Ways of working

Ways of workingContents The Situation of Occupational ClassificationThe Problem in Team WorkingThe Types of Self -employedIllegal Ways of WorkingWeirdest JobsPart 1The Situation of Occupational Classification1. State organs, Party organization, the businesses and the head of institutions2. Professsionals3. The staff of business4. The workers of services5. The clerical people6. Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries7. Transport and some manual labors8. Inconvenient classified otherworkersIndustrializationSector -specific ProfessinalGroupsTimelinessThe Basic CharacteristicPart 2The Problem in Team WorkingThe Big ProblemEvery member has their own working style in one te am.We need toconsider If the rule is appropriateIf the rule isnecessaryIf everyone has common consentComprehend the source of the problemThe ways of solving the problem✓Communication spot✓Communication time✓Communication style●Design an appopriate working style●Organize some games and activitiesPart 3The types of self -employed1.Accumulation evolution model2. Dependency model3. Knowledge risk model4. Simulated incubation model5. Internet business modelPart 4 Weirdest jobsGolf courses 2000~5000 高尔夫潜水员Golf Ball DiverPet Food TesterSmell and taste 宠物食品测试员Worm PrickerWorms and sell 鱼饵采集者Chicken SexerEggs and chicken meat 雏鸡性别鉴定员Snake MikerMedication and vaccines 采毒蛇者Train StuffersStaff to push and stuff passengers 地铁助推员Cow Fart Smeller奶牛屁检测员Odour JudgeStuff to sniff people' s armpits 闻臭员Part 5 Illegal ways of workingDrug TraffickingHarmfulSerious Crime Online shoppingExpressPyramid SellingBe carefulWake up MLMInflammatory and fraudulenceSelling Commercial SecretFearful punishiment Significant benefitsProfessional ethicsConsititute a crimeThank you。

MODULE 1T ask 1: Speaking T est-Part oneI. Members of Speaking Test•Examiner 1--- Interlocutorasking questions and giving directions•Examiner 2--- Assessorassessing your spoken English•Candidate 1:making a speech or answering questionsof Examiner 1 or Candidate 2•Candidate 2:making a speech or answering questions of Examiner 1 or Candidate 1II. Format of Speaking Test-Part one•Format: interview--- Conversation between the examiner and two candidates•Input: Examiner asks questions•Time: 3 minutes•Interaction focus: the examiner encourages the candidates to give information about themselves and to express personal opinionsIII. Criteria of grading in Part one•Manner•Pronunciation•Intonation•Stress & Rhythm•V ocabulary & GrammarNote:Make 1st impressionAdapt to examiner’s toneBody languageIV. Sentence DevelopmentCriteria:1.Brief but not simple2.To the point3.Suitable wordingExample1) I like reading a lot.I like reading. My favori te book is “Gone with the wind” because I love the main character.I have a wide range of hobbies among which I love reading the most. My favorite book is “Gone with the wind” by Margaret Mitchell, because I greatly admire the main character--- Scarlett, who was brave to love and hate.2) I also enjoy travelling very much.I love travelling very much because I see travelling as a good opportunity to meet new people, new food and new culture, which by all means broadens my view.I spend most of my long holidays travelling to different places, because it offers me great opportunities to meet new people, taste new foods, learn new cultures, thus adding my life experiences. Lijiang, Jiuzaigou, and Xinjiang are the most impressive places for me so far, so I highly recommend them.3）What kind of person do you think you are?What are your strengths and weaknesses?inactive, quiet, introvert , extrovert, trustworthy, thoughtful, helpful, gentle, slow, honest, hardworking, active, efficient, kind, generous, talkative, easygoing,, open, optimistic, pessimistic, easy to get along with, ready to help others, brave, devoting, passionate, bright, smart, cute, popular among friends, sweet, warm-hearted, sympathetic, willing to share, not self-centered, considerate, a social person,4）Where are you from?Can you say something about your hometown?location, province, urban area, suburb, rural area, isolated places, small villages/towns/ downtown areas/ countryside, city, beautiful scenery, quiet, fresh air, green everywhere, friendly people, kind and helpful, skyscrapers, tall buildings, shopping malls, department stores, business district, entertainment, parks, transportation system, public facilities, convenient, noisy, busy, indifferent, modern, cold, alienated, climate, humid, dry, windy, freezing, extremely hot,5）What’s your hobby?What do you like to do in your spare time?spare time, music, Pop/classical, sports, ball games, pc games, body exercises, movies (detective/horror/romantic /comedy /tragedy), books (science fiction / novel / essay / poems / poetry /fashion magazine / comic strips/ cartoons / autobiography), shopping, food, cooking, painting, singing, dancing, playing cards/poker/chessV. Personal questionsWell, my name is ☺, but you can call me ☻, which is my English name.I’m from the city of … in GD Province, which is in the south of China.Actually, my hometown is famous for …, do you know that place?Well, I’m a student studying International Business in … , which is one of the bestpolytechnic college in GD Province.Generally speaking, I like my major a lot, but most specifically, my studies are full ofchallenging because there’re much business-related knowledge for me to learn.Frankly speaking, I’m not sure. But I used to dream to be a HR manager, because Isuppose managing people is the most exciting and creative job.Definitely, English is the international language and as my major is InternationalBusiness, I’ll run the career by communicating with business partners all over theworld.I have been learning English for more than 10 years since I was in primary school.VI. Business topics1. Business in your hometown or country-- what kind of business / industry is popular in your hometown?