英概名词解释中英对照 Themes and Concepts in Contemporary British Culture and Society

英美文学名词解释1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。

所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事。

2.Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。

3.Allusion:A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.典故：文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。

典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。

4. American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.美国自然主义：美国自然主义是一种新的、更具批判性的现实主义。

英国文学史名词解释Ode 颂诗is adignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.Elegy挽歌: it seeks for "lament". It is a poem on death or on a serious loss; characteristically a sustained meditation expressing sorrow and, frequently, an explicit or implied consolation Anapset短短长格: a metrical foot of three syllables, the first two short, the last longCaesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language and sometimes enforced by punctuation.Epic史诗:It’s a long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, majestic in theme and style.Romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.Alliteration押头韵is the use in speech or writing of several words close together that all begin with the same letter or sound.Ballad民谣: It is a story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were passed down from generation to generation by singers. The medieval ballads are ballads of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is a 19th century English ballad.Heroic couplet英雄体: They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs. The rime scheme :aa bb cc …..poet’s corner 诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments of some famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton. Renaissance文艺复兴: Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival.Sonnet十四行诗: A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose ryhme scheme is fixed. The rhyme scheme in the Italian form as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch is abbaabba cdecde.Blank verse无韵诗: A poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: It’s a verse from that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme ababbbccdd.Enlightenment启蒙运动: The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.Sentimentalism感伤主义: Sentimentalism appeared in the middle of the 18th century, as a reaction against commercialism and the cold rationalism.Pre-romanticism:前浪漫主义 The Romantic Movement was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a renewed interest in medieval literature.----representatives ---William Blake and Robert BurnsRomanticism浪漫主义 : Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.Neo-classicism新古典主义: A revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance and harmony in literature.Elegy挽歌: it seeks for "lament". It is a poem on death or on a serious loss; characteristically asustained meditation expressing sorrow and, frequently, an explicit or implied consolation Realism现实主义: A term used in literature and art to present life as it really is without sentimentalizing or idealizing it.Epigram诙谐短诗：an epigram is a brief, celver, and usually memorable statement.Allegory寓言: A story illustrating an idea or a moral principle in which objects take on symbolic meanings.Lake Poets湖畔诗人: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the "Lake Poets" because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives.Metaphysical Poetry玄学派诗歌: is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborates imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.Humanism人文主义: it refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English Renaissance. Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.Mystery play神秘剧: The Mystery plays of the Middle Ages were based on the bible and were particularly concerned with the stories of man’s creation, Fall and Redemption.Iambic Pentamete r五音步抑扬格: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, which each foot an iamb__ that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.Anapaest抑抑扬格：An anapaest, or anapest, also called antidactylus, is a metrical foot used in formal poetry. In classical quantitative meters it consists of two short syllables followed by a long one in accentual stress meters it consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable.Lyric 抒情诗: A poem, brief and discontinuous, emphasizes sound and pictorial imagery rather than narrative or dramatic movement.Byronic hero拜伦式英雄: is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron.Stream of consciousness意识流: a kind of writing technique in which a character's perceptions, thoughts, and memories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax.Naturalism自然主义:A literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible, without artificial distortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. It asserts that human beings exist entirely in the order of nature.Essay小说：is a short written composition that discusses a subject or proposes an argument without claiming to be a complete or thorough exposition.Gothic novel 哥德式小说：a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery.Stanza 节: a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.legend 传奇：As a song or a narrative handed down from the past, it differs from the myth on the basis of the elements of historical truth it containsCritical realism批判现实主义: is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early20th centuries.Iamb抑扬格韵律: a metrical foot consisting of two syllables, a short one followed by a long one kenning 隐喻语 a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country or era;Symbolism (象征主义)works under the surface to tie the story’s external action to the theme. It was often produced thr ough allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one correspondence The Heroic Couplet(英雄对偶句）:1)It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2)The rhyme is masculine. 3)Use of the heroic couplet w as first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer.Modernism现代主义is marked by a rejection of tradition, and an interest in new ways of doing old things. Also, there was a belief that the application of science and technology could change the world for the better.8)William Blake ( 1757—1827)1) LifeHe lived into the 19th century. In his lifetime, he was not considered a very important poet. Now he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets in English literature. His father recognized his talent and sent him to school.His visionary梦想的experience:Classicism典范: reason, order, law, art techniquesHe believed the power of imagination. With it a poet can reach out. Blake and Burns彭斯—the romantic revival复活—to break away with the convention习俗，协议2) His workSongs of Innocence天真之歌→delightSongs of Experience经验之歌→confusion困惑They show two contrary states of human soulsLondon:I wander thro’ each charter’d street, near where the ….It is taken from The Songs of Experience. Blake apparently drew from his personal observations and gives a comprehensive综合的picture of the many miseries, physical and spiritual, in the English capital.资本家Background: industrial revolution, the fog cityThe scene was in London, in Blake’s time.The Tiger:tiger!tiger!burning bright in the forests of the night…..It is from The Songs of Experience. It is one of Blake’s be st known poems. The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzlement. What imagination inspires the creator1.The image of the maker is complete. the process of creating tiger.Religions allusion暗指: lamb羊羔The whole poem is consisted of questions—are not able to be answeredThe Chimney-Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子:a little black thing among the snow cring” weep, weep” in notes of woe!The short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney9 ) Robert Burns罗伯特。

