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星期3 WednesdayHe who doesn’t advance lose groud.学如逆水行舟，不进则退。
Text ALike all animals, humans are territorial. But unlike other creatures, we are also attached to the soil by an emotional motherland. What nation doesn’t have its rural landscape — its fatherland or motherland — as one of the wellspring of its poetry, music and folklore? So the luckiest of people mus t surely be farmers. As the poet Virgil, a smaller farmer himself, put it: “How blessed beyond all blessings are farmers, if they but knew their happiness! Far from the clash of arms, the most just earth brings forth from the soil an easy living for them.”But Virgil wrote those lines in about 30 B.C. Today, how many small farmers in Europe would share his view that the living is easy? The truth is that the image city people love to hold of farmers — with their wheat rippling in the sunshine, brown cows and battered red tractors — is in danger of becoming restricted to storybooks. A great many of Europe’s millions of small farmers are deep in financial mire, unable to battle modern intensive agribusiness, and suffering the humiliation of earning a big chunk of their income by being paid not to grow crops or raise animals.The depth of the crisis was brought home earlier this year in Britain, when about 280,000 country people marched quietly through the streets of London carrying placards pleading “Listen to U s”, and “Don’t Take the Backbone out of Farming”. As well as farmers, there were people wanting to preserve rural jobs and ways of life: hunters and foresters. Thousands were there simply because they know that the countryside is an economic, recreational and spiritual resource that, once lost, cannot be replaced, says one of those marchers, Peverell Bruce, a dairy and arable farmer in Hampshire: “I see my life’s work as being for my children. I want to nurture my land for them. I hope there’s a future in f arming for my sons.”The fact that there is no future on the land for the children of many farming families is popularly blamed on the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union — probably unfairly. The CAP aimed to provide farmers with a guaranteed price for their goods, help peasant farmers adapt to modern, sustainable agriculture and offer rural workers “a fair standard of living”. Behind those noble goals was the need to boost food production in a post-war Europe plagued by shortage.1. At the beginning of the passage, the author indicates that[A] land is important to humans, especially farmers.[B] Virgil is a great and fruitful poet.[C] humans are different from animals.[D] farmers should be satisfied with their living.2. In Europe, modern farmer’s attitude towards Virgil’s view is[A] indifferent. [B] neutral.[C] opposite. [D] favorable.3. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?[A] There are many songs and poems in praise of the rural landscape.[B] Many city people still believe in the beauty of rural life.[C] Small farmers’ living is threatened by modern agribusiness.[D] Farmers are unwilling to be bound to their land.4. The reason why British country people marched is that[A] they were not allowed to read those storybooks anymore.[B] they wanted to keep their rural life unchanged.[C] they needed government to enlarge their farming land.[D] they required government to hasten modernizations in agriculture.5. According to the passage the CAP tried to[A] strengthen the modern influence on farming life.[B] take care of children’s life.[C] help farmers adjust to new situations.[D] import more from other continents.Text BIn the whole of French literary history, there is, perhaps, no subject of such inexhaustible and modern interest as that of George Sand. Of what use is literary history? It is not only a kind of museum, in which a few masterpieces are preserved for the pleasure of observers. It is this certainly, but it is still more than this. Fine books are, before anything else, living works, they not only have lived, but they continue to live. They live within us, underneath those ideas which form our conscience and those sentiments which inspire our actions. There is nothing of greater importance for any society than to make an inventory of the ideas and the sentiments which are composing its moral atmosphere every instant that it exists. For every individual this work is the very condition of his dignity. The question is, should we have these ideas and these sentiments, if, in the times before us, there had not been some exceptional individuals, who seized them, as it were, in the air and made them practicable and durable? These exceptional individuals were capable of thinking more vigorously, of feeling more deeply, and of expressing themselves more forcibly than we are. They leaved these ideas and sentiments to us. Literary history is, then, above and beyond all things, the everlasting examination of the conscience of humanity.George Sand wrote for nearly half a century. For fifty times three hundred and sixty-five days, she never let a day pass by without covering more pages than other writers in a month. Her first books shocked people, her early opinions were greeted with storms. From that time forth she rushed head-long into everything new, she welcomed every fantasy and passed it on to