APPLICATION OF PLC IN LARGE TRANSFORMER COOLING SYSTEM 中文翻译

自动化专业常用英语词汇Title: Common English Vocabulary in Automation MajorIntroduction:As automation technology continues to advance, professionals in the field must be familiar with a wide range of English vocabulary to effectively communicate and collaborate with colleagues and clients. This article will provide an overview of common English vocabulary used in the automation major, divided into five sections for easy reference.1. Industrial Automation1.1 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC): A digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes.1.2 Human Machine Interface (HMI): A device that allows interaction between humans and machines.1.3 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition): Software used for monitoring and controlling industrial processes.2. Robotics2.1 End-Effector: The tool or device attached to the end of a robotic arm.2.2 Autonomous Robot: A robot capable of performing tasks without human intervention.2.3 Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines.3. Control Systems3.1 PID Controller: Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller used for controlling industrial processes.3.2 Closed-Loop System: A control system where feedback is used to adjust the output.3.3 Frequency Response: The relationship between input and output signals in a control system.4. Mechatronics4.1 Actuator: A device that converts energy into mechanical motion.4.2 Sensor: A device that detects changes in the environment and sends signals to the control system.4.3 Feedback System: A system that uses feedback to regulate the output of a process.5. Electrical Engineering5.1 Circuit Breaker: A device that interrupts the flow of electricity in a circuit.5.2 Transformer: A device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits.5.3 Power Factor: The ratio of real power to apparent power in an electrical system.Conclusion:Mastering the common English vocabulary in the automation major is essential for professionals to effectively communicate and collaborate in the field. By understanding and using these terms, professionals can ensure clear and concise communication with colleagues and clients, ultimately leading to successful automation projects.。

外文原文：PLC QuestionABSTRACT: This paper describes the main components of the PLC, and attention problems in use (such as the environment in use, the use of pre-note, etc.) Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons).Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form. of light diodes for error signalization. System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development. User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. Thereal status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory. PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. To day’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs). Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions. Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 V AC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electricalsupply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current. This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.PLC which should pay attention in the application is specially the control device which serves for the industrial production, usually does not need to take any measure, may use directly in the industry environment. But, when the production environment is too bad, the electromagnetic interference is special intense, or installs uses improper, cannot guarantee PLC the normal operation, therefore should pay attention to the following question in the use.First, Siemens PLC maintenance1, maintenance procedures, equipment, periodic testing, adjustment provisions (1) half-yearly or quarterly inspection PLC cabinet terminal connections, and if time to re-loose strong local connection;(2) of the cabinet to the host power supply voltage of the monthly re-survey work; Second, the provisions of cleaning equipment on a regular basis(1) every six months or a quarter of the PLC to clean, cut off power to the PLC power supply to the power rack, CPU board and input / output board in turn be removed to purge, clean and then in turn installed in situ, will all link to resume evacuation call and start the host PLC. PLC box carefully sweeping health;(2) every three months to replace the power rack below the filter; three maintenance preparation, maintenance of order (1) ready before maintenance tools; (2) To protectthe components and the template does not function no fault damage, must be protection devices and serious preparations for anti-static;(3) maintenance scheduling and operator contact before and well, be linked to overhaul licensing office hung maintenance card;4, equipment and method of disassembly sequence(1) downtime, must be two or more monitoring operation;(2) the way the CPU on the front panel select switch from the "Run" to "stop" position;(3) Close the PLC power supply mains, and then close the other to the power supply module Osaka;(4) connected to the power supply rack power cord clear line number in mind and remove the link location, then remove the power rack and rack screws connected, power rack can be removed;(5) CPU motherboard and I / 0 board in the bottom of the screw rotation after template removed;(6) installed in reverse order;5, maintenance process and technical requirements(1) measure voltage, use a digital voltmeter or accuracy of 1% of the multimeter, measure(2) the power rack, CPU board can only be removed when the main power cut off;(3) RAM module to remove or insert the CPU from the CPU prior to disconnect the PC's power supply, so as to ensure the data is not confused;(4) before removing RAM modules, check the battery module is working correctly, if the battery fault light is removed when the PAM module content will be lost; (5) input / output board should be removed before the first turn off the mains, but if the production of necessary I / 0 boards can be removed at run-time programmable controllers, but the CPU board QVZ (overtime) lights;(6) pluggable template, to be more careful, gently, and the goods shipped out of static electricity;(7) the replacement of components not live action;(8) Maintenance must be placed after the template installed in placeSecond, installment and wiring(1) The power line, the pilot wire as well as the PLC power line and the I/O line should distinguish the wiring, between the insulating transformer and PLC and I/O should use the double rubberized wire connection.(2) PLC should be far away from the strong jamming source like electric welding machine, the high efficiency silicon rectifier unit and the large-scale power equipment, cannot install with the high-pressured electric appliance in the identical switch cabinet.(3) The input and output of PLC are best separate the line, the switch quantity and the simulation quantity must separate the placing. The simulation quantity signal's transmission should use the shielded wire, the shielding layer should an end or the both sides earth, and the earth resistance should be smaller than the shielding layer resistance 1/10.(4) The PLC elemental area and the expansion unit as well as functional module's ties cable should lie alone, prevents the outside signal the disturbance.(5) The exchange output line and the direct-current output line do not use the identical root electric cable, the output line to be far away from the high tension line and the power line as far as possible, avoids parallel.Third, I/O end wiring1. Input wiring (1) inputs the wiring not to surpass 30 meters generally. But if the environment disturbance is small, when the loss of voltage is not big, the input wiring may suitable long.(2)Inputs/the output line not to be able to use the identical root electric cable, the input/output line to be separated.(3)Uses the normally opened contact form to connect the input end as far as possible, causes the establishment the trapezoidal chart to be consistent with the relay schematic diagram, is advantageous for reading.2. Outgoing junction(1) The out-put wiring divides into the independent output and the public output. In not group, may use the different type and the voltage class output voltage. But can only use the identical type, the identical voltage class power source in the identical group's output.(2) Because the PLC output element is sealed on the print circuit wafer, and connects to the terminal strip, if will connect output element's load short circuit, will burn down the print circuit wafer, therefore, application fuse protection output element.(3)Uses when the relay outputs, withstands inductive load's size, will affect relay's service life, therefore, time use inductive load the selective relay working life must be long.