高级英语第十课

高级英语第一册第十课震撼世界的审判Tenth lessonsThe Trial That Rocked the WorldJohnIn the hot days of 1925 and July, when I was seated in the packed courtroom, a buzz ran in the crowd. My defence is a famous criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow?. Served as prosecutor is eloquent orator William? Jennings? Blaine, he has three times by the Democratic nominee for president of the United States, but also led me to the trial of the Christian fundamentalist movement leaders.A few weeks ago, I was just an unknown to the public in Tennessee mountain town school teacher in Dayton, and now I have become a great trial of the parties. Seated in court to testify for me with the Harvard University kodri? Led by Professor Mather, a dozen prestigious professors and scientists. There are more than 100 journalists, and even radio announcer, they have epoch-making to broadcast a jury trial. As we wait for the court when Darrow concern around my shoulder to comfort: "don't worry, son, we will give them a severe look."I just came to Dayton school as a natural science teacher and football coach soon, this case will suddenly come to my head. For years, a clash has been brewing between fundamentalists and the modernist. Fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the "Old Testament", and modernist Charles? Darwin's theory of evolution -- that all animal life, includingmonkeys and men are from the same ancestors evolved.Fundamentalist forces were strong in Tennessee, and the state legislature recently passed a law forbidding the public to teach "any theory that denies biblical creationism."." The new law is directed at Darwin's theory of evolution. There was a man named George? Pull Apulia engineer because of opposition to the regulations and the local people often debate. There is a debate, said that anyone who wants to pull the Puglia, teach biology, can not speak of evolution. Because I was teaching biology, so they called me to testify."La Puglia is right," I say to them."Then you're breaking the law," one of them said."All the other teachers are breaking the law, too," I replied. "In Hunter's biological basis, we talked about evolution. That's the textbook we use."So, pull a proposal. "Let's deliver the matter to the court," he said. "To see if it's legal."."When I was formally indicted in May 7th, no one had expected me to have imagined that my case would become so great that it would become one of the most famous trial cases in the history of the United states. The American Civil Liberties Union announces that, if necessary, the Federation will submit my case to the United States Supreme Court, "to ensure that teachers are not sent to prison for teaching truth."." Then, Blaine volunteered to assist the state government inprosecuting me.The famous lawyer Clarence Darrow? Immediately offered to defend me. Ironically, I didn't know Daro before the trial, but I met Blaine, who was speaking at school when I was in college.I admire him, though I don't agree with him.By the time the trial began in July 10th, we had a circus like atmosphere in the small town of one thousand and five hundred people. Flags were hung from buildings on both sides of the main street. On the streets around the court's three story red brick house, there were suddenly many rickety vendors shelves, selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists also set up tents in the streets and preached sermons to passers-by. Nearby mountain dwellers, most of them fundamentalists, rushed to the town to cheer Blaine on against foreign infidels". Among them were John Butler who drafted the anti evolution law. Butler is a forty-nine year old farmer, the election had never been out of his native county.The presiding judge named John? Raulston, a ruddy man. "I'm just a plain mountain judge," he said, with a strong accent." Blaine looked old and clumsy, potbellied. He has 185 sons, a lawyer and a young and promising attorney general, Tom,, to help him with the prosecution. Mr. Stewart, the young attorney general of the state of Tennessee. I counsel in addition to savvy sixty-eight year old Darrow, and handsome, charismaticforty-three year old Dadelei? And Malone feld? Knowledge, the ornamental and the combined plain properties of law, especially with Arthur? Gafeierde Hess?. In a religion played a key role in the trial, Darrow was an agnostic, Malone was a Catholic,and Hays a jew. My father came specially from Kentucky to accompany me to face the trial.The judge invited a local priest to preside over the prayer service, and then the trial began. Of the twelve members of the jury, three did not read any book other than the Bible, and one could not read at all. No wonder my father angrily said: "really fucking shit jury!"Fulfills the provisions of the legal proceedings, Darrow got up to speak. "My friend Mr. attorney general told us that John? Our scopes knows why he was brought to court," Darrow drawled. "I also know why he was brought to court. That is because ignorance and prejudice are rampant, and the two are combined to form a powerful force."In the hot oven like Darrow like court pacing measured steps. "The teacher is attacked today," he continued. "Tomorrow it will be magazines, books and newspapers.". Before long, the society will is a kind of person and human enemies, different religious sects and the enemies of the situation, until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth Century, then if anyone dares to bring wisdom, knowledge and culture, will be bigots lit the pyre burned alive."His voice just fell, he heard a woman whispered loudly: "damn the heathen!"Second days, the prosecution began to summon witnesses to testify in court. My two students, who shyly giggled at me, testified to the court that I had told them about evolution,but added that they were not poisoned. A clever fourteen year old boy named Howard Morgan testified that I told them that humans were mammals like cows, horses, