Brandes and Janiszewski, 2005 Direct detection of reactive oxygen species ex vivo
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本文部分内容来自网络整理,本司不为其真实性负责,如有异议或侵权请及时联系,本司将立即删除!== 本文为word格式,下载后可方便编辑和修改! ==娜塔莎,金斯基,力士广告篇一:广告简版案例有一个品牌在品质、财力、品牌管理能力上都与竞争者旗鼓相当,而且在维护核心价值与品牌形象的长期稳定统一方面做得十分到位,但仍然不敌它的主要竞争对手。
这个品牌就是力士。
力士是国际著名日化品牌。
自二十世纪三十年代在全世界各个国家用统一策略进行广告宣传,并始终维护其定位的一致性、持续性,因而确立了它国际知名品牌的形象。
力士始终执行国际影星为形象代言人的品牌战略,请最漂亮的明星做广告,先后与无数世界著名影星签约,伊丽莎白?泰勒、奥黛丽?赫本、索菲亚?罗兰、简?芳达等巨星都曾与力士签约。
在二、三十年代的上海,力士请最红的明星胡蝶做广告。
80年代进入中国内地市场后,刘嘉玲、张敏、胡慧中、袁咏仪、杨采妮、李若彤、舒淇为力士做广告??除了光彩照人的国际巨星,力士的广告也传达出逼人的高贵感,香皂的诉求主要集中于滋润、美容,巨星们娇嫩而水灵灵的肌肤常常成为电视广告中的特写。
这一点也保持了定位的连续性和稳定性。
总而言之,力士香皂一直在锲而不舍地树立“滋润、国际巨星之选”的品牌核心价值,并力图赋予品牌“高贵、豪华”的气质80年代中国最强势的香皂品牌是力士。
据说上世纪80年代中国最为流行的两句广告语之一就是“我只用力士”——娜塔莎?金斯基一边用诱人的眼神看着荧屏前的观众,一边令人心乱神迷地说着这句广告语。
然而,有一个1992年3月才进入中国市场的品牌却在六年以后把牢牢占据市场的力士从霸主的宝座上硬生生地揪了下来。
这个品牌就是------舒肤佳舒肤佳香皂公关策化背景宝洁旗下的产品品牌。
1963年舒肤佳除菌香皂首次在美国上市,此后畅销于全世界几十个国家和地区。
1992年舒肤佳进入中国市场,在短短几年内,凭借其高质量和准确的市场定位,取得了极大的成功,成为中国个人清洁产品市场的主导品牌。
2005年莫比广告奖影视类获奖作品解读韩纪扬本届影视广告类,电视片与电影片分别进行评奖。
电视广告片共颁发了48座一级金象奖,从中再选出相当于“全场大奖”最高荣誉的“最佳展示奖”1名(澳大利亚),“最佳展示奖提名”6名。
从国家和地区来看,所得奖次数分别为:美国15、德国10、澳大利亚8、克罗地亚3、加拿大2、法国2。
其余,中国、台湾、韩国、英国、捷克、墨西哥、肯尼亚、俄罗斯均为1名/次。
电影广告片广共颁发了7座一级金象奖,其中有4座被德国捧走。
在7名/次中又选出最高荣誉的“最佳展示奖”1名(美国),“最佳展示奖提名”2名。
二级证书奖,电视广告项为30名/次(其中台湾1名),影片广告项5名(其中台湾1名)。
电视广告片最佳展示奖(另获“技巧类指导项”证书奖)《大广告》篇60秒(澳大利亚)饮料类:酒精参赛者:Animal Logic(悉尼)、Plaza Films(悉尼)、George Patterson 扬罗必凯(墨尔本)广告主:Foster's 卡尔顿啤酒公司代理:George Patterson 扬罗必凯(墨尔本)创作总监: J·麦克格拉斯艺术总监: G·拉瑟福德脚本: A·基奥在雄壮的合唱背景乐声中,一支穿黄色服的庞大队伍,在广阔的山谷平原行进。
突然,领队发现前方有另一支穿红色服的庞大队伍,正朝他们走来。
领队指挥大家冲过去。
双方快速越过种种障碍,不顾一切地朝前冲。
流进“胃”里。
欢呼雀跃的人们一起高举斟满的卡尔顿啤酒。
“这是个大广告,非常大的广告,是我们身在其中的广告。
这是个大广告,我的上帝啊,它是那么的大!真不敢相信它有那么大!这是个大广告,是卡尔顿啤酒广告!它怎么会那么大……”“千金也难买到的啤酒!”贯串全片的铿锵歌声自始至终地在山谷间回荡。
电视广告最佳展示奖提名(选)奇比土豆片共4篇(克罗地亚)食物类:小吃参赛者/代理:萨格勒布精信环球(克罗地亚)广告主:Franck d.d.(萨格勒布)《吊斗箱》篇20秒身穿黄色服的青年手里拿着一袋奇比土豆片,边吃边和朋友聊天,站在一旁看他俩说话的两个女学生,忍不住不客气的也从袋里拿土豆片吃起来,青年不满地望着她俩。
6Sigma 七大步骤与方法在品质保证发展上,近年提出了“6 Sigma”的品质管理。
不少跨国性企业已采用这品质管理概念,并要求他们的供应商提供此种保证。
★“6 Sigma”的历史:在70年代,Motorola面对日本严峻的挑战,其主席Bob galvin决定在品质上改善,来迎战日本高品质的挑战。
在1981年,他要求其产品必须在五年内有10倍的改善。
于1987年,Motorola 建立了“6 Sigma”的概念,基于统计学上的原理,“6 Sigma”代表着品质合格率达99.9997%或以上。
换句话说,每一百万件产品只有3.4件次品,这是非常接近“零缺点”的要求。
“6 Sigma”计划要求不断改善产品、品质和服务,他们制定了目标、工具和方法来达到目标和客户完全满意(Total Customer Satisfaction)的要求。
在过程上他们提供了黑带(Black Belt)和绿带(Green Belt)的有经验工程人员和顾问推行整个计划,并成为品质改善的先锋。
Motorola的“七步骤方法”(Seven Step Method),“不断改善”(Continuous Improvement)和客户完全满意(Total Customer Satisfaction)都是取材自TQM(全面优质管理概念)。
他们提出新设计文化,简化生产步骤,采用机械臂、通用网络等来达到他们5“九”(99.999%)品质要求。
1989年,Motorola更成功取得“Motorola Baldnige National Quality Award”奖项。
1989年,Bob Galvin又提出另一个十倍品质改善的要求,并于1991年完成。
自1981年起,Motorola 已录得1000倍(1000∶1)的品质改善。
其他公司,譬如Boeing,Caterpllar,Corning,General Electric,Digital Equipment和IBM等公司都采用“6 Sigma”方法去改善品质。
五年级英语文学名人单选题60题(含答案)1.Who wrote "Romeo and Juliet"?A.William WordsworthB.William ShakespeareC.George OrwellD.Jane Austen答案:B。
解析:“Romeo and Juliet”(《罗密欧与朱丽叶》)是威廉·莎士比亚的作品。
威廉·华兹华斯是英国浪漫主义诗人,主要作品有《《抒情歌谣集》等;乔治·奥威尔是英国作家,代表作有《《1984》《动物庄园》等;简·奥斯汀是英国女小说家,代表作有《《傲慢与偏见》等。
2.Which author is famous for "Pride and Prejudice"?A.Charles DickensB.Emily BronteC.Jane AustenD.Thomas Hardy答案:C。
解析:《傲慢与偏见》的作者是简·奥斯汀。
查尔斯·狄更斯的代表作有《《双城记》等;艾米莉·勃朗特的代表作是《《呼啸山庄》;托马斯·哈代的代表作有《德伯家的苔丝》等。
3.Who is the author of "Oliver Twist"?A.William BlakeB.William ShakespeareC.Charles DickensD.Oscar Wilde答案:C。
解析:《雾都孤儿》的作者是查尔斯·狄更斯。
威廉·布莱克是英国诗人、画家,代表作有《《天真与经验之歌》等;威廉·莎士比亚的代表作有很多,如《《哈姆雷特》等;奥斯卡·王尔德是英国作家,代表作有《道林·格雷的画像》等。
4."Wuthering Heights" was written by ________.A.Charlotte BronteB.Emily BronteC.Anne BronteD.Jane Eyre答案:B。
美国是世界上公司法、证券法研究最为发达的国家之一,在美国法学期刊(Law Review & Journals)上每年发表400多篇以公司法和证券法为主题的论文。
自1994年开始,美国的公司法学者每年会投票从中遴选出10篇左右重要的论文,重印于Corporate Practice Commentator,至2008年,已经评选了15年,计177篇论文入选。
以下是每年入选的论文列表:2008年(以第一作者姓名音序为序):1.Anabtawi, Iman and Lynn Stout. Fiduciary duties for activist shareholders. 60 Stan. L. Rev. 1255-1308 (2008).2.Brummer, Chris. Corporate law preemption in an age of global capital markets. 81 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1067-1114 (2008).3.Choi, Stephen and Marcel Kahan. The market penalty for mutual fund scandals. 87 B.U. L. Rev. 1021-1057 (2007).4.Choi, Stephen J. and Jill E. Fisch. On beyond CalPERS: Survey evidence on the developing role of public pension funds in corporate governance. 61 V and. L. Rev. 315-354 (2008).5.Cox, James D., Randall S. Thoma s and Lynn Bai. There are plaintiffs and…there are plaintiffs: An empirical analysis of securities class action settlements. 61 V and. L. Rev. 355-386 (2008).6.Henderson, M. Todd. Paying CEOs in bankruptcy: Executive compensation when agency costs are low. 101 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1543-1618 (2007).7.Hu, Henry T.C. and Bernard Black. Equity and debt decoupling and empty voting II: Importance and extensions. 156 U. Pa. L. Rev. 625-739 (2008).8.Kahan, Marcel and Edward Rock. The hanging chads of corporate voting. 96 Geo. L.J. 1227-1281 (2008).9.Strine, Leo E., Jr. Toward common sense and common ground? Reflections on the shared interests of managers and labor in a more rational system of corporate governance. 33 J. Corp. L. 1-20 (2007).10.Subramanian, Guhan. Go-shops vs. no-shops in private equity deals: Evidence and implications.63 Bus. Law. 729-760 (2008).2007年:1.Baker, Tom and Sean J. Griffith. The Missing Monitor in Corporate Governance: The Directors’ & Officers’ Liability Insurer. 