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Lecture 3 翻译的标准翻译标准：目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实(Faithfulness) 和流畅(Smoothness)。
外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。
翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文，原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑，于是原文的语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文的外语腔。
The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.【译文】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。
翻译标准：忠实和流畅好的译文还必须保持原文的风格包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。
即：译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。
课堂练习：•She couldn't have come at a better time.•She has been a widow only six months.•I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.•The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.•From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.•As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.1. 她来得正是时候。
Lecture note 21、直译（literal translation）VS意译（free translation）直译：是既保持原文内容、又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。
直译不等于硬译或死译，也叫逐字翻译——就是以词为单位进行考虑的，力求目的语的每个词都能与原语的每个词对等。
直译不仅能保持原作的特点,而且还可使读者逐步接受原作的文学风格，促进语言多样性，丰富目的语的语言形式，以利跨文化沟通与交流。
Eg:1.dark horse（黑马）brandy（白兰地）rifle（来福枪）carnation（康乃馨）litchi（荔枝）salon（沙龙）engine（引擎）gentlemen’s agreement（君子协议）one country，two systems（一国两制）2.to show one’s cards摊牌3.Soon got, soon gone.来得容易，去得快。
4.Speech is silver, silence is golden.雄辩是银，沉默是金。
5.There is no smoke without fire.无火不生烟6.The worst wheel of a cart creaks most.最坏的车轮最会嘎嘎响。
7.Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见，心不念。
8.来得易，去得疾。
Easy come, easy go.9.同一个世界，同一个梦想。
One world, one dream.10.She has many hot potatoes to handle every day.她每天都要处理很多棘手的问题。
11.Partly as a result of the recently increasing demand, whole sale tea prices havealmost doubled.部分由于日益增长的需求，批发茶的价格几乎翻了一番。
翻译症的表现层面、原因及克服方法作者：李国平来源：《现代语文(语言研究)》2008年第03期摘要：翻译症是翻译中普遍存在的一种现象，本文从词语层面、句子层面和语篇层面讨论了翻译症的表现及成因，并提出解决对策。
关键词：翻译症语境树杈句波浪句汉语思维英语思维一、翻译症的定义翻译症（translationese， translation syndrome）是翻译实践中的常见问题，美国翻译理论家奈达在《翻译理论与实践》一书中将其定义为“formal fidelity， with resulting unfaithfulness to the content and the impact of the message （形式上忠实，而结果却是对原文内容和效果不忠实）”，其主要特征表现为译文语言生硬牵强，行文不自然、不流畅，晦涩费解，佶屈聱牙，甚至不知所云，谓之英式汉语或中式英语。
其主要成因是不了解双语的词汇、句子结构、文化习俗、思维理念等方面的差异，在翻译过程中照搬字典释义，把原文的语言形式、表达方式、句法结构机械地移植到译语中。
二、词翻译症的主要表现翻译症的各种表现可以从词语、句子和语篇三个层面进行分析：（一）词语层面上的表现1.照搬字典词条释义（1）My idyll would have been perfect had it not been for a persistent bee that began buzzing around me. The bee was of the common variety that plagues picnickers.译文1：要是没有一只蜜蜂围着我不停地嗡嗡地飞，我的田园诗一定会一直都是完美无暇的。
这只蜜蜂是传染瘟疫给野餐者的普通种类。
译文2：要不是有个蜜蜂在我身边嗡嗡不停，我一定会非常安闲自在。
那是个常见的蜜蜂，喜欢骚扰野餐者。
“idyll”和“plague”字典释义分别为“田园诗”和“传染瘟疫”，在该语境中均需转义处理，才能确切地表达出原作的风格。
Unit 1applaud mirror entail strive consequently赞同反射，反映需要努力，奋斗因此supposedly devalue flexibility obligation fulfill可能使…贬值灵活性义务，责任履行，实现1. Taxes are an obligation which may fall on everybody.2. We applauded the authority's decision not to close the hospital.3. The doctor's instructions must be fulfilled exactly; the sick man's life depends on it.4. Do these opinion polls really mirror what people are thinking?5. I prefer to think of memorization as a stepping-stone to flexibility in use of words and phrases.6. In her office memos she tended to devalue the work done by her staff.7. The history of train transport has partly been a history of striving for greater efficiency and profit.8. He took on the new post without having the faintest idea of what it entailed .9. He is supposedly one of the greatest experts in this field.10. Absolute secrecy is essential. consequently , the fewer who are aware of the project the better.1. 随着职务的提升，他担负的责任也更大了。