质量控制中英文对照Quality Control (QC) is a systematic process used to ensure that products or services meet specified requirements and standards. It involves monitoring and evaluating various aspects of the production process to identify and rectify any deviations or defects. The following is a comparison of key terms and concepts used in quality control in both English and Chinese:1. Quality Control (QC) 质量控制Quality Control refers to the set of activities and techniques used to ensure that products or services meet defined quality standards.2. Quality Assurance (QA) 质量保证Quality Assurance focuses on preventing defects and ensuring that the processes used to create products or services are effective and efficient. It involves the implementation of systems and procedures to maintain consistent quality throughout the production process.3. Defect 缺陷A defect is any non-conformance or deviation from specified requirements. It can refer to a flaw, error, or imperfection in a product or service.4. Non-conformance 不合格Non-conformance refers to a product or service that does not meet specified requirements or standards.5. Inspection 检验Inspection involves the examination and evaluation of products or services to determine their compliance with specified requirements. It can be done at various stages of the production process.6. Sampling 抽样检验Sampling is a technique used to select a representative subset of products or services for inspection. It is a cost-effective way to assess the quality of a large batch or population.7. Acceptance Criteria 验收标准Acceptance criteria are the specific requirements that a product or service must meet to be considered acceptable or satisfactory.8. Statistical Process Control (SPC) 统计过程控制Statistical Process Control involves the use of statistical techniques to monitor and control the quality of a production process. It helps identify and correct variations or abnormalities that may affect product quality.9. Control Chart 控制图A control chart is a graphical representation of process data over time. It helps visualize variations and trends in a production process and serves as a tool for monitoring and controlling quality.10. Corrective Action 纠正措施Corrective action refers to actions taken to eliminate the causes of non-conformances or defects. It aims to prevent recurrence and improve the overall quality of products or services.11. Preventive Action 预防措施Preventive action involves measures taken to prevent the occurrence of potential non-conformances or defects. It focuses on identifying and addressing root causes before they lead to quality issues.12. Quality Control Plan 质量控制计划A quality control plan is a document that outlines the specific activities and procedures to be followed to ensure product or service quality. It includes details on inspection methods, acceptance criteria, and corrective actions.13. Quality Control Inspector 质量控制检验员A quality control inspector is an individual responsible for conducting inspections and tests to ensure that products or services meet specified quality standards.14. Quality Control Audit 质量控制审计A quality control audit is a systematic examination of quality control processes and procedures to determine their effectiveness and compliance with standards. It helps identify areas for improvement and ensures ongoing quality assurance.15. Quality Control Metrics 质量控制指标Quality control metrics are quantitative measures used to assess the performance and effectiveness of quality control processes. They can include defect rates, customer satisfaction scores, and process capability indices.以上是质量控制中英文对照的一些关键术语和概念。