us with more force and passion in it. Vibrating with every breath, electrified by every storm, she looked up at every cloud behind which she fancied she saw star shining. The work of another novelist has been called a repertory of human documents. But what a repertory of ideas her work was! She has said what she had to say on nearly every subject: on love, the family, social institutions and on the various forms of government. And with all this she was a woman. Her case is almost unique in the history of letters. It is intensely interesting to study the influence of this woman of genius on the evolution of modern thought.The share which belongs to George Sand in the history of the French novel is that of havingimpregnated the novel with the poetry in her own soul. She gave to the novel a breadth and a range which it had never hitherto had. She celebrated the hymn of nature, of love and of goodness in it. She revealed to us the country and the peasants of France. She gave satisfaction to the romantic tendency which is in every one of us, to more or less degree.George Sand’s literary ideal may be read in the following words, which she wrote to Flaubert: “You make the people who read your books still sadder than they were before. I want to make them less unhappy.” She tried to do this, and she often succeeded in her attempt. What greater praise can we give to her than that? And how can we help adding a little gratitude and affection to our admiration for the woman who was the good fairy of the contemporary novel?6. What’s the usage of the literary history?[A] It is just a kind of museum.[B] It is an inventory of ideas and sentiments.[C] It records ordinary people’s life.[D] It exams the moral or ethical awareness of human being forever.7. According to the passage, exceptional individuals have all the following characteristics EXCEPT[A] they have more active thought.[B] they feel more deeply.[C] they have strong expressive power.[D] they can forecast the future.8. The author thinks that George Sand[A] was a productive writer.[B] was the first female writer in the literary history.[C] wrote on all subjects except politics.[D] had a significant influence on moral atmosphere.9. The word “impregnated” in Para. 3 is closest in meaning to[A] communicate. [B] filled up.[C] jointed. [D] associated.10. According to the passage, we can know that George Sand described[A] the life of upper-class society. [B] the life of children.[C] French country and peasants. [D] the economic development.11. What was George Sand’s literary ideal?[A] She wanted to make readers happy.[B] She attempted to record the life in her generation.[C] She tried to satisfy her readers.[D] She wanted to encourage women in those days.Text CAmerican federalism has been described as a neat mechanical theory. The national government was said to be sovereign in certain areas of governmental concern, such as the regulation of interstate commerce. State governments were said to be sovereign in certain other areas, such as regulation of intrastate commerce and exercise of the police power. One writer has described this as the “layer cake” concept of American federalism. In the top layer are neatly compacted all the powers of the national government; in the bottom layer are found the separate and distinct functions and powers of state governments.How nice it would be if the American federal system could be so easily and conveniently analyzed. But Professor Martin Grodzins of the University of Chicago has gone to describe federalism in practice as more like a marble cake, with an intermingling of functions, than like a layer cake, with functions separate and distinct. The intermingling can be seen best, perhaps, by examining the example of railroad traffic. If it crosses a state line, it constitutes interstate commerce, coming under control of national government. Rail shipments originating and ending within a single state constitute intrastate commerce, thus — the theory tells us — falling under regulation of state government. However, both the interstate and intrastate shipments may have moved over the same rails. In this simple example, one might easily read the urgent necessity for close cooperation between state and national governments. This need has not gone unrecognized by administrators of governmental programs at the state, local, and national levels.Nonetheless, national and state interests often conflict in the political area. Pressures may be brought to bear down on state legislators which differ from those felt by members of the national Congress. Disagreement over the proper division of powers between states and the national government often lies beneath a conflict of interests. But no best formula has been discovered for drawing a dividing line between state powers and national powers.The men who wrote the United States Constitution did the best they could in the face of circumstances which confronted them at the time. The state-national power dispute has raged persistently ever since. What are “states rights”? It is obvious that, throughout the United States history, the issue of “states rights” has arisen repeatedly as the painful wailed for any interest which they felt being treated unsympathetically at a given moment by the national government. The source of the cry would seem to depend on whose ox is being gored.12. “L ayer cake” concept is cited to show[A] separate and distinct functions and power between governments.