学术论文-英文摘要写作

学术论文英文摘要的写作方法——中外学术论文的英文摘要对比分析摘要是学术论文中的重要组成部分，它是论文的简洁概括，能够让读者快速了解论文的主要内容和研究成果。

在撰写学术论文的英文摘要时，需要注意一些方法和技巧。

本文将进行中外学术论文的英文摘要对比分析，以帮助读者更好地掌握学术论文英文摘要的写作方法。

首先，中外学术论文的英文摘要在长度上有所不同。

一般来说，中文摘要的字数较多，可以达到300字以上，而英文摘要一般在150-250字之间。

这是因为中文更为详细和丰富，而英文则更加简洁和精炼。

其次，中外学术论文的英文摘要的语言风格也存在差异。

中文摘要多使用复杂的句式和较为冗长的表达方式，这与中文的语法结构和修辞手法有关。

而英文摘要则更倾向于使用简洁明了的句式和简练的词汇，以便更容易被非英语背景的读者理解。

此外，在摘要的结构组织上，中外学术论文也有所不同。

中文摘要一般包括研究背景、研究目的、研究方法、研究成果和结论等方面的内容。

而英文摘要则通常包括背景介绍、研究目的、方法、结果和结论这几个部分。

英文摘要的组织结构更加简洁明了，突出论文的研究重点和关键结果。

最后，中外学术论文的英文摘要在语言表达上也存在差异。

中文摘要更注重描述研究的细节和具体过程，而英文摘要则更注重突出研究的主要发现和结论。

在英文摘要中，应该使用简洁明了的句式和准确的词汇，避免使用复杂的从句和修辞手法，以便让读者快速理解和消化论文的主要内容。

综上所述，学术论文英文摘要的写作方法在中外学术论文中存在一定的差异。

英文摘要要注意长度、语言风格、结构组织和语言表达等方面的技巧，以便更好地呈现论文的主要内容和研究成果。

通过对比分析中外学术论文的英文摘要可以帮助研究者更好地掌握学术论文英文摘要的写作方法。

毕业论文英文摘要格式(共10篇)篇一:毕业论文英文摘要格式毕业论文摘要英文翻译求助我正在写毕业论文,要写英文摘要,就是把中文摘要翻译成英文,因为我英文不太好.自己已翻译一次,希望高手能帮我翻译一下,谢谢大家.！摘要内容如下：农村居民点土地整治是解决我国农村居民点用地浪费、居住环境差和增加耕地面积的重要措施，然而土地整治模式的选择和土地整治潜力分析与计算是农村居民点整治规划的基础。

本研究以赤峰市喀喇沁旗为例，以乡镇为单位，在社会经济条件和农村居民点用地调查分析的基础上，通过政策分析法、文献研究法对农村居民点整治的相关理论、政策和制度进行分析总结，并借助实地调研、GIS技术、统计分析等手段，从自然地理条件、社会经济条件以及土地利用结构等方面介绍浙江省吴兴区概况，并对喀喇沁旗农村居民点用地整治模式及整治潜力进行分析和测算，得到各镇农村居民点整治潜力及潜力系数。

将喀喇沁旗农村居民点整治模式划分为城镇化引领型模式、建设中心村模式、内部整治型模式和整搬迁型模式，并将整治模式具体落实到行政村。

关键词：农村居民点整治；整治潜力；整治模式；喀喇沁旗；土地整治规划翻译软件翻出来的你也要啊？Ruralresidentiallandreclamationistosolvethewasteofruralresidentialland,poorlivingenvironmentandtheimportantmeasurestoincrease theareaof cultivated land,butland management modechoiceandland reclamation potential analysis and calculation isthe foundation oftherural residential renovation plan.This studyinchifengcity kaLaQinQi, for example,inthevillages and towns,inthesocialand economicconditions andrural residential land,onthebasisof investigation and analysis, throughpolicy analysis, literature researchonrural residential renovation relatedtheory,policyandsystem analysis,andwiththeaidofon-the-spot investigation, statistical analysisandGIS,fromthenatural geographical conditions, socialeconomic conditions andlanduse structure in zhejiang province were introduced fromthe aspects suchasWuXing area,andthe kaLaQinQipatternsofruralresidentiallandregulationandcontrolpotential analysisandcalculation,fortownsofrural settlements renovation potentialandpotential coefficient.WillkaLaQinQiruralresidentialrenovationmodeisdividedintothemodelofurbanizationleadZhongXincunmode,constructiontype,。