95 Geo. L.J. 1795-1842 (2007).2.Bebchuk, Lucian A. The Myth of the Shareholder Franchise. 93 V a. L. Rev. 675-732 (2007).3.Choi, Stephen J. and Robert B. Thompson. Securities Litigation and Its Lawyers: Changes During the First Decade After the PSLRA. 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1489-1533 (2006).4.Coffee, John C., Jr. Reforming the Securities Class Action: An Essay on Deterrence and Its Implementation. 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1534-1586 (2006).5.Cox, James D. and Randall S. Thomas. Does the Plaintiff Matter? An Empirical Analysis of Lead Plaintiffs in Securities Class Actions. 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1587-1640 (2006).6.Eisenberg, Theodore and Geoffrey Miller. Ex Ante Choice of Law and Forum: An Empirical Analysis of Corporate Merger Agreements. 59 V and. L. Rev. 1975-2013 (2006).7.Gordon, Jeffrey N. The Rise of Independent Directors in the United States, 1950-2005: Of Shareholder V alue and Stock Market Prices. 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1465-1568 (2007).8.Kahan, Marcel and Edward B. Rock. Hedge Funds in Corporate Governance and Corporate Control. 155 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1021-1093 (2007).ngevoort, Donald C. The Social Construction of Sarbanes-Oxley. 105 Mich. L. Rev. 1817-1855 (2007).10.Roe, Mark J. Legal Origins, Politics, and Modern Stock Markets. 120 Harv. L. Rev. 460-527 (2006).11.Subramanian, Guhan. Post-Siliconix Freeze-outs: Theory and Evidence. 36 J. Legal Stud. 1-26 (2007). (NOTE: This is an earlier working draft. The published article is not freely available, and at SLW we generally respect the intellectual property rights of others.)2006年:1.Bainbridge, Stephen M. Director Primacy and Shareholder Disempowerment. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1735-1758 (2006).2.Bebchuk, Lucian A. Letting Shareholders Set the Rules. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1784-1813 (2006).3.Black, Bernard, Brian Cheffins and Michael Klausner. Outside Director Liability. 58 Stan. L. Rev. 1055-1159 (2006).4.Choi, Stephen J., Jill E. Fisch and A.C. Pritchard. Do Institutions Matter? The Impact of the Lead Plaintiff Provision of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. 835.Cox, James D. and Randall S. Thomas. Letting Billions Slip Through Y our Fingers: Empirical Evidence and Legal Implications of the Failure of Financial Institutions to Participate in Securities Class Action Settlements. 58 Stan. L. Rev. 411-454 (2005).6.Gilson, Ronald J. Controlling Shareholders and Corporate Governance: Complicating the Comparative Taxonomy. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1641-1679 (2006).7.Goshen , Zohar and Gideon Parchomovsky. The Essential Role of Securities Regulation. 55 Duke L.J. 711-782 (2006).8.Hansmann, Henry, Reinier Kraakman and Richard Squire. Law and the Rise of the Firm. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1333-1403 (2006).9.Hu, Henry T. C. and Bernard Black. Empty V oting and Hidden (Morphable) Ownership: Taxonomy, Implications, and Reforms. 61 Bus. Law. 1011-1070 (2006).10.Kahan, Marcel. The Demand for Corporate Law: Statutory Flexibility, Judicial Quality, or Takeover Protection? 22 J. L. Econ. & Org. 340-365 (2006).11.Kahan, Marcel and Edward Rock. Symbiotic Federalism and the Structure of Corporate Law.58 V and. L. Rev. 1573-1622 (2005).12.Smith, D. Gordon. The Exit Structure of V enture Capital. 53 UCLA L. Rev. 315-356 (2005).2005年:1.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye. The case for increasing shareholder power. 118 Harv. L. Rev. 833-914 (2005).2.Bratton, William W. The new dividend puzzle. 93 Geo. L.J. 845-895 (2005).3.Elhauge, Einer. Sacrificing corporate profits in the public interest. 80 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 733-869 (2005).4.Johnson, . Corporate officers and the business judgment rule. 60 Bus. Law. 439-469 (2005).haupt, Curtis J. In the shadow of Delaware? The rise of hostile takeovers in Japan. 105 Colum. L. Rev. 2171-2216 (2005).6.Ribstein, Larry E. Are partners fiduciaries? 2005 U. Ill. L. Rev. 209-251.7.Roe, Mark J. Delaware?s politics. 118 Harv. L. Rev. 2491-2543 (2005).8.Romano, Roberta. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the making of quack corporate governance. 114 Y ale L.J. 1521-1611 (2005).9.Subramanian, Guhan. Fixing freezeouts. 115 Y ale L.J. 2-70 (2005).10.Thompson, Robert B. and Randall S. Thomas. The public and private faces of derivative lawsuits. 57 V and. L. Rev. 1747-1793 (2004).11.Weiss, Elliott J. and J. White. File early, then free ride: How Delaware law (mis)shapes shareholder class actions. 57 V and. L. Rev. 1797-1881 (2004).2004年:1Arlen, Jennifer and Eric Talley. Unregulable defenses and the perils of shareholder choice. 152 U. Pa. L. Rev. 577-666 (2003).2.Bainbridge, Stephen M. The business judgment rule as abstention doctrine. 57 V and. L. Rev. 83-130 (2004).3.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye and Alma Cohen. Firms' decisions where to incorporate. 46 J.L. & Econ. 383-425 (2003).4.Blair, Margaret M. Locking in capital: what corporate law achieved for business organizers in the nineteenth century. 