[B] sovereign power of the national government.[C] regulation of intrastate commerce in state governments.[D] exercise of the police power in state governments.13. In which paragraph does the author indicate his/her view about American federalism?[A] 1 [B] 2 [C] 3 [D] 414. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the author?[A] This need for close state-national cooperation has not been recognized.[B] Conflict of interests often accounts for the state-national power disputes.[C] At the very beginning federalism was an ideal one without state-national power disputes.[D] Those who wrote the United States Constitution should be blamed for the present confusion.15. Since there is no clear-cut formula for dividing state and national powers,[A] interstate cooperation is primarily a thing of the past.[B] state governments have been forced to delegate certain functions to the federal government.[C] states constantly cry to the national government for more rights.[D] state governments have been losing power since the foundation of federalism.Text DIn 1943 as a bright-eyed 14-year-old, Akira Ogasawara joined the Japanese army, partly because the officials who enrolled army members promised him a ride in an airplane. Instead of getting his flight, he was assigned to a secret medical unit that performed experiments on prisoners in Manchuria. Now 65 and a construction worker, he is still tormented by the memory of his twoy ears with Unit 731 as it worked on developing a “germ bomb”, which Tokyo hoped would help win World WarⅡ. “I myself did not put any prisoner under the knife.” he tells a mostly middle-aged audience of about 50 people at Hachioji, near Tokyo. “But when I th ink that the rats and fleas I bred were used in experiments which killed so many people, I feel that it’s my task to tell everyone that such things took place.” The audience stirs uneasily, sharing a hideous secret from the past.Until the early 1980s, few Japanese were eager to learn about events like Unit 731’s activities in Manchuria, a region in northern China conquered and governed by the Japanese army from 1932 to 1945. Untold thousands of Russians, Koreans and Chinese suspected of anti-Japanese activities were brought to the Unit 731 base at Pinfang, near Harbin. Clinically referred to as maruta, or “logs”, they were initially treated well since the experiments required healthy subjects. Eventually, however, some of the prisoners were infected with contagious diseases — typhoid(伤寒症), tetanus(破伤风), anthrax(炭疽热), syphilis(梅毒)— or poisoned with mustard gas(芥子气); others, stripped and tied to poles, were exposed to the -20℃Manchurian winter to develop frostbite and subsequently gangrene(坏疽). Some were even dissected while still alive, according to former unit members. At least 3,000 prisoners died.In the late summer of 1945 the surviving prisoners were put to death, and Ogasaware was among the men assigned to dispose of the bodies. After the war, senior officers of Unit 731 captured by the Soviets were sent to Siberian labor camps. The U.S. agreed not to prosecute unit members in exchange for the death camp’s medical data.Today an exhibition about Unit 731, complete with photographs and man-made things, is touring Japan, with 40 stops planned around the country; Ogasawara — along with other former unit members — offers his testimony at the exhibition whenever he can. For a Japan that still has not totally come to terms with the wartime past, his words are painful reminders of one of the darkest chapters in the country’s history.16. According to the passage, why did Akira Ogasaware join the army?[A] He was inspired to devote himself to world peace.[B] He was well-prepared to sacrifice himself for his country.[C] He was so childish that he was keen on taking the plane.[D] He was cheated that he could join in the Air Force.17. The following information about Unit 731 and “germ bomb” is true EXCEPT[A] Japan intended to abuse germ in war.[B] Japan ever cut down many logs for experiments.[C] Japan also experimented on Russians besides Chinese.[D] Japan infected maruta with contagious diseases.18. The prisoners were primitively treated well because[A] Japanese cared about the health of maruta.[B] the aim of the experiments was a top priority for Japanese.[C] Japanese were eager to inquire of them about Manchuria.[D] they were infected with contagious diseases.19. Which of the following adjectives can best describe Japanese’s deeds in Manchuria?[A] Inhuman. [B] troublesome.[C] Historic. [D] rude.20. Which of the following is NOT correct?[A] The U.S.A. ever lacked the sense of justice in accusation of Japanese prisoners of the war.[B] The true wartime past does not completely come to light in Japan.[C] Akira Ogasaware’s testimony reminds the world of the true history of Japan in the war.[D] Akira Ogasaware himself operated on “logs”.语境词汇Text A1. territorial a.地盘性的；领土的2. be attached to 依附于3. wellspring n.源泉4. bring forth 产生，引起；提出，引证5. ripple v.(使)起微波n.细浪；水的潺潺声6. battered a.磨损的7. mire n.困境；泥潭，沼泽8. a big chunk of 大部分9. bring home 以强调形式清楚地显示（或证实）10. placard n.标语牌；布告，海报11. plague vt.使受灾祸；使染瘟疫n.瘟疫；祸患Text B1. inexhaustible a.