Unit 11.我安排他们在小酒吧见面，但那个小伙子一直没有来。
I had arranged for them to meet each other at the pub but the young man never turned up.2.你无法仅凭表面现象判断形势是否会对我们不利。
Y ou cannot tell merely from appearance whether things will turn out unfavorable to us or not.3.那个士兵每次打仗都冲锋在前，从而赢得了国家的最高荣誉。
The soldier, who stood in the gap in every battle, gained the highest honors of the country.4.主席讲话很有说服力，委员会其他成员都听从他的意见。
The chairman spoke so forcefully that the rest of the committee yielded to his opinion.5.他们现在生活富裕了，但也曾经经历坎坷。
They are well-to-do now, but along the way they had their ups and downs.6.这次演讲我讲说明两个问题。
There are two questions to which I will address myself in this lecture.7.我们正筹划为你举办一次盛大的圣诞聚会。
We are planning a big Christmas party in your honors.8.听到那个曲子，我回想起了儿童时代。
Hearing that tune threw my mind back to my childhood.Unit 21.那只鸽子被卡在树杈里，一会儿就跌落下来。
Unit 1The Unsung Heroes: What About Working Dads?On our first "date" after our twin daughters were born, my husband and I went to see the movie Toy Story. We enjoyed it, but afterward my husband asked, "Where was the dad?" At first, it seemed petty to criticize an entertaining family movie because of one small point. The more I thought about it, however, the more glaring an omission it seemed. Not only was dad not around, he wasn't even mentioned —despite the fact that there was a baby in the family, so dad couldn't have been that long gone. It was as if the presence— or absence — of a father is a minor detail, not even requiring an explanation.This is only one example of the media trend toward marginalizing fathers, which mirrors enormous social changes in the United States. David Blankenhorn, in his book Fatherless America, refers to this trend as the "unnecessary father" concept. We are bombarded by stories about the struggles of working mothers (as opposed to non-working mothers, I suppose). Meanwhile, a high proportion of media stories about fathers focus on abusive husbands or deadbeat dads. It seems that the only time fathers merit attention is when they are criticized for not helping enough with the housework (a claim that I find dubious anyway, because the definition of "housework" rarely includes cleaning the gutters, changing the oil in the car or other jobs typically done by men) or when they die. When Mr. Blankenhorn surveyed fathers about the meaning of the term "good family man," many responded that it was a phrase they only heard at funerals.One exception to the "unnecessary father" syndrome is the glowing media attention that at-home dads have received. I do not mean to imply that at-home dads do not deserve support for making this commitment. I only mean to point out the double standard at work when at-home dads are applauded while at-home mothers and breadwinner fathers are given little, if any, cultural recognition.The very language we use to discuss men's roles (i.e., deadbeat dads) shows a lack of appreciation for the majority of men who quietly yet proudly fulfill their family responsibilities. We almost never hear the term "working father," and it is rare that calls for more workplace flexibility are considered to be for men as much as for women. Our society acts as if family