(4) The PLC output load possibly has the disturbance, must therefore take the measure to control, if direct-current output's after flow guarantees protects, the exchange output anti- accommodates the absorbing circuit, the transistor and the bidirectional thruster output by-passed resistor protection.Fourth, outside security electric circuit to guarantee that the overall system can under the secure state the reliable work, avoids, because the external power supply breaks down, PLC to present the heavy economic loss which and the person casualty exceptionally, the disoperation as well as outputs by mistake creates, PLC the outside should install the essential protection circuit.(1) Stops the electric circuit anxiously. Regarding can cause the user to cause the damage the dangerous load, besides performs in the control procedure toconsider, but also exterior should design the emergency stop electric circuit, causes when PLC breaks down, can cause the injury load power source reliably to shut off.(2)Fragment. The forward and reverse revolution and so on reversible operation's control system must establish the exterior electric appliance interlock protection; the reciprocation moves and rises and falls motion the control system, must establish the exterior spacing protection circuit.(3)The programmable controller has self-checking functions and so on surveillance timer, when inspects exceptionally, outputs completely the closure. But when programmable controller CPU breakdown cannot control the output, therefore, regarding can cause the user to cause the damage the dangerous load, to guarantee that the equipment moves under the secure state, must design the external circuit to protect.(4) Power source load protection. If the PLC power source breaks down, the interruption interval is short in 10 seconds, PLC works not affected, if the power source interrupt surpasses 10 second or the power source drops surpasses the permissible value, then the PLC stop work, all output also separates; when the power source restores, if RUN input connection, then operates carries on automatically. Therefore, to establish the essential current limiting protection circuit to some easy over-loading's input device.(5) Significant breakdown warning and protection. Regarding easy to have heavy accident's place, to guarantee the control system when the heavy accident occurs still the reliable warning and the protection, should have with the significant breakdown the contacting signal to output through the external circuit, caused the control system to move under the safe condition.Fifth, PLC earth the good earth is guaranteed that the PLC reliable work the important condition, may avoid the heterogametic the voltage surge harm. PLC meets the grounding and machine's ground terminal docking, meets the grounding the cross-sectional area should not to be smaller than 2mm2, the earth resistance issmaller than 100Ω; If must use the expansion unit, its ground point should accept after checking with the elemental area earth in the same place. In order to suppress adds in the power source and the input end, out-port's disturbance, should joins the special-purpose grounding to PLC, the ground point should with the power equipment (for example electrical machinery) the ground point separate; If cannot meet this kind of requirements, must achieve with the other equipment public earth, forbids to establish contacts the earth with other equipment. The ground point should approach PLC as far as possible.Sixth, the redundant system and hot backup system in profession in and so on petroleum, chemical industry, metallurgy certain systems, the request control device has the extremely high reliability. If the control system breaks down, will create the production suspension, the raw material massive wastes or the equipment trouble, will create the enormous economic loss to the enterprise. But depends on the enhancement control system hardware's reliability to satisfy the above request is only not enough, because the PLC itself reliable enhancement has certain limit. Uses the redundant system or the hot backup system can solve the above problem quite effectively.(1) Redundancy control system in redundancy control system, entire PLC control system (or in system most important part, if the CPU module) of two set of identical system composition. Two CPU module use same user program multi-tasking, one is advocates CPU, another is spare CPU; advocates the CPU work, but the spare CPU output is forbidden, when advocates CPU breaks down, spare CPU automatic investment movement. This cut process is controlled by the redundancy processing unit RPU, the switching time in 1~3 scanning periods, the I/O system's cut is also completes by RPU.Hot backup system in the hot backup system, two CPU with the communication connection connects in together, which is at circular telegram condition .When the system presents the breakdown, advocates CPU informs spare CPU to make thespare CPU work. This cut process is not too generally quick, but its structure is simpler than the redundant system.Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to deposited the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out theinterruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.Each equipment always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, which is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again. Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work. Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break off to rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some dates of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.You heard too many this phrases perhaps:" crash", the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance can't result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has the similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, we can establish time that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement process or the procedure is busy, movement time of the procedure exceeds WDT constitution time, the CPU turn but the WDT reset the appearance. The procedure restarts the movement, but will not carry on the breakage to the interruption.The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwires link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky.The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain. The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained moreknowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.Knowing the available PLC network options and their best applications will ensure an efficient and flexible control system design.The programmable logic controller's (PLC's) ability to support a range of communication methods makes it an ideal control and data acquisition device for a wide variety of industrial automation and facility control applications. However, there is some confusion because so many possibilities exist. To help eliminate this confusion, let's list what communications are available and when they would be best applied.To understand the PLC's communications versatility, let's first define the terms used in describing the various systems.ASCII: This stands for "American Standard Code for Information Interchange." As shown in Fig. 1, when the letter "A" is transmitted, for instance, it's automatically coded as "65" by the sending equipment. The receiving equipment translates the "65" back to the letter "A." Thus, different devices can communicate with each other as long as both use ASCII code.ASCII module: This intelligent PLC module is used for connecting PLCs to other devices also capable of communicating using ASCII code as a vehicle.Bus topology: This is a linear local area network (LAN) arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2A, in which individual nodes are tapped into a main communications cable at a single point and broadcast messages. These messages travel in both directions on the bus from the point of connection until they are dissipated by terminators at each end of the bus.中文译文：PLC 相关问题从结构上分，PLC分为固定式和组合式（模块式）两种。

变压器用英语怎么说变压器是利用电磁感应的原理来改变交流电压的装置，主要功能有电压变换、电流变换、阻抗变换、隔离、稳压等。

那么你知道变压器用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟着店铺来学习一下吧。

变压器的英语说法1：transformer变压器的英语说法2：voltage changer变压器相关英语表达：mains transformer;电源变压器step-down transformer;降压变压器step-up transformer;升压变压器output transformer;输出变压器input transformer输入变压器变压器的英语例句：1. He switched off the transformer and the buzzing stopped.他关掉变压器，嗡嗡声就消失了。

2. Keep away from the transformer.不要靠近那个变压器.3. We traced the trouble to a faulty transformer.我们查出故障出在一个有毛病的变压器上.4. The transformer isolates the transistors with regard to d -c bias voltage .变压器可在两个晶体管之间隔离直流偏压.5. A step - down transformer has a turns ratio less than 1.降压变压器的匝数比小于1.6. The magnetic cores of transformers and other apparatus are laminated.把变压器及其它仪器的磁心分层.7. A linear differential transformer has three coils.一个直线差动变压器有三个线圈.8. Several distributor transformers had fallen from the poles, and secondary wires and service drops were down.几个配电变压器从电线杆上摔下来, 副线及吊饰也垂下来.9. Fig. 9 shows schematically the application of a differential transformer to measurement of liquid column height.应用差动变压器测定液柱高度大致如图9所示.10. The signal is fed into a filter - amplifier which is transformercoupled to the video - detector.这个信号送到滤波器 - 放大器,它是由变压器耦合到视频检波器的.11. Advanced Transformer fastening structure, the ability to short - circuit resistance.变压器紧固结构先进, 抗短路能力强.12. HU Jing - sheng . Transformer Economic Operation. Beijing: China Power Press, 1999.胡景生. 变压器经济运行. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 1999.13. The paper also points out the direction of differential relay development.最后,本文指出了微机变压器差动保护的发展方向.14. It is very complicated to model transformer in transient calculation.在电磁暂态计算中,变压器是较难模拟的元件之一.15. Caution: the soldering iron transformer is designed for short burst operation.警告: 烙铁变压器是专为短期爆裂的运作.。

ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-2005美国国家标准协会/电气和电子工程师协会C57.12.01-2005IEEE Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers, IncludingThose with Solid-Cast and/or Resin Encapsulated Windings干式配电和电力变压器通用要求，包括固体干式和环氧树脂浇注线圈Contents目录1. Overview (1)总则1.1 Scope (1)范围1.2 Purpose (1)目的1.3 Word usage (2)专有名词2. Normative references (2)参考标准3. Definitions (3)定义4. Service conditions ..................................... .. (3)使用条件4.1 Usual service conditions (3)正常使用条件4.2 Unusual service conditions (4)不正常使用条件5. Rating data (6)标定数据（额定值）5.1 Cooling classes of transformers (6)变压器冷却等级5.2 Frequency (7)频率5.3 Phases (7)相数5.4 Rated power (7)额定容量5.4 Voltage rating and taps (8)额定电压和分接5.5 Connections (8)联结组别5.6 Polarity, angular displacement, and terminal marks (8)极性，相位，和端子标号5.7 Impedance (10)阻抗5.8 Losses (10)损耗5.9 Insulation levels (10)绝缘等级5.10 T emperature rise and insulation-system capability (14)温升和绝缘系统温度（最高耐温能力）铭牌6. Construction (22)结构6.1 Tank-pressure requirements (22)外壳能够存受压力要求6.2 Finish of tank or enclosure (22)外壳的漆（表面处理）6.3 Handling provisions (22)起吊规定6.4 Transformer accessories (22)变压器附件6.5 Terminals (22)接线端子6.6 Grounding (22)接地6.6 Shipping (23)运输（海运）7. Short-circuit characteristics (23)突发短路特性7.1 General (23)通用（一般）7.2 Transformer categories (23)变压器范畴划分7.3 Short-circuit current duration and magnitude (23)短路电流持续时间和量级7.4 System zero-sequence data (26)系统的零序值（X0/ X1）7.5 Application conditions requiring special consideration (27)要求特殊考虑的施加条件7.6 Components....... . (27)组件7.6 Base power rating of a winding (27)线圈基准容量7.7 Effects of temperature on transformer windings during short-circuit conditions (28)在持续短路条件下变压器绕组上的温升影响7.8 Temperature limits of transformer for short-circuit conditions (28)短路条件下变压器的温升限值7.9 Calculation of winding temperature during a short circuit (28)在持续短路条件下绕组温升计算8. Testing and calculations (30)试验和计算8.1 General (30)一般8.2 Test classifications (30)试验分类8.3 Routine, design, and other tests for transformers (30)变压器例行，设计和其它试验8.4 Calculations (31)计算容许误差9.1 Ratio (31)变比9.2 Impedance (32)阻抗9.3 Losses (32)损耗10. Connection of transformers for shipment (32)变压器连接Y&Δ1. Overview总则1.1 Scope范围Electrical, mechanical, and safety requirements of ventilated, non-ventilated, and sealed dry-typedistribution and power transformers or auto-transformers (single and polyphase, with a voltage of 601 V or higher in the highest voltage winding) are described.本标准应用于通风、不通风和包封干式配电和电力变压器或自耦变压器（单相和多相，绕组的最高电压是601V或者更高）在电气、机械和安全上的要求。

(coa*ial) cable (同轴)电缆AC transmission system 交流输电系统active filter 有源滤波器active load 〔PLoad〕有功负载active loss 有功损耗active power 有功功率alternating current (AC) 交流电ammeter电流表amplitude modulation (AM) 调幅angle stability功角稳定anode (cathode) 阳极〔阴极〕arc discharge 电弧放电arc suppression coil 消弧线圈arc-e*tinguishing chamber灭弧室armature 电枢，〔继电器的〕衔铁asynchronous machine 异步电机automatic control 自动控制automatic meter reading 〔AMR〕自动抄表automatic oscillograph 自动录波仪autotransformer 自耦变压器binary 二进制blackout 断电、停电block diagram 框图boiler 锅炉breakdown 〔电〕击穿breaker 断路器brush 电刷brushless DC motor 无刷直流电机bus bar 母线bus tie breaker 母联断路器〔母联断路器，母联开关〕calibrate 校准capacitor bank 电容器组conductor 导线converter (inverter)整流器〔逆变器〕copper loss 铜损corona 电晕coupling capacitor 耦合电容current transformer CT 电流互感器damping阻尼decimal 十进制dielectric 电介质,绝缘体dielectric constant 介质常数dielectric loss 介质损耗direct current 〔DC〕直流电discharge 放电disconnector 隔离开关dispatcher 调度员distribution automation system 配电网自动化〔DA〕系统distribution dispatch center 配电调度中心double-circuit lines on the same tower双回同杆并架double-column transformer双绕组变压器earth(ground) wire 接地线earthing switch 接地开关eddy current 涡流electric field 电场electric circuit 电路electrical machine control电机控制electrical machinery电机electromagnetic field 电磁场e*citation励磁e*citing winding 励磁绕组e*citor励磁器e*tra-high voltage (EHV) 超高压fast decoupled power-flow method 快速解耦潮流算法fault clearing time 故障切除时间feeder 馈电线FFT (fast Fourier transform) 快速傅立叶变换fi*ed series capacitor pensation固定串联电容补偿flashover 闪络Fle*ible AC transmission system (FACTS)灵活交流输电系统Fossil-fired power plant 火电厂frequency modulation (FM) 调频frequency-domain 频域fuse 保险丝，熔丝gas insulated substation 〔GIS〕气体绝缘变电站geography information system〔GIS〕地理信息系统generator 发电机generator terminal机端generator tripping 切机graduation dissertation毕业设计graduation practice毕业实习grounding capacitance voltage divider对地电容分压器grounding 接地harmonic 谐波he*adecimal 十六进制high voltage shunt reactor 高压并联电抗器high voltage高压high-voltage apparatus高压电器high-voltage engineering 高电压工程hydro power station 水力发电站Hydro-generator水轮发电机integrated circuit (IC) 集成电路internet protocol〔IP〕intelligence quotient〔IQ〕IEC (international Electrotechnical mission)国际电工〔技术〕委员会IEE (Institution of Electrical Engineers)电气工程师学会〔英〕IET〔The Institution Of Engineering And Technology〕工程技术学会〔英〕IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)电气与电子工程师学会〔美〕impedance阻抗impulse current 冲击电流independent pole operation 分相操作induction 感应inductive (capacitive) 电感的(电容的)installed capacity装机容量instrument transformer 互感器insulation coordination 绝缘配合insulation 绝缘insulator 绝缘子inverter station 换流站iron core 铁芯iron loss 铁损ISO (international standardization organization) 国际标准化组织isolator 刀闸(隔离开关)kinetic(potential) energy 动〔势〕能LAN (local area network) 局域网leakage flu* 漏磁通LED (light emitting diode) 发光二极管light(boiling)-water reactor 轻〔沸〕水反响堆lightning arrester 避雷器lightning overvoltage 雷电过电压load shedding 甩负荷loop system 环网系统loss of synchronization 失去同步low voltage 低压lower limit 下限machinery practice金工实习magnetic field 磁场magnetizing current励磁电流main and transfer busbar 单母线带旁路malfunction 失灵margin 裕度，边界metal o*ide arrester 〔MOA〕金属氧化物避雷器middle voltage中压motor 电动机nameplate 铭牌negative sequence impedance 负序阻抗neutral point中性点no-load current 空载电流no-load loss 空载损耗nuclear power station 核电站numerical 数字的octal 八进制oil-filled power cable 充油电力电缆one machine - infinity bus system单机无穷大系统operation amplifier 运算放大器operation mechanism 操动机构oscilloscope 示波器overhead line 架空线overvoltage 过电压partial discharge 局部放电passive device 无源器件peak-load 峰荷Permanent-magnet Synchronism Motor 永磁同步电机phase displacement (shift) 相移phase lead(lag) 相位超前〔滞后〕phase shifter 移相器phase-to-phase voltage 线电压positive sequence impedance 正序阻抗potential transformer PT 电压互感器power angle 功角power capacitor 电力电容power electronics 电力电子power factor 功率因数Power Generation Technology 发电技术power line carrier (PLC) 电力线载波〔器〕/ 可编程逻辑控制器power grid电网power plant电厂Power System Planning 电力系统规划power transfer 能量输送power transformer 电力变压器power transmission system输电系统prime mover 原动机productive practice生产实习protective relaying 〔relaying protection〕继电保护pumped storage power station 抽水蓄能电站radio interference 无线干扰rated 额定的ratio变比reactance (impedance) 电抗〔阻抗〕reactive current 无功电流reactive load无功负载reactive loss 无功损耗reactive power pensation 无功补偿reactive power 无功功率reactor 电抗器reclosing 重合闸recovery voltage 恢复电压rectifier 整流器reference value 参考值regulation 调节reinforced e*citation 强行励磁relay 继电器reserve capacity 备用容量resistance电阻resistor 电阻器right-of-way 线路走廊root mean square (rms) 均方根值rotor 转子routing testing 常规试验rpm (revolution per minute) 转/分series (shunt) pensation 串〔并〕联补偿shield wire 避雷线short-circuit ratio 短路比shunt capacitor 并联电容器shunt reactor 并联电抗器simulation analysis 仿真分析single (dual, ring) bus 单〔双，环形〕母线skin effect 集肤效应slip ring 滑环slope 斜率Staticstate静态static var〔Voltage Ampere Reactive〕pensation (SVC) 静止无功补偿Stator (rotor) 定〔转〕子steam turbine 汽轮机steel-reinforced aluminum 钢芯铝绞线step up (down) transformer 升(降)压变压器substation变电站sulphur he*afluoride breaker SF6 断路器supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)监控与数据采集surface breakdown 外表击穿surge impedance波阻抗swing 摇摆switch station 开关站synchronization 同步synchronous condenser 同步调相机tap 分接头taped transformer 多级变压器three phase fault 三相故障three-column transformer 〔ThrClnTrans〕三绕组变压器time-domain 时域time-of-usetariff 分时电价transfer function 传递函数transfer switching 倒闸操作transient stability暂态稳定transmission line 输电线路trip circuit 跳闸电路trip coil 跳闸线圈turn (turn ratio) 匝〔匝比，变比〕two-port network 二端口网络ultra-high voltage (UHV) 特高压underground cable 地下电缆vacuum circuit breaker 真空断路器variable transformer 调压变压器voltage grade 电压等级voltage stability 电压稳定wave front(tail) 波头〔尾〕winding 绕组withstand test 耐压试验withstand voltage 耐受电压zero sequence current 零序电流zinc o*ide 氧化锌〔金属氧化物〕专业课程名称电磁场概论 Introduction to Electro-Magnetic Field电机控制技术 Control Technique of Electrical Machinery电机学 Electrical Machinery 〔Theory〕电力电子技术根底 Fundamentals of Power Electronics Technology电力电子课程设计 Power electronics course design电力经济 Electric power system economics电力通信系统及调度自动化 Power System munication and Dispatching Automatic电力系统潮流计算机分析 puter Analysis of Power Flow电力系统分析 Electric power system analysis电力系统继电保护 Electric power system relaying protection电力系统稳态分析 Steady-State Analysis of Power System电力系统远动技术electric power system remote protocol电力系统暂态分析 Transient Analysis of Power System电力系统自动控制 Electric power system automatic control电力系统自动装置原理 The Principle of Electric Power System Automatic Equipment 电路原理 Principles of electric circuits电能质量控制 electric power quality (PQ) control电气工程根底 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering电子技术根底〔模拟〕〔数字〕 fundamentals of electronic (analog) (digital)高电压工程High voltage engineering计算机继电保护 Microputer-Based Relaying Protection.计算机通信与网络 puter munication and Network可编程控制器原理及应用 Principles of PLC (Programmable logic Controller) And Application 人工智能根底 Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence 〔AI〕数字信号处理 Digital Signal Processing (DSP)微机原理与接口 Principle of Microputer and Interface现代电力系统管理 Modern Power System Management信号与系统 Signal and System专业外语 Professional English，specialized English自动控制理论 Automatic Control Theory。