-- what is the current situation of the industry?a. IT industries / garment industry / sportswear industry, some of the brands are famous nationwide.b. Catering is popular in my hometown. Many people are in the catering business.2.the importance of English in business-- Do you think English will continue to be important for business in the future? Why?a. English is a common language used in international business communicationb. With globalization, English helps to obtain business opportunities, succeed in negotiationand entertain visitors.3. The effect of technology on business-- Which technology has had the biggest effect on business in recent years?-- What effect will technology have on business development?IT/ E-commerce / business onlinea. to help the transfer of business informationb. to change the way business is conductedc. IT is now widely used in business activities. The Internet is making it possible to do businessonline which is more speedy and cost-effective.4. Present and future changes in working life-- In what ways do you think working life will change in the next decade?a. the present changes as follows: use of IT, office environment, welfare, etc.b. the future changes as follows: more people working from home, three or four working days, etc.5. Training and development in the workplace-- If you had a choice of work training, what would it be? Why?-- How do training help development of employees?a. a benefit to the staffb. Training upgrades business knowledge and working abilities.c. Training get staff well-informed and enhance their professional skills.6. ways of selling products or services-- How many ways are there to promote products or services?-- How effect is selling over the website?a. site promotion (department store / franchise houseb. direct mail, door-to-door sellingc. cold callingd. advertisement on TV, in newspaper or magazinee. Using you website as a marketing tool. Sell items directly on the site or use the site to educate customers about your product or service.T ask 2: Business T opic-Ways of working Task 1): Vocabulary—different ways of workingIII.DiscussionPut students into pairs or small groups to discuss how they work most effectively. Put the list of question on the board to help them discuss the points more easily.How do you study English most effectively?By working …--- at the same time everyday / at different times of the day?--- early in the morning / late at night?--- on your own / with others?--- at home / at your place of study (library or classroom)?Reference expressionsroutine type of person 按部就班的人have flexible management of time and work 灵活安排自己的时间和工作get support from each other互相支持co-operate with each other 相互合作share ideas 交流想法learn from other people’s strong points 学他人所长working in a team needs to have good interpersonal skills and is not necessarily efficient在团队工作需要有很好的人际交往技能，不一定效率就高can be more concentrated and thus more efficient in an office在办公室更容易集中精力因此也更有效率have more flexibility 享有更多的灵活度a dependent type of persona and never make decisions myself 性格依赖，不喜欢自己拿主意an independent type of person and would like to make decisions myself 性格独立，喜欢自己做决定don’t want to work under someone 不想在别人手下工作Example statement:For me, I like to work flexible hours on my own. By working like this, I can work most effectively. When I need to teach my students, I will go to the classroom. So I am used to flexible hours rather than working nine to five. Also, I’d like to work on my own. It is because this can allow me to be innovative in my language teaching career.IV.MatchingStudents match the terms to the definition. Ask them if any of them are familiar with these way of working:Would it be possible to telework in your job？How would you feel about job-sharing?Have you ever suggested to your boss the idea of flexitime?V.Further analysisTask 2)：Reading---how to job-shareI．ScanningAsk students to read the whole text before they put the headings with the correct paragraphs. Tell them that they won’t need to understand every word to complete this reading task. II．DiscussionTopic：How easy would it b for you to job-share? Would your employer or boss think it was a good idea?Reference expressionsYesHave more time with childrenWith less work stressCan have more free timeCan have someone to share credit and blameTwo people doing one job means twice as much experience, skills, brainpower and energy.NoDifficult to find someone you likeNeed to coordinate with the other personTend to work late at nightNeed careful planning to play to each other’s different strengthsThey may not get what they expect of the job-sharer in terms of hours, availability and result. III．ExtensionExtension 1:Roles: Student A is the employee and student B is the employerSituation: Student A wants to start job-sharing with another colleague. He must try to convince their employer that it is a good idea and mention the advantages. Student B should be skeptical and mention disadvantages.Time: 3 minutesExtension 2:Roles: Student A is the examiner and student B is the examineeSituation: Student A asks some questions and Student B tries to answer them.Aim: students should introduced to the idea that they will have to be able to talk on many different areas of business in the exam.Time: 3 minutesTask 3)：Listening---working from homeI.II.Q&AQ1. What does she way is important when working from home?---A: have a time table and stick to it.Q2. What does she think are some of the advantages and disadvantages of this way of working?---A: advantage- you spend more time with the children-more flexibility-the company saves money on office space-no commutingdisadvantage – sometimes you work in the evening-you miss people and office news & gossipQ3. How long has she been with her current employer? How long has she been home-working?---A: She’s been with her current employer since she left school, but she’s been home-working for 5 years.Q4. Is she doing anything different from normal this week?