川师英语研究生历年真题总结(欧洲文化入门部分)

课程《欧洲文化入门》考试时间 120 分钟日期年月日姓名学号学院班级Ⅰ.Read the following unfinished statements or questionas carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have choosen in the corresponding spcae on the answer sheet. (40 points, 2 point for each)1.———— was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. PythagorasB. DemocritusC. AristotleD. Diogenes2. Which of the following figures was regarded as “the master of those who know”byDante?A. PlatoB. SocratesC. AristotleD. Cicero3.________ was called “the greatest historian that ever lived”by Macaulay.A. ThucydidesB. HerodotusC. SocratesD. Aristotle4. The first king to unite the Hebrews was a warrior-famer name________ .A. MosesB. JoshuaC. SaulD. David5. Who issued the Edict of Milan in 313,whick granted religious freedom to all and madeChristianity legal?A. DomitianB. ValerianC. ConstantineD. Theodosius6. The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean ________ .A. wanderersB. travelersC. tradersD. merchants7. In the latter part of the fourth century the ________ swept into Europe from centralAsia.A. TurkishB. HunsC. AthensD. Roman8. Apart from being a place of worship, the ________ was a place for recreation and thecenter of trade and community activity.A. bridgeB. church buildingC. villageD. subway9. For two centuries beginning from the late fifteenth century,________ was the goldencity which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars,artists and sculptors.A. MilanB. FlorenceC. VeniceD. the papal states10. which of the following figures knows “how to make beauty yield meaning and meaningyield beauty”?.A. BoccaccioB. ShakespeareC. RaphaelD. Petrarch11. ________ is recognized as the father of the modern European novel and has had greatimpact on world literature.A. Don QuixoteB. hamletC. Gargantua and PantagruelD. Utopia12. The English poet Alexander Pope once wrote:Nature and Nature’laws lay hid innight.God said, “let________ be”, and all was light.A. CopernicusB. KeplerC. NewtonD. Einstein13. It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon in Englandand with ________ in France.A. CorneilleB. LockeC. RousseauD. Descartes14. The great contribution of St.Jerome was ________.A. the building of monasteriesB. the translation of Old and New Testaments into LatinC. the setting up of the church systemD. none of the above15. Which of the following is not true about Dante?A. Dante was a great Italian poet.B. Dante wrote BeowulfC. Dante wrote his masterpiece in ItalianD. Dante was a great political thinker16. Scientists in the 17th century,such ans Galileo and Newton,attached great importanceto ________ .A. deductive reasoningB. classical authorityC. direct observation and experimentD. humanist learning17. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic,politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.18. ________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain andemotional upheaval. .A. SophistsB. CynicsC. ScepticsD. Epicureans19. ________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: “Give me a place to stand, andI will move the world.”A. ArchimedesB. AristotleC. PlatoD. Euclid20. In The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs,________ put forward his theory that the sun,not the earth, is the center of the universe.A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. CopernicusⅡ.In the following part there are two columns.The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of titles, names of organizations,works or remarks in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. in the bracket on the test paper.(10 points, 1 point each)21.St.Jerome [ ] (a)Latin version of Bible22.Dante [ ] (b)The City of God23.Aristophanes [ ] (c)The Canterbury Tales24.Virgil [ ] (d)Aeneid25.Constantine [ ] (e)Last Supper26.Augustine [ ] (f)Virgin Mary27.Chaucer [ ] (g)Edict of Milan28.Leonardo da Vinci [ ] (h)Frogs29.Raphael [ ] (i)The Divine Comedy30.Homer [ ] (j)OdysseyⅢ.Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following question. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the test paper.(20 points, 2 points each)31.Among many elements which constitute European culture, what are the two major ones?32.What are the four schools of philosophers who often argued with each other in the4th century B.C.in Greece?33.What gave birth to Christianity?34.What does the Old Testament mainly deal with?35.What classes were the people of weatern Europe under feudalism mainly divided into?36.Why did the Crusades go on about 200 years? the two men who made great efforts to promote learning in the Middle Ages.38.Which period does Renaissance refer to in the European history?39.List tow most famous pictures painted by Leonardo da Vinci.40.Who established oil colour on canvas as the typical medium of the pictorial traditionin western art?IV.Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the test paper in around 40 words.(20 points, 5points each)41.Athens’democrach42.Beowulf43.John Locke44.OdysseyV.Write Between 100-120 Words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the test paper.(10 points)45.What is Baconian philosophical system and the different between inductie method (推理法)and deductive method(演绎法)?课程《欧洲文化入门》答案Ⅰ.1-10: A, C, A, C, C, A, B, B, B, D11-20: A, C, D, B, B, C, B, D, A, DⅡ. 21a,22i,23h,24d,25g,26b,27c,28e,29f,30jⅢ.31.The major elements are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.32.The four schools of philosophers are Cynics,the Sceptics,the Epicureans and theStoics.33.It was the Jewish tradition that gave birth to Christianity.34.The Old Testment is about God and the Laws of God.35.people of western Europe under feudalism were mainly divided into threeclasses:clergy,lords and peasants.36.In 1071 the armies of the Turkish Moslems occupied Palestine, killing many Christainpilgrims and even selling many others as slaves, which roused great indignation among Christains in western Europe and resulted in the crusades lasting on about 200 years.37.They are Charlemagne and Alfred the Great.38.Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.39.Mona Lisa and Last Supper are Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous pictures.40.It was the great Venetian painter Titian.IV41.Athens was a democracy. Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”,butby“the whole people”the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father.42.Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from thecollective efforts of oral literature. The story is set in Denmard of Sweden and tells how the hero, Beowulf, defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, a sea monster,but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire dragon.43.John Locke was a great English empiricist and an outstanding political philosopher,whose writing on economics, politics and religion expressed the ideas of the time.44.Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home islandof Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope.V.45.The answer as follows:1.The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over theforces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2.He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately beblended with is as in Scholasticism.3.Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particularfacts or individual cases to a general conclusion. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from the general to the specific.4.In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of naturalworld. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.。

英美文学背诵笔记川师大英语学科教学英美文学重点英国文学（上）只需要熟悉目录，作家能够对应作品即可。

（2014年川师大真题）Give a brief introduction to sonnets with illustration.As one of the most popular of traditional poetic forms, the sonnet is a lyric poem of 14 lines written in iambic pentameter. Sonnet may vary in structure and rhyme scheme, but they usually express a single theme or idea. Shakespeare's sonnets is very famous, which includes 154 altogether in number. The 154 sonnets fall into two groups, divided at sonnet 126. The first group was addressed to Mr.W.H. People have been making guesses as to who this Mr.W.H. was. It is very likely that he was a noble man. The second group was addressed to a Dark Lady. Shakespeare's sonnet 18 expresses a very bold idea: that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach their eternity; and literature is created by man, thus it declares the eternity. The poem carries the spark of European Renaissance movement. It is obvious that Shakespeare wrote his sonnets partly in conformity with the popular vogue, but we must admit also that in some of them he revealed his innermost thoughts and feelings, made topical allusions to certain contemporary events and to his own life.英国文学（下）是考试的重点，关注真题，川师大考试的重复率很高。