GW Instek GPM-8310 is a digital power meter for single-phase (1P/2W) AC power measurement. Features include DC, 0.1Hz~100kHz test bandwidth, 16bits A/D, and 300 kHz sampling rate. It adopts 5” TFT LCD screen with a five-digit measurement display and provides 25 power measurement related parameters, and has a high-precision measurement capability. It also features the ability to display waveform (voltage/current/power), the integration measurement function, harmonic measurement and analysis of each order (meeting the IEC 61000-4-7 harmonics measurement requirements at 50/60Hz), external sensor input terminals, and various communication interfaces, etc., to help users achieve clear, convenient and accurate power measurements. This power meter is a most cost-effective power meter with most complete functionalities among the products of the same category.The rated direct input voltage of GPM-8310 is 600V and the input current is 20A. The minimum current level is 5mA (resolution up to0.1uA) and the power measurement resolution is 0.1uW. The crest factor can reach 3 (half measurement range can reach 6 or 6A), and the voltage/current/power measurement capability can reach (±0.05% reading ±0.1% level). Different measurement modes can be selected according to ( AC+DC/ AC/ DC/ V-MEAN), providing up to 25 relevant parameters for power measurement, including voltage (Vrms/ Vac/ Vdc/ Vmn/ V+pk / V-pk), current (Irms/ Iac/ Idc/ I+pk/ I-pk), frequency (VHz/ IHz), power (P/ P+pk/ P-pk), crest factor (CFV/ CFI), apparent power (VA), reactive power (VAR), power factor (PF), phase angle (DEG), total harmonic distortion rate (THDV/THDI), maximum current ratio (MCR), and the MATH calculation function. Hence, for the measurement of low current/low power such as standby power consumption, or the measurement of power consumption of general products, this power meter provides the best range and accuracy support.GPM-8310 also makes good use of the advantages of the TFT LCD to display the results of parameter measurement by using numerical and graphical methods. In terms of numerical values, the general mode and the simple mode are provided. The general mode can display 10 measurement parameters (2 main measurements + 8 monitoring measurements), and the simple mode can display four measurement parameters. These displayed parameters can be arbitrarily selected from 25 power parameters according to the needs of users. In terms of graphic display, a simple oscilloscope mode is provided to display waveforms for three parameters including voltage, current and power. In addition, the measurement and analysis of each harmonic order of the measurement signal can be completely displayed by numerical values or bar graphs. This power meter not only meets the needs of accuracy and legibility in process testing, but also meets the needs of diverse measurement applications in R&D design and quality verification.In addition, the performance of GPM-8310 in auxiliary measurement mechanism/function is also comprehensive. For the application of measuring large voltage, the VT rate setting can be used with an external voltage Potential Transformer. For the measurement of large current, the type of current transformer ~ voltage output type or current output type will determine the applied method. If it is a current output type, it can be directly locked to the rear panel of the instrument and collocated with the CT rate setting to conduct measurement. If it is a voltage output type, measurement can be conducted through the external current sensor input terminals (EXT1/EXT2) provided by GPM-8310. Automatic level-changing can self-define the required level to save level-changing time. 10,000 lots of internal memories can be used to store measurement data according to the update rate set by GPM-8310 or a user-defined time interval for subsequent analysis. In terms of data retrieval and storage, GPM-8310 provides a variety of communication interfaces including RS-232C/ USB device (virtual COM)/ LAN/ GPIB. Users can write programs to read the measurement results according to their habits or with existing system interfaces and there is no need to procure interfaces. USB host supports GPM-8310 screen capture, internal record data access, and firmware update. For the needs of external signal control or the use of data recorder to record data, GPM-8310 also provides an optional Digital I/O (DA4) interface (must be installed before leaving the factory), which can be connected to an external controller such as PLC or a data recorder to meet the application of automatic measurement or long recording.Numerical (General)Mode Numerical (Simple)ModeWaveformModeHarmonic (Bar Graph)MeasurementHarmonic (Table Column)MeasurementGPM-8310 provides the numerical value display mode and the waveform display mode, which help users to maximize the benefit of their measurement. Under the numerical mode, there are the general mode and the simple mode. The general mode has related measurement settings and can simultaneously display 10 measurement parameters (2 main measurements and 8 secondary measurements). The simple mode displays only 4 measurement parameter results. The parameters in each mode can be arranged and combined as required. Under the graphic mode, a simple oscilloscope function is provided to display the waveforms of three parameters including voltage, current and power. The horizontal scale can be adjusted (from 25us/div ~ 1s/div according to the set data update rate), and 3 magnification rates for waveform observation are also provided for users to select. In the harmonic measurement, the measurement results of each order of harmonics can be displayed by bar graphs, and a specific observation order can be specified. The relevant values of each order of harmonics (voltage/current/power/voltage distortion ratio/current distortion ratio/power distortion ratio/voltage phase angle/current phase angle) can be completely recorded anddisplayed.External Current Sensor Input FLEXIBLE LEVEL-CHANGING MECHANISMSUPERB MEASUREMENT ASSISTANCERatio Configuration GPM-8310 provides a variety of measurement items and functions,including voltage, current, frequency, effective power, apparent power,reactive power, power factor, crest factor, total harmonic distortion, andcan also measure the maximum current ratio. GPM-8310 is also equippedwith the measurement function of power or current time integration forthe DUT. Users set a period of time to perform instantaneous power With respect to the support of measurement assistance, the performanceof GPM-8310 is outstanding. First of all, for the measurement of highvoltage/high power, the setting of voltage ratio/power ratio is provided torestore the attenuated ratio to a true value. For the measurement of largecurrent, other than the setting of current ratio, external current sensorterminals (EXT1/EXT2) can be utilized to connect with a voltage outputtype current transformer, making large current measurement more GPM-8310 provides the measurement of the integration function underthe automatic level-changing mode to allow users to fully calculate thetotal value of the power consumption of the DUT from the beginning tothe end of the integration function. In addition, GPM-8310 also supports integration at the set time period, and then divide by the time to obtain the average power of the DUT. In addition, when performing integration measurement, GPM-8310 supports automatic level-changing function for the power change of the DUT at different times in order to obtain the most complete integration result within the set time.convenient. In addition, GPM-8310 provides 4 sets of panel settings for storage/recall and memory for storing 10,000 lots of measurement values. The measurement storage can log the measurement results based upon the update rate or a self-defined time interval to facilitate the subsequent analysis. The USB host on the front panel supports screen capture, measurement value storage, and GPM-8310 firmware update.self-defined setting mechanism for level-changing. Users can select the required level to be changed to save time on level-changing and expeditethe test.Note : “*” Only applicable to specific measurement modes for selectionSelf-defined automatic level-changing mechanism Automatic level-changing under the integration functionGPM-001 Test FixtureGPM-001(EU) Test FixtureGTL-210 Test Lead GTL-213 Test Lead 9876543USBUSB HostDevice LAN 2145689723GPM-8310 provides comprehensive and diverse communicationsinterfaces including RS-232 / USB / LAN / GPIB, which are suitable forcustomers to write computer software for remote control and thecollection of measurement results through commands. The optionalDigital I/O (DA4) interface provides 3 different modes: the external controlmode, the DA4 output mode and the self-defined output mode based onuser settings. When the setting is in the external control mode, it allowsusers to activate, stop, trigger or reset the integration measurement function through external signals. When the setting is in the DA4 output mode, users can define 4 measurement parameter values from the 25 measurement parameters provided (even with the result of integration measurement) to produce outputs by a fixed level (full scale +5V) or a manual level (full scale ±5V) and receive results by collocating with a data recorder. When the setting is in the self-defined output mode, a communications interface is required to control the action of each defined pin through commands.Practical InterfaceDA4 Interface Mechanism DA4。