---A: She’s going to the office everyday to meet visitors.Task 4)：Grammar---present tensesII.TimelinePresent ContinuousPast ContinuousT ask 3: Speaking T est-Part twoI.Format of Speaking test-part two•Format: mini-presentation' by each candidate on a business theme.-- giving information and expressing opinions•Input: Written prompt•Time: about 6 minutes (1m preparation)•Interaction focus: the candidates are given prompts which generate a short talk on a business-related topicII.Criteria of grading in Part two•V ocabulary•Grammar•Ideas organizationNote:Choose 1 topic as quickly as possibleList key words of the topicMake notes while your partner speakingBody languageIII.Tips1.选择主题I choose topic …2.开篇点题As regards to… There are 3 points I want to sayAs to …I thing we need to consider 3 aspectsConcerning … This topic, … There are 4 things to consider.In regard to …I have the following points.In relation to … From my point of view, I have the following consideration.Regarding to … As far as I am concerned, my points are as follows:With regard to … concerned,With respect to …3.论点组织First … second … thirdFirstly … secondly … thirdly … lastly …One … another … the third one … and the last …To begin with … in addition / … another important consideration … finallyFirst of all … in the second place … last not but least …To begin with … moreover … finally …4.论点扩展举例：for example, for instance, take … for example, such as …解释：that is, that means, it means that …对比：in comparison with, compared to …5.结束演讲Well, that’s all my points.Right, it look as though I’ve covered the main areas / main points.I think that just covers everything.Before I close, let me summarize the main points.So, to sum up …IV.Reference presentationA.What’s important when job sharing?I choose topic A --- What is important when job sharing. As to this topic, as far as I amconcerned, there are 3 things to consider.Finding someone you like is the most important when you start a job-share. As job sharing is a way for two people to both fill one job, finding someone you like is very important for the success of the scheme. You may find one from your current workplace, or you may find one from outside through all kinds of contacts.Organizing and planning how you share the work is also important. If it’s shared responsibility, there is no division of duties but the two people have to split the hours clearly to ensure that the work flows continuously. If it’s divided responsibility, each partner has to be clear about his own case --- load or project to focus on during his working hours. If it’s unrelated responsibility, the partners and to learn what their separate tasks are in the same department, and each has to do his own share well.Communication is another important factor to consider when you arrange the job-share,especially for shared responsibility. Partners have to communicate well so that jobs are done smoothly. Using email, voicemail messages, daily logs and notes are some techniques that help facilitate communication.B. What is important when working from home 、Setting up an office space in the house is important when working from home. This will give you a feel of being in the office and concentrate more on work. In this way, it will be easy for you to differentiate between work time and private time and you will not be easily distracted.It ’s also important to plan your working hours and your breaks. Make it like in the office and set a timetable. But do not overwork yourself to make up for not being in the office every day. Make sure you have a break after you work for a few hours.In addition, to make working from home really successful, you should make surethough you are in the office. This may help a lot toThis exercise gives students the opportunity to bring together many of the ideas and vocabulary looked at in the module so far. Refer students to the previous reading and listening from this module to help them prepare ideas. Then students give their presentation to each other. NOTE: 1. choose one topic from 3 2. 1 minute preparation 3. 1 minute presentation4. ask 1 or 2 questions to your partnerB: What is important when…?Working from home• Set up an office space in the house.• Plan your working hours and your breaks. • •。

从句改错练习(状语/定语/宾语/主语从句)1.If without the internet, we could not keep in contact with eachother so easily.If we did not have the internet, ..........—从句版本Without the internet, .....—介词短语版本2.This means can solve the problem of energy shortage.This means that solar power (随便加个主语就行)can .......3.The government should do is to raise taxes on fast food.What the government should do is to .....—主语从句4.If want to find a good job, young people need to receiveeducation as much as possible.If they want to ......, ....—状语从句需要主语5.If poor countries invest more money in education can changetheir situations.If poor countries invest more money in education, they can .....—不能用从句去做主句的主语6.Young people who live with their parents they can save a lot ofmoney.Young people who live with their parents can save a lot of money. –最常见的错误：they是多余的主语7.The government should share the cost of higher education.Because the whole society benefits from it a lot.The government should share the cost of higher education, because the whole society benefits from it a lot.—主句和从句一般用逗号连接8.A teaching job pays a low salary, that means young teacherscannot satisfy their increasing needs with their incomes.A teaching job pays a low salary, which means young teacherscannot satisfy their increasing needs with their incomes. –逗号后面的非限定性定语从句只能是which来连接9.Children who from rich families are likely to be spoiled inmaterial ways.Children who are from rich families are likely to be spoiled in material ways. –定语从句里必须有谓语动词或者be动词10.After graduate from university and start to work, some youngpeople still live with their parents.After graduating from university and starting to work, some young people still live with their parents.