obligations are not as important to fathers as they are to mothers —as if career satisfaction is what a man's life is all about. Even more insulting is the recent media trend of regarding at-home wives as "status symbols" —like an expensive car —flaunted by the supposedly few men who can afford such a luxury. The implication is that men with at-home wives have it easier than those whose wives work outside the home because they have the "luxury" of a full-time housekeeper. In reality, however, the men who are the sole wage earners for their families suffer a lot of stresses. The loss of a job — or even the threat of that happening — is obviously much more difficult when that job is the sole source of income for a family. By the same token, sole wage earners have less flexibility when it comes to leaving unsatisfying careers because of the loss of income such a job change entails. In addition, many husbands work overtime or second jobs to make more money needed for their families. For these men, it is the family that the job supportsthat makes it all worthwhile. It is the belief that having a mother at home is important to the children, which makes so many men gladly take on the burden of being a sole wage earner.Today, there is widespread agreement among researchers that the absence of fathers from households causes serious problems for children and, consequently, for society at large. Yet, rather than holding up "ordinary" fathers as positive role models for the dads of tomorrow, too often society has thrown up its hands and decided that traditional fatherhood is at best obsolete and at worst dangerously reactionary. This has left many men questioning the value of their role as fathers.As a society, we need to realize that fathers are just as important to children as mothers are —not only for financial support, but for emotional support, education and discipline as well. It is not enough for us merely to recognize that fatherlessness is a problem — to stand beside the grave and mourn the loss of the "good family man" and then try to find someone to replace him (ask anyone who has lost a father to death if that is possible). We must acknowledge how we have devalued fatherhood and work to show men how necessary, how important they are in their children's lives.Those fathers who strive to be good family men by being there every day to love and support their families —those unsung heroes —need our recognition and our thanks for all they do. Because they deserve it无名英雄：职业父亲意味着什么？在我们的孪生女儿出生后的第一次"约会”时，我和丈夫一起去看了一部名为《玩具故事》的电影。
lecture翻译基本解释●lecture：讲座，演讲，训诫●/ˈlektʃər/●n. 演讲，讲座，训诫●v. 演讲，训诫变化形式●n. 复数形式：lectures●v. 第三人称单数：lectures●过去式：lectured●过去分词：lectured●现在分词：lecturing具体用法●●n.:o演讲，讲座o同义词：speech, talk, presentation, discourse, address o反义词：silence, quiet, hush, muteness, stillnesso例句：●The professor gave a fascinating lecture on the history ofancient Rome, which captivated the entire audience for overan hour.●教授做了一场关于古罗马历史的精彩演讲，吸引了整个观众超过一个小时。
●After attending the lecture on climate change, I felt moreinformed about the environmental challenges we face today.●听完关于气候变化的讲座后，我对我们今天面临的环境挑战有了更多的了解。
●The lecture on quantum physics was so complex that manystudents struggled to keep up with the concepts beingdiscussed.●量子物理的讲座如此复杂，以至于许多学生难以跟上讨论的概念。
●She delivered a lecture on the importance of mental healthawareness, emphasizing the need for open conversations.●她做了一场关于心理健康意识重要性的演讲，强调了开放对话的必要性。