2014年四川师范大学外国语学院212翻译硕士俄语考研真题及详解I.Прочитайтепредложенияивыберитеправильныйвариант（30баллов）.1.МыдавнонепереписываемсясАндреем.Ивдругонвзяли_____мнеподробноеписьмо.A.писалB.пишетC.написалD.напишет【答案】C【解析】句意是“我和安德烈好久没写信。

考查固定用法。

他突然就给我写了一封长长的信。

”“взяли＋完成体动词过去时”可译为“突然就……”，表意外。

选择C。

2.Иванвыросвбольшой,_____семье.A.дружескойB.дружнойC.дружественнойD.дружелюбной【答案】B【解析】句意是“伊万是在一个大而和睦的家庭里长大的。

”考查形容词近义词辨析。

дружеский友好的，友爱的вдружескойатмосфере在友好气氛中，дружескаявстречаспорт.友谊[比]赛。

дружный和睦的，友好的，дружнаясемья友好家庭，дружныйколлектив和睦的集体，符合题意。

友好的，友谊的дружественныестраны友好的国家；友邦дружественныйакт-友谊行为，一般用于国家间。

дружелюбный亲睦的，友善的дружелюбныеотношения友善的关系дружелюбныйвзгляд友善的目光。

选择B。

3.Онсправилсясэтойработойбез_____затруднений.A.любыхB.иныхC.каждыхD.всяких【答案】D【解析】句意是“他能够轻而易举地胜任这份工作。

”考查固定搭配。

безвсякихзатруднений“一点也不费力、轻而易举地”。

选择D。

《欧洲文化入门》第一部分试题I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1 . Two maj or elements in European culture are ____.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. ____ deals with the Troj an War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocles4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called ____ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. ____ has been a big subj ect for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, Venus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, Parthenon1 0. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11 . It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras1 2. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C. .A. RomeB. AugustusC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana1 3. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.A. LucretiusB. VirgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero1 4. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis1 5. In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 1 69B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B. C.1 6. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1 611 .A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version11 7. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version1 8. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserviors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament1 9. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21 . In 1 054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. ChristianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.centuries《欧洲文化入门》重点归纳1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense（无限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)（They are not about events of Ho mer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③ EuripidesA．《Trojan Women》B．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※ “Father of History” —→ Herodotu s —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

目　录
2016年四川师范大学623基础英语（含写作）考研真题2015年四川师范大学623基础英语（含写作）考研真题2014年四川师范大学623基础英语（含写作）考研真题2013年四川师范大学623基础英语（含写作）考研真题2005年四川师范大学362基础英语考研真题
2004年四川师范大学356基础英语考研真题
2003年四川师范大学348基础英语考研真题
2002年四川师范大学340基础英语考研真题
2001年四川师范大学340基础英语考研真题
2000年四川师范大学基础英语考研真题
2016年四川师范大学623基础英语（含写
作）考研真题。

四川师范大学2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目名称：英语I.Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage OneThere are people in Italy who can't stand soccer.Not all Canadians love hockey.A similar situation exists in America,where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball.Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens.They tell you it's a game better suited to the19th century,slow,quiet,and gentlemanly.These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because there's the sport that glorifies"the hit".By contrast,baseball seems abstract,cool,silent,still.On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives,replays,close-ups.The geometry of the game, however,is essential to understanding it.You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject;you may,of course,project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV won't do it for you.Take,for example,the third baseman.You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him watching home plate.His legs are apart,knees flexed.His arms hang loose.He does a lot of this.The skeptic stili cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive.But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws:the third baseman goes up on his toes,flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him,takes a step right or left,backward or forward,perhaps he glances across the field to check his first baseman's position.Suppose the pitch is a ball."Nothing happened,"you say."I could have had my eyes closed."The skeptic and the innocent must play the game.And this involvement in thestands is no more intellectual than listening to music is.Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot;smooth the pocket in your glove;watch the eyes of the batter,the speed of the bat,the sound of horschide on wood.If football is a symphony of movement and theatre,baseball is chamber music,a spacious interlocking of notes,chores and responses.1.The passage is mainly concerned with2.3.4.no5.We can safely conclude that the authorA.likes footballB.hates footballC.hates baseballD.likes baseball Vocabulary1.dugout n.棒球场边供球员休息的地方2.pitcher n.投手3.symphony n.交响乐4.chamber n.室内长难句解析①解析：此句的主干是"Baseball..means...watching…"，其中"in funny tight outfits"用来修饰"grown men","standing…"和"staring"用来做"grown men"的定语。

四川师范大学824外国语言文学综合英语考研真题详解——才聪学习网2021年四川师范大学外国语学院《824外国语言文学综合（英语）》考研全套目录•全国名校英语语言学考研真题详解•全国名校英汉互译考研真题详解•全国名校英美文学考研真题详解说明：本科目考研真题不对外公布（暂时难以获得），通过分析参考教材知识点，精选了有类似考点的其他院校相关考研真题，部分真题提供了答案详解。

2．教材教辅•冯庆华《实用翻译教程》（第3版）配套题库（含考研真题）•胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题详解•胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】•罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）笔记和考研真题详解•罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】•陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解•[预售]陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】•王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解•王佐良《欧洲文化入门》配套题库（含考研真题）说明：以上为本科目参考教材配套的辅导资料。

•试看部分内容考研真题精选一、填空题1. Ch o m s ky p ro po se s th at th e co u r se o f l an gu age a cquisition is determined by a(n) _____language faculty.（中山大学2018研）【答案】innate查看答案【解析】乔姆斯基认为语言习得的过程是由人的内在语言机制决定的。

2. _____ refers to the role language plays in communic ati o n(e.g. to e x pre ss i de as, at ti tu de s) o r i n parti cu l a r social situations (e.g. Religious, legal).（北二外2016研）【答案】Fun ctio n查看答案【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。