—状语从句里面必须有句子的基本形态：主语 + 谓语11.Due to many people rely heavily on their computers and mobilephones, the way of working and socializing has greatly changed. As many people rely heavily on their computers and mobile phones, the way of working and socializing has greatly changed. –due to 是介词短语，不能连接从句12.There have been many debates about children should be sent toa boarding school or a day school.There have been many debates about whether children should be sent to a boarding school or a day school. –about后面需要的是一个名词性从句，一般来说疑问句可以当做名词从句；13.The money which spent on art education brings far morebenefits than we can imagine.The money which is spent on art education brings far more benefits than we can imagine.14.The food that is readily prepared. It is harmful to people’s health. The food that is readily prepared is harmful to people’s health.15.As the development of technology, it has become veryconvenient for people to travel.As technology is developing rapidly, it has become very convenient for people to travel. 如果用as来翻译“随着”的话，绝对不能加名词短语，要加句子。

Jobs for the 21st centuryLots of new jobs are going to be created over the next ten years. Some of these will be jobs we’re familiar with but many will be very new to us.Here are some job titles taken from real job adverts. How many of them do you recognise? Can you think about what they might do?social media strategist nursepractitioner energy managernanotechnologist cosmetologist e-commerce merchandiserdata communications architect recyclingofficerThe types of job available to us now and in the future will mainly be for people with at least level 2 and level 3 qualifications. Employers are looking for people with the right skills and qualifications because the world is changing fast and the UK needs to compete with the rest of world. On the next page are some of the reasons for jobs changing and some of the work areas which will be really important for the futureThe way we communicate with others online is changing the way companies and organisations interact with us. Retailers and organisations that are selling a service want to know if they're doing a good job and if they can do things better. They are able to find these things out by employing someone to keep an eye on message boards, Facebook pages, blogs and forums. They also want people to manage online marketing campaigns. Here's an example of a job that uses online communities to promote and market products and services.Social media strategistSalary£22,000-30,000Job description-to develop brand awareness using digital and social media such as websites, forums, blogs and other online communities and to increase the target audience. -to improve products and sales through an online strategy.-to respond to negative comments found in online community.-to measure and analyse online traffic including tracking campaigns.Skills requiredYou will have good verbal and written communication skills.You will be highly creative.You will be able to pay high attention to detail.You will have good organisation skills.You will be able to work on your own initiative and be self-motivated.You will be confident using a variety of digital media.Qualifications requiredA degree in marketing or PR (public relations) or several years experience.Also known as: social media manager, social media analyst, social media marketing executiveThe way in which health care is delivered is gradually changing. This is partly due to the development of new technologies and advances in drug treatments and partly due to the setting in which the health care takes places, for example a hospital, walk-in centre or within the community. One change is giving nurses more responsibility. This means that they have extra responsibilities such as being able to prescribe and give out drugs, something that only a doctor or pharmacist would have been able to do before. Here is an example of a job description for a nurse practitioner.nurse practitionerSalary£25,000 - £35,000Job description- to treat patients who have minor illnesses or injuries at our GP surgery and manage your own caseload.- to visit patients in their homes.- to works shifts as required.- to provide health education to patients and carers- to manage a team of skilled health workers.- to help plan and develop the health service offered within the neighbourhood. - to manage and maintain accurate records.Skills requiredYou will be self motivated and be able to work well on your own as well as in a team.You will have excellent communication and interpersonal skills.You will have excellent organising and planning skills.You will have good ICT skills and be able to use the local IT systems.You will have the appropriate clinical skills.Qualifications requiredYou must be a qualified and registered nurse preferably with nurse prescriber statement.Many organisations are having to reduce their energy consumption in order to meet UK carbon emissions targets. To do this, they need to employ someone who understands how a building works and where savings can be made. This job role will be particularly important to large companies who have more than one site and are maybe in the manufacturing or energy sectors. Here is an example of what a job description for a role like this might look like.Energy managerSalary£55,000Job description-to monitor and reduce energy consumption for all the c ompany’s sites.