英美概况名词解释（英⽂）1. the Hardian’s Wall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2. Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the Wiseman. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3. William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. the battle of HastingsIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5. Doomsday BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Doomsday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership ofthe land. It seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgment Day.6. the Great CharterKing John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.7. the Hundred Years’WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.8. Joan of ArcShe was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.9. the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labor was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloody MaryHenry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.12. Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13. Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of Charles II in 1660.14. the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.15. Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16. James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. Winston ChurchillPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18. AgribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s equippedand managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designed to give the maximum output of crops and animals.19. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statues.20. Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21. the OppositionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the offcial Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.22. the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereignto approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.23. common lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24. the juryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25. the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Service provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be full range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive schoolsState secondary schools which take pupils without reference to ability and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in GB attend comprehensive school.27. public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are long-established andhave gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys’public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and girls’famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a public school.28. the Great LakesThe Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ——the only one entirely in the U.S. ——Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.29. New EnglandNew England is made up of six states of the North-East. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It is sometimes called the birthplace of America.30. baby boom“baby boom”refers to the great increase of birth rate between 1946 and 1964.31. the Chinese Exclusion ActIt was passed by the U.S. Congress in may, 1882. It stopped Chinese immigration for ten years.32. the Bill of RightsIn 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments which later weredrafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to the Constitution ——the Bill of Rights.33. the Emancipation ProclamationDuring the Civil war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support for the Union at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves.34. the Constitutional ConventionIn 1787, a conference was held in Philadelphia to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All the delegates agreed to revise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government. After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last. This conference is called the Constitutional Convention.35. the Progressive MovementThe Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. Itspread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.36. the Peace ConferenceThe Peace Conference or the Paris Conference, began on January 18, 1919. The conference was actually a conference of division of colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain. France and Italy)37. the Truman Doctrine:On March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism.38. the Marshall PlanOn June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.39. the New FrontierIt was the President Kennedy’s program which promised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and the abolition of poverty.40. checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”. 41.The New DealIt refers to a series of measures taken by Franklin Roosevelt in 1932 to prevent the possible collapse of the American economic and political system.42.counterculture movementIt was a movement of revolt in the 1960s against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior. and the social relations of conventional society.43. Constitutional monarchyA constitutional monarchy is a county in which head of the state is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereign reigns, but does not rule. In English history, constitutional monarchy was established after Glorious Revolution in 1688.44. The Great Depression On October 24, 1929, the American stock market crashed. Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. This led to a long economic depression.45. Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry.46. Melting PotSince the United States is a nation of many ethnic groups, it is also known as a “melting pot,”meaning immigrants from different nations all over the world have mixed to make up the American nation.47. Black DeathBlack Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning. It killed many people. As a result of the plague, much land was leftuntended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.48. American ConstitutionThe Constitution of the United States is the basic instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land. It is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was drawn up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789. It founded federalism and introduced checks and balances into government for the first time in history.49．The Muckrakers(⿊幕揭发者)The Muckrakers were a group of reform-minded journalists who made investigations and exposed the dark sides of the society.50.the Progressive Movement(进步运动/进步主义)（Progressivism）it was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which demanded government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large number of people across the country. The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political,social and economic reforms./doc/78ef54e86d85ec3a87c24028915f804d2a168795.html issez faire(放任主义)it was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order and protect property.52.the Red scare(红⾊恐惧)Between 1919 and 1920,the Red Scare happened in America where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerance nationalism existed. On November 7,1919 and January2,1920,the Justice Department launched two waves of mass attests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the U.S.53.the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K党The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed a membership of four to five million. It was a violent society which terrorized and attacked on not only blacks ,but also progressives, Communist and socialist party members, etc. 54.the New Deal(罗斯福新政)it was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to "save American democracy" and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time.55.Isolationism(孤⽴主义)it was the American foreign policy in the early 1930s.it tried to keep the U.S out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.56. The Hispanics 讲西班⽛语的（⼈或民族）The Hispanics usually are Spanish-speaking person ofLatin-American origin who live in the United States. Now there are three major Hispanic groups which have great influence on the U.S. They are Mexico-American of Chicano, Puerto Ricans and Cuban-American.[/size][/size][/size][U]1.The "first American "were the Indians. The first English colony in the Americas was founded atJamestown ,Virginaia,in 1607.Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.“57. The Gunpowder Plot was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On November 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars .58. The Puritans(1) The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England.(2) Dissatisfied with the political corruption in England and threatened with religious persecution , the Puritan Leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save . So in (March)1630 , the great Puritan migration began .(3) The Puritans did not allow religious dissent. They went to America to establish what they considered the one true church. / Puritan tradition also involved a respect for learning which led to the establishment of schools and the spread of literacy. 59. ThatcherismThe election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private ownership of state - owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.60. Diversity of American educationDiversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education. This can be seen not only in type, size and control of the institutions, but educational policies and practices. As is stated by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, education is a function of the state, not the federal govemment. As each state has the freedom to develop its own school system and delegates its power over education to local districts, many variations can be found in the education system of the 50 states.61. The New DealIn order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy.62. Sinn FeinSinn Fein was the Irish guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the British in 1921. It spit in 1921 over the Anglo - Irish Treaty and became two parties, Fianna Fail and Fine Gael, which remains to be the two major political parties in Ireland today.。