1.What are the major elements in European culture?There are two main elements ——the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2. AeschylusHe was regarded as one of the three tragic dramatists of ancient Greece. He wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.3. PlatoHe was the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: The Apology, Symposium and the Republic. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy.Plato argued that men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideals”, like beauty, truth and goodness. Only these “ideas”are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism, and Plato was called idealist.4. Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What importantplays did each of them write?①Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding tragic dramatistsof ancient Greece. ②Aristophanes was the greatest comedic dramatist of ancient Greece. ③Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. ④Sophocles wrote such plays as Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone. ⑤Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women. ⑥Aristophanes has left eleven plays, including: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.5. The BibleThe Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ.6.Loenardo da Vinci was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist. He was a man of many talents, a Renaissance man in the true sense of the world. Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures; Mona Lisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.7.Rabelais was best known for his great satirical work Gargantua and Pantagruel, in which he praises the greatness of man, expresses his love of life and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning.8.Cervantes is recognized as the father of the modern European novel and has hadgreat impact on world literature. His masterpiece Don Quixote was a parody satirizing a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry, inwhich the whole Don Quixote’s adventure was put against the reality of 17th century Spain.9.Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who believed that the earth and the other planets orbit about the sun and that earth is not at the center of the universe. He was considered as father of modern astronomy.Copernicus（哥白尼）1) He was a Polish astronomer who put forward revolutionary ideas in astronomy in 17th century. 2) He believed that the earth and other planets orbit around the sun and that earth is not at the centre of the universe. 3) He set forth his beliefs in the book The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs and came to be known as father of modern astronomy. 4) He was also the forerunner of modern science.10.Machiavelli was called “Father of political science”in the West. Prince and Discourses are two representative works of him.11. Montesquieu’s doctrines of the separation of powers(?) became one of the most important principles of the U. S. constitution. Montesquieu’s representative works are Persian Letters and The Spirit of the Laws. Montesquieu is the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment.12. Rousseau’s major works include The Origin of Human Inequality, The New Heloise, On Education (Emile), The Social Contract, and The Confessions.Rousseau glorified human nature and attacked social inequality. His most famous words are: “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”Rousseau’s The Social ContractIt was his most important work. It proposed a society able to cultivate the individual’s moral stature without injuring his freedom. Rousseau believed that a social contract is established when each individual gave his rights to a general will—as an equal participant in the political life. Then he was as free after this contract as he had been in the state of nature. He sacrificed his natural freedom for a civil freedom. The book ended with a claim for social democracy.13. Diderot, the 18th century French philosopher and man of letters, is best known as the editor of the Encyclopedia. His major works are letters on the Blind, Encyclopedia, Elements of Physiology, Rameau’s Nephe14. Victor Hugo was an ardent Romantic. To readers in general in France and theworld over, he is important as the author of Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserable s.15. Emile Zola was the founder of the naturalist school and “A slice of life” was his motto. Zola defined the theory of naturalism and illustrated it in his great workentitled Les Rougen-Macquarts.16. Virgil（维吉尔）1) He was the greatest of Latin poets. 2) He wrote the great epic, the Aeneid. 3) The poem opened out to the future, for Aeneas stood at the head of a race of people who were to found the first the Roman republic and then the Roman Empire.17. Noah’s Ark（挪亚方舟）1) For many hundred years after Adam and Eve were driven out of Eden, the family of man multiplied and spread over the earth, but they became more and more corrupt. 2) Thus God decided to destroy all life on earth in a great flood. 3) Because Noah always kept his faith in God, God spoke to him about His intention and told him to build an ark to protect him and his kin from the waters. 4) Noah followed God’s instructions. 5) For 40 days it rained, the whole earth was covered with water, those sheltered in the ark being the only survivals.18. Martin Luther（马丁•路德）1)He was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. 2) His doctrine markedthe first break in the unity of the Catholic Church. 3) His doctrines were: men are redeemed by faith and not by the purchase of indulgence; Bible was the supreme authority and man was only bound to the law of the word of God, not the word of the clergy; all believers were priests, and all occupations were holy.19. Thomas Hobbes’s po litical thought（霍布斯的政治思想）1) Thomas Hobbes held that men are enemies and at war with each other. 2) Inorder to get men out of the miserable condition of war, there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish. 3) He preferred monarchy.20. Lock’s Social Contract（洛克的社会契约论）1) He believed that political society and government rest on a rational foundation.2) He emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving theindividual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail. 3) Absolute monarchy is contrary to the original social contract and dangerous to liberty. 4) The ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. 5) The people shall be judge when circumstances render rebellion legitimate.21.Hegelian dialectics（黑格尔辩证法）1) Hegel was a German philosopher. 2) He maintained that the universe is subject to a constant progress of change and that activity is basic; progress is rational and logic is the basic of world progress. 3) Such thoughts were in his book Phenomenology.22. Petrarch was a prominent figure of his time, a great figure in Italian literature and one of the great humanists during the Renaissance. He has written numerous lyrics, sonnets and canzonets. Petrarch rejected medieval country conventions and sang for true love and earthly happiness in his sonnets. Later sonnets became a very important literary form of poetry in Europe and a lot of poets, such as Shakespeare, Spencer, and Mrs. Browning, were indebted to him. Thus we look upon him as the father of modern poetry23. How did Locke justify rebellion against government?Locke believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If the ruler substitutes his arbitrary will for the laws and shows no regard for people’s wills, in a word, if he violates the social contract, the government is effectively dissolved. When the government is dissolved. Rebellion is justified. As to who is to judge when circumstance render rebellion legitimate, Locke replied, “The people shall be the judge.”24. BoccaccioItalian writer in Renaissance period, a close friend of Petrarch. His greatest work was the Decameron . It is a collection of 100 tales which are witty, licentious, full of praise of true love and wisdom and also satire on the hypocrisy of the priest and the aristocrat. It is the greatest achievement of prose fiction in the Middle Ages.25. DanteDante was the greatest poet of Italy and also a prose writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher as well as political thinker. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy which composed in Italian , is one of the landmarks of world literature. It expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.26. Leo TolstoyRussian realistic novelist and ethical philosopher and religious reformer, champion of the non-violence protest. His works include War and Peace, Anna Karenina and resurrection.27. VoltaireFrench poet, dramatist, historian, and philosopher, was an outspoken and aggressive enemy of every injustice. Two of his works, Letters Anglaise and Candide. Letters Anglaise was called the first bomb dropped on the Old Regime. Candide is V oltaire’s most famous novel. It is a satire on the previous adventure novels of the age, an attack upon the claims of unlimited optimism.28.William Shakespeare1) Shakespeare is the greatest poet and dramatist in English literature. 2) He wasa man of the late Renaissance who gave the fullest expression to humanist ideals. 3) He produced a lot of works, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, which exerted great impact on the world literature and was regarded as one of the two reservoirs of modern English language.29.John Locke’s two treaties of civil gover nmentWhen referring to political philosophy, the Two Treatise of Civil Government is obviously the most famous and significant masterpiece of John Locke, the influential English philosopher in the 17th century. Locke meant to use this book to argue in favor of the revolution in England (1640-1688), as well as to explain his own political thoughts, by developing a series of notable themes. In the first Treaties of Civil Government, Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings. Having refuted the divine right of kings, Locke began in the second treaties of Civil Government to set forth what he conceived to be the true origin of government. In his political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government is preserving private property.f 30. MoliereMoliere was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies. Through his comedies, he spoke for the new middle class, opposed to the feudal ideas and exposed the hypocrisies and follies of the society. Moliere wrote many plays, among the best known are Tartuffe, Le Misanthrope and L’Avare.31. Immanuel KantKant was the key figure of the German classical philosophy. He is sometimes called the “water head of modern philosophy”. He proposed the well-known “nebular hypothesis”His works include General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens, Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, Critique of Judgment.32. Rene DescartesModern philosophy begins with Rene Descartes in France. He was a philosopher, physicist and mathematician. His major works include Rules for the Direction of the Mind, Discourse on Method and Meditations.Cartesian Doubt: the method of doubt explained in the discourse on Method and Meditation. Descartes’ theory of knowledge: I Doubt therefore I think ,I think therefore I am.Descartes believed some ideas are innate.His Dualism: he argued that thought was the foundation of all knowledge while the senses might deceive us. This is idealist. However, he also believed that the external world existed, which was independent of the human mind. This is materialist. Descartes thus brought to completion the dualism of mind and matter which began with Plato.33.Francis BaconFrancis Bacon was an English philosopher, essayist and statesman in the 17th century. His major works include the Advancement of Learning, the New Atlantis, New Method and Essays.34. Thomas Hobbes’s political though1) Thomas Hobbes held that men are enemies and at war with each other. 2) In odrder to get men out of the miserable condition of war, there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish. 3) He preferred monarchy.His major work was Leviathan. He hold materialist view that our knowledge comes from knowledge.35. Humanism1) Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. 2) Humanists in Renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admired the beauty of human body. 3) This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoics, and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from heaven to earth, from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joys, senses and feelings. 4) Theologically, the humanists were religious. But they began to look at the problems of God and Providence with a view to understanding man’s work and man’s earthly happiness. 5) The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature in Italy and the rest of Europe, to pass down as the beginning of the history of modern man, who, instead of brooding about death and the other world, lives and works for the present and future progress of mankind.The Human Comedy1) Balzac is particularly celebrated for his monumental The Human Comedyi nspired by that of Dante’s Divine Comedy. 2) It is the title given by Balzac to the whole collection of his 90 novels. 3) His project was to present in a series of books, a comprehensive picture of contemporary French society. 4) Among the best-known individual novels of the seris are Eugenie Garndet, Le Pere Goriot and La Cousinee Bette. 5) Their detailed settings, minute descriptions, and analyses of such dominating passions as social climbing and money-making mark the beginnings of French realism.6) In these 90 novels and short stories, The Human Comedy realistically studies every social class and touches on most fields of knowledge.3. Naturalistic Novel1) The naturalistic novel is not only a record of men and manners. To the naturalists, the novel is a demonstration of social law. The novelist is not an historian who observes merely; he is a scientist, a biologist, who observes, and on the basis of his observation, draws a general theory of human conduct. The novel is thus the experiment which demonstrates the truth of his general theory. 2) Naturalism changed the technique of the novelist. The naturalist was not permitted to invent. 3) The language he used must be the actual language used by the people he was describing. 4) He must not only collect all the possible facts, but must present these facts as exactly as they had occurred.Id名词解释Freud divided human personality into three functional parts —Id, Ego and Superego. The Id is the container (容器) of the instinctual urges (本能的主张). It is the unconscious (无意识的) part of mind, which seeks (查找) immediate (即刻的) satisfaction of desires (欲望). Id is concerned with what a person wants to do.5、Ego名词解释Freud divided human personality into three functional parts —Id, Ego and Superego. Ego is the rational (理性的), thoughtful (深思的), realistic personality process. It is characterized by a desire for independence (独立的), autonomy (自发的) and self-direction. Ego is concerned with ability.6、Ego名词解释Freud divided human personality into three functional parts —Id, Ego and Superego. Superego is the idealized (理想化的) image that a person builds of himself in response (反映，响应) to authority (权威) and social pressures (压力).7、Oedipus Complex名词解释Oedipus Complex is a Freudian term originating from a Greek tragedy, in which King Oedipus s established by Freud. <Sons and lovers>Goethe (歌德) —→德国文学第一人—→The Sorrows of Young Werther (少年维特的烦恼) 郭沫若翻译—→Faust (浮士德)—→Poetry and Truth (诗和真理) Autobiography (自传体) Faust（《浮士德》）1) It is not only Goethe’s own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.2) It is a tragedy chiefly in verse. 3) It utilizes a broad variety of styles to underscore its theme of total human experience. 4) In Faust, Goethe draws on a immense variety of cultural material---theological, mythological philosophical, political, economic, scientific, aesthetic, musical, and literary.。