电力专业术语英汉对照表sudden loss of a generator or transmission line。

突然损失发电机或线路sudden load increases or decreases负荷突然增加或减少short circuits and switching operations. 短路和开关操作three—phase and line—to-ground faults三相和对地短路circuit breaker短路器transient overvoltages and currents暂态过电压和电流lightning strikes雷击surge arrester电涌放电器phasor相量instantaneous power瞬时功率A sinusoidal voltage or current at constant frequency正弦电压或电流maximum value最大值effective value有效值average value平均值real axis坐标系实轴imaginary axis坐标系虚轴phasor diagram for相量图passive elements无源元件resistor电阻inductor电感capacitor电容reactance电抗inductive感性capacitive容性real power or active power有功功率reactive power无功功率power factor功率因数power factor angle功率因数角The physical significance of …物理意义…be in phase with……与…同相位As indicated by (2.1)，…如式（2。

1)所示The current lags(leads）the voltage by 90…落后（超前)…多少相位.sinusoidal-steady-state正弦稳态让a＝b，得到:Letting a=b givesBy convention, the power factor cos(a-b) is positive按照惯例（通常）.a time interval T. Example: The total energy absorbed by a load during a time interval时间区间rating。

自动化专业英语常用词汇acceleration transducer 加速度传感器accumulatederror 累积误差AC-DC-AC frequency converter 交 -直 -交变频器AC (alternating current)electric drive 交流电子传动active attitudestabilization 主动姿态稳定adjointoperator 伴随算子admissibleerror 容许误差amplifyingelement 放大环节analog-digital conversion 模数转换operationalamplifiers 运算放大器aperiodic decomposition 非周期分解approximate reasoning 近似推理a prioriestimate 先验估计articulatedrobot 关节型机器人asymptoticstability 渐进稳定性attained posedrift 实际位姿漂移attitudeacquisition 姿态捕获AOCS ( attitude and orbit control system) 姿态轨道控制系统attitude angular velocity 姿态角速度attitude disturbance 姿态扰动automatic manual station 自动 -手动操作器automaton 自动机base coordinate system 基座坐标系bellows pressure gauge 波纹管压力表gauge 测量仪器black box testingapproach 黑箱测试法bottom-up development 自下而上开发boundary value analysis 边界值分析brainstorming method 头脑风暴法CAE (computer aided engineering) 计算机辅助工程CAM (computer aided manufacturing) 计算机辅助制造capacitive displacement transducer 电容式位移传感器capacity 电容displacement 位移capsule pressure gauge 膜盒压力表rectangular coordinatesystem 直角坐标系cascade compensation 串联补偿using series or parallel capacitors 用串联或者并联的电容chaos 混沌calrity 清晰性classical informationpattern 经典信息模式classifier 分类器clinical control system 临床控制系统closed loop pole 闭环极点open loop 开环closed loop transfer function 闭环传递函数combined pressure and vacuum gauge 压力真空表command pose 指令位姿companion matrix 相伴矩阵compatibility 相容性，兼容性compensating network 补偿网络Energy is conserved in all of its forms 能量是守恒的compensation 补偿，矫正conditionally instability 条件不稳定性configuration 组态connectivity 连接性conservative system 守恒系统consistency 一致性constraint condition 约束条件control accuracy 控制精度Gyroscope 陀螺仪control panel 控制屏，控制盘control system synthesis 控制系统综合corner frequency 转折频率coupling of orbit and attitude 轨道和姿态耦合critical damping 临界阻尼Damper 阻尼器临界 criticalcritical stability 临界稳定性cross-overfrequency 穿越频率，交越频率cut-off frequency 截止频率cybernetics 控制论cyclic remotecontrol 循环遥控cycle 循环 cyclic cylindrical robot 圆柱坐标型机器人damped oscillation 阻尼振荡oscillation 振荡；振动；摆动damper 阻尼器damping ratio 阻尼比ratio 比data acquisition 数据采集data preprocessing 数据预处理data processor 数据处理器D controller 微分控制器微分控制： Differentialcontrol积分控制： integralcontrol 比例控制： proportional controldescribing function 描述函数desired value 希望值真值： truthvalues 参考值： reference valuedestination 目的站detector 检出器deviation 偏差deviation alarm 偏差报警器differential dynamicalsystem 微differential pressure level meter差压液位计 meter=gauge仪表differen tial差别的 微分的differential pressure transmitter 差压变送器differential transformer displacement transducerdifferentiation element 微分环节差动变压器式位移传感器digital filer 数字滤波器 fil ter滤波器digital signal processing数字信号处理dimension transducer 尺度传感器discrete system simulation language 离散系统仿真语言discrete 离散的 不连续的displacement vibration amplitude transducer 位移振幅传感器 幅度： amplitude distrubance 扰动disturbance compensation 扰动补偿diversit y 多样性 divisibi lity 可分性domain knowledge 领域知识dominant pole 主导极点 零点 zero 调制： modulation ； modulate 解调： demodulation countermodulatio n duty ratio 负载 比 dynamic characteristics 动态特性 dynamic deviation 动态偏差dynamic error coefficient 动态误差系数 dynamic input-output model 动态投入产出模型Index 指数eddy current thickness meter 电涡流厚度计 meter 翻译成计 gauge 翻译成表 electric conductance level meter 电导液位计 electromagnetic flow transducer 电磁流量传感器electronic batching scale 电子配料秤 scale 秤electronic belt conveyor scale 电子皮带秤 electronic hopper scale 电子料斗秤elevation 仰角depression 俯角equilibrium point 平衡点error 误差estimate 估计量estimation theory 估计理论expected characteristics 希望特性failure diagnosis 故障诊断feasibility study 可行性研究feasible 可行的feasible region 可行域feature detection 特征检测feature extraction 特征抽取feedback compensation 反馈补偿Feed forward path 前馈通路前馈： feed forward 反馈 feedbackFMS ( flexible manufacturing system) 柔性制造系统柔性： flexible 刚性： rigiditybending deflection 弯曲挠度deflect 偏向偏离flow sensor/transducer流量传感器flow transmitter 流量变送器forward path 正向通路frequency converter 变频器frequency domain model reduction me thod 频域模型降阶法频域frequency response 频域响应functional decomposition 功能分解FES (functional electrical stimulation ) 功能电刺激stimulate 刺激functional simularity 功能相似fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑generalized least squares estimation 广义最小二乘估计geometric similarity 几何相似global optimum 全局最优goal coordinationmethod 目标协调法graphic search 图搜索guidance system 制导系统gyro drift rate 陀螺漂移率gyrostat 陀螺体Hall displacement transducer 霍尔式位移传感器horizontaldecomposition 横向分解hydraulic step motor 液压步进马达Icontroller 积分控制器integral 积分identifiability 可辨识性imagerecognition 图像识别impulse 冲量impulsefunction 冲击函数，脉冲函数index of merit 品质因数index 指数inductive force transducer 电感式位移传感器感应的inductive电感：inductanceindustrial automation 工业自动化inertial attitude sensor 惯性姿态敏感器inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系information acquisition 信息采集infrared gas analyzer 红外线气体分析器infrared 红外线红外线的ultraviolet ray 紫外线的visible light可见光inherent nonlinearity 固有非线性inherent regulation 固有调节initial deviation 初始偏差input-output model 投入产出模型instability 不稳定性integrity 整体性intelligent terminal 智能终端internal disturbance 内扰invariant embedding principle 不变嵌入原理inverse Nyquist diagram 逆奈奎斯特图investment decision 投资决策joint 关节knowledge acquisition 知识获取knowledge assimilation 知识同化knowledge representation 知识表达lag-lead compensation滞后超前补偿Laplacetransform 拉普拉斯变换large scale system 大系统least squares criterion 最小二乘准则criterion 准则linearizationtechnique 线性化方法linear motion electricdrive 直线运动电气传动linear motionvalve 直行程阀linearprogramming 线性规划load cell 称重传感器local optimum 局部最优local 局部log magnitude-phase diagram对数幅相图magnitude大小的程度amplitude 振幅long term memory 长期记忆Lyapunov theorem of asymptotic stability 李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理magnetoelastic weighing cell 磁致弹性称重传感器magnitude-frequency characteristic 幅频特性magnitude margin幅值裕度margin边缘magnitude scalefactor幅值比例尺manipulator机械手man-machine coordination人机协调MAP (manufacturing automation protocol) 制造自动化协议protocol 协议marginal effectiveness 边际效益Mason‘‘ s gain formula 梅森增益公式matchingcriterion匹配准则maximum likelihood estimation 最大似然估计maximum overshoot 最大超调量maximum principle 极大值原理mean-square error criterion 均方误差准则minimal realization 最小实现minimum phase system 最小相位系统minimum variance estimation 最小方差估计model reference adaptive control system 模型参考适应控制系统 model verification 模型验证modularization 模块化mean 平均MTBF (mean time between failures) 平均故障间隔时间 MTTF (mean time to failures) 平均无故障时间multiloop control 多回路控制multi-objective decision 多目标决策Nash optimality 纳什最优性nearest-neighbor 最近邻necessity measure 必然性侧度negative feedback 负反馈neural assembly 神经集合neural network computer 神经网络计算机Nichols chart 尼科尔斯图Nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定判据objective function 目标函数on-line assistance 在线帮助on-off control 通断控制optic fiber tachometer 光纤式转速表optimal trajectory 最优轨迹optimization technique 最优化技术order parameter 序参数orientation control 定向控制oscillating period 振荡周期周期：period cycleoutput prediction method 输出预估法oval wheel flowmeter 椭圆齿轮流量计Over damping 过阻尼underdamping 欠阻尼PR (pattern recognition) 模式识别P control 比例控制器peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法perceptron 感知器phase lead 相位超前phase lag相位滞后Photoelectri c光电tachometric transducer光电式转速传感器piezoelectric