人文社科类学术论文英文摘要写作常见错误剖析及规避策略【摘要】This article analyzes common errors in writing academic papers in the field of humanities and social sciences, focusing on grammar mistakes, lack of logical rigor, insufficient data analysis, improper citation of literature, and unclear conclusions. Strategies to avoid these errors include careful review of grammar and spelling, strengthening logical thinking skills, utilizing data for thorough analysis, following proper citation formats, and ensuring clear conclusion statements. By applying these strategies, researchers can enhance the quality and credibility of their academic papers in this field.【关键词】人文社科、学术论文、英文摘要、常见错误、规避策略、语法错误、逻辑不严谨、数据分析、文献引用、结论明确、研究背景、研究目的、研究意义、仔细审查、逻辑思维训练、数据分析、文献引用格式、关键词1. 引言1.1 研究背景The research background of this study focuses on the importance of academic writing in the field of social sciences and humanities. Academic writing plays a crucial role in the dissemination of knowledge, critical thinking, and scholarly communication. It is essential for researchers to effectively communicate their ideas, theories, and findings throughwell-written and organized academic papers.1.2 研究目的The purpose of this study is to analyze and discuss common errors in writing academic research paper abstracts in the field of humanities and social sciences. By identifying and understanding these errors, researchers can improve the quality and accuracy of their abstracts, leading to a better overall presentation of their research findings.1.3 研究意义Firstly, by addressing grammar errors, researchers can ensure that their ideas are effectively communicated to the readers without distracting mistakes. Secondly, improving logical rigor in argumentation can strengthen the validity of the research and enhance the persuasiveness of the conclusions drawn. Additionally, by emphasizing the importance of thoroughdata analysis, researchers can ensure that their findings are robust and reliable.2. 正文2.1 常见错误一：语法错误Common Error 1: Grammar ErrorsGrammar errors are a common pitfall in academic writing, especially for non-native English speakers. These errors can detract from the overall quality of the paper and may lead to misinterpretation by the reader. Some common grammar errors to watch out for include:2.2 常见错误二：逻辑不严谨Common Mistake 2: Lack of Logical RigorOne common mistake frequently found in academic papers in the humanities and social sciences is the lack of logical rigor in argumentation. This can manifest in a variety of ways, such as:2.3 常见错误三：数据分析不足Common Mistake Three: Insufficient Data AnalysisOne of the common mistakes in writing academic papers in the field of humanities and social sciences is insufficient dataanalysis. This error can significantly weaken the credibility and robustness of the research findings. Here are some key points to consider in order to avoid this mistake:2.4 常见错误四：文献引用不规范Improper citation of sources can lead to accusations of plagiarism, which can have serious consequences for the credibility of the research and the researcher themselves. It is essential for academic writers to carefully follow the specific citation style required by the journal or institution they are submitting their work to.2.5 常见错误五：结论不明确One common mistake in academic writing is the lack of clarity in the conclusion. A clear and concise conclusion is essential to summarize the key findings of the study and provide a proper closure to the paper.3. 结论3.1 规避策略一：仔细审查语法和拼写One effective strategy to avoid common errors in academic writing is to carefully review grammar and spelling. Incorrect grammar and spelling can significantly impact the clarity and credibility of a research paper. By taking the time to meticulouslycheck for mistakes, researchers can ensure that their work is presented in a professional and polished manner.3.2 规避策略二：加强逻辑思维训练To enhance logical thinking, researchers should engage in activities that stimulate their cognitive abilities, such as solving puzzles, playing strategy games, and participating in debates or discussion groups. Additionally, seeking feedback from colleagues or mentors on the logical coherence of their arguments can help them identify and address any potential flaws in their reasoning. It is also beneficial for researchers to attend workshops or courses on critical thinking and argumentation in order to further develop their analytical skills. By actively working to strengthen their logic skills, researchers can improve the overall quality and persuasiveness of their academic papers, ultimately contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the field of humanities and social sciences.3.3 规避策略三：充分利用数据进行分析To avoid the common mistake of insufficient data analysis in academic writing, researchers should make sure to collect and analyze a comprehensive dataset that is relevant to their research question. By utilizing a variety of data sources andmethods, researchers can enhance the robustness and credibility of their findings.3.4 规避策略四：规范文献引用格式Additionally, be consistent in your citation style throughout the paper. Avoid mixing different citation formats within the same document, as it can confuse readers and undermine the credibility of your research. To ensure accuracy, double-check all citations before submitting your paper for publication or assessment.3.5 规避策略五：明确结论表达To ensure clear and concise conclusion expression in academic writing, researchers should follow the following strategies:5. Offer Suggestions for Future Research: Conclude the paper by suggesting potential areas for future research or further investigation. This shows that the research has broader implications and can serve as a springboard for additional studies in the field.。