51 UCLA L. Rev. 387-455 (2003).5.Gilson, Ronald J. and Jeffrey N. Gordon. Controlling shareholders. 152 U. Pa. L. Rev. 785-843 (2003).6.Roe, Mark J. Delaware 's competition. 117 Harv. L. Rev. 588-646 (2003).7.Sale, Hillary A. Delaware 's good faith. 89 Cornell L. Rev. 456-495 (2004).8.Stout, Lynn A. The mechanisms of market inefficiency: an introduction to the new finance. 28 J. Corp. L. 635-669 (2003).9.Subramanian, Guhan. Bargaining in the shadow of takeover defenses. 113 Y ale L.J. 621-686 (2003).10.Subramanian, Guhan. The disappearing Delaware effect. 20 J.L. Econ. & Org. 32-59 (2004)11.Thompson, Robert B. and Randall S. Thomas. The new look of shareholder litigation: acquisition-oriented class actions. 57 V and. L. Rev. 133-209 (2004).2003年:1.A yres, Ian and Stephen Choi. Internalizing outsider trading. 101 Mich. L. Rev. 313-408 (2002).2.Bainbridge, Stephen M. Director primacy: The means and ends of corporate governance. 97 Nw. U. L. Rev. 547-606 (2003).3.Bebchuk, Lucian, Alma Cohen and Allen Ferrell. Does the evidence favor state competition in corporate law? 90 Cal. L. Rev. 1775-1821 (2002).4.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, John C. Coates IV and Guhan Subramanian. The Powerful Antitakeover Force of Staggered Boards: Further findings and a reply to symposium participants. 55 Stan. L. Rev. 885-917 (2002).5.Choi, Stephen J. and Jill E. Fisch. How to fix Wall Street: A voucher financing proposal for securities intermediaries. 113 Y ale L.J. 269-346 (2003).6.Daines, Robert. The incorporation choices of IPO firms. 77 N.Y.U. L. Rev.1559-1611 (2002).7.Gilson, Ronald J. and David M. Schizer. Understanding venture capital structure: A taxexplanation for convertible preferred stock. 116 Harv. L. Rev. 874-916 (2003).8.Kahan, Marcel and Ehud Kamar. The myth of state competition in corporate law. 55 Stan. L. Rev. 679-749 (2002).ngevoort, Donald C. Taming the animal spirits of the stock markets: A behavioral approach to securities regulation. 97 Nw. U. L. Rev. 135-188 (2002).10.Pritchard, A.C. Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., and the counterrevolution in the federal securities laws. 52 Duke L.J. 841-949 (2003).11.Thompson, Robert B. and Hillary A. Sale. Securities fraud as corporate governance: Reflections upon federalism. 56 V and. L. Rev. 859-910 (2003).2002年:1.Allen, William T., Jack B. Jacobs and Leo E. Strine, Jr. Function over Form: A Reassessment of Standards of Review in Delaware Corporation Law. 26 Del. J. Corp. L. 859-895 (2001) and 56 Bus. Law. 1287 (2001).2.A yres, Ian and Joe Bankman. Substitutes for Insider Trading. 54 Stan. L. Rev. 235-254 (2001).3.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, Jesse M. Fried and David I. Walker. Managerial Power and Rent Extraction in the Design of Executive Compensation. 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 751-846 (2002).4.Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, John C. Coates IV and Guhan Subramanian. The Powerful Antitakeover Force of Staggered Boards: Theory, Evidence, and Policy. 54 Stan. L. Rev. 887-951 (2002).5.Black, Bernard and Reinier Kraakman. Delaware’s Takeover Law: The Uncertain Search for Hidden V alue. 96 Nw. U. L. Rev. 521-566 (2002).6.Bratton, William M. Enron and the Dark Side of Shareholder V alue. 76 Tul. L. Rev. 1275-1361 (2002).7.Coates, John C. IV. Explaining V ariation in Takeover Defenses: Blame the Lawyers. 89 Cal. L. Rev. 1301-1421 (2001).8.Kahan, Marcel and Edward B. Rock. How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Pill: Adaptive Responses to Takeover Law. 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 871-915 (2002).9.Kahan, Marcel. Rethinking Corporate Bonds: The Trade-off Between Individual and Collective Rights. 77 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1040-1089 (2002).10.Roe, Mark J. Corporate Law’s Limits. 31 J. Legal Stud. 233-271 (2002).11.Thompson, Robert B. and D. Gordon Smith. Toward a New Theory of the Shareholder Role: "Sacred Space" in Corporate Takeovers. 80 Tex. L. Rev. 261-326 (2001).2001年:1.Black, Bernard S. The legal and institutional preconditions for strong securities markets. 48 UCLA L. Rev. 781-855 (2001).2.Coates, John C. IV. Takeover defenses in the shadow of the pill: a critique of the scientific evidence. 79 Tex. L. Rev. 271-382 (2000).3.Coates, John C. IV and Guhan Subramanian. A buy-side model of M&A lockups: theory and evidence. 53 Stan. L. Rev. 307-396 (2000).4.Coffee, John C., Jr. The rise of dispersed ownership: the roles of law and the state in the separation of ownership and control. 111 Y ale L.J. 1-82 (2001).5.Choi, Stephen J. The unfounded fear of Regulation S: empirical evidence on offshore securities offerings. 50 Duke L.J. 663-751 (2000).6.Daines, Robert and Michael Klausner. Do IPO charters maximize firm value? Antitakeover protection in IPOs. 17 J.L. Econ. & Org. 83-120 (2001).7.Hansmann, Henry and Reinier Kraakman. The essential role of organizational law. 110 Y ale L.J. 387-440 (2000).ngevoort, Donald C. The human nature of corporate boards: law, norms, and the unintended consequences of independence and accountability. 89 Geo. L.J. 797-832 (2001).9.Mahoney, Paul G. The political economy of the Securities Act of 1933. 