无穷无尽的，用不完的；不会疲劳的，不倦的2. sentiment n.情操，思想感情；情绪3. make an inventory of 编制…清单，盘点4. repertory n.贮存，库存；仓库5. social institution 社会制度6. impregnate vt.注入，灌输；使怀孕Text C1. sovereign a.有主权的；最高的n.君主2. police power 治安权；警察部队3. compact v.使紧密结合；使结实a.紧密的；简洁的4. bear down on sb. 对某人施加压力5. dividing line 分界线，界限6.rage v.猛烈进行；发怒n.盛怒7. wail for 为…恸哭8. gore v.用角伤害；把…剪成楔形三角布n.（伤口流出的）血，凝固的血Text D1. assign sb. to do sth. 指定某人做某事2. hideous a.令人惊骇的；极丑的；庞大的3. germ bomb 细菌炸弹4. contagious disease 传染性疾病5. typhoid n.伤寒a.伤寒性的6. tetanus n.破伤风7. anthrax n.炭疽热8. syphilis n.梅毒9. mustard gas 芥子气10. frostbite n.冻伤，冻疮v.使遭霜害，使冻伤11. gangrene n.坏疽12. come to terms with 达成协议，让步难句突破Text A1. Thousands were there simply because they know that the countryside is an economic, recreational and spiritual resource that, once lost, cannot be replaced, says one of those marchers, Peverell Bruce, a dairy and arable farmer in Hampshire.【分析】复合句。
种地不易英文作文Title: The Challenges of Farming: A Reflection。
Farming, often romanticized for its connection to the earth and the production of food, holds a reality that is far from easy. In this essay, we delve into the myriad challenges faced by farmers, highlighting the complexities inherent in agriculture.Firstly, one cannot overlook the unpredictability of nature. Farmers are at the mercy of weather patterns, which can fluctuate dramatically and unexpectedly. Droughts, floods, frosts, and storms all pose significant threats to crop yields and livestock well-being. The impact of climate change exacerbates these challenges, leading to more frequent and severe weather events. As a result, farmers must constantly adapt their practices and invest in resilience measures to mitigate potential losses.Furthermore, the financial burden of farming can beoverwhelming. The initial investment required for land, equipment, seeds, and livestock is substantial, often leading farmers to take on significant debt. Market fluctuations and price volatility add another layer of uncertainty, making it difficult for farmers to predict their income accurately. Additionally, the high cost of modern farming technologies and inputs further strains financial resources. Despite these challenges, farmers persevere, driven by their passion for the land and the desire to feed their communities.Another pressing issue is the depletion of natural resources. Intensive farming practices, such as monoculture and excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, degrade soil health and contribute to environmental degradation. Soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and water pollution are just some of the consequences of unsustainable farming methods. As stewards of the land, farmers must balance the need for productivity with long-term environmental sustainability. This often requires adopting agroecological approaches that prioritize soil conservation, biodiversity conservation, and water management.In addition to environmental concerns, farmers also face social and mental health challenges. The isolation of rural life, coupled with the demands of round-the-clock work, can take a toll on farmers' well-being. Access to healthcare and mental health services may be limited in rural areas, exacerbating these issues. Moreover, the stigma surrounding mental health further discourages farmers from seeking help. Initiatives aimed at addressing these challenges, such as peer support groups and mental health awareness campaigns, are crucial in providing farmers with the support they need.Despite these challenges, farming remains essential for food security and rural livelihoods. As the world's population continues to grow, the demand for food will only increase, placing greater pressure on farmers to produce more with fewer resources. Addressing the challenges faced by farmers requires a multifaceted approach, involving policymakers, researchers, businesses, and communities. Investing in sustainable agriculture, supporting small-scale farmers, and fostering innovation are key to ensuringa resilient and thriving agricultural sector.In conclusion, farming is far from easy, with farmers contending with a multitude of challenges ranging from environmental and financial pressures to social and mental health issues. However, it is through their resilience, adaptability, and dedication that farmers continue to feed the world and sustain rural communities. As we reflect on the challenges of farming, let us also recognize the invaluable contributions of farmers and work towards building a more sustainable and equitable food system.。