-to conduct surveys of buildings to measure and monitor their energy use-to put in place energy reducing measures and track energy savings made-to promote energy-saving awareness throughout the organisation and to customers and the public-to attend training and workshops so that you are up-to-date with the latest regulationsSkills requiredYou will have excellent communication skills including presentation skills. You will have excellent numerical skills and be able to analyse data.You will be financially aware and able to work to a budget.You will be able to work well with others in a team.You will have good ICT skills including Excel.Qualifications requiredYou will have a building services engineering degree or similar.Similar jobs: climate control officer; climate control and sustainability manager; renewable solutions managerHave you heard of nanotechnology? It's been around for many years but we're hearing a lot more about it these days. Nanoscience is an area that's developing rapidly and it sits between the areas of physics, materials science, chemistry, and biology. Nanotechnology is any type of technology that takes place on a very small scale - that's atoms and molecules. We will see it being used more and more in areas such as the health industry, super-computers and new materials. As a nanotechnologist you might work in job sectors such as electrical, chemical or mechanical engineering, ICT, microbiology, biomedical science or optics.nanotechnologistSalary: up to £60,000Job description- to research and design a product that can be used to coat materialsfor clothing and which repels dirt so as to reduce the need for harsh cleaning agents.- to manage a team who will produce and then test the product.Skills requiredYou will have excellent analytical skills and be able to problem-solve.You will have good communication skills and be able to work well with others as part of a team.You will be self-motivated and able to work on your own.You can pay attention to detail and are confident handling dataQualifications requiredYou will have a degree in science, ideally in physics and can show that you understand the field well.There is a growing demand for personal appearance services and 'cosmetologist' is a job title that we may start to hear about more. A cosmetologist is another way of describing someone who can offer a range personal services to help people improve their appearance. They are skilled in the latest styling techniques and know the latest fashion trends. They also have a good understanding of aesthetics which means the way something looks and how attractive people might think it is. They may be skilled in hairdressing, manicure, electrolysis, facials or full body treatments to name but a few. Here is an example of what a cosmetologist's job description in a salon might look like.cosmetologistSalary£20,000 basic pay plus commission on products sold and ti psJob description-to provide one-to-one consultations with customers on the best treatments to suit them-in addition to this you must be able to apply facial and full-body treatments; shape and colour eyebrows and eye lashes;perform electrolysis on body and face -to clean work areas and sanitize work instruments-to promote and sell hair and cosmetic products-to take appointments for the salon as required and update and maintain customer recordsSkills requiredYou will have proven experience of the technical and practical skills required. You will have good communications skills.You will be creative and able to demonstrate that you have an understanding of fashion, art and design.You will have business awareness and be confident at selling.You will have ICT skills including database management.Qualifications requiredYou will have a minimum Level 3 qualification plus individual certificates for specific techniques.Technology is changing the way we shop and the type of products we want to buy. Most shops now have an online shop as well as the stores you might find in your local town or nearest city. Online shopping means there are jobs available now that we may not have heard of a few years ago. Here's an example of a vacancy you might find working for a well-known high street clothing store.e-commerce merchandiserSalary£25,000-£35,000Job description-to use online merchandising tools to sell and promote products-to analyse the way customers visit the website by measuring data and move products to maximise sales-to plan and develop online ranges-to work closely with the buying and merchandising team-to monitor competition from other, similar companiesSkills requiredYou will have strong business skills and be commercially aware.You will have IT skills such as Excel, Word and PowerPoint.You will have excellent numerical skills and be able to analyse data.You will have good communication skills and be able to work well with others. You will be able to pay attention to detail.You will be self-starting and motivated.You will be well organised.Qualifications requiredYou will have a degree or equivalent experience.Information and communications technology is now used in almost every job area. Large organisations have very large systems and networks that need to run smoothly from day to day and they will usually need to use the latest technologies to do this. A data communications architect is an example of someone who would set up these systems and sometimes aren't needed once this has happened. This means that data communications architects are often employed on temporary contracts. Here is an example of what their job description might look like.data communications architectSalary£45,000 plusJob description- to analyse, design, test, and evaluate network systems, such as local area networks, wide area networks (WAN), Internet, intranet, and other data communications systems.- to research and recommend network and data communications hardware and software. - to plan for future network needs.- to plan, co-ordinate and put in place network security measures.