30 J. Legal Stud. 1-31 (2001).10.Roe, Mark J. Political preconditions to separating ownership from corporate control. 53 Stan. L. Rev. 539-606 (2000).11.Romano, Roberta. Less is more: making institutional investor activism a valuable mechanism of corporate governance. 18 Y ale J. on Reg. 174-251 (2001).2000年:1.Bratton, William W. and Joseph A. McCahery. Comparative Corporate Governance and the Theory of the Firm: The Case Against Global Cross Reference. 38 Colum. J. Transnat’l L. 213-297 (1999).2.Coates, John C. IV. Empirical Evidence on Structural Takeover Defenses: Where Do We Stand?54 U. Miami L. Rev. 783-797 (2000).3.Coffee, John C., Jr. Privatization and Corporate Governance: The Lessons from Securities Market Failure. 25 J. Corp. L. 1-39 (1999).4.Fisch, Jill E. The Peculiar Role of the Delaware Courts in the Competition for Corporate Charters. 68 U. Cin. L. Rev. 1061-1100 (2000).5.Fox, Merritt B. Retained Mandatory Securities Disclosure: Why Issuer Choice Is Not Investor Empowerment. 85 V a. L. Rev. 1335-1419 (1999).6.Fried, Jesse M. Insider Signaling and Insider Trading with Repurchase Tender Offers. 67 U. Chi. L. Rev. 421-477 (2000).7.Gulati, G. Mitu, William A. Klein and Eric M. Zolt. Connected Contracts. 47 UCLA L. Rev. 887-948 (2000).8.Hu, Henry T.C. Faith and Magic: Investor Beliefs and Government Neutrality. 78 Tex. L. Rev. 777-884 (2000).9.Moll, Douglas K. Shareholder Oppression in Close Corporations: The Unanswered Question of Perspective. 53 V and. L. Rev. 749-827 (2000).10.Schizer, David M. Executives and Hedging: The Fragile Legal Foundation of Incentive Compatibility. 100 Colum. L. Rev. 440-504 (2000).11.Smith, Thomas A. The Efficient Norm for Corporate Law: A Neotraditional Interpretation of Fiduciary Duty. 98 Mich. L. Rev. 214-268 (1999).12.Thomas, Randall S. and Kenneth J. Martin. The Determinants of Shareholder V oting on Stock Option Plans. 35 Wake Forest L. Rev. 31-81 (2000).13.Thompson, Robert B. Preemption and Federalism in Corporate Governance: Protecting Shareholder Rights to V ote, Sell, and Sue. 62 Law & Contemp. Probs. 215-242 (1999).1999年(以第一作者姓名音序为序):1.Bankman, Joseph and Ronald J. Gilson. Why Start-ups? 51 Stan. L. Rev. 289-308 (1999).2.Bhagat, Sanjai and Bernard Black. The Uncertain Relationship Between Board Composition and Firm Performance. 54 Bus. Law. 921-963 (1999).3.Blair, Margaret M. and Lynn A. Stout. A Team Production Theory of Corporate Law. 85 V a. L. Rev. 247-328 (1999).4.Coates, John C., IV. “Fair V alue” As an A voidable Rule of Corporate Law: Minority Discounts in Conflict Transactions. 147 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1251-1359 (1999).5.Coffee, John C., Jr. The Future as History: The Prospects for Global Convergence in Corporate Governance and Its Implications. 93 Nw. U. L. Rev. 641-707 (1999).6.Eisenberg, Melvin A. Corporate Law and Social Norms. 99 Colum. L. Rev. 1253-1292 (1999).7.Hamermesh, Lawrence A. Corporate Democracy and Stockholder-Adopted By-laws: Taking Back the Street? 73 Tul. L. Rev. 409-495 (1998).8.Krawiec, Kimberly D. Derivatives, Corporate Hedging, and Shareholder Wealth: Modigliani-Miller Forty Y ears Later. 1998 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1039-1104.ngevoort, Donald C. Rereading Cady, Roberts: The Ideology and Practice of Insider Trading Regulation. 99 Colum. L. Rev. 1319-1343 (1999).ngevoort, Donald C. Half-Truths: Protecting Mistaken Inferences By Investors and Others.52 Stan. L. Rev. 87-125 (1999).11.Talley, Eric. Turning Servile Opportunities to Gold: A Strategic Analysis of the Corporate Opportunities Doctrine. 108 Y ale L.J. 277-375 (1998).12.Williams, Cynthia A. The Securities and Exchange Commission and Corporate Social Transparency. 112 Harv. L. Rev. 1197-1311 (1999).1998年:1.Carney, William J., The Production of Corporate Law, 71 S. Cal. L. Rev. 715-780 (1998).2.Choi, Stephen, Market Lessons for Gatekeepers, 92 Nw. U. L. Rev. 916-966 (1998).3.Coffee, John C., Jr., Brave New World?: The Impact(s) of the Internet on Modern Securities Regulation. 52 Bus. Law. 1195-1233 (1997).ngevoort, Donald C., Organized Illusions: A Behavioral Theory of Why Corporations Mislead Stock Market Investors (and Cause Other Social Harms). 146 U. Pa. L. Rev. 101-172 (1997).ngevoort, Donald C., The Epistemology of Corporate-Securities Lawyering: Beliefs, Biases and Organizational Behavior. 63 Brook. L. Rev. 629-676 (1997).6.Mann, Ronald J. The Role of Secured Credit in Small-Business Lending. 86 Geo. L.J. 1-44 (1997).haupt, Curtis J., Property Rights in Firms. 84 V a. L. Rev. 1145-1194 (1998).8.Rock, Edward B., Saints and Sinners: How Does Delaware Corporate Law Work? 44 UCLA L. Rev. 1009-1107 (1997).9.Romano, Roberta, Empowering Investors: A Market Approach to Securities Regulation. 107 Y ale L.J. 2359-2430 (1998).10.Schwab, Stewart J. and Randall S. Thomas, Realigning Corporate Governance: Shareholder Activism by Labor Unions. 96 Mich. L. Rev. 1018-1094 (1998).11.Skeel, David A., Jr., An Evolutionary Theory of Corporate Law and Corporate Bankruptcy. 51 V and. L. Rev. 1325-1398 (1998).12.Thomas, Randall S. and Martin, Kenneth J., Should Labor Be Allowed to Make Shareholder Proposals? 