英语系《欧洲文化入门》试卷（B）年级_______ 班级姓名学号说明：1、本试卷含有单项选择题一共60道，每题1分，满分为60分。

2、测试形式：开卷, 单项选择题请在答题卡上完成，试卷纸上答题无效．．．．．．．．。

PART I—MULTIPLE CHOICE (50%)1.T he Carolingians___.A.assimilated the MerovingiansB.were less civilizedC.came from AsiaD.subdued the Merovingians2.Charlemagne___.A.means Charles the GreatB.refers to the first monarchC.founded the royal dynastyD.was tired of war3.Charlemagne' empire was gained__.A. by personal loyaltyB. by forceC. by peaceD. by authority4.Charlemagne by no means maintained the empire___.A.through centralization of political powerB.through personal loyaltyC.through military actionsD.through centralized administrative institutions5.Charlemagne' empire was different from the Roman Empire for it was__.A.based on the Mediterranean SeaB.administered by the central powerC.ruled directly by the kingD.an empire of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea6.In the Charlemagne's empire, the royal officials do anything but__.A.carrying out royal lawsB.overseeing court casesC.getting money from the king for their servicesD.pledging faithfulness to the king7.In the Charlemagne's empire, the bishops do anything but__.A.checking up on local officialsB.giving money to the local officials for their servicesC.making sure that local officials carried out their duties wellD.attending the meetings called by the king8.Charlemagne wanted __.A.the pope to be more powerfulB.to be known as a Roman emperorC.to be known as a Christian emperorD.to be a Roman emperor9.Charlemagne preferred __.A.to be crowned by the popeB.to be a Roman emperorC.to be known as a Roman emperorD.to claim that he was crowned emperor by God10.Charlemagne set ___as his model.A. ConstantineB. the Roman EmpireC. the popeD. all the super-kings before him11.The Holy Roman Empire __.A.began in the 12th centuryB.began in the 13th centuryC.included Italy todayD.excluded Germany today12.The Holy Roman Empire lasted__.A. about 300 yearsB. about 400 yearsC. over 500 yearsD. over 600 years13.The Holy Roman emperor is __.A.viewed as a Roman emperorB.viewed as a second popeC.like a popeD.viewed as a Christian emperor14.Charlemagne converted the Saxons into Christianity__.A. by forceB. by baptismC. by building monasteriesD. by ministry15.To unify the empire Charlemagne_.A.only relied on executionB.first relied on ChristianityC.relied on personal loyaltyD.relied on the pope16.The Carolingian Renaissance was aimed at fulfilling the goal of___.A.reviving the wisdom of Roman writers onlyB.creating Christian literature onlyC.creating an orderly and unified Christian empireD.improving the works of art and literature of the time17.The Carolingian economy was__.pletely based on landB.mostly based on tradergely based on tradergely based on farming18.The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was caused by__.A.cooperative attacks from the Muslims, the V ikings and the MagyarsB.foreign invasions and internal conflictsC.the sons of CharlemagneD.the heir of Charlemagne19.Foreign invasions caused__.A. a stronger FranceB. a weaker EnglandC. a unified EnglandD.the unification of France and England20.As the Carolingian Empire split_.A.peasants were richerB.were happierC.warriors became peasantsD.warriors became equal to their lords21.From the 11th century through the 13th century, the West became__.A.an important world powerB.stronger than the Islamic worldC.more sophisticated than the Byzantine EmpireD.more prosperous than the Islamic world22.The Europeans did all the following except__ from the 11th century on.A.reviving old cities to remade their worldB.building new cities to remade their worldunching defensive wars to remade their worldD.creating universities to remade their world23.In the Central Middle Ages peasants were__.A.forced to make new landsB.encouraged to make new landsC.obliged to cut down forestsD.forced to pay more dues to landlords24.The landlords then preferred __.A. yearly dues of hensB. yearly dues of eggsC. yearly dues of farm laborD. a fixed money of rent25.Towns then acted more as___.A. trading centersB. political centersC. religious spotsD. tourist spots26.Cities then included anything but_.A. marketplaceB. cathedralsC. factoriesD. monasteries27.Guilds in the cities then were__.A.religious clubs onlyB.trade associations onlyC.controlling everythingmunities of the craftsmen28.Fairs in towns then__.A.attracted foreign tradersB.were markets onlyC.were festivals onlyD.set up in the open air onlymunes in the 13th century as political and economic bodies__.A.were set up in northern Italy onlyB.refer to independent countriesC.reflect a strong sense of democracyD.were made up of the master craftsmen30.New schools in the 11th century__.A.were run by monasteriesB.were located in city cathedralsC.were to produce monksD.were religious31.New schools then attracted__.A.local teachers onlyB.local students onlyC.teachers all over EuropeD.wealthy merchants only32.In the 13th century, many schools_.A.were organized into universitiesB.gave way to universitiesC.were state-runD.were government-funded33.In the Carolingian time popes__.A.were the heads of churchB.were regarded as models of pietyC.opened schoolsD.were the heads of state34.The chief point of Gregorian reform was to ___.A.end the power of emperorsB.make the church completely independent from the emperorsC.force the priests to remain single throughout lifeD.allow the priests to marry35.The First Crusade was important because __.A.it conquered the land of the MuslimsB.the Pope rescued the Byzantine EmpireC.it was the first example of European expansionismD.the Byzantine Empire defeated the Muslims finally36.It was ____who unified England for the first time.A.King Edward and his successorsB.King Arthur and his successorsC.King William and his successorsD.King Alfred and his successors37.1066 marked the__.A.defeat of the V ikingsB.Norman Conquer of EnglandC.death of William ID.death of Alfred the Great38.Magna Carta in 1215 in England was a document that __.A.really weakened the power of the churchB.really weakened the power of the kingC.spoke for the common peopleD.spoke for the nobles39.The Spanish monarchy was __.A.set up by the ChristiansB.overcome by the MuslimsC.set up by the MuslimsD.overcome by the Jews40.Romanesque style appeared_.A.earlier than Gothic styleter than Gothic styleC.higher and lighterD.more mysterious41.Monasteries were made rich by__.A.the hardworking monksB.the powerful monksC.the kingsD.the kings and nobles42.Which of the following is Not true about monasteries?A.They were self-sufficient unitsB.Monks in the monastery slept in the same dormitoryC.Monks did not have to work in the fields at allD.All monks lived according to a rule that governed their daily routine43.The Fourth Crusade in the 13th century was in fact__.A.an armed pilgrimage for Christian purposeB.turned into a siege of a Christian cityC. a war that helped defend the regions in the Holy Land conquered by EuropeansD.defeated by the Muslims44.Before the First Crusade, Jews__.A.lived in the monasteriesB.lived in the citiesC.were forced into the citiesD.were forced out of the cities45.Jews in the cities were good at__.A. doing businessB. borrowing moneyC. craftsmanshipD. farming46.Jews in the cities were__.A.converted to ChristianityB.converted to IslamC.admired by ChristiansD.persecuted by Christians47.___ were regarded as heretics.A.Those who believed in GodB.Those who did not believe in ChristianityC.Jews onlyD.Muslims only48.The Late Middle Ages almost at the same time__.A.began with the RenaissanceB.began with the fall of ByzantiumC.ended with the RenaissanceD.ended with the disappearance of the Roman Catholic Church49.Overgrowth of population in Europe in the Late Middle Ages caused __.A.the shortage of cultivated landB.the shortage of food supplyC.the new methods of agricultureD.the disastrous change of climate50.Black Death caused __.A.more harm in the countrysideB.no harm in the countryC.more harm in the citiesD.no harm in the citiesPART II – CLOZE (10%)The Renaissance will always be closely associated (51) achievements in literature, art, and music. In painting, sculpture, and architecture the Renaissance tended to break with (52). Painting and sculpture were no longer considered crafts to be used exclusively (53) the embellishment of churches and cathedrals; instead, they became independent arts on a level (54) the highest intellectual accomplishments. The use of mathematics and geometry (55) achieving proportion and perspective (56) works of art exemplified the new merging of (57) that was a prime characteristic of the Renaissance. In Italy, surviving examples of classic al (58) sculpture and architecture were always present, and the classical past (59) artists with the basis for new inspiration.The sense of change in all (60) of life created a favorable atmosphere for artistic experimentation and innovation.51.A. with;B. to;C. in;D. at52.A. Greek traditions;B. Roman traditions;C. medieval traditions;D. previous traditions53.A. by;B. for;C. with;D. in54.A. for;B. in;C. to;D. with55.A. in;B. with;C. at;D. of56.A. for;B. at;C. in;D. on57.A. art and literature;B. art and science;C. art and music;D. art and theology58.A. Greek;B. Hebrew;C. Persian;D. Roman59.A. provided;B. gave;C. granted;D. allowed60.A. degrees;B. corners;C. aspects;D. levelsPART III – ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS (40%)1. What are some explanations for why early civilizations emerged?2. Which religions were prominent during the Hellenistic period?3. What policies and institutions (制度) help explain the Romans’success in conquering first Italy and then the entire Mediterranean world?4. What were the chief features of the Roman Empire at its height during the second century?外国语言文化学院2007—2008学年第（一）学期期末考试英语系《欧洲文化入门》试卷（B）Keys:1.D2.A3.B4.C5.D6.C7.B8.C9.D 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.D 14.A 15.B 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.D 21.A 22.C 23.B 24.D 25.A26.C 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B 31.C 32.A 33.B 34.B 35.C 36.D 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.A 41.D 42.C 43.B 44.C 45.A36.D 47.B 48.A 49.B 50.C 51.A 52.C 53.B 54.D 55.A56.C 57.B 58.D 59.A 60.C。