force transducer压电式力传感器PLC (programmable logic controller) 可编程序逻辑控制器plug braking 反接制动pole assignment 极点配置pole-zero cancellation零极点相消polynomial input 多项式输入portfolio theory 投资搭配理论pose overshoot位姿过调量position measuring instrument 位置测量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器positive feedback 正反馈power system automation 电力系统自动化pressure transmitter 压力变送器primary frequency zone 主频区priority 优先级process-oriented simulation 面向过程的仿真proportional control 比例控制proportional plus derivative controller 比例微分控制器pulse duration 脉冲持续时间pulse frequency modulation control system 脉冲调频控制系统： frequency modulation 频率调制调频pulse width modulation control system 脉冲调宽控制系统PWM inverter 脉宽调制逆变器QC (qualitycontrol) 质量管理quantized noise 量化噪声ramp function 斜坡函数randomdisturbance 随机扰动random process 随机过程rate integratinggyro 速率积分陀螺real time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野rectangular robot 直角坐标型机器人redundantinformation 冗余信息regional planningmodel 区域规划模型regulatingdevice 调节装载regulation 调节relationalalgebra 关系代数remoteregulating 遥调reproducibility 再现性resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻 电阻温度计传感器response curve 响应曲线return difference matrix 回差矩阵 return ratio matrix回比矩阵revolute robot 关节型机器人revolution speed transducer 转速传感器 rewriting rule重写规则rigid spacecraft dynamics 刚性航天动力学 dynamics 动力学robotics 机器人学robot programming language 机器人编程语言 robust control 鲁棒控制 robustness 鲁棒性 root locus 根轨迹 roots flowmeter腰轮流量计rotameter 浮子流量计，转子流量计sampled-data control system 采样控制系统sampling control system 采样控制系统saturation characteristics 饱和特性 scalar Lyapunov function 标量李雅普诺夫函数s-domain s 域self-operated controller 自力式控制器 self-organizing system 自组织系统self-reproducing system 自繁殖系统self-tuning control 自校正控制sensing element 敏感元件 sensitivity analysis 灵敏度 分析sensory control 感觉控制 sequential decomposition顺序分解sequential least squares estimation 序贯最小二乘估计 servo control 伺服控制，随动控制servomotor settling time伺服马达过渡时间 sextan t六分仪short term planning短期计划short time horizon coordinationsignal detection and estimation短时程协调信号检测和估计signal reconstruction 信号重构similarity 相似性simulated interrupt 仿真中断simulation block diagram 仿真框图simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation velocity 仿真速度simulator 仿真器single axle table 单轴转台single degree of freedom gyro 单自由度陀螺翻译顺序呵呵spin axis 自旋轴spinner 自旋体stability criterion 稳定性判据stabilitylimit 稳定极限stabilization 镇定，稳定state equation model 状态方程模型state space description 状态空间描述static characteristicscurve 静态特性曲线station accuracy 定点精度stationary randomprocess 平稳随机过程statistical analysis 统计分析statistic patternrecognition 统计模式识别steady state deviation稳态偏差顺序翻译即可steady state error coefficient稳态误差系数step-by-step control步进控制step function 阶跃函数strain gauge load cell 应变式称重传感器subjective probability 主观频率supervisory computer control system 计算机监控系统sustained oscillation 自持振荡swirlmeter 旋进流量计switching point 切换点systematology 系统学system homomorphism 系统同态system isomorphism 系统同构system engineering 系统工程tachometer 转速表target flow transmitter 靶式流量变送器task cycle 作业周期temperature transducer 温度传感器tensiometer 张力计texture 纹理theorem proving 定理证明therapy model 治疗模型thermocouple 热电偶thermometer 温度计thickness meter 厚度计three-axis attitude stabilization 三轴姿态稳定three state controller 三位控制器thrust vector control system 推力矢量控制系统推力器thrustertime constant 时间常数time-invariant system 定常系统，非时变系统invariant不变的时序控制器time schedulecontrollertime-sharing control 分时控制time-varying parameter 时变参数top-down testing 自上而下测试全面质量管理TQC (total qualitycontrol)tracking error 跟踪误差trade-off analysis 权衡分析transfer function matrix传递函数矩阵transformation grammar 转换文法transient deviation 瞬态偏差短暂的瞬间的transient process过渡过程transition diagram 转移图transmissible pressure gauge 电远传压力表transmitter 变送器trend analysis 趋势分析triple modulation telemetering system 三重调制遥测系统turbine flowmeter 涡轮流量计Turing machine 图灵机two-time scale system 双时标系统ultrasonic levelmeter 超声物位计unadjustable speed electric drive 非调速电气传动unbiased estimation 无偏估计underdamping 欠阻尼uniformly asymptotic stability 一致渐近稳定性uninterrupted duty 不间断工作制，长期工作制unit circle 单位圆unit testing 单元测试unsupervised learing 非监督学习upper level problem 上级问题urban planning 城市规划value engineering 价值工程variable gain 可变增益，可变放大系数variable structure control system 变结构控制function 函数vector Lyapunov function 向量李雅普诺夫函数velocity error coefficient 速度误差系数velocity transducer 速度传感器 vertical decomposition纵向分解vibrating wire force transducer 振弦式力传感器vibrometer 振动计vibrationVibrate 振动viscousdamping 粘性阻尼voltage source inverter 电压源型逆变器vortex precessionflowmeter 旋进流量计vortex sheddingflowmeter 涡街流量计WB (way base) 方法库weighing cell 称重传感器weightingfactor 权因子weightingmethod 加权法Whittaker-Shannon sampling theorem 惠特克 -香农采样定理Wiener filtering维纳滤波w- plane w 平面zero-based budget 零基预算zero-input response零输入响应zero-state response零状态响应z-transform z 变换《信号与系统》专业术语中英文对照表第1章绪论信号（ signal）系统（ system）电压（ voltage）电流（ current）信息（ information）电路（ circuit ）网络（ network）确定性信号（ determinate signal）随机信号（ random signal）一维信号（ one–dimensional signal）多维信号（ multi –dimensional signal）连续时间信号（ continuous time signal）离散时间信号（ discrete time signal）取样信号（ sampling signal）数字信号（ digital signal）周期信号（ periodic signal）非周期信号（ nonperiodic（aperiodic） signal）能量（ energy）功率（ power）能量信号（ energy signal）功率信号（ power signal）平均功率（ average power）平均能量（ average energy）指数信号（ exponential signal）时间常数（ time constant）正弦信号（ sine signal）余弦信号（ cosine signal）振幅（ amplitude）角频率（ angular frequency）初相位（ initial phase）周期（ period）频率（ frequency）欧拉公式（ Euler ’s formula）复指数信号（ complex exponential signal）复频率（ complex frequency）实部（ real part）虚部（ imaginary part）抽样函数Sa(t)（sampling（Sa） function）偶函数（ even function）奇异函数（ singularity function ）奇异信号（ singularity signal）单位斜变信号（ unit ramp signal）斜率（ slope）单位阶跃信号（ unit step signal）符号函数（ signum function）单位冲激信号（ unit impulse signal）广义函数（ generalized function）取样特性（ sampling property）冲激偶信号（ impulse doublet signal）奇函数（ odd function）偶分量（even component）偶数even 奇数odd 奇分量（odd component）正交函数（ orthogonal function）正交函数集（ set of orthogonal function）数学模型（ mathematics model）电压源（ voltage source）基尔霍夫电压定律（ Kirchhoff ’s voltage law（KVL ））电流源（ current source）连续时间系统（ continuous time system）离散时间系统（ discrete time system）微分方程（ differential function）差分方程（ difference function）线性系统（ linear system）非线性系统（ nonlinear system）时变系统（ time–varying system）时不变系统（ time–invariant system）集总参数系统（ lumped–parameter system）分布参数系统（ distributed–parameter system）偏微分方程（ partial differential function ）因果系统（ causal system）非因果系统（ noncausal system）因果信号（ causal signal）叠加性（ superposition property）均匀性（ homogeneity）积分（ integral）输入–输出描述法（ input–output analysis）状态变量描述法（ state variable analysis）单输入单输出系统（ single–input and single–output system）状态方程（ state equation）输出方程（ output equation）多输入多输出系统（ multi –input and multi–output system）时域分析法（ time domain method）变换域分析法（ transform domain method）卷积（ convolution）傅里叶变换（ Fourier transform）拉普拉斯变换（ Laplace transform）第 2 章连续时间系统的时域分析齐次解（ homogeneous solution）特解（ particular solution）特征方程（ characteristic function）特征根（ characteristic root）固有（自由）解（ natural solution）强迫解（ forced solution）起始条件（ original condition）初始条件（ initial condition）自由响应（ natural response）强迫响应（ forced response）零输入响应（ zero-input response）零状态响应（ zero-state response）冲激响应（ impulse response）阶跃响应（ step response）卷积积分（ convolution integral）交换律（ exchange law）分配律（ distribute law）结合律（ combine law）第3 章傅里叶变换频谱（ frequency spectrum）频域（ frequency domain）三角形式的傅里叶级数（trigonomitric Fourier series）指数形式的傅里叶级数（exponential Fourier series）傅里叶系数（ Fourier coefficient）直流分量（ direct component）基波分量（ fundamental component）component分量n 次谐波分量（ nth harmonic component）复振幅（ complex amplitude）频谱图（ spectrum plot（diagram））幅度谱（ amplitude spectrum）相位谱（ phase spectrum）包络（ envelop）离散性（ discrete property）谐波性（ harmonic property）收敛性（ convergence property）奇谐函数（ odd harmonic function）吉伯斯现象（ Gibbs phenomenon）周期矩形脉冲信号（ periodic rectangular pulse signal）直角的周期锯齿脉冲信号（ periodic sawtooth pulse signal）周期三角脉冲信号（ periodic triangular pulse signal）三角的周期半波余弦信号（ periodic half–cosine signal）周期全波余弦信号（ periodic full –cosine signal）傅里叶逆变换（inverse Fourier transform）inverse 相反的频谱密度函数（ spectrum density function）单边指数信号（ single–sided exponential signal）双边指数信号（ two–sided exponential signal）对称矩形脉冲信号（ symmetry rectangular pulse signal）线性（ linearity ）对称性（ symmetry）对偶性（ duality）位移特性（ shifting）时移特性（ time–shifting）频移特性（ frequency–shifting ）调制定理（ modulation theorem）调制（ modulation）解调（ demodulation）变频（ frequency conversion）尺度变换特性（ scaling）微分与积分特性（ differentiation and integration）时域微分特性（ differentiation in the time domain）时域积分特性（ integration in the time domain）频域微分特性（ differentiation in the frequency domain）频域积分特性（ integration in the frequency domain）卷积定理（ convolution theorem）时域卷积定理（ convolution theorem in the time domain）频域卷积定理（ convolution theorem in the frequency domain）取样信号（ sampling signal）矩形脉冲取样（ rectangular pulse sampling）自然取样（ nature sampling）冲激取样（ impulse sampling）理想取样（ ideal sampling）取样定理（ sampling theorem）调制信号（ modulation signal）载波信号（ carrier signal）已调制信号（ modulated signal）模拟调制（ analog modulation）数字调制（ digital modulation）连续波调制（ continuous wave modulation）脉冲调制（ pulse modulation）幅度调制（ amplitude modulation）频率调制（ frequency modulation）相位调制（ phase modulation）角度调制（ angle modulation）频分多路复用（ frequency–division multiplex （FDM ））时分多路复用（ time–division multiplex （TDM ））相干（同步）解调（ synchronous detection）本地载波（ local carrier）载波系统函数（ system