73 Wash. L. Rev. 41-80 (1998).1997年:1.Alexander, Janet Cooper, Rethinking Damages in Securities Class Actions, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 1487-1537 (1996).2.Arlen, Jennifer and Kraakman, Reinier, Controlling Corporate Misconduct: An Analysis of Corporate Liability Regimes, 72 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 687-779 (1997).3.Brudney, Victor, Contract and Fiduciary Duty in Corporate Law, 38 B.C. L. Rev. 595-665 (1997).4.Carney, William J., The Political Economy of Competition for Corporate Charters, 26 J. Legal Stud. 303-329 (1997).5.Choi, Stephen J., Company Registration: Toward a Status-Based Antifraud Regime, 64 U. Chi. L. Rev. 567-651 (1997).6.Fox, Merritt B., Securities Disclosure in a Globalizing Market: Who Should Regulate Whom. 95 Mich. L. Rev. 2498-2632 (1997).7.Kahan, Marcel and Klausner, Michael, Lockups and the Market for Corporate Control, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 1539-1571 (1996).8.Mahoney, Paul G., The Exchange as Regulator, 83 V a. L. Rev. 1453-1500 (1997).haupt, Curtis J., The Market for Innovation in the United States and Japan: V enture Capital and the Comparative Corporate Governance Debate, 91 Nw. U.L. Rev. 865-898 (1997).10.Skeel, David A., Jr., The Unanimity Norm in Delaware Corporate Law, 83 V a. L. Rev. 127-175 (1997).1996年:1.Black, Bernard and Reinier Kraakman A Self-Enforcing Model of Corporate Law, 109 Harv. L. Rev. 1911 (1996)2.Gilson, Ronald J. Corporate Governance and Economic Efficiency: When Do Institutions Matter?, 74 Wash. U. L.Q. 327 (1996)3. Hu, Henry T.C. Hedging Expectations: "Derivative Reality" and the Law and Finance of the Corporate Objective, 21 J. Corp. L. 3 (1995)4.Kahan, Marcel & Michael Klausner Path Dependence in Corporate Contracting: Increasing Returns, Herd Behavior and Cognitive Biases, 74 Wash. U. L.Q. 347 (1996)5.Kitch, Edmund W. The Theory and Practice of Securities Disclosure, 61 Brooklyn L. Rev. 763 (1995)ngevoort, Donald C. Selling Hope, Selling Risk: Some Lessons for Law From Behavioral Economics About Stockbrokers and Sophisticated Customers, 84 Cal. L. Rev. 627 (1996)7.Lin, Laura The Effectiveness of Outside Directors as a Corporate Governance Mechanism: Theories and Evidence, 90 Nw. U.L. Rev. 898 (1996)lstein, Ira M. The Professional Board, 50 Bus. Law 1427 (1995)9.Thompson, Robert B. Exit, Liquidity, and Majority Rule: Appraisal's Role in Corporate Law, 84 Geo. L.J. 1 (1995)10.Triantis, George G. and Daniels, Ronald J. The Role of Debt in Interactive Corporate Governance. 83 Cal. L. Rev. 1073 (1995)1995年:公司法:1.Arlen, Jennifer and Deborah M. Weiss A Political Theory of Corporate Taxation,. 105 Y ale L.J. 325-391 (1995).2.Elson, Charles M. The Duty of Care, Compensation, and Stock Ownership, 63 U. Cin. L. Rev. 649 (1995).3.Hu, Henry T.C. Heeding Expectations: "Derivative Reality" and the Law and Finance of the Corporate Objective, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 985-1040 (1995).4.Kahan, Marcel The Qualified Case Against Mandatory Terms in Bonds, 89 Nw. U.L. Rev. 565-622 (1995).5.Klausner, Michael Corporations, Corporate Law, and Networks of Contracts, 81 V a. L. Rev. 757-852 (1995).6.Mitchell, Lawrence E. Cooperation and Constraint in the Modern Corporation: An Inquiry Into the Causes of Corporate Immorality, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 477-537 (1995).7.Siegel, Mary Back to the Future: Appraisal Rights in the Twenty-First Century, 32 Harv. J. on Legis. 79-143 (1995).证券法:1.Grundfest, Joseph A. Why Disimply? 108 Harv. L. Rev. 727-747 (1995).2.Lev, Baruch and Meiring de V illiers Stock Price Crashes and 10b-5 Damages: A Legal Economic, and Policy Analysis, 47 Stan. L. Rev. 7-37 (1994).3.Mahoney, Paul G. Mandatory Disclosure as a Solution to Agency Problems, 62 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1047-1112 (1995).4.Seligman, Joel The Merits Do Matter, 108 Harv. L. Rev. 438 (1994).5.Seligman, Joel The Obsolescence of Wall Street: A Contextual Approach to the Evolving Structure of Federal Securities Regulation, 93 Mich. L. Rev. 649-702 (1995).6.Stout, Lynn A. Are Stock Markets Costly Casinos? Disagreement, Mark Failure, and Securities Regulation, 81 V a. L. Rev. 611 (1995).7.Weiss, Elliott J. and John S. Beckerman Let the Money Do the Monitoring: How Institutional Investors Can Reduce Agency Costs in Securities Class Actions, 104 Y ale L.J. 2053-2127 (1995).1994年:公司法:1.Fraidin, Stephen and Hanson, Jon D. Toward Unlocking Lockups, 103 Y ale L.J. 1739-1834 (1994)2.Gordon, Jeffrey N. Institutions as Relational Investors: A New Look at Cumulative V oting, 94 Colum. L. Rev. 124-192 (1994)3.Karpoff, Jonathan M., and Lott, John R., Jr. The Reputational Penalty Firms Bear From Committing Criminal Fraud, 36 J.L. & Econ. 757-802 (1993)4.Kraakman, Reiner, Park, Hyun, and Shavell, Steven When Are Shareholder Suits in Shareholder Interests?, 82 Geo. L.J. 1733-1775 (1994)5.Mitchell, Lawrence E. Fairness and Trust in Corporate Law, 43 Duke L.J. 425- 491 (1993)6.Oesterle, Dale A. and Palmiter, Alan R. Judicial Schizophrenia in Shareholder V oting Cases, 79 Iowa L. Rev. 485-583 (1994)7. Pound, John The Rise of the Political Model of Corporate Governance and Corporate Control, 68 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1003-1071 (1993)8.Skeel, David A., Jr. Rethinking the Line Between Corporate Law and Corporate Bankruptcy, 72 Tex. L. Rev. 