学术论文英文摘要格式学术论文英文摘要格式英文题名和英文摘要是学术类和技术类科技期刊论文的重要组成部分,是国际间传播、学术交流与合作的桥梁和媒介,有其特殊的意义和作用。

好的英文题名和英文摘要对于增加期刊和论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。

为了帮助读者撰写论文英文题名和英文摘要,本文总结了学术论文英文摘要格式的基本要求及注意事项,以给读者提供参考和指导。

学术论文英文摘要格式一、论文题名1.英文题名撰写的基本要求题名应简明、具体、确切,能概括文章的主旨,符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则并有助于选择关键词和分类号。

中文题名一般不超过20个汉字,必要时可加副题名。

题名中应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。

英文题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母应大写。

2.英文题名撰写的注意事项除了以上基本要求,我们在写英文题名时还应注意以下几个问题。

(1)英文题名的结构。

英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。

短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰,要注意采用正确的单词顺序,形容词应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻。

(2)英文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。

英文题名开头第一个字不得用the, and, an和a。

(3)英文题名中的大小写有以下3种格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第一个词的首字母大写,其余均小写。

(4)中英文题名的一致性。

同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。

在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。

总之,题名的用词十分重要,它直接关系到读者对文章的取舍态度,务必字字斟酌。

二、论文摘要1.摘要的定义摘要又称概要、内容提要。

摘要是论文主体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点,简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概括和总结。

人文社科类学术论文英文摘要写作常见错误剖析及规避策略1. 引言1.1 背景介绍The background introduction of an academic paper serves to provide context and rationale for the research being conducted. In this section, the researcher should outline the current state of knowledge in the field, identify gaps or areas of controversy, and highlight the relevance of the study. The background should be concise yet comprehensive, offering a clear justification for the research question and objectives.1.2 研究意义The significance of academic research on the English abstract writing errors lies in its potential to improve the overall quality of scholarly communication in the field of humanities and social sciences. As the abstract serves as the initial point of contact between readers and the research work, its accuracy and clarity are crucial to ensure that the key findings and contributions of the study are effectively conveyed. A comprehensive analysis of common errors in abstract writing canhelp researchers identify and correct their own mistakes, leading to a more precise and informative presentation of their research.1.3 研究目的The purpose of this research is to analyze the common errors in writing academic research paper abstracts in the field of humanities and social sciences, and provide strategies to avoid these errors. By identifying and addressing these mistakes, researchers can improve the quality and effectiveness of their work, making it more accessible and impactful to a wider audience.2. 正文2.1 常见错误分析Common Errors in Academic Writing: Analysis and Strategies for AvoidanceAcademic writing in the humanities and social sciences often involves a complex set of conventions and expectations. Unfortunately, many writers in these fields fall prey to common errors that can undermine the credibility and effectiveness of their work. In this section, we will identify and analyze some of the most frequent mistakes made in academic writing in thehumanities and social sciences, and discuss strategies for avoiding them.2.2 规避策略讨论The discussion on strategies to avoid common errors in academic paper writing is crucial for ensuring the quality and credibility of research in the humanities and social sciences. In this section, we will examine some effective strategies that researchers can use to enhance the clarity, coherence, and persuasiveness of their writing.2.3 案例分析Case AnalysisIn this section, we will analyze a few common errors found in academic paper abstracts through specific case studies. By examining these cases, we can better understand the mistakes that researchers often make and learn how to avoid them in our own writing.2.4 实用建议Practical Advice:1. Properly define the scope of your research: One common mistake in academic writing is a lack of clarity in terms of theresearch scope. To avoid this, clearly define the boundaries of your study and focus on specific research questions.2.5 未来展望In the future, it is crucial for researchers and scholars in the field of humanities and social sciences to continue to pay close attention to the potential pitfalls and errors in academic writing. By being aware of common mistakes and implementing effective strategies to avoid them, the quality of academic papers can be greatly improved.3. 结论3.1 总结回顾In conclusion, this paper has provided a comprehensive analysis of common errors in writing academic abstracts in the field of humanities and social sciences, as well as strategies to avoid them. Through examining various case studies and providing practical recommendations, we have highlighted the importance of clear and concise language, proper structuring, and accurate representation of research findings in abstract writing.3.2 研究启示Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for continuous learning and improvement in academic writing skills, as the standards and expectations in the field are constantly evolving. By staying informed about the latest trends and best practices in the discipline, researchers can enhance the quality and relevance of their work.3.3 展望未来The future outlook of academic paper writing in the field of humanities and social sciences is promising yet challenging. As technology advances and the academic community becomes more connected globally, the opportunities for collaboration and knowledge sharing will continue to grow. Researchers will need to adapt to new writing styles and formats, incorporating multimedia elements and interactive features to engage readers in innovative ways.。