英国部分1.The Thames River2.The High Landers3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦4.Cockney伦敦佬5.Eisteddfodau6.The Maritime Climate 海洋性气候7.The English Channel8.The Chunnel英吉利海峡隧道9.“pea soup”fogs伦敦雾10.British isles11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵12.Thomas becket:托马斯13.Geoffrey Chaucer14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德15.lollards:罗拉德派16.The Puritans清教徒17.Julius Caesar18.The Hardrian's Wall 哈德连长城19.Heptarchy七王国20.St.Augustine21.Witan 贤人会议22.Alfred the Great 豆瓣23.William the Conqueror 威廉征服24.The battle of Hastings25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区26.Norman Conquest 诺曼征服27.Domesday Book 英国国王1806年颁的土地调查清册28.The Black Death黑死病29.the divine rights of kings君权神授30.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争(考过)31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案34.Blood Mary血腥玛丽35.rotten boroughs衰败选区36.Mrs Pankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。

1、international theme国际主义James often wrote the pattern of the conf1ict both amusing and serious between American and Eur opean manners and customs.2、metaphysical school玄学派Metaphysical poetry is a derogatory term invented by John Dryden and later adopted by Samuel Johnson describing a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery, complexity of thoughts, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression. The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death, and religion.3、Realism现实主义The tradition of the brilliant school of critical realism in the 19th century continued its development in the early 20th century by the novelists such Butler. Meredith, Wells and Galsworthy. In their works criticism of the bourgeois world reaches considerable depth and poignancy. Their books condemned the capitalist order of things and uttered cries of suffering and protest.4、the “Lake Poets”or the “Lakers”They are Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have often been mentioned because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. They shared a community of literary and social outlook in their work. They traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives.5、Local Colorism地方文学A. It is a unique variation of American literary realism.B. It is concerned with and emphasizes the characteristics of a small and well-defined region or province.C. Humor, tall-tales and vernacular are the sources of local colorism writing.6、Free Verse自由体诗is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure,( or poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.) instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way. Though free verse had been used before Whitman it was he who pioneered the form and made it acceptable in American poetry.7、sonnet十四行诗a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes. It was first written by the Italian poet Petrarch who wrote sonnets to a lady name Laura.8、blank verse无韵体诗Verse without rhymes. It is typically in iambic pentameter, the dominant verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century. The first practitioner of English dramatic blank verse is Christopher Marlowe.9、Imagism in Poetry诗歌意象派Imagism is the name given to a movement in poetry, originating in 1912 and represented by Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, and others, aiming at clarity of expression through the use of precise visual images. (when speaking of images in poetry we generally mean a word or sequence of words that refers to any sensory experience. Often this experience is a sight, but it may be a sound or a touch. It may be an odor or a state or perhaps bodily sensation such as pain, or the perception of something cold.。

英语阅读（中英文对照）文章汇总一、精选时事新闻1. 美国总统发表国情咨文President of the United States Delivers State of the Union Address近日，美国总统在国会大厦发表了国情咨文，概述了国家当前面临的挑战与机遇。

The President of the United States recently delivered the State of the Union address at the Capitol, outlining the challenges and opportunities facing the nation.2. 我国成功发射新一代通信卫星China Successfully Launches New Generation Communication Satellite二、经典文学作品1. 威廉·莎士比亚：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》William Shakespeare: "Romeo and Juliet"《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是莎士比亚的经典悲剧作品，讲述了两个家族间的恩怨情仇以及一对年轻恋人的悲壮爱情。

"Romeo and Juliet" is a classic tragedy Shakespeare, telling the story of the feud between two families and the tragic love of a young couple.2. 简·奥斯汀：《傲慢与偏见》Jane Austen: "Pride and Prejudice"《傲慢与偏见》是简·奥斯汀的代表作，通过讲述贝内特家族几位女儿的婚姻故事，揭示了当时英国社会的阶级矛盾和爱情观念。