471-557 (1994)9.Thompson, Robert B. Unpacking Limited Liability: Direct and V icarious Liability of Corporate Participants for Torts of the Enterprise, 47 V and. L. Rev. 1-41 (1994)证券法:1.Alexander, Janet Cooper The V alue of Bad News in Securities Class Actions, 41 UCLA L.Rev. 1421-1469 (1994)2.Bainbridge, Stephen M. Insider Trading Under the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers, 19 J. Corp. L. 1-40 (1993)3.Black, Bernard S. and Coffee, John C. Jr. Hail Britannia?: Institutional Investor Behavior Under Limited Regulation, 92 Mich. L. Rev. 1997-2087 (1994)4.Booth, Richard A. The Efficient Market, portfolio Theory, and the Downward Sloping Demand Hypothesis, 68 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1187-1212 (1993)5.Coffee, John C., Jr. The SEC and the Institutional Investor: A Half-Time Report, 15 Cardozo L. Rev 837-907 (1994)6.Fox, Merritt B. Insider Trading Deterrence V ersus Managerial Incentives: A Unified Theory of Section 16(b), 92 Mich. L. Rev. 2088-2203 (1994)7.Grundfest, Joseph A. Disimplying Private Rights of Action Under the Federal Securities Laws: The Commission's Authority, 107 Harv. L. Rev. 961-1024 (1994)8.Macey, Jonathan R. Administrative Agency Obsolescence and Interest Group Formation: A Case Study of the SEC at Sixty, 15 Cardozo L. Rev. 909-949 (1994)9.Rock, Edward B. Controlling the Dark Side of Relational Investing, 15 Cardozo L. Rev. 987-1031 (1994)。
2005年度布克奖获得者新作无限THE INFINITIESBY JOHN BANVILLEPiblished by PICADOR in 2009/9版权已售:西班牙,意大利,加泰罗尼亚审阅资料:电子手稿作者简介约翰·班维尔(John Banville),1945年生于爱尔兰的维克斯福,他曾创作过十四部小说,其中The Sea获得2005年度布克奖,也曾获得来自兰纳基金会(Lannan Foundation)的文学奖项。
他现如今住在都柏林。
中文概要在一个沉闷的仲夏日,高德利一家聚集在阿尔丁的家中,去见他们弥留父亲的最后一面。
长子亚当以及只有十九岁的佩特拉,发现继母乌苏拉和已故父亲老亚当的关系依旧紧张。
而亚当与妻子海伦之间也处于崩溃的边缘,还有焦头烂额的佩特拉也在寻找消除伤痛的方法。
而上帝,以及那些恶作剧的精灵们,就在旁静静的注视着,在这个悲观的家庭中穿梭着,却无法介入人间这些纷杂的事情。
他们用一些小小的阻碍以及些许嫉妒来观察,戏弄以及嘲笑那些被他们玩弄于鼓掌的人们。
本书是一部华丽的乡土小说,有着清新明了的洞察力,以无限明智的视角来看作为人类的酸甜苦辣。
散文式的描述,作者为我们呈现出在阿尔丁的一个伤痛,迷惑的仲夏日。
About the bookOne long, languid midsummer’s day, the Godleys gather at the family home of Arden to attend their father’s bedside. Adam, the elder child, and Petra, onlynineteen, find that relations with their stepmother, Ursula, and their dying father, old Adam, are as strained as ever. Adam’s relationship with his wife, Helen, seems too on the brink of collapse and Petra, fragile and deeply troubled, finds deepest relief in her own pain. The gods, those mischievous spirits, watch silently, flitting through this dark menage. Unable to resist intervening in the mortals’ lives, they spy, tease and seduce, all the while looking upon the antics of their playthings with a mixture of mild bafflement and occasional envy. Old Adam - husband, father and esteemed mathematician - has made his name grappling with the concept of the infinite. His own time on earth seems to be running out, and his mind runs to disquieting memories. Little does he realize, as he lies mute but alert in the Sky room, that the gods are capable of interposing themselves in the action, and even changing time itself when it pleases them. Overflowing with a bawdy humour, and a deep and refreshing clarity of insight, "The Infinities" is at once a gloriously earthy romp and a delicately poised, infinitely wise look at the terrible and wonderful plight of being human. In electrifying prose, Banville captures the aching intensity, the magic and enchantment, of a single midsummer’s day in Arden.About the author:John Banville was born in Wexford, Ireland, in 1945. He is the author of fourteen previous novels including The Sea, which won the 2005 Booker Prize. He has received a literary award from the Lannan Foundation. He lives in Dublin.。
Kidney International,Vol.67(2005),pp.1662–1664Direct detection of reactive oxygen species ex vivo R ALF P.B RANDES and M ARIANO J ANISZEWSKIInstitut f¨ur Kardiovaskul¨a re Physiologie,J.W.Goethe-Universit¨a t,Frankfurt,GermanyDirect detection of reactive oxygen species ex vivo.Oxidative stress is thought to play an important role in the initiation and progression of renal,cardiovascular,neoplastic,and neurode-generative diseases.It is also widely believed that oxidative stress is a main cause of aging.Although considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the sources and actions of oxidative stress,the true role of oxygen-derived free radicals in the pathology of most human diseases largely remains to be determined.One major obstacle for radical research is the lack of specific and sensitive methods to quantify oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro.Although a multitude of different assays is available to assess free radical generation,each of these meth-ods has substantial limitations.This article will provide a brief review on the most frequently used techniques to assess oxygen-derived free radical generation in isolated tissue preparations and cells.Emphasis will be put on most recent technical innova-tions and the shortcomings associated with current techniques. Research on the role of oxidative stress for the initia-tion and progression of various diseases encompasses a large part of the current basic science.The view that al-most every disease is associated with some form of oxida-tive stress is contrasted by the lack of specific and sensitive