欧洲⽂化⼊门历年真题（英语本科⾃考）2009年10⽉⾼等教育⾃学考试北京市命题考试欧洲⽂化⼊门试卷(课程代码10017)第⼀部分选择题(共40分)PART ONEI. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ] , [ C ] and [ D ] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)1. The Olympic Games began in ancient Greece and was revived in __A. the 1Th centuryB. the 18th centuryC. the early 19th centuryD. the late 19th century2. Plato's philosophy is called_ _A. pragmatismB. idealismC. cynicismD. materialism3. The language used in the western half of the Roman Empire was __A. LatinB. GreekC. PersianD. Latin and Greek4. King Solomon was known for_ _A. being the son of MosesB. being a brave fighterC. his wisdomD. his devotion to God5. The first English version of whole Bible was translated and copied out by hand by a group of reformers led by_A. St. JeromeB. John WycliffeC. King JamesD. William Tyndale6. The trinity in Christianity refers to the Father, _ _ and the Holy Spirit.A. the PopeB. the Virgin MaryC. the Bible7. Dante wrote The Divine Comedy in _ _A. GreekB. ItalianC. LatinD. English8. The Act of Supremacy, passed by the British Parliament in 1534, made the king the head of _ _A. the kingdomB. the Presbyterian governmentC. the churchD. army9. Don Quixote is recognized as _ _A. the father of the modern European novelB. the best known novel of the worldC. the father of modern world literatureD. the best written prose10. The Ptolemaic system said that _ _A. the sun is the center of the universeB. the earth is the center of the universeC. each planet moves in an ellipse, with the sun at one focusD. there is gravitation between the heavenly bodies11. Leibniz considered space and time as _ _A. absoluteB. relativeC. system of relationship or orderD. tangible12. Which of the following is NOT Hobbes's view?A. Our knowledge comes from experience.B. When a thing lies still, it will lie still for ever, unless something else stirs it.C. Men are by nature equal in bodily and mental capacity.D. People need the Great Instauration.13. In Lettres Anglaise, V oltaire made a contrast between _ _ liberty and toleration and French arbitrary government.A. EnglishB. SpanishC. Italian14. The author of A Journal of the Plague Year was _ _A. DiderotB. FieldingC. SwiftD. Defoe15. There is a striking difference of style between Bach and _ _A. HaydnB. HandelC. BeethovenD. Mozart16. The slogan of the French revolution was liberty, _ _ and universal brotherhood.A. freedomB. humanityC. equality .D. democracy17. Beethoven's _ _ marked the beginning of 19th century program music.A. Symphony No. 3B. Symphony No. 5C. Symphony No. 6D. Symphony No. 918. When Napoleon invaded Moscow, his army was defeated by _ _A. the Russian armyB. shortage of supplyC. illnessD. coldness and hunger19. _ _ was considered by many to be the greatest of all American poets.A. Walt WhitmanB. Virginia WoolfC. Allen GinsbergD. Ezra Pound20. D. H. Lawrence's work was a challenge to _ _A. symbolismB. conventional moralityC. Freud's psychoanalysis第⼆部分⾮选择题(共60分)PART TWOII. In the following part there are two columns. The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of titles, names of organizations, works or remarks. Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding title, organization, work or remark in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)21. Plato (a) school of Athens22. St. Benedict (b) the first French realist23. Raphael (c) Tom Jones24. Descartes (d) German Nobel Prize winner25. Fielding (e) the Republic26. James Watt (f) representative of Cubism27. Flaubert (g) Norwegian playwright28. Ibsen (h) steam engine29. Thomas Mann (i) a great monk30. Picasso (j) Discourse on MethodIII Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points, 2 points each)31. According to Aristotle, how could people achieve happiness?32. Why do we say that the year 27 B.C. divided the history of Rome into two periods?33. What was the greatest contribution of Charlemagne?34. How will you define the Reformation in the 16th century?35. What did the Puritan principle emphasize?36. What does induction-mean to Bacon?37. What did romantic music stress?38. According to Marx and Engels, how could Socialism be realised?39. What is the novel to a naturalist?40. What are the three functional parts into which Freud divided human personality?IV. Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET in around 40 words.(20 points, 5 points each)41. Industrial Revolution42. the Cynies43. the Beat Generation44. Charles DickensV. Write between 100 - 120 words on the following topic on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points )45. What are the differences between Hobbes and Locke on "social contract" ?2010年10⽉⾼等教育⾃学考试北京市命题考试欧洲⽂化⼊门试卷第⼀部分选择题(共40分2 points each)1．The Romans conquered Greece in ．A．146 B．C．B．500 B．C．C．700 B．C．D．1200 B．C．2．The playwright who contributed greatly to Greek tragic art wasA．Sophocles B．Aristophanes C．Herodotus D．Homer3．The greatest of Latin poets wasA．Horace B．Virgil C．Homer D．Cicero4．Daniel was taken prisoner to after the fall of Jerusalem.A．Egypt B．Persia C．Babylon D．Assyria5．David was ．A．a Hebrew king B．the boy who killed GoliathC．the man who made Jerusalem the capital D．all of the above6．In the formative period of feudalism, the bishops were themselvesA．scholars B．hermits C．feudal lords D．knights7．As a result of the Crusades，luxuries of the East poured into the West．They were spices．perfume．hand．woven carpets and ．A．tea B．Chinaware C．silk D．silverware8．Martin Luther held that was the supreme authority．A．the Church B．the Bible C．the Pope D．Jesus9．Ophelia is a character in Shakespeare’s ．A．Hamlet B．Othello C．Macbeth D．Merchant of Venice10．The Reformation shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man．thus paving the way forA．economic development B．free thinking C．capitalism D．progress 11．Galile0，because he refused to compromise．was tried by ．A．the College of Cardinals B．the Italian courtC．the Spanish court D．the Inquisition12．To Newton，space and time are absolute，to Einstein，motion and space are ．A．relative B．unlimited C．infinite D．1imited13．“A Modest Proposal” was written by ．A．Defoe B．Swift C．Diderot D．Fielding14．Shelley called poets “the unacknowledged legislators of the world” in his ．A．Prometheus unbound B．Defence of PoetryC．1yrics D．Ode to the West Wind15．Schumann stood as the typical example of the influence of upon music．A．revolutionary ideals B．philosophy C．1iterature D．religion 16．According to Darwin，becomes a mechanism for evolutionary change．A．natural selectionB．process C．adaptation D．variation17．Zola believed almost blindlyA．Social Darwinism B．Utopian SocialismC．pragmatism D．scientific determinism18．The writer who devoted himself to the novel of social condition in England in the 19 th cen- tury was ．A．Thomas．Hardy B．William Makepeace ThackerayC．George Eliot D．Charles Dickens19．The contribution made by Pierre and Maris Curie is ．A．the discovery of atomic nucleus B．the discovery of radiumC．the discovery of X—rays D．the discovery of relativity20．To the New Novelists，plot，action，narrative，ideas and analysis of characters are A．no longer important B．still very importantC．of equal importance D．none of the above第⼆部分⾮选择题(共60分)PART TWOII．In the foliowing part there are two columns．The left hand column consists of a list of names．The right hand column consists of a list of titles，names of organizations，works or remarks．Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding ti- tie，organization，work，or remark in the right hand column and put the number aor b or e in the bracket on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points，1 point each) 21．St．Jerome (a)“The die is cast．”22．Schiller (b)Lettres Anglaise23．Keats (C)Mother24．Francois Rabelais (d)Gargantua and Pantagruel25．Walt Whitman (e)Fathers and Sons26．Thomas Hobbes (f)Ode to a Nightingale27．Corky (g)Leaves of Grass28．Turgenev (h)the Vulgate29．Julius Caesar (i)founder of modem German literature30．V oltaire (j)author of LeviathanIII．Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions．Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET．(20 points，2 points each) 31．Which are the most famous temples in ancient Greece?32．What did Horace mean when he said．“Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive．”? 33．Why were Christians persecuted under the Roman Empire?34．HOW shall we define the Catholic Church?35．What made Italy lose its supremacy in world trade in the late l5th century?36．What was Hobbes’s view of the nature of man?37．What kind of a novel is Les Miserables7 ．38．What did Kant try to reconcile in “Critique of Pure Reason”?39．Why did literature become the voice of the people in Russia in the l 9 th century?40．What are the major interests of new novelists?IV．Explain each of the following terms in English．Write your answer in the corre sponding space on the ANSWER SHEET in around 40 words．(20 points，5 pointseach)41．Plato’s and Democritus’ views of the world42．Noah’s Ark43．John Wyclif44．Mark TwainV. Write between l00—120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space onthe ANSWER SHEET(10 points)45．What is the role of Turgenev in Russian literature?2001年下半年北京市⾼等教育⾃学考试欧洲⽂化⼊门试卷I. Multiple Choice (40%)1. _________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and eraotional upheaval.A. SophistsB. CynicsC. SkepticsD. Epicureans2 _________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world."A. ArchimedesB. AristotleC. PlatoD. Euclid3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northem tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in_________A. 395B. 27C. 1453D. 4764. The City of God was written by __璤_____, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought.A. JesusB. AugustineC. Thomas AquinasD. Martin Luther5. _________ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist- a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word.A. MichelangeloB. RaphaelC. ShakespeareD. da Vinci6. In _______, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.A. Don Quixote.B. HamletC. leviathanD. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe7.The best- known book written by Thomas More is ________ , which describes an ideal non Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief.A. The Praise of the FollyB. As You Like ItC. Divine ComedyD. Utopia8. ________, author of Prince, is regarded as "father of political science" in the West.A. MachiavelliB. Dante'C. BaconD. Locke9.In The Revolution of Heavenly Orbs,________ put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe.A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. Copernicus10. During the _________ century, the modem scientific method began to take shape, which emphasized observation and" experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization.A. 18thB. 15 thC. 16 thD. 17 th11. _______ said, "Knowledge is power."A.. Isaac NewtonB. Francis BaconC. John LockeD. Marx12. In Faust,_______ drew on an immense variety of cultural material--theological, mythological, philosophical, political, economic, scientific, aesthetic, musical, and literary.A. GoetheB. DefoeC. RousseauD. Byron13. Which of the following is not regarded as a romantic writer?A. WordsworthB. ShelleyC. PushkinD. Balzac14. The most frequent themes of Romanticism include all of the following except _________.A. the power of reasonB. individual freedomC. spontaneityD. love of nature15. "If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" is the ending line of "Ode to the West Wind" by ________.A. WordsworthB. KeatsC. PushkinD. Shelley16. The composer of Swan Lake was ____, a genius in symphonic music.A. TchaikovskyB. ChopinC. BeethovenD. Mozart17. The naturalist school founded by Zola in late 19 th century intended __A. to attack the industrial injustice and urban evilsB. to give full play to the imagination of individualsC. to uphold the classical values such as harmony, balance, proportion and retraintD. to demonstrate the law of human conduct by a scientific study of "a slice of life"18. Which of the following novels was not written by Tolstoy?A. ResurrectionB. War and PeaceC. Crime and PunishmentD. Anna Karenina19. In his poems, Walt Whitman sang praises of all of the following value except ________.A. democracyB. the dignity of the individualC. the idyllic way of lifeD. the brotherhood of man20. Modernism was characterized by ________.A. a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventionsB. the exploration of the inner life of the individual and the psychopathology of human relationsC. its intense interest in the bizarre, the mysterious, the unpredictable and the formlessD. all of the above.II. True - False (20%)1. Once every five years, ancient Greeks had a big sports festival on Mount Olympus, which marked the beginning of Olympic Games.2. The greatest names in Western philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who were active in Athens in the 6 th centuryA. D.3. The body of ideas the Greek philosophers expressed, and the variety of questions they raised about the nature of the world and of human thought, knowledge and conduct, "have had an abiding interest for later generations.4. Christianity remained an object of oppression throughout the history of Roman Empire.5. During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order; the only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.6. Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic church, holding that only those especially selectedby God will be saved.7. According to Locke, once a representative is chosen by majority vote, his power is absolute.8. The Declaration of the Rights of Man which was enacted by the English Parliament in 1689 established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England.9. Descartes believed that thought was the foundation of all knowledge while the senses might deceive us.10. In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant argued that knowledge is the joint product of both sense and reason.. Explain the Following Terms. (25 % )1. Pax Romana2. The Crusades3. Gothic4. Reformation5. Social DarwinismIV. Answer the Following Question. ( 15 % )Why is Renaissance considered the departure from the Middle Ages and the beginning of modernity?2004年欧洲⽂化⼊门试题Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggestedanswers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D ] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the answer card. ( 40 points ,2 points each )1. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman Empire?A. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century.3. The Bible has been regarded as __________.A. a religious bookB. literatureC. record of great mindsD. 