大学体验英语第四册课文翻译大学体验英语第四册课文翻译第一单元无名英雄：职业父亲意味着什么？在我们的孪生女儿出生后的第一次“约会”时，我和丈夫一起去看了一部名为《玩具故事》的电影。
我们很喜欢这部片子，但随后我丈夫问道：“父亲在哪儿呢？”起初我还认为因为一个小小的失误而批评一部很吸引人的家庭影片似乎是太偏狭了。
可后来越想越觉得这一疏忽太严重了。
父亲不仅没有出现，他甚至没有被提到——尽管家中有婴儿，说明他不可能离开太长时间。
影片给人的感觉是，父亲出现与否似乎是个极次要的细节，甚至不需要做任何解释。
新闻媒体倾向于把父亲的边缘化，这只是一个例子，它反映了在美国发生的巨大的社会变化。
大卫?布兰肯霍恩在《无父之国》一书中将这种倾向称之为“无需父亲”观念。
职业母亲（我想这应是与无职业母亲相对而言的）奋斗的故事从媒体上无尽无休地轰击着我们。
与此同时，媒体上绝大多数有关父亲的故事又集中表现暴力的丈夫或没出息的父亲。
看起来似乎父亲惟一值得人们提及的时候是因为他们做家务太少而受到指责的时候（我怀疑这一说法的可靠性，因为“家务”的定义中很少包括打扫屋顶的雨水沟、给汽车换机油或其它一些典型地由男人们做的事），或者是在他们去世的时候。
当布兰肯霍恩先生就“顾家的好男人”一词的词义对父亲们进行调查时，许多父亲都回答这一词语只有在葬礼上听到。
这种“无需父亲”综合症的一个例外是家庭全职父亲所受到的媒体的赞扬。
我并非暗指这些家庭全职父亲作出的承诺不值得人们的支持，我只是想指出在实际生效的双重标准：家庭全职父亲受到人们的赞扬，而家庭全职母亲和养家活口的父亲，所得到文化上的认同却很少，甚至完全得不到。
我们用来讨论父亲角色（即没出息的父亲）的话语本身就显示出人们对大多数男人默默无闻而自豪地履行对家庭承担的责任缺乏赏识。
我们几乎从来没听到“职业父亲”这一说法，在人们呼吁应该考虑给予工作者在工作地点上更大的灵活性时，很少有人认为这种呼吁不但适用于女子，同样也适应于男子。
克服翻译症一：翻译症的定义及其危害“翻译腔”是翻译实践中的常见病，美国翻译理论家奈达在《翻译理论与实践》一书中称之为“translationese”。
翻译腔又称翻译体，是指把原语的语言形式、表达方式、句法结构机械地移植到移入语中，因而形成一种不符合译入语表达习惯的语言混合体。
其主要特征是只顾在形式上逐词逐句地紧随原文，忽略译入语语言结构的特点和习惯表达方式，译文生硬牵强，可读性差。
在《翻译学词典》中，Mark Shuttleworth 和Moira Cowie将其定义为：a generally pejorative term used to refer to TL usage which because of its obvious reliance on features of SL is perceived as unnatural, impenetrable or even comical. Translationese is typically caused by an excessively LITERAL approach to the translation process or an imperfect knowledge of TL. 早在1932年，林语堂就在其长篇论文《论翻译》一文中提出：“若是译者心中非将此原文思想译成有意义之中国话，则据字直译，似中国话实非中国话，似通而不通，决不能达到通顺结果。
”带有翻译腔的译文往往佶屈聱牙，使译文读者不知译者所云。
可读性差，甚至误导读者。
二：翻译腔产生的原因（一）由于理解错误造成的翻译腔。
1．只从原文的表层结构进行理解，造成翻译腔。
①．Whereas a country like Britain exhibits considerable variation in climate and landscape, the differences across the continental U.S. are extreme.原译：象英国这样的国家在气候和风景上展现了很大的变化，则在美国大陆的差异是巨大的。
Lecture 41. 转换为动词1) 名词转换为动词(1) 看到当年遇难乘客和船员曾站立在旁边的那些栏杆，使人想起74年前巨轮沉入波涛之下的那个月黑之夜。
(2) 城市里的什么队排得最长，大家似乎并没有一致的看法，但常常听到人们到处谈论的莫过于午饭时间在银行和邮局排队。
(3) 她翻来覆去地折腾，把我惹烦了，我就抓起那个新娃娃,猛地把它摔在地上。
(4) 在评估管理班子的素质时，风险资本家要找的管理者要具有企业家的远见卓识，应为人正派，足智多谋，职业道德要强，要有相关的产业经验，曾获得一系列成功的业绩，具备判断轻重缓急并能集中经精力依次解决问题的能力。
(5) 美国人酷爱豪华气派。
他们的摩天大楼，巨桥大坝往往蔚为壮观，其壮美、其气势足与美国的自然奇迹相媲美。
2) 介词转换为动词(1) 好吧，乖孩子，赶紧回家，穿/ 换上那件粉色裙子，打扮得漂漂亮亮的。
(2) 有些体育迷把睡袋、折叠椅之类的个人物件放在排的队里占位子。
(3) 法官坐在餐厅里处理早上到的一大堆邮件。
3) 形容词转换为动词(1) 一些相对说来能自力更生的穷国，例如印度，只受到部分影响。
但是，另外一些则靠着向工业大国出售食糖、铜或其他原料度日的穷国则已陷入绝望（而拼命挣扎）的境地。
(2) 该地周围的建筑极为平庸，没有特色，尽管其中有些规模庞大，很有气势。
(3) a. 不正确易导致错误。
b. 他实话实说的风格容易引起争议。
c. 我明白你的好意。
4）副词转换为动词(2) 随着失业率升高，美元贬值，股市陷入低迷，经济问题将是总统面临的最严峻的考验。
2. 转换为名词(2) 在他们看来，他就是绝对权力的化身。
(3) 黎明时，天空映出了暸望塔的轮廓。
(4) 然而，卫星必须予以（加以）密切观察，因为它们一直受到太阳、月亮、地球引力的拉动。
(6) 大多数美国人的种族意识比阶级意识要强。
(7) 他的妻子像母亲般无微不至地照顾他。
3. 转换为形容词或副词(1) 突然之间，我模糊地意识到什么仿佛忘记了的东西---回归的思想令我感到激动。
大学体验英语第四册课后翻译第一篇：大学体验英语第四册课后翻译大学体验英语大二下学期翻译句子适用于2007级各班祝各位同学在期末考试中取得理想成绩大学体验英语大二下学期翻译句子1、随着职务的提升，他担任的责任也更大了。
（take on）With his promotion, he has taken on greater responsibilities.2、他感到他没有必要再一次对约翰承担这样的责任了。
（make a commitment）He felt he did not have to make such a commitment to John any longer.3、闲暇时玛丽喜欢外出购物，与她相反，露茜却喜欢呆在家里读书。
（as opposed to）Mary likes to go shopping in her spare time, as opposed to Lucy, who enjoys staying at home reading.4、说好听一点，可以说他有抱负，用最糟糕的话说，他是一个没有良心（conscience）或没有资格的权利追求者。
（at best，at worse）At best he’s ambitious, and at worst a power-seeker without conscience or qualifications.5、我们已尽全力想说服他，但是却毫无进展。
（strive，make no headway）We have striven to the full to persuade him, but we made no headway.6、我们现在已舒舒服服地住进了新房。
（be established）We are now comfortably established in our new house.7、那个十字路口很容易发生交通事故。