function）网络函数（ network function）频响特性（ frequency response）幅频特性（ amplitude frequency response）幅频响应相频特性（ phase frequency response）无失真传输（ distortionless transmission）理想低通滤波器（ideal low–pass filter）截止频率（ cutoff frequency）正弦积分（ sine integral）上升时间（ rise time）窗函数（ window function ）理想带通滤波器（ ideal band–pass filter）太直译了第 4 章拉普拉斯变换代数方程（ algebraic equation）双边拉普拉斯变换（ two-sided Laplace transform）双边拉普拉斯逆变换（ inverse two-sided Laplace transform）单边拉普拉斯变换（ single-sided Laplace transform）拉普拉斯逆变换（ inverse Laplace transform）收敛域（ region of convergence（ ROC））延时特性（ time delay）s 域平移特性（ shifting in the s-domain）s域微分特性（ differentiation in the s-domain）s 域积分特性（ integration in the s-domain）初值定理（ initial-value theorem）终值定理（ expiration-value）复频域卷积定理（ convolution theorem in the complex frequency domain）部分分式展开法（ partial fraction expansion）留数法（ residue method）第 5 章策动点函数（ driving function ）转移函数（ transfer function）极点（ pole）零点（ zero）零极点图（ zero-pole plot）暂态响应（ transient response）稳态响应（ stable response）稳定系统（ stable system）一阶系统（ first order system）高通滤波网络（ high-pass filter）低通滤波网络（ low-pass filter）二阶系统（ second order system）最小相位系统（ minimum-phase system）高通（ high-pass）带通（ band-pass）带阻（ band-stop）有源（ active）无源（ passive）模拟（ analog）数字（ digital）通带（ pass-band）阻带（ stop-band）佩利－维纳准则（ Paley-Winner criterion）最佳逼近（ optimum approximation）过渡带（ transition-band）通带公差带（ tolerance band）巴特沃兹滤波器（ Butterworth filter ）切比雪夫滤波器（ Chebyshew filter）方框图（ block diagram）信号流图（ signal flow graph）节点（ node）支路（ branch）输入节点（ source node）输出节点（ sink node）混合节点（ mix node）通路（ path）开通路（ open path）闭通路（ close path）环路（ loop）自环路（ self-loop）环路增益（ loop gain）不接触环路（ disconnect loop）前向通路（ forward path）前向通路增益（ forward path gain）梅森公式（ Mason formula）劳斯准则（ Routh criterion）第 6 章数字系统（ digital system）数字信号处理（ digital signal processing）差分方程（ difference equation）单位样值响应（ unit sample response）卷积和（ convolution sum）Z 变换（ Z transform）序列（ sequence）样值（ sample）单位样值信号（ unit sample signal）单位阶跃序列（ unit step sequence）矩形序列(rectangular sequence)单边实指数序列（ single sided real exponential sequence）单边正弦序列（ single sided exponential sequence）斜边序列（ ramp sequence）复指数序列（ complex exponential sequence）线性时不变离散系统（ linear time-invariant discrete-time system）常系数线性差分方程（ linear constant-coefficient difference equation）后向差分方程（ backward difference equation）前向差分方程（ forward difference equation）海诺塔（ Tower of Hanoi）菲波纳西（ Fibonacci）冲激函数串（ impulse train）第7 章数字滤波器（ digital filter ）单边 Z 变换（ single-sided Z transform）双边 Z 变换 (two-sided (bilateral) Z transform)幂级数（ power series）收敛（ convergence）有界序列（ limitary-amplitude sequence）正项级数（ positive series）有限长序列（ limitary-duration sequence）右边序列（ right-sided sequence）左边序列（ left-sided sequence）双边序列（ two-sided sequence）Z逆变换（ inverse Z transform）围线积分法（ contour integral method）幂级数展开法（ power series expansion）z域微分（ differentiation in the z-domain）序列指数加权（ multiplication by an exponential sequence）z域卷积定理（ z-domain convolution theorem）帕斯瓦尔定理（ Parseval theorem）传输函数（ transfer function）序列的傅里叶变换（ discrete-time Fourier transform：DTFT）序列的傅里叶逆变换（ inverse discrete-time Fourier transform：IDTFT ）幅度响应（ magnitude response）相位响应（ phase response）量化（ quantization）编码（ coding）模数变换（ A/D 变换： analog-to-digital conversion）数模变换（ D/A 变换： digital-to- analog conversion）第8 章端口分析法（ port analysis）状态变量（ state variable）无记忆系统（ memoryless system）有记忆系统（ memory system）矢量矩阵（ vector-matrix ）常量矩阵（ constant matrix ）输入矢量（input vector）输出矢量（ output vector）直接法（ direct method）间接法（ indirect method）状态转移矩阵（ state transition matrix）系统函数矩阵（ system function matrix）冲激响应矩阵（ impulse response matrix）光学专业词汇大全Accelaration 加速度Myopia-near-sighted 近视Sensitivity to Light 感光灵敏度boost 推进lag behind 落后于Hyperopic-far-sighted 远视visual sensation 视觉ar Pattern 条状图形approximate 近似adjacent 邻近的normal 法线Color Difference 色差V Signal Processing 电视信号处理back and forth 前后vibrant 震动quantum leap 量子越迁derive from 起源自inhibit 抑制 ,约束stride 大幅前进obstruction 障碍物substance 物质实质主旨residue 杂质criteria 标准parameter 参数parallax 视差凸面镜convex mirror凹面镜concave mirror分光镜 spectroscope入射角angle of incidence 出射角emergent angle平面镜plane mirror放大率角度放大率 angularmagnification放大率：magnification折射refraction反射reflect干涉 interfere衍射diffraction干涉条纹interference fringe衍射图像diffraction fringe 衍射条纹偏振polarize polarization透射 transmission透射光transmission light光强度 ] light intensity电磁波electromagnetic wave振动杨氏干涉夫琅和费衍射焦距brewster Angle 布鲁斯特角quarter Waveplates 四分之一波片ripple 波纹capacitor 电容器vertical 垂直的horizontal 水平的airy disk 艾里斑exit pupil 出[ 射光 ]瞳Entrance pupil 入瞳optical path difference 光称差radius of curvature 曲率半径spherical mirror 球面镜reflected beam 反射束YI= or your information 供参考phase difference 相差interferometer 干涉仪ye lens 物镜 /目镜spherical 球的field information 场信息standard Lens 标准透镜refracting Surface 折射面principal plane 主平面vertex 顶点 ,最高点fuzzy 失真 ,模糊light source 光源wavelength 波长angle 角度spectrum 光谱diffraction grating 衍射光栅sphere 半球的DE= ens data editor Surface radius of curvature 表面曲率半径surface thickness 表面厚度semi-diameter 半径focal length 焦距field of view 视场stop 光阑refractive 折射reflective 反射机械专业英语词汇（大全）金属切削metal cutting机床machine tool tool 机床金属工艺学technology of metals刀具 cutter摩擦 friction传动 drive/transmission轴shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性frequency characteristic误差 error响应 response定位 allocation动力学dynamic运动学kinematic静力学static分析力学analyse mechanics 力学拉伸 pulling压缩 hitting compress剪切 shear扭转 twist弯曲应力bending stress强度 intensity几何形状geometricalUltrasonic 超声波精度 precision交流电路AC circuit机械加工余量machining allowance变形力deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理heat treatment电路 circuit半导体元件semiconductor element反馈 feedback发生器generator直流电源DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数logic algebra磨削grinding螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power装配 assembling流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工 machining稳定性 stability介质 medium强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress可靠性 reliability精加工 finish machining粗加工 rough machining腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor摄像头CCD cameraLead rail 导轨合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer车间 workshop工程技术人员engineer数学模型mathematical model标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂 fracture 破裂塑性变形plastic distortionelastic deformation 弹性变形脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion齿轮gearGrain 磨粒转折频率corner frequency =break frequencyConvolution Convolution integral Convolution property Convolution sum 卷积卷积积分卷积性质卷积和Correlation function Critically damped systems Crosss-correlation functions Cutoff frequencies 相关函数临界阻尼系统互相关函数截至频率transistor diode semiconduct or nn晶体管二极管n半导体resistor n 电阻器capacitor n 电容器alternating adj 交互的amplifier n 扩音器，放大器integrated circuit 集成电路linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数Condenser= capacitor n 电容器dielectric electromagnetic adj 电磁的adj 非传导性的deflection n 偏斜；偏转；偏差linear device 线性器件the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻anode n 阳极，正极cathode n 阴极breakdown n 故障；崩溃terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端emitter n 发射器collect v 收集，集聚，集中insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜；示波器gain n 增益，放大倍数forward biased 正向偏置reverse biased 反向偏置P-N junction PN 结MOS（ metal-oxide semiconductor ）金属氧化物半导体enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型integrated circuits 集成电路analog n 模拟digital adj 数字的，数位的horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富multimeter n 万用表frequency n 频率，周率the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器signal generating device 信号发生器peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波triangle wave 三角波square wave 方波amplifier 放大器，扩音器oscillator n 振荡器feedback n 反馈，回应phase n 相，阶段，状态filter n 滤波器，过滤器rectifier n 整流器；纠正者band-stop filter 带阻滤波器band-pass filter 带通滤波器decimal adj 十进制的，小数的hexadecimal adj/n 十六进制的binary adj 二进制的；二元的octaladj八进制的n绝缘体；电解质domain n 域；领域code n 代码，密码，编码 v 编码 the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换 Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换 microcontro ller n 微处理器；微控制器 assembly language instrucions n 汇编语言指令 chip n 芯片，碎片modular adj 模块化的；模数的 sensor n 传感器plugvt 堵，塞，插上 n 塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的fiber n 光纤 relay contact 继电接触器 ArtificialIntelligence 人工智能 Perceptive Systems 感知系统 neural network 神经网络 fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑intelligent agent 智能代理 electromagn etic adj 电磁的coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的 microwav e n 微波charge v 充电，使充电 insulato r n 绝缘体，绝缘物 nonconducti ve adj 非导体的，绝缘的 simulati on n 仿真；模拟 prototyp e n 原型 array n 排队，编队 vector n 向量，矢量inverse adj 倒转的，反转的 n 反面；相反 v倒转 high-performance 高精确性，高性能 two-dimensional 二维的；缺乏深度的 three-dimensional 三维的；立体的；真实的。