英语作文农业的困难和挑战英文回答：Farming is a tough and challenging industry that faces a multitude of difficulties. One of the main challenges in agriculture is the unpredictability of weather. Farmers rely heavily on weather conditions for successful crop growth, but they cannot control or predict natural disasters like droughts, floods, or storms. For example, last year, a sudden hailstorm destroyed most of my neighbor's crops, causing a significant financial loss for him.Another difficulty in agriculture is the increasing cost of inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides. These expenses can eat into farmers' profits, especially when market prices for their crops are low. As a result, many farmers struggle to make ends meet and may even be forced to give up farming altogether. I remember my uncle having to sell his farm because he couldn't afford to keepit running due to rising costs.Furthermore, the labor shortage in agriculture is a significant problem. Many young people are not interested in pursuing a career in farming, opting instead for more lucrative and less physically demanding jobs. This leaves many farmers struggling to find reliable workers to help with planting, harvesting, and other essential tasks. My friend who owns a vineyard often complains about the difficulty of finding skilled laborers to help during the busy harvest season.In addition to these challenges, farmers also have to deal with market fluctuations and competition from large agribusinesses. Small-scale farmers like my father often struggle to compete with big corporations that have more resources and can offer lower prices. This can make it hard for family farms to stay afloat and remain profitable in the long run.Despite these difficulties, I believe that agriculture is a vital industry that deserves our support and respect.Farmers work tirelessly to feed the world, facing numerous obstacles along the way. As consumers, we can do our part by buying locally grown produce, supporting small-scale farmers, and advocating for policies that benefit the agricultural community.中文回答：农业是一个艰难而充满挑战的行业，面临着许多困难。
四六级英文写作必背之35句型四六级英文写作必背之35句型一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词+ than to + VNothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。
）We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
简单介绍农神的英语作文The God of Agriculture is a revered figure in many ancient cultures, representing the importance of farming and the cultivation of the land. This divine entity is often depicted as a powerful and benevolent deity who watches over the crops, livestock, and the overall wellbeing of the agricultural community. Across various civilizations, the God of Agriculture has been known by different names and has been attributed with unique characteristics and responsibilities, but the underlying theme of their significance remains the same.One of the most well-known and widely worshipped agricultural deities is the Greek god Demeter. In Greek mythology, Demeter was the goddess of the harvest, grain, and fertility. She was responsible for the growth and abundance of crops, and her annual cycle of grief and joy was believed to be the driving force behind the changing of the seasons. Demeter's daughter, Persephone, was abducted by the god of the underworld, Hades, which led Demeter to withhold her blessings from the earth, causing a period of famine and desolation. This myth not only highlights the importance of agriculture inancient Greek society but also the deep-rooted connection between the divine and the natural world.Another prominent agricultural deity is the Roman god Ceres, who was closely associated with the Greek Demeter. Ceres was the goddess of agriculture, grain crops, fertility, and motherly relationships. She was often depicted holding stalks of wheat or grain, symbolizing her role in the cultivation and abundance of agricultural produce. Ceres was revered by the Roman people, and her annual festival, the Cerealia, was a significant event in the Roman calendar, marked by processions, games, and the distribution of food to the poor.In ancient Egypt, the god Osiris was revered as the deity of agriculture, the Nile River, and the afterlife. Osiris was believed to have taught the Egyptians the art of agriculture, including the cultivation of crops and the domestication of animals. His death and subsequent resurrection were closely tied to the annual flooding of the Nile, which nourished the land and allowed for the growth of crops. The Egyptians saw Osiris as a symbol of the cycle of life, death, and rebirth, and his cult was central to their agricultural and religious practices.In the Hindu tradition, the god Shiva is often associated with agriculture and the natural world. Shiva is known as the "Destroyer"and is responsible for the cycle of creation, preservation, and destruction. In his aspect as the God of Agriculture, Shiva is believed to be the protector of crops and the patron of farmers. He is often depicted holding a trident, which represents his control over the three realms of the universe: the earth, the sky, and the underworld.The Aztec civilization of Mesoamerica also had a rich tradition of agricultural deities. One of the most prominent was Centeotl, the god of maize and fertility. Centeotl was seen as the sustainer of life, as maize was a staple crop in the Aztec diet. The Aztecs believed that Centeotl was responsible for the growth and abundance of their maize crops, and they honored him through elaborate rituals and sacrifices.These are just a few examples of the many agricultural deities that have been worshipped throughout human history. Each culture has its own unique perspective on the divine forces that govern the natural world and the cultivation of the land. However, the common thread that binds these deities together is their importance in sustaining human life and the deep reverence that ancient societies held for the natural world and the processes that enable the growth and abundance of crops.The worship of agricultural deities has played a significant role in shaping the cultural and