英语作文学术简介范文模板英文回答：Academic Abstract Template。

An academic abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, thesis, or dissertation. It provides an overview of the research question, methods, results, and conclusions of the work. Abstracts are typically 150-250 words in length and are written in a clear and concise style. They are often used by researchers to disseminate their findings to a wider audience and to attract potential readers to their work.Structure of an Academic Abstract。

The following is a typical structure for an academic abstract:Introduction: The introduction provides a briefoverview of the research topic and the research question being addressed.Methods: The methods section describes the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques used in the study.Results: The results section presents the key findings of the study, including any statistical tests or other analyses that were conducted.Conclusions: The conclusions section summarizes the main findings of the study and discusses their implications.Tips for Writing an Effective Abstract。

学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction （引言）- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background （背景）- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods （方法）- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results （结果）- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion （讨论）- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion （结论）- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations （限制）- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications （意义）- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions （未来方向）- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。

关于学术论文英文摘要写作技巧摘要,作为一篇学术论文中的部分,对一篇文章的成功有着举足轻重的作用.通过浏览一篇好的文章的摘要,能够让读者大致了解到本文所提出的问题,所采取的解决方法以及其结果.而国际性刊物一般都要求以国际性语言英语写作,就是在中国,现在很多重要的刊物也都要求必须有相应的英文摘要.现在在很多重要国际会议上,是先让你把英文摘要给完成,他们直接根据摘要来决定你的文章是不是可以考虑录用,英文摘要的好坏决定了学术论文能否顺利的进行国际的交流,由此可以看出英文摘要的重要性.从这个意义上,作为一名学者,应该掌握英文摘要的写作方法.下面作者结合两篇英文摘要对英文摘要的具体写作进行分析研究,并结合国际性学术刊物上发表论文所要求的英文摘要特点,谈谈英文摘要的写作方法.下面两篇摘要第一篇是摘自国外学者写的,第二篇是摘自一名国内在校博士写的.