比较级概念;如absolute,entire,excellent,favorite,final.(2)同级比较和异级比较:①同级比较:as…as…/…times as…②异级比较:(倍数或修饰词,表示多或少)+比较级+than常见的修饰比较级的词有:much、still,even,by far,a bit,a little, a good deal 或者倍数;eg:The photography of Mars taken by satellite are much clearer than those taken from earth.③比较级特殊用法词汇:more…than…:eg:He is more clever than honest.the+比较级:越来越……eg:The harder you work, the more you will learn.三、时态和语态一般进行完形现在过去将来(一)时态1. 一般现在时(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作;eg:I get up at 7 o' clock in the morning.I leave school for home at 6 every evening.(2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实;eg:The teacher told us: the earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.2. 一般过去时两种变化形式:在动词后加ed或不规则变化的动词;在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态:常用时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等;eg:Did you go to Shanghai last week?补充:used to/be used to(1)used to + do:"过去常常",表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在;eg:Mike used to take a walk.(2)be used to + doing:对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词;eg:Mike is used to taking a walk.He is used to taking a shower with cold water.(3)be used to do:被用来做……eg:Leaves are used to fight enemies in kong fu movies as the weapons.典型例题---- Y our phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.---- It's 69568442.A. didn'tB. couldn'tC. don'tD. can't答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。