- to follow strict guidelines and procedures and to have knowledge of industry practices.Skills requiredYou will have excellent problem solving skills.You will be able to pay attention to detail.You will have excellent and up-to-date technical skills.You will have good communication skills and be able to work well within a team. You will be able to show that you have business awareness.Qualifications requiredComputer science or electronic engineering degree or proven technical experience of five years or more.Alternative job titles include data communications consultant and data communicationsThe UK has environmental targets to meet and one way of helping the environment is to reduce waste. Recycling advisers are often employed by the local authority to help local businesses and the public think more carefully about what they throw away and how they can do things differently. The job involves some office work but also travelling around the community visiting recycling points or local businesses. Here’s an example of what a job description for a recycling officer might look like:Recycling officerSalary:£25,000Job description-to help establish recycling strategies and develop new initiatives; to manage a budget-to promote recycling by giving talk to local schools and community groups. -to publicise the council’s recycling initiatives by writing press releases and being interviewed on local radio.-to deal with queries and complaints from the public.-to write reports using statistics to present to the council.Skills requiredYou will have excellent communication skills including written skills.You will be able to work on your own and as part of a team.You can pay attention to detail, are confident with statistics and have good problem-solving skills.You will have good customer awareness skills.Qualifications requiredYou will have a degree in a relevant subject such as environmental management, earth science, chemistry or civil engineering or proven experience, for example if you have been working in a technical support role.Also known as: recycling adviserIf you've read the page called 'Why do jobs change?' then you've probably got some ideas about what might happen in the future...Some sectors are predicted to grow and some are expected to get smaller. Remember though, just because an industry is declining, it doesn't mean there won't be any jobs for you. Sometimes it means theopposite!In Nottinghamshire, these are some of the sectors that are going to be important to us over the next few years:Some of these sectors may not be doing very well at the moment but this doesn't mean they aren't important. We will still need young people to replace those who leave.Like most counties, there will be ‘pockets’ of opportunities for certain jobs. For example, there are around 10,500 computer-related jobs in Nottingham city but only 4,000 in the whole of the rest of the county. That means if you want a job in computing, you have more of a chance if you travel to work in the city. The Mansfield area or 'Sherwood Growth Zone' will be a good source of new jobs and in Greater Nottingham, the science sector is growing faster than the rest of the country.Jobs in some sectors, like film, radio and TV are very competitive so you’ll need to have the right qualifications and some work experience (maybe through voluntary work) to have the best chance of getting a job. You may also have to move away from home.Think!•You may need to travel or move to the city to get the job you want.•Some jobs are very competitive.*The engineering industry is declining in the number of people working in it - but we're still going to need people to build and design bridges, roads, new vehicles, heating systems, rockets...To find out more about trends in the job you're interested in go to the jobs and careers pagesThe ways in which we work are changing too. Here are some of the different ways in which we might work today and in the future.•Flexi-time working– not working to set hours every day such as 9-5.This often suits people who have young families or other commitments.•Temporary or fixed-term contracts -employers take more people on at busier times to save on costs. This might happen in agriculture, retail or manufacturing.•Freelance and consultancy work– a freelancer or consultant is a specialist who can be brought in to a business as and when they’re needed.•Shift work- people who work in factories, hospitals or hotels often work shifts as they’re needed through the night or early in the morning.•Part-time work– only working some of the week. Some people choose to only work part time, for example, if they're also studying, but some jobs aren't available as full-time posts.•Working from home or hot-desking–new technologies mean you don’t have to go to your workplace to do your work.•Career jumping–you may use the skills you’ve learnt in one job to change your career several times. As a young learner today you might have had over 10 different jobs by the time you reach the age of 38. To do this you’ll need transferable skills.•Running your own business - nearly two thirds of young people like the idea of running their own business. You can work for yourself in lots of careers,for example, construction, hair and beauty, finance, hotels and catering. Or you might just have a brilliant idea you want to sell!Being stuck in an office in front of a computer all day is definitely not a healthy way to spend your working life –yet so many people do. Eyestrain from prolonged computer use, back problems and a lack of sunlight are all detrimental factors associated with working indoors in an office. So it’s not surprising that when many people consider a career change, they often opt for a complete lifestyle change. For some, this change will involve a completely new workplace – the great outdoors.Temporary work or temporary employment refers to a situation where the employee is expected to leave the employer within a certain period of time. Temporary employees are sometimes called "contractual", "seasonal", "interim", or "freelance"; or the word may be shortened to "temps." Agricultural workers are often temporarily employed for harvesting. In some instances, temporary professional employees (particularly in the white collar fields, such as law, engineering, and accounting) even refer to themselves