通过对这两篇摘要进行对比分析研究,让我们更加明确的了解英文摘要的写作规范.1(Written in original English)This paper describes a new “modifiedpulse arc evaporation process”which represents a combination of both d.c. And pulse cathodic arcs. The aim is to give a comparative overall view.The paper reports on measurements of spot movement on the target, arcvoltage response and ion current underdifferent electric conditions, suchas current magnitude, current changing rate and pulse duration. There arepossibilities to improve the target consumption; to reduce the upperstability limit; and to increase the spot velocity, the bias current densityin the pulse phase and the plasma power. For optical measurements ofspot movement a new high-speed video camera was used.2(Written by Chinese student in English) Every machining techniqueleads to distinguishing surface feature and precision characteristic. Thenon -traditional finish machining can improve the surface quality andprecision of parts. The improvement of these can advance the performanceand life of parts. The non-traditional machining has its superiority.英文摘要大体上包括四个部分:研究目的、方法、结果、结论.研究目的主要说明作者写此文章的目的或主要解决的问题,表明研究的范围和重要性;研究的方法主要是提出解决问题的方法以及主要工作过程;研究的结果则是作者在此研究过程最后得到的结果;结论是说明该研究结果的实际应用价值.文章的研究目的必须在英文摘要中体现出来.从摘要1中“Thispaper describes a new ”modified pulse arc evaporation process“whichrepresents a combination of bothd.c. And pulse cathodic arcs. The aim isto give a comparative overall view.”我们可以明显看到该文章的研究目的.鲜明的文章目的能够让读者一目了然的了解到这篇文章所要论述的内容,但是在实际写作中,有很多学者在整篇摘要里面都是一些一般性的论述,说来说去,最后让别人读了一半天,也不知道这篇文章是要解决什么问题.第二篇摘要从前到后都是在陈述光整加工技术,让人很迷惑,不知道这篇文章重点是要论述那一方面的内容.一篇没有目的性的文章自然也就没有可读性.研究的方法也应该在英文摘要中体现出来,这一点是很多中国学者很容易忽视的.从上面两篇摘要对比就可以发现:第一篇中的“measures”就告诉了读者本文作者是要通过什么方法来解决所提出的问题;而在第二篇,不但没有像“measure”,“method”等表达方法的词,而且从根本上忽视了这一点.解决的方法应该是一篇文章的核心,没有作者自己的解决思路的摘要,从某种意义上说,这是一篇很失败的文章摘要,那么这篇文章也不可能是一篇好文章.研究的结果作为摘要中一部分也是不可少的,也是作者所采用的解决方法是否合理的一个重要依据.没有研究的结果,就是你选择的方法再好,也只是在纸上谈兵,侃侃而论,没有自己的立论点.在第一篇中,我们可以从“There are possibilities to improve the target consumption;to reduce the upper stability limit; and to increase the spot velocity, thebias current density in the pulse phase and the plasma power.”中了解到作者可能得到的结果.而在第二篇中,结果不是很明显.研究的结论这一部分往往在研究的结果中体现出来,所以在一部分你可以结合研究的结果做出自己的见解.有时候作者可以根据目前的实验结果为了对以后的进一步工作的开展给出自己的结论.最后,在语言表达上也是很重要的一个方面.很多中国学者自己也清楚,一看人家外国学者写的英文摘要就是感觉很舒畅,而且句式结构多样,上下连接紧凑.但是一旦让自己写文章,就开始感觉自己的写的不地道,语句形式单一,给人一种感觉就是在勉强的中文英文之间互译.从第二篇英文摘要上我们就有这种体会,在摘要中几乎所有的语句采用主、谓、宾中国式英语结构,句式千篇一律,而且语句之间没有任何的连接,互相独立.其实,在英文摘要语言表达中,只要你稍微留心注意许多国外优秀的英文摘要,就可以很好的完成.比如在目的中你可以采用“The purpose of this paper is……”句型;在方法中可以采用“The method used in our study isknow……”;在结论中我们可以采用“In conclusion, we state that……”,这样下来既地道又相互连贯,而且层次分明,何乐而不为?另外还需要注意一些的就是英语语法方面.比如在时态上,英文摘要中习惯于一般现在时,能够突出文章内容的即时性和客观性.但也有时候为了便于说明论题发展背景而用过去时或现在完成时.在人称上,只能用第三人称,不能用第一人、第二人称如我、我们等.还有在标点、大小写、缩写等方面也需要留心注意.从上面对比分析,我们可以看到,只要我们认真领会写作规范,注意英语的语言表达特点,并积累一些常用的典型例句,完成一篇好的英文摘要其实很简单的.学术论文。