religious practices of various civilizations.These deities were not merely symbolic figures but were believed to have a direct influence on the success or failure of agricultural endeavors. The rituals and festivals dedicated to these gods were often central to the social and economic fabric of ancient societies, as the prosperity of the community was directly tied to the bounty of the land.In modern times, the significance of the God of Agriculture may not be as overt as it was in the past, but the underlying principles of respect and appreciation for the natural world remain just as important. As we continue to grapple with the challenges of sustainable agriculture and food security, the lessons and insights gleaned from the worship of agricultural deities can serve as a valuable guide in our efforts to cultivate a more harmonious relationship with the land and the resources it provides.。
六级模拟题（2）答案详解Part I: WritingHarmfulness of Fake ProductsAs is known to all, China has undergone great changes in terms of product quality and variety over the last several decades. Nowadays, commodities and products of all kinds are sufficiently provided in the market. Meanwhile, a lot of fake commodities have appeared. Like worms that eat away the core of a good apple, fake commodities are threatening the well-being of individuals as well as our society.Fake commodities inflict serious damage on our society. Consumers are robbed of their money and have to bear the consequences caused by fake commodities. For example, a farmer who has purchased fake fertilizer in spring will fail to gather good harvest in autumn. This means a disaster to his family, for he and his family will not have enough to eat. It is also reported by the media that several dozens of people were poisoned to death by fake alcohol.Measures must be taken to ban the production of fake commodities. On the one hand, fake commodities must not be sold on the market, and strict laws should be formulated and enforced against fake commodity producers, and those who sell fake commodities intentionally should be severely punished. On the other hand, consumers must learn how to protect themselves. Only with the joint efforts of the whole society can we handle the problem properly.Part Ⅱ Listening ComprehensionSection A1. BW: My cousin Bob is getting married in California and I can't decide whether to go.M: It's a long trip, but I think you will have a good time.Q: What does the man mean?【解析】女士说她的堂兄Bob要在加利福尼亚结婚，她还没有决定去不去，男士说这是一次路途遥远的旅行，但他觉得女士会过得很开心。
托福阅读tpo33R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文The First Civilizations①Evidence suggests that an important stimulus behind the rise of early civilizations was the development of settled agriculture,which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of human communities that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires.②The exact time and place that crops were first cultivated successfully is uncertain.Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged in dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities,driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources,began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.The first farmers,who may have lived as long as10,000years ago,undoubtedly used simple techniques and still relied primarily on other forms of food production,such as hunting, foraging,or pastoralism.The real breakthrough took place when farmers began to cultivate crops along the floodplains of river systems. The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not asdependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil,thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location. Thus,the first truly sedentary(that is,nonmigratory)societies were born.As time went on,such communities gradually learned how to direct the flow of water to enhance the productive capacity of the land, while the introduction of the iron plow eventually led to the cultivation of heavy soils not previously susceptible to agriculture.③The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations.The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population,while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale.The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government.④The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C.in Mesopotamia,northern Africa, India,and China.How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain,but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called“big men”within a single village or a collection of villages.By means of their military prowess,dominant personalities,or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community.In time,the“big men”become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to others within their own family.As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth,the“big men”assume hereditary status,and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.⑤The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations,religious beliefs,and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries.With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function,such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or astrategic location on a major trade route,others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances.Within these cities,new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods.Some people became artisans or merchants,while others became warriors,scholars,or priests.In some cases,the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole,with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population.In other instances,such as the Indus River Valley,the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.译文最早的文明①有证据表明，早期文明兴起背后的一个重要刺激因素是定居农业的发展，这引起了人类社群组织的一系列变化，这些变化在大型古代帝国崛起时到达了顶峰。