"Pride and Prejudice" is a representative work Jane Austen, revealing the class contradictions and concepts of love in British society at that time through the marriage stories of several daughters of the Bennet family.三、科普知识文章1. 人类能否实现时间旅行？Can Humans Achieve Time Travel?时间旅行一直是科幻作品中的热门话题，科学家们也在积极探索其可能性。

英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦英国部分Thames RiverHigh LandersBritish Commonwealth 英联邦伦敦佬Maritime Climate 海洋性气候English ChannelChunnel 英吉利海峡隧道9. “pea soup ” fogs 伦敦雾isles: 巨石阵becket: 托马斯Chaucerof arc: 圣女贞德: 罗拉德派Puritans 清教徒CaesarHardrian's Wall 哈德连长城七王国贤人会议the Great 豆瓣the Conqueror 威廉征服battle of Hastings Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区Conquest 诺曼征服Book 英国国王1806 年颁的土地调查清册Black Death 黑死病divine rights of kings 君权神授Wars of Roses 玫瑰战争（考过） Spanish Armada: 西班牙无敌舰队Glorious Revolution of 1688 光荣革命Gunpowder Plot of 1605 火药阴谋案Mary 血腥玛丽boroughs 衰败选区Pankhurst 潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。

league of nations 国际联盟blitz 闪电战beatles 甲克虫乐队撒切尔主义of payments 收支平衡Maynard Keynestrade and invisible trade union 欧盟policies（货币主义政策）Trade Union Act of 1871 工会法农业产业disease 英国病monarchy 君主立宪制Council 枢密院law 公共法state opening of parliament Civil list 英国王室费（考过）civil service 公务员（考过） peer 终身贵族无罪裁决Crown Court 刑事法庭punishment 死刑metropolitan police force National Health Service 英国国民保健制度insurance 社会保险practitioner（GP）workersalvation armyschools 路透社（GM）Schools 有公费保证的学校（升学考试）murdochbritish museumThanksgiving DayIreland（爱尔兰）美国部分Vespuccitruman doctrineboomgreat lakesisland8."the great compromise" Emancipation Proclamation taxtation without representation Chinese Exclution Act servants tea party（考过） dividegettysburg addressku klux klan黑幕揭发者nationalismred scare progressive movement New Dealmarshall plansmith actcivil rights act of 1964 poverty line 32 checks and balances34. the free enterprise system35. the federal systemof powers37. private schooldistrict39. global education40. poor richard's almanac42. jazzera44. father's day's day46. congressional medal of honor48. Great Canyon49. New EnglandAmericans51. ChicanosRicansPapersFirst Continental Congress DestinyBlack ThursdayFrontierHuron StatementCorn Belt62。