English Academic Writingand Speech PresentationIn accordance with tradition, academic papers can be divided into research papers and reports. Research papers can be further divided into argument, refutation, review, verification, and explanatory papers. Of the above four types of academic papers, descriptive papers are most widely used in natural sciences but are also common in social sciences and thus are the most typical academic paper type.Structure of an academic paper: Papers can be divided into:1.Library Research Papers2.Experimental Research Papers, or3.Case StudiesLibrary Research Papers consist of:1. A Title Page2.An Outline3.An Abstract4.Key Words5.The Main Body,6.Appendix and7.ReferencesExperimental Research Papers are made up of:1. A Title2.An Abstract3.Key Words4.An Introduction,5.Methods and Materials Utilized6.Analysis of Results,7.Discussion8.Conclusions, and9.ReferencesThe Components of a Case Study are:1.The Title2.An Abstract3.Key Words4.An Introduction,5.Reports,6.Discussion7.Conclusions, and8.ReferencesCharacteristics of Academic Writing and SpeakingEnglish for science and technology (EST) differs from day today English. EST refers to the style used in scientific ortechnological activities; their features are:∙Objectivity= (n) something one’s efforts or actions are intended to attain or accomplish.A purpose, goal or target. (adj) not influenced by personalfeelings, interpretations or prejudice, based on facts, unbiased.Dealing with things external to the mind rather than thoughts orfeelings. Of or pertaining to something that can be known.∙Clarity = Clearness, as to perception or understanding. Freedom from indistinctness or ambiguity.∙Coherence = Overall sense or understandability. Logical interconnection.∙Accuracy = Condition or quality of being true and exact and precise. Freedom from errorAcademic Language and writing’s plainness and precision distinguish it from other discourse types as reflected in the following two respects:I THE LEXICAL LEVEL1.Terminology --- Technical terms abound in EST, for example,“fungus” and “atom”. (I think you should findmore esoteric[understood by or meant for only the select fewwho have special knowledge or interest] examples, these aretoo common.2.Nominalization --- Abstract nouns are frequently used forclarity, for example “ammonia” is substituted with“refrigeration”3.Abbreviation --- Short forms and abbreviations are oftenfound in EST for economy and brevity, e.g. “radar” and “AIDS”e of single verbs --- Single verbs are used instead ofverbal phrases for formality and precision, e.g. “investigate”for “look into”, “eliminate” for “get rid of”.II THE SYNTACTICAL LEVEL1.Long complex sentences are used for accuracy to explaincomplicated ideas clearly and precisely.2.Simple present tense describes natural phenomena,processes and rules and makes explanation vivid and“timeless”.3.Passive voice is frequently used to convince the reader of theobjectivity of the description, e.g.: “Using a simplifi ed input-output framework, the aggregate economic output in the non-energy sector can be formulated as the sum of value addedin the non-energy sector.4.Non-finite verbs, participles, infinitives and gerunds arefrequently used in EST, e.g. “Traveling at th e speed of light, ittakes two million years to reach the nearest galaxy. ACADEMIC LANGUAGE STYLEAcademic writing and speaking usually follow a particular style: here are some commonly observed features:∙Tentative∙Formal∙Objective∙Concise∙Varied∙Tentativeness avoids over-generalization such as “always” and “every” and “as everyone knows” and replaces them words like “often” and “many/much” or “it is widely known”Use linguistic “hedges” (e.g. probably, seems, might be) to qualify generalization.Use tentative words or phrases such as “tends to”, “indicates that”, “suggests that”, “the majority of”, “there is a tendency for”, “it would seem that”. Limit your claims and always be realistic.Formality avoids slang, idioms, and too-casual language, e.g. “cool” or “pretty awful”.Formality avoids Question Titles and it uses full forms of words rather than abbreviations, e.g. does not, should have, rather than “doesn’t, should’ve. It avoids phrasal verbs e.g. “look into”, preferring single polysyllabic verbs e.g. “investigate”. It uses powerful reporting words: “support, claim, suggest recommend, and contradict”It avoids informal punctuation such as contractions and dashes; colons and semicolons feature commonly in academic style. Formal styles uses complex rather than simple sentences, and long rather than short paragraphs using logical connectors as sentence extendersOBJECTIVITY uses referencing to indicate sources. It uses impersonal expressions and the passive voice, e.g. it can be concluded that . . . it has been claimed that . . .. It uses third person pronouns and avoids the first person “I, we” or second person “you”CONCISENESS: Academic language is precise and specific. Use the most straightforward term and reduce unnecessary words. Avoid cliché’s redundant words or colloquialisms. Use the specific。