'all of the above4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as__________.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization.5. The Crusades were wars between __________.A. the Arabs and the Christian PilgrimsB. the Turks and the Christians in Western EuropeC. the Christians in Western Europe and the MoslemsD. the Arabs and the Turks6. St. Thomas Aquinas defended in his works __________.A. feudal hierarchy of societyB. divine power of feudal rulersC. the Pope' s supremacy over secular rulersD. all of the above7. The motto Montaigne put down in the essays was __________.A. What do I know?B. I doubt therefore I think.C. Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.D. Only to stand out of my light.8. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator who __________.A. discovered the Cape of Good HopeB. discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good HopeC. explored the mouth of the AmazonD. was the first to visit Cuba and Haiti9. Which of the following laws was discovered by Newton?A. l,aw of inertia.B. Law of falting bodies.C. Law of" relativity.D. Law of universal gravitation.10. In Locke' s political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government was __________.A. the protection of private propertyB. the upholding of free thinkingC. the abolishment of the rule of the churchD. regulation of economy11. Which of the following is" not true about the developments of the Industrial Revolution?A. The substitution of water power for human power.B. The introduction of machine.C. The beginning of the factory system.D. The growth of modem capitalism and the working class.12. "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. "This is a remark made by __________.A. V oltaireB. RousseauC. DiderotD. Moliere13. In the works of __________.one can see the spirit of the Age of Reason.A. HandelB. HaydnC. BachD. Mozart14. The poem of Byron' s that was translated into Chinese at the turn of the 20th centuryA. Don JuanB. Defence of PoetryC. Ode to a NightingaleD. Isles of Greece15. Throughout his his, Beethoven struggled to pass on through his music __________.A. the spirit of the French RevolutionB. the spirit of Byronic heroesC. ideas of a moral natureD. the praise of natural beauty16. __________. is considered to be the poet of the piano.A. MozartB. ChopinC.SchubertD. Schumann17. Which of the following works was not written by Charles Dickens?A. A Tale of Two Cities.B. The Mayor of Casterbridge.C. David Copperfield.D. Pickwick Papers.18. The author of the short story The Necklace was __________.A. O' HenryB. Jack LondonC. Mark TwainD. Maupassant19. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd/Petals on a wet, black bough. "The author of these lines was __________.A. William FaulknerB. Ezra PoundC. T. S. EliotD. William Butler Yeats20. __________.was regarded as the greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century.A. SholokhovB. TolstoyC. ChekhovD. Gorky第⼆部分⾮选择题In the following part there are two columns. The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of rifles, names of organizations or works. Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding title or organization or work in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. in the bracket on the answer sheet. ( 10 points, 1 point each)2l. Augustine ( ) (a) To the Lighthouse22. Aristotle ( ) (b) Ethics23. Shakespeare ( ) (c) Kubla Khan24. Mark Twain ( ) (d)A Hero of Our Time25. Titian ( ) (e) Othello26, Virginia Woolf ( ) (f) Meditations27. Newton ( ) (g) The Confession28. Coleridge ( ) (h) the Venus of Urbino29. Lermontov ( ) (i) Life on, the Mississippi30. Descartes ( ) ( j ) Mathematical Principles PhilosohyGive a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. ( 20 points ,2 points each )31. What are the three styles in Greek architecture?32. What was Marcus Cicero noted for?33. What is the importance of the Middle Ages in terms of development of culture?34. Why was Jan Hus condemned to be burnt at stake?35. What is the theory put forward by Copernicus in his work "The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs" ?36. What is Montesquieu' s redefinition of law?37. Which composer realized the possibility of the clarinet and used it for solo effects?38. What new literary theory was put forward in the preface of "Lyrical Ballads"?39. Who was called the "father" of psychoanalysis?40. Who was the American poet that settled down in London and became a leading figure of the Imagist movement? Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet in around 40 words. ( 20 points,5 points each )41. Leonardo da Vinci42. Thomas Hobbes' s political thought43. Enlightenment44. Black HumorWrite between 100 - 120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (10 points) 45.What are the distinctive features of Renaissance art?2007年⾃学欧洲⽂化⼊门试题2008年欧洲⽂化⼊门试卷PART ONEI. 选择题1.During the height of the development of Greek culture, Alexandria was noted for itsA. port facilitiesB. populationC. libraryD. architecture2. Which of the following is true about Plato?A. He adopted the dialectical method in argumentB. He was the author of EthicsC. He built up a comprehensive system of philosophyD. He was friend of Socrates3. gave birth to Christianity.A. PalestineB. Jewish traditionC. The BibleD. None of the above4. Abraham was told by God to lead the Hebrews to the Promised Land, which roughly corresponds to the present-dayA. EgyptB. SinaiC. JordanD. Palestine5. was made the official language of the Catholic Church.A. GreekB. LatinC. HebrewD. Italian6. Alfred the Great made the Anglo-Saxon cultural center.A. LondonB. EssexC. EdingburgD. Wessex7. In Raphael's works, there is the exquisite harmony and of the High Renaissance.A. balanceB. powerC. vigorD. knowledge8. In England, the question of reform was chiefly one of rejection of the supremacy ofA. the PopeB. the ChurchC. the ParliamentD. the Sovereign9. In the century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modem times.A. 15thB. 16thC. 17thD. 18th10. The law of inertia was discovered byA. CopernicusB. NewtonC. KeplerD. Galileo11. "Every man is enemy to every man. " is the view held byA. BaconB. HobbesC. LockeD. Newton12. One major source of primitive accumulation of capital wasA. farmingB. textileC. commerceD. slave trade13. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating inA. FranceB. SpainC. EnglandD. Italy14. was considered to be a child prodigy.A. HaydnB. BachC. MozartD. Handel15. To the conservative and reactionary forces in society, Byron's poetry was calledA. SatanicB. HeroicC. ByronicD. none of the above16. "Ruslan and Liudmila" was written byA. LermontovB. PushkinC. HugoD. Tehaikovsky17. The author of the book Evolution and Ethics isA. Yan FuB. Charles DarwinC. Thomas HuxleyD. Herbert Spencer18. The realists tended to regard as the center of the novel.A. ethicsB. imageC. plotD. characterization19. Which of the following is a social satire?A. Hard TimesB. Bleak HouseC. Vanity FairD. Jude the Obscure20. Aller Ginsberg is an American poet who best representsA. the Beat GenerationB. the Last GenerationC. the X GenerationD. the Angry Young MenPART TWOII. 选词填空21.Aristophanes (a) summary of music of the Baroque era22. Shakespeare (b) leader of slave uprising23. Charles I \ (c\) Dutch painter。