as "consultants." This is not to be confused with consultants (as in management consulting).Temporary workers may work full-time or part-time, depending on the individual case. In some instances, they are given benefits (such as health insurance), but usually the best treatment is reserved for the permanent employees. Not all temporary employees find jobs through a temporary Employment agency. For example, a person can simply apply at a local park for seasonal jobs.A temporary work agency, or temp agency or temporary staffing firm finds and retains workers. Other companies, in need of short-term workers, contract with the temp agency to send temporary workers, or temps, on assignment to work at the other companies. Temporary employees are also used in work that has a cyclical nature that requires frequent adjustment of staffing levels.Advantages to those seeking employment from a temp agency are: •Easy hire: Those meeting technical requirements for the type of work are often virtually guaranteed a job without a selection process.•Flexible hours; a choice of which shifts to work; the ability to take off for weekends, holidays, vacations, personal appointments, or for any other reason of choice, or to work on such days foradditional pay•Pay rates are sometimes higher than the customary wages in a comparable permanent position.[citation needed]•The likelihood of getting fired is lower than in a permanent position, though a client of the agency can make a request for the temporary worker not to return, even for a minor infraction Drawbacks to temp agencies are as follows:•Many temp agencies do not offer any type of benefits, such as health insurance. Benefits package is usually 30 to 40 percent of apermanent's employee base income.•Temp to hire positions have been known to have high turn over rates.In some temp agencies, workers are considered self-employed independent contractors, who have a status similar to those running their own businesses.•Reduced liability protection: With independent contractor status, contractors are required to carry liability insurance or else can be held accountable in a negligence lawsuit when an error results in damage. This practice is highly suspect and is likely evidence of a scam.•Lack of reference: Many employers of experienced job positions do not consider work done for a temporary agency as sufficient on a resume.Flextime (or flexitime, flexi-time, originally derived from the German word Gleitzeit which literally means 'sliding time') is a variable work schedule, in contrast to traditional[citation needed]work arrangements requiring employees to work a standard 9am to 5pm day. Its invention is usually credited to William Henning. Under flextime, there is typically a core period (of approximately 50% of total working time/working day) of the day when employees are expected to be at work (for example, between 11 am and 3pm), while the rest of the working day is "flexitime", in which employees can choose when they work, subject to achieving total daily, weekly or monthly hours in the region of what the employer expects, and subject to the necessary work being done.A flextime policy allows staff to determine when they will work, while a flexplace policy allows staff to determine where they will work. Its practical realization can mainly be attributed to the entrepreneur Wilhelm Haller who founded Hengstler Gleitzeit - and later 'Interflex Datensysteme GmbH' in Southern Germany where today a number of companies offer Flexitime (Gleitzeit) solutions which have grown out of his initiative[citation needed].Haller's employers Hengstler founded a company in the U.K. in 1971 and registered the trademark "Flextime", the mark remains the property of that companys successor hfx Ltd. In spring 2003, 17.7% of men and 26.7% of women were employed with flexitime arrangements in the United Kingdom, (Office for National Statistics 2003)[1]. In the United Kingdom, flexitime working is commonplace in both the private and public sectors. The practice is often found in administrative and back office functions of commercial organisations and local councils.In 2003 the UK Government introduced legislation [1] that gave parents of children under 6, or the parents of disabled children under 18, the right in law to request a flexible working arrangement from their employer. A survey in 2005 by the National Office of Statistics [2] showed that 71% of female workers and 60% of male workers were aware of the rights created under the 2003 legislation. Between 2003 and 2005 more than 14% of all workers had requested a change to flexible working. From 6 April 2007 the law will extend the right to request flexible working to carers of adults.Shift workers are generally excluded from flexitime schemes as are senior managers. Other groups of workers for whom flexitime arrangements are rare include those who serve the public during specific opening times.For employers, flexitime can aid the recruitment and retention of staff. It has been a particularly popular option in 2009 for employers trying to reduce staff costs without having to make redundancies during the recession. It can also help provide staff cover outside normal working hours and reduce the need for overtime. Additionally flexitime can also improve the provision of equal opportunities to staff unable to work standard hours.Flexitime can give employees greater freedom to organise their working lives to suit personal needs. In addition, travelling can be cheaper and easier if it is out of peak time.Hot desking is regularly used in places where not all the employees are in the office at the same time, or not in the office for very long at all, which means actual personal offices would be often vacant, consuming valuable space and resources.A freelancer, freelance worker, or freelance is somebody who isself-employed and is not committed to a particular employer long term.Fields