T ABLE OF CONTENTS How To Use This User Guide (iv)Assumptions (iv)Contents of This Manual (iv)Installation Process Overview (v)Installation Preparation (v)Chapter 1—Introduction (1)Chapter Objective (1)Product Description (1)Features (1)Following Option (SXF) (2)Chapter 2—Getting Started (3)Chapter Objectives (3)What You Should Have (3)High and Low Power Drives (3)Chapter 3—Installation (9)Chapter Objectives (9)Installation Precautions (9)Environmental Considerations (9)Wiring Considerations (9)Preventing Electrical Noise Problems (10)Installation Overview (10)Series vs. Parallel Motor Wiring (11)Motor Configurations (12)Configuration of the Drive (19)Fan Connection (20)I/O Connections (20)OPTO1 (24)CW and CCW Limits (25)OPTO2 (25)O1—O4 Outputs (27)Encoder Connections (28)Incremental Encoder Connection (29)Absolute Encoder Connection (29)AC Power Connection (30)Transformers (30)Transformer Specifications (30)Power Ratings (31)Installation Verification (33)Input Conventions (33)Output Conventions (33)Fault Output Convention (34)Motor Test (34)Incremental Encoder Test (34)Absolute Encoder Test (35)Drive Mounting (35)Minimum Width (35)Minimum Depth (35)Attaching the Load (37)Contents iCouplings (37)Tuning (38)Resonance (38)Mid-Range Instability (38)Tuning Procedures (38)Motor Waveforms (40)Anti-Resonance (40)Chapter 4—Application Design (41)Chapter Objectives (41)Motion Profile Application Considerations (41)Preset Mode Moves (42)Incremental Mode Preset Moves (42)Absolute Mode Preset Moves (42)Continuous Mode Moves (43)Closed Loop Operation (44)Setting Encoder Resolution (45)Encoder Step Mode (45)Motion Programs and Sequences (56)Sequence Commands (56)Creating and Executing Sequences (58)Subroutines (59)Sequence Debugging Tools (63)High-Level Programming Tools (67)Complex Branching and Looping (70)Conditionals (71)Error Flag (75)Branching Using Variables and Boolean Logic (76)Motion Profiling Mode—On-the-Fly Changes (77)Interfacing to the SX (81)Programmable Inputs and Outputs (81)PLC Operation (94)Rotary vs. Linear Indexers (97)Chapter 5—SXF Follower (99)Chapter Objectives (99)What is Following? (99)Types of Following (100)Velocity Following (100)Position and Velocity Following (103)Recede and Advance While Following (115)Synchronization (132)Other Following Features (135)Following Equation and Command Summary (137)Chapter 6—Hardware Reference (143)Chapter Objectives (143)Environmental Specifications (143)Drive Electrical Specifications (143)I/O Electrical Specifications (144)Motor Electrical Specifications (147)Operational Specifications (147)Motor Current & Torque (148)Drive Dimensions (149)Motor Dimensions (150)DIP Switch Summary (152)Non-Compumotor—Drive/Motor Connection (155)Wiring Configurations.............................................................................................................................155, 156 Terminal Connections. (157)Non-Compumotor Motors—Setting Motor Current (158)Motor Performance Specifications (158)ii SX/SXF Indexer/Driver User GuideChapter 7—Maintenance & Troubleshooting (161)Chapter Objectives (161)Maintenance (161)Battery Maintenance (161)Drive Maintenance (161)Motor Maintenance (162)Common Problems and Solutions (163)Software Debugging Tips (165)Returning the System (167)Appendices (169)Command Listing (169)SX Example Programs (171)Appendix C—LVD Installation Instructions (175)Complying with the Low Voltage Directive (LVD) (175)Additional Installation Procedures for LVD Compliance (175)Table of Graphic Symbols and Warnings (177)Index (179)Contents iiiHow To Use This User GuideThis user guide is designed to help you install, develop, and maintain your system. Each chapterbegins with a list of specific objectives that should be met after you have read the chapter. Thissection is intended to help you find and use the information in this user guide. AssumptionsThis user guide assumes that you have the skills or fundamental understanding of the followinginformation.t Basic electronics concepts (voltage, switches, current, etc.)t Basic motion control concepts (torque, velocity, distance, force, etc.)Contents of This ManualThis user guide contains the following information.Chapter 1:IntroductionThis chapter provides a description of the product and a brief account of its specific features.Chapter 2:Getting StartedThis chapter contains a detailed list of items you should have received with your SX shipment. Itwill help you to become familiar with the system and ensure that each component functions properly.Chapter 3:InstallationThis chapter provides instructions for you to properly mount the system and make all electricalconnections. Upon completion of this chapter, your system should be completely installed and readyto perform basic operations. Tuning considerations and procedures are also provided.Chapter 4:Application DesignThis chapter will help you customize the system to meet your application’s needs. Importantapplication considerations are discussed. Sample applications are provided.Chapter 5:SXF FollowerThis chapter explains the SXF Following function and the SXF’s capability to support absolute andincremental encoders.Chapter 6:Hardware ReferenceThis chapter contains information on system specifications (electrical, dimensions, and perfor-mance). It may be used as a quick-reference tool for proper switch settings and connections.Chapter 7:TroubleshootingThis chapter contains information on identifying and resolving system problems.iv SX/SXF Indexer/Driver User GuideInstallation Process OverviewTo ensure trouble-free operation, pay special attention to the environment in which the SX equip-ment will operate, the layout and mounting, and the wiring and grounding practices used. Theserecommendations are intended to help you easily and safely integrate SX equipment into yourmanufacturing facility. Industrial environments often contain conditions that may adversely affectsolid-state equipment. Electrical noise or atmospheric contamination, may also affect the SXSystem.Developing Your ApplicationBefore you attempt to develop and implement your application, there are several issues that youshould consider and address.Recognize and clarify the requirements of your application. Clearly define what you expect the system todo.Assess your resources and limitations. This will help you find the most efficient and effective means ofdeveloping and implementing your application (hardware and software).Follow the guidelines and instructions outlined in this user guide. Do not skip any steps or procedures.Proper installation and implementation can only be ensured if all procedures are completed in the propersequence.Installation PreparationBefore you attempt to install this product, you should complete the following steps:Review this entire user guide. Become familiar with the user guide’s contents so that you can quickly findthe information you need.Develop a basic understanding of all system components, their functions, and interrelationships.Complete the basic system configuration and wiring instructions (in a simulated environment, not apermanent installation) provided in Chapter 2, Getting Started.Perform as many basic functions as you can with the preliminary configuration. You can only perform thistask if you have reviewed the entire user guide. You should try to simulate the task(s) that you expect toperform when you permanently install your application (however, do not attach a load at this time). Thiswill give you a realistic preview of what to expect from the complete configuration.After you have tested all of the system’s functions and used or become familiar with tll of the system’sfeatures, carefully read Chapter 3, Installation.After you have read Chapter 3 and clearly understand what must be done to properly install the system,you should begin the installation process. Do not deviate from the sequence or installation methodsprovided.Before you begin to customize your system, check all of the systems functions and features to ensure thatyou have completed the installation process correctly.The successful completion of these steps will prevent subsequent performance problems and allowyou to isolate and resolve any potential system difficulties before they affect your system’soperation.ConventionsTo help you understand and use this user guide effectively, the conventions used throughout this userguide are explained in this section.CommandsAll commands that you are instructed to enter are shown in capital letters. The symbol >, is the SXcommand prompt. The command is displayed in boldface. A delimiter (space or carriage return) isrequired after each command. A description is provided next to each command example.Command Description>MR Sets motor resolution to 25,000 steps/revThe system ignores command syntax that is not within the valid range for a specific command. A ?prompt will be returned by the drive when the last command entered was not understood, or aparameter limit was exceeded.Contents vMotorsS Series and SX Series motors are one in the same (interchangeable terms).Warnings & CautionsWarning and caution notes alert you to possible dangers that may occur if you do not follow instruc-tions correctly. Situations that may cause bodily injury are present as warnings. Situations that maycause system damage are presented as cautions. These notes will appear in bold face and the wordwarning or caution will be centered and in all capital letters. Refer to the examples shown below:WARNINGDo not touch the motor immediately after it has been in use for an extended period of time. The motormay be hot.CAUTIONSystem damage will occur if you power up the system improperly.Related Publicationst Current Parker Compumotor Motion Control Catalogt SX Indexer/Drive Software Reference Guidevi SX/SXF Indexer/Driver User Guide。