methods to quantify oxygen-derived free radical gener-ation in vivo and ex vivo and by the inability to exactly identify the type,the localization,and the true rate of rad-ical formation.Over the recent years,several methods to assess oxidative stress have been advocated superior and were later disapproved.In fact,several concepts on the enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species(ROS)for-mation have to be queried as they were based solely on some artifacts of the radical assay used.The most promi-nent example of this is the NADH-induced redox cycling of lucigenin[1].THE CHEMISTRYOxygen-derived free radicals generated enzymatically in the body result from electron transfer from a reduc-tant to molecular oxygen.Single electron transfer leads to the formation of superoxide anions(O2−),which are the precursors of most other ROS.The reaction of O2−with Key words:radicals,superoxide anion,redox balance.C 2005by the International Society of Nephrology nitric oxide yields the highly aggressive oxidant peroxyni-trite(ONOO−)which largely limits nitric oxide bioavail-ability.In aqueous solution,O2−slowly dismutates to hy-drogen peroxide(H2O2),and this reaction is catalyzed by superoxide dismutases(SOD)in the body.In the pres-ence of trace metals,particularly copper and iron,H2O2 and O2−can generate hydroxyl radicals(OH•),which react with every biologic molecule at high rate[2]. MEASUREMENT OF RADICAL FORMATION The short half-life and the high reactivity of ROS limit the direct detection of these compounds in vivo.Research of the past years,however,led to the identification of certain molecules particularly prone to react with ROS, which can therefore be used as footprints of these radi-cals.Consequently,these biomarkers,which include iso-prostanes and oxidative modifications of proteins,are cur-rently the most reliable indicators for oxidative stress in vivo[3].Measurements of the activities of antioxidative and pro-oxidative enzymes may also provide some direct information about the redox balance.In contrast to this, ex vivo measurements using cultured cells and prepara-tions from isolated organs allow a direct determination of oxygen-derived free radicals.Enzyme activity assays,colorimetic,fluorimetric,and luminescence-based assays are used to measure radicals. The basic principle is the reaction between the radical and a tracer generating a measurable product[1].As radicals have an unpaired electron,direct detection of radicals is possible by electron spin resonance(ESR)technique,but the concentrations of radicals reached in living tissue are below the detection limit of this method.The sensitiv-ity of ESR can be greatly enhanced by the use of stable spin traps,and some of these traps even allow the iden-tification of the radical species.The complex chemistry involving ROS,spin traps or spin labels,together with the restricted practicability of ESR,so far prevents its more frequent use.DETECTION OF SUPEROXIDE ANIONS Reduction of ferricytochrome C to ferrocy-tochrome C has been used very frequently to measure O2−formation photometrically.At550nm reduced cyto-chrome C has a different extinction coefficient than1662Brandes and Janiszewski:Measurement of oxidative stress1663oxidized cytochrome C(ferricytochrome C0.89×104L/ mol/cm,ferrocytochrome C2.99×104L/mol/cm, E therefore is2.1×104L/mol/cm[4]).As reduction of cytochrome C is not specific for O2−,measurements have to be performed in the presence and absence of SOD to allow the determination of the SOD-sensitive portion of cytochrome C reduction,which is specifically mediated by O2−.Several molecules,including H2O2and ONOO−on the other hand have been shown to oxidize reduced cytochrome C,leading to an underestimation of the O2−formation.In the case of H2O2,this problem can be overcome by the addition of catalase,ONOO−can be scavenged by urate.Aspects of practicability limit the use of cytochrome C,as the changes in optical density are often very small and thus prone to artifacts and require relatively long incubation intervals up to60 minutes to become reliably detectable[1].Reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium(NBT)is a second photometric assay based on the same principle as cytochrome C reduction.An interesting aspect of NBT is that the reaction product,formazan,is hardly water soluble and thus precipitates,allowing some limited identification of radical-generating cells in tissue assays.As also NBT reduction is occurring O2−independently,only the SOD-sensitive part can be utilized as measure for O2−. NBT has been criticized for its capacity to generate O2−under aerobic conditions[5],and consequently, NBT should not be considered as afirst choice to detect superoxide.Luminometric assays are a frequently used alternative to photometric assays.Luminometric assays,in which an enhancer emits light during the reaction with the radical of interest,are considered more sensitive and allow tem-poral resolution of the signal.Nevertheless,using non-leukocyte cells or tissue preparations,the light signals obtained are still relatively low,requiring high sensitive luminometers.Most microplate systems,even when they are equipped with a luminometer mode,are not sensi-tive enough to detect the signal.Lucigenin is currently