where freelancing is common include journalism, book publishing, journal publishing, and other forms of writing, editing, copy editing, proofreading, indexing, copywriting, computer programming, web design and graphic design, consulting, tour guiding and translating.Freelance practice varies greatly. Some require clients to sign written contracts, while others may perform work based on verbal agreements, perhaps enforceable through the very nature of the work. Some freelancers may provide written estimates of work and request deposits from clients.Payment for freelance work also varies greatly. Freelancers may charge by the day, hour, or page or on a per-project basis. Instead of a flatrate or fee, some freelancers have adopted a value-based pricing method based on the perceived value of the results to the client. By custom, payment arrangements may be upfront, percentage upfront, or upon completion. For more complex projects, a contract may set a payment schedule based on milestones or outcomes.In most professions involving creation of intellectual property, "freelance" and its derivative terms are often reserved for workers who create works on their own initiative, then look for someone to publish them. They typically keep the copyright to their works and sell the rights to publishers in time-limited contracts. In contrast, workers who are hired to create a work according to the publishers' or other customers' specifications are referred to as "independent contractors" and similar terms. They have no copyright to the works, which are written as works made for hire, a category of intellectual property defined in US copyright law —Section 101, Copyright Act of 1976 (USC 17 §101).Freelancers generally enjoy a greater variety of assignments than in regular employment, and—subject to the need to earn a regular income—usually have more freedom to choose their work schedule.[citation needed] The experience can also lead to a broad portfolio of work and the establishment of a network of clients.Sometimes a freelancer will work with one or more other freelancers and/or vendors to form a "virtual agency" to serve a particular client's needs for short-term and permanent project work. This versatile agency model can help a freelancer land jobs that require targeted, specific experience and skills outside the scope of one individual. As the clients change, so too may the players chosen for a virtual agency's talent base. This is a common way for freelancers to get work if the non-competing freelancer in the relationship reciprocates the relevant type of work back assuming that both are in the same industry.[citation needed]Freelancers and clients may form a relationship based on mutual needs and the professionalism and competence of both parties.Telecommuting or telework is a work arrangement in which employees enjoy flexibility in working location and hours. In other words, the daily commute to a central place of work is replaced by telecommunication links. Many work from home, while others, occasionally also referred to as nomad workers or web commuters utilize mobile telecommunications technology to work from coffee shops or other locations. Telework is a broader term, referring to substituting telecommunications for any form of work-related travel, thereby eliminating the distance restrictions of telecommuting.[1] All telecommuters are teleworkers but not all teleworkers aretelecommuters. A frequently repeated motto is that "work is something you do, not something you travel to".[2]A successful telecommuting program requires a management style which is based on results and not on close scrutiny of individual employees. This is referred to as management by objectives as opposed to management by observation. The terms telecommuting and telework were coined by Jack Nilles in 1973.[3]Telecommuting offers benefits to communities, employers, and employees.For communities, telecommuting can offer fuller employment (by increasing the employ-ability of proximal or circumstantially marginalized groups, such as Work at home parents and caregivers, the disabled, retirees, and people living in remote areas), reduces traffic congestion and traffic accidents, relieves the strain on transportation infrastructures, reduces greenhouse gases, saves fuel, reduces energy use, improves disaster preparedness, and reduces terrorism targets.For companies, telecommuting expands the talent pool, reduces the spread of illness, reduces costs, increases productivity, reduces their carbon footprint and energy usage, offers an inexpensive method of complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), reduces turnover and absenteeism, improves employee morale, offers a continuity of operations strategy, improves their ability to handle business across multiple timezones, and hastens their cultural adaptability. Full-time telework can save companies approximately $20,000 per employee. [11]For individuals, telecommuting, or more specifically, work from home arrangements, improves work-life balance, reduces their carbon footprint and fuel usage, frees up the equivalent of 15 to 25 workdays a year—time they would have otherwise spent commuting, and saves between $4,000 and $21,000 per year in travel and work-related costs (not including daycare).[12] When gas prices average $3.00 per gallon, the averagefull-time employee who commutes 5 days per week spends $138.80 per month on gasoline. If 53% of white-collar employees could telework 2 days a week, they could collectively save 9.7 billion gallons of gas and $38.2 billion a year.[13]Half-time telecommuting by those with compatible jobs (40%) and a desire to do so (79%) would save companies, communities, and employees over $650 billion a year—the result of increased productivity, reduced office expense, lower absenteeism and turnover, reduced travel, less road repairs, less gas consumption, and other savings.[14]。