托福考试 复习TPO 33—1 最初的文明原文：【1】Evidence suggests that an important stimulus behind the rise of early civilizations was the development of settled agriculture, which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of human communities that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires.【2】The exact time and place that crops were first cultivated successfully is uncertain. Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged in dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival. The first farmers, who may have lived as long as 10,000 years ago, undoubtedly used simple techniques and still relied primarily on other forms of food production, such as hunting, foraging, or pastoralism. The real breakthrough took place when farmers began to cultivate crops along the floodplains of river systems. The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without movingto a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratory) societies were born. As time went on, such communities gradually learned how to direct the flow of water to enhance the productive capacity of the land, while the introduction of the iron plow eventuallyled to the cultivation of heavy soils not previously susceptible to agriculture. 【3】The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government.【4】The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages. By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community. In time, the “big men” become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to others within their own family. As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “big men” assume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.【5】The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the socialorganizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere题目：1.The phrase "culminated in" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.reached a high point with.B.logically followed from.C.partly contributed to.D.marked.2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true of earlyA.They used farming to supplement other food sources.B.They were driven out of small communities.C.They were victims of flooding.D.They farmed several plots of land at once.3.The word "undoubtedly" in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.increasingly.B.certainly.C.in general.D.apparently.4.According to paragraph 2, what are TWO reasons why farmers chose river valleys for cultivation? To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices.A.The soils in river valleys were rich in nutrients.B.The crops grown in river valleys were not completely dependent on rainwater.C.Farming techniques could not be easily applied to soils far from rivers.D.The heavier weight of river soil resulted in more reliable harvests.5.The word "enhance" in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.serve.B.improve.C.control.D.protect.6.The word "provoked"(paragraph 3) in the passage is closest in meaning toB.coordinated.C.modeled.D.brought about.7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a reason why governments first arose among agricultural communities?A.A significant increase in population.B.The desire to control water resources for irrigation.C.The need for protection from outside forces.D.The demand for organized communication with other communities.8.According to paragraph 4, what is not known about the rise of the first civilizations?A.Where the first steps toward civilization took place.B.Who was allowed to replace "big men" after the "big men" died.C.Why some individuals became recognized as leaders.D.How governments emerged.9.What is the relationship between paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passage?A.Paragraph 3 explains why a need for leadership arose in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 describes how that leadership developed.B.Paragraph 3 suggests that agriculture was first practiced in Asia and Africa, and paragraph 4 discusses how it might have later spread to the rest of the world.C.Paragraph 3 describes several methods of early government, and paragraph 4 gives an extended example of one of them.D.Paragraph 3 discusses a cause of the spread of river valley agriculture in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 discusses an effect.10.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Some cities were associated with economic activities, while others were government or religious centers.B.Emerging cities generally served strategic administrative, economic, and religious purposes.C.The creation of an economic or administrative activity led to the emergence of a city for its proper supervision.D.Some cities emerged as economic centers and later became the sites of administrative or religious activities.11.Paragraph 5 suggests that which of the following was a consequence of the emergence of cities?A.The decentralization of authority.B.An increase in religious activity.C.The emergence of service- and production-related jobs.D.A decreased reliance on mineral resources.12.According to paragraph 5, why were huge walls built around early royal palaces?A.T o protect the inhabitants from invaders.B.To mark the urban areas.C.To separate the ruling class from the rest of the population.D.T o represent the prosperity of a city.