the most frequently used enhancer,and this compound is relatively specific for O2−.Unfortunately,lucigenin ex-hibits a fatal tendency to undergo redox cycling at con-centrations higher than5l mol/L and in the present of NADH[6].Many previous observations obtained with high concentrations of lucigenin and in the presence of NADH,therefore,have to be queried.It is crucial to real-ize that NADH-or NADPH-driven lucigenin chemilumi-nescence,regardless of whether it is performed in intact organs or homogenates does not reflect only radical gen-eration but rather the reaction of the enhancer with the reductant,which is by some means catalyzed by unknown mechanism activated by the sample studied[7].The light signal obtained with5l mol/L lucigenin in the absence of NADH or NADPH is very low and therefore several other enhancers have been evaluated recently.Derivates of CLA and coelenterazine were advocated being supe-rior to lucigenin,as they do not exhibit any redox cycling [8,9].Nevertheless,autooxidation and unfavorable sig-nal to background ratio limit the use of these enhancers. L-012is an enhancer which appears to have the capacity to replace lucigenin as the primary system to detect O2−[10,11].As L-012does not undergo redox cycling,it can be used in concentrations up to100l mol/L,yielding a robust signal[12].L-012is not specific for O2−and also detects ONOO−.Moreover,NADPH and NADH are quenching the L-012signal[13].Certainly,more work is needed to characterize this compound but without a doubt the strong signals obtained with L-012will make it the enhancer of choice in many studies.Fluorimetric techniques,different to luminescence measurements,allow the topolocalization of ROS.Al-though there are several ROS-sensitivefluorescence probes,the only one considered being specific for O2−is dihydroethidium(DHE)[14].The compound has be-come widely used to image ROS formation[15].Nev-ertheless,there are several problems associated with the use of DHE.Ethidium,the oxidation product of DHE,intercalates with DNA and therefore differences in the chromatin density in heterocellular organs com-plicate imaging with DHE.Recently,it became clear that unspecific oxidation of DHE can be discrimi-nated from the O2−–mediated reaction of DHE forming oxyethidium,as ethidium and oxyethidium have different spectral characteristics[16].Assays are currently being developed to take advantage of this fact either using spe-cific emission wave lengths of the two dyes[16]or using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)[17] to separate ethidium from oxyethidium.The specificity of DHE for O2−will certainly increase with the intro-duction of these techniques and the influence of the ob-server in the interpretation of the microscopy images may be reduced.DETECTION OF PEROXYNITRITE,HYDROXYL RADICALS,AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ONOO−and OH•oxidize most biologic material[6]. Consequently,a wide variety offluorimetric assays,us-ing dihydrofluorescein derivates,amplex red,and several other compounds,can be used to detect these two rad-icals[1].Scavengers for ONOO−and OH•are used to discriminate the specific signal from unspecific oxidation. Frequently used scavengers are mannitol,urate,and eb-selen.Because of the extremely high reactivity of these radical species and the lack of specificity of the scav-engers,it remains difficult to ascertain the type of radical generated,the localization of generation,and the rate of formation.H2O2is not a radical and thus its reactivity is much lower than that of OH•or ONOO−.In fact,most assays for H2O2involve the use of peroxidase,which reduces1664Brandes and Janiszewski:Measurement of oxidative stressH2O2to H2O and simultaneously oxidizes the radical tracer[1].Therefore,the same tracers to study ONOO−and OH•are used to measure H2O2.Consequently,it is difficult to discriminate between the radical species in liv-ing cells,as cells contain peroxidases and simultaneously generate ONOO,OH•,and H2O2[1].Luminol is a chemiluminescence enhancer which ex-hibits low sensitivity of H2O2,O2−,and nitric oxide and yields light with OH•and ONOO−.Luminol has been used to directly detect the formation of ONOO−.In-hibition of nitric oxide synthase(NOS)can be used to block ONOO−formation.Mannitol may be used to de-termine the amount of chemiluminescence arising from OH•-mediated oxidation of luminol.Finally,peroxidase can be added to measure H2O2formation with luminol [1].CONCLUSIONA wide spectrum of different techniques has been de-veloped to measure radical formation ex vivo.Recent developments like L-012and DHE will further improve these assays.Nevertheless,each single method has spe-cific limitations and drawbacks and therefore measure-ments should be always performed using two indepen-dent methods.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis manuscript was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to R.P.B.(BR1839/2–1)and the DAAD to M.J.M.J.is a recipient of the Georg Forster research stipend of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.Reprint requests to Ralf P.Brandes,Institut f¨ur Kardiovaskul¨a re Physiologie,Klinkum der J.W.Goethe-Universit¨a t,Theodor-Stern-Kai7, D-60596Frankfurt 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