1. Epic: An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance. Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths,legends, folk tales and past events. They summarize and express the nature of ideals of an entire nation and reflect the values of the society from which it originated. Beowulf is the first surviving epic written in the English language. As the national epic of the English people, Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo, it describes the exploits of a hero and is structurally built around three fights or adventures, each of which involvesa battle between the hero Beowulf and a monster.2. Allegory: The word derives from the Greek allegoria. It loosely describes any writing in verse or prose, in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on literal level, but also stand for something else on the symbolic level. An allegorical reading usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative. Probably the most famous allegory in English literature is John Bunyan‟s Pilgrim‟s Progress, a prose narrative symbolically concerning the human soul‟s pilgrimage through temptation and doubt to reach salvation.3. Sonnet: Sonnet is a kind of poem which became popular in Italian. During the Renaissance, this kind of poem had been widely used. A sonnet consisting of 14 lines, with rhymes arranged according to one or other of certain definite schemes, of which the Petrarchan and Shakespearean are the principal, namely: (1) abba abba, followed by two, or three, other rhymes in the remaining six lines, with a pause in the thought after the octave; (2)abab cdcd efef gg. The sonnets of Shakespeare are in the latter form. Most sonnets are amatory in nature, and contain a certain narrative development. The famous poets are Shakespeare, Sidney, Daniel, Spenser and so on.4. Humanism: Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine elements — or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. The most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance. Humanism suggest a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively — in particular, those dealing with the life, thought , language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanists emphasized the value of human beings and the important of the present life. They proclaimed that man not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but have the ability to perfect themselves and create wonders.5. Novel of Initiation: The initiation novel begins at the 18th century, first in Germany, and then prevails in Europe, in the 19th century, it comes to America. The initiation novel is to show after suffering a lot of traumas both in physical and mental, the young hero changes his previous world view, or transfigures his disposition, orhe changes the both; this change makes him get rid of his innocent childhood, and will finally leads him to the complicated adult society. In the initiation novels, although the people and the stories may be very different, the formations are similar: the story always starts with the young hero‟s sufferings or observations of the villainy, and losing his innocence; these experiences would inevitably shock his little heart, so the youth could transform from a nave child to an adaptable and mature man. The typical works are Nathaniel Hawthorne‟s the Scarlet Letter and Young Mr. Brown, Herman Melville‟s Moby Dick and J. D. Salinger‟s The Catch in the Rye.6. Quest: In mythology and literature, a quest, a journey towards a goal, serves asa plot device and (frequently) as a symbol. Quests appear in the folklore of every nation and also figure prominently in non-national cultures. In literature, the objects of quests require great exertion on the part of the hero, and the overcoming of many obstacles, typically including much travel. The aspect of travel also allows the storyteller to showcase exotic locations and cultures. The typical works are Homer's Odyssey, Herman M elville‟s Moby Dick and so on.7. Byronic Hero: Byronic hero is a proud and mysterious rebel figure of noble origin in Byron‟s …poems. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, the Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in an evil society, and would fight single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion or in moral principles with unconquerable will and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and convention. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold‟s pilgrimage and then further developed in later works such as Manfred and Don Juan.8. Gothic Fiction: Gothic Fiction means a style of writing popular in the late 18th century which produced stories set in lonely frightening places. Gothic Fiction invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and setting such as castles, dungeons and graveyards, which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. The Gothic Fiction have opened up to later fictions the dark, irrational side of human nature —the savage egoism, the perverse impulses, and the nightmarish terror that lie beneath the controlled and ordered surface of the conscious mind. Gothic Fiction has exerted significant influence on the literature of later generations. The first Gothic Fiction is Horace Walpole‟s The Castle of Otranto.9. Naturalism: The word used to describe works of literature which use realistic methods and subjects to convey a philosophical form of naturalism; that is a belief that everything existed is a part of nature and can be explained by natural and material cause — and not by supernatural, spiritual or paranormal causes. Unlike realism, which focuses on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position for naturalistic writers. Those in favor of s naturalistic approach to and interpretation of life concentrated on depicting the social environment dwelt particularly on its deficiencies and on the shortcoming of human beings. One of those significant works of naturalism is Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.10. Graveyard Poets: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, death, religion and melancholy. Their poems made frequent use of funereal or gloomy imagery; they were often very Christian writers who used the imagery of night, death, and gloom in spiritual contemplation of human mortality and our relation to the divine. Edward Young and Thomas Gray are famous poets of the Graveyard school.11. Metaphysical Poets: The metaphysical poets refer to a group of religious poets in the first half of the seventeenth century whose works were characterized by their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression, and play of paradoxes and juxtapositions of metaphor. They were against the convention of Elizabethan love poetry. They used contemporary scientific discoveries and theories, the topical debates on humanism, faith, and eternity, colloquial speech-based rhythms, and innovative verse forms, to examine the relationship between theindividual, his God, and the universe. The typical metaphysical poets are John Donne, Andrew Marvell.12. The Lost Generation: a group of U.S. writers who came of age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises (1926). The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S. that, basking under President Harding's “back to normalcy” policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and many other writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the '20s. They were never a literary school. In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works lost the distinctive stampof the postwar period.。

英美文学名词解释Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world.Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place.Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play.Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as thequaint house where the man goes mad from the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view.IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor.Modernism is vague term referring to the art, poetry, literature, architecture, and philosophy of Europe and America in the early twentieth-century. In general, modernism is marked by the following characteristics: (1) the desire to break away from established traditions, (2) a quest to find fresh ways to view man's position or function in the universe, (3) experiments in form and style, particularly with fragmentation--as opposed to the "organic" theories of literary unity appearing in the Romantic and Victorian periods.Stream of Consciousness is the continuous flow of sense-perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind. In literary works, it refers to the literary method of representing such a blending of mental processes in fictional characters, usually in an unpunctuated or disjointed form of interior monologue. It is an important device of modernist fiction pioneered by James Joyce and further developed by writers like William Faulkner.Tragedy, according to Aristotle, is “the imita tion of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself,” in the medium of poetic language and in the manner of dramatic rather than of narrative presentation, involving“incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish the catharsis of such emotions.”Arthur Miller’s The Death of a Salesman is a modern tragedy whose effect on the audience is one of compassionate understanding rather than of tragic pity and terror.The Lost GenerationThis term is applied to the American writers, most of whom were basically expatriates. They left America and formed a community of writers and artists in Paris, involved with other European novelists and poets in their experimentation on new modes of thought and expression. The term "Lost Generation " came from Gertrude Stein's remark to a mechanic in Hemingway's presence that "You are all a lost generation. " Hemingway used it as a motto in his novel The Sun Also Rises. Among those greatest figures in "The Lost Generation" are Ezra Pound, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and Hart Crane who lost the traditional values as a result of the war and fought hard to seek new values and beliefs to fill the void of the post - war world which was full of physical wounds as well as mental chaos.Imagism：Imagist is applied to a group of poets prominent in America between 1909 and 1918. Imagism was a spirit of revolt against conventionalities rather than a goal set up as in itself a permanently lasting objective.All poetic language is the language of exploration. The point of Imagism is that it does not use images as ornaments. The image is itself the speech. The image is the word beyond formulated language.The most conspicuous figures of the imagist movement were Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, Carl Sandburg and William Carlos Williams.Black HumorBlack humor is a term used in literature, drama, and film. It refers to grotesque or morbid humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world. Ordinary characters or situations are usually exaggerated far beyond the limits of normal satire or irony. Black humor uses devices often associated with tragedy and is sometimes equated with tragic farce. For example, Catch-22 is the model representative of this type. The novels of such writers as Kurt Vonnegut, Thomas Pynchon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, and Philip Roth contain elements of black humor.01. Humanism(人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty ofthe present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth” or “revival”.It 343means the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classism(古典主义)Classism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. TheNeoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancientGreek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.、2 blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse1image 意象 a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such a representation helps evoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.Imagism意象主义：A movement of poets who used odinary but image-laden langugae,not poetic diction.The Imagists followed three priciples 3Free verse: A type of potry that deliberately seeks to free itself from the restrictions imposed by traditionally fixed convention.4 Epic史诗a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation5 The Spenserian stanza斯宾塞诗节is a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines iniambic pentameterfollowed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc."6 Ballad歌谣，民歌叙事诗is a form of verse, often a narrative and set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of British and Irish popular poetry and song from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later North America, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song.7iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllablefollowed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.8sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.typically having ten syllables per line.9heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter.take the quatrain’s rhyme f or example, there is abab type, there abcb type, there is abba type, there is aabb type, there aaab type. The fourth (aabb type) is actually a two-line rhyme, in English called the couplet, if every line of pentameter, then known as the "hero double rhyme" (heroic couplet);Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece TheCanterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.11 metaphysical poetry玄学诗歌is commonly used to name the work of the 17th –century writers whowrote under the influence of John Donne. Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. In general, metaphysical poetry has the following features: 1) The diction is simple and echoes the words and cadences of common speech; 2) The imagery is drawn from the actual life; 3) The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s b eloved, with God, or with himself. Metaphysical poetry has gained new recognition because of their seriousness of art, their spirit of revolt, and their realism, and it has greatly influenced the modernist poetry of the 20th century15 neo-classicism新古典主义:the revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music.04. Classism(古典主义)Classism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.14 Modernism现代主义is a general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in literature of the early 20th century, including Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Imagism, Vorticism, Dada, and Surrealism, along with the innovations of the unaffiliated writers. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and thetheory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. It is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism which is the theoretical base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc.,which are essential to realism. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers can often be labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry or anti-drama.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc.16 Humanism人文主义an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.17 critical realism批判现实主义is the theory that some of our sense-data (for example, those of primary qualities) can and do accurately represent external objects, properties, and events,while other of our sense-data (for example, those of secondary qualities and perceptual illusions) do not accurately represent any external objects, properties, and events.18 English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.19 English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s id eas and feelings and flouris hed in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the authorof “Ode to the West Wind”.Romanticism浪漫主义is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature,and was embodied in the visual arts, music, and literature.20 Romantic:genre inclined toward or suggestive of the feeling of excitement and mystery associated with love 23quatrain 四行诗节 a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaic forms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.24alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.25alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration.Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard – with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.26ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burn s’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.29lake poets 湖畔诗人the three romantic poets who lived in the Lake District of England and wrote poems about nature. William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets; he wrote many great nature poems, inclu ding “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.30poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original dutiesincluded the compo sition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843.21foot 音步a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllable variation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter. William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines.。