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? ?? This was accompanied by increased professional specialization.The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. ■【A】??With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. ■【B】??While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. ■【C】Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. ■【D】??Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall andseparate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.14. Prose SummaryThe practice of settled agriculture in some areas of Asia and Africa was crucial tothe development of early civilizations.A.Prehistorians disagree as to whether early farmers first cultivated crops along floodplains or first tried cultivating crops in less successful environments.B.Cultivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.C.Because crops could be cultivated more successfully where farmers were not completely dependent on rainfall, hostilities between groups arose over control of the river systems.D.The need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to the formation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.E.Increasingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classes and in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.F.Unlike other early civilizations, those that developed in the Indus River Valley did not have any spectacular palaces or areas for exclusive use by the authorities.答案：1.词汇题，culminate表示"达到高峰"，选A。
农业补贴的英文作文高中Agricultural subsidies, love them or hate them, have been a hot topic of debate for years. Some argue that they are necessary to support struggling farmers and ensure food security, while others believe they distort markets and create inefficiencies. 。
But let's take a step back and consider the bigger picture. Agriculture is the backbone of many economies, providing food and jobs for millions of people. Without subsidies, small-scale farmers would struggle to competewith large agribusinesses that have access to advanced technology and economies of scale. Subsidies level the playing field and give smaller farmers a fighting chance.Moreover, agricultural subsidies can help protect the environment. By incentivizing sustainable farming practices, subsidies encourage farmers to adopt methods that reducesoil erosion, conserve water, and minimize the use of harmful pesticides. This not only benefits the environmentbut also ensures the long-term viability of theagricultural sector.Critics argue that subsidies lead to overproduction and lower prices, hurting farmers in the long run. While this may be true to some extent, it is important to rememberthat agriculture is subject to various unpredictablefactors such as weather conditions and pests. Subsidies act as a safety net, providing farmers with a cushion to absorb losses during difficult times.Another argument against subsidies is that they can create dependency and discourage innovation. However, this perspective overlooks the fact that subsidies can also be used to promote research and development in agriculture. By providing financial support for innovation, subsidies can drive technological advancements that improve productivity and sustainability.Furthermore, agricultural subsidies can have positive social impacts. They help maintain rural communities by providing employment opportunities and preventing themigration of farmers to urban areas. Additionally, subsidies can contribute to food security by ensuring a stable and affordable food supply, particularly in times of crisis or natural disasters.In conclusion, agricultural subsidies are a complex and controversial issue. While they have their drawbacks, they also play a crucial role in supporting farmers, protecting the environment, and ensuring food security. It is important to strike a balance between providing necessary support and encouraging innovation and efficiency in the agricultural sector.。
-Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful ,nor is it a way to make a social evaporate.砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。
I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子的时候，已经是白发苍苍了。
If, whether during the execution of works or after their completion and whether before or after the repudiation or other termination of contract ,between the employer and the contractor arises any dispute in connection with ,or arising out of ,the contract or the execution of the works, including any disagreement by either party with any action ,inaction opinion ,instruction ,determination ,certificate or valuation of the engineer ,the master shall ,in the first place ,be referred to the Disputes Review Board.无论是在工程执行过程中，还是工程完成以后，也无论是在放弃合同或其他终止合同之前或者之后，如果业主与承包商之间出现任何与合同或许工程执行有关的或因合同或工程执行而引发的争端，包括任何一方对工程师的任何行动，不行动，意见，指示，决定，证书或许评价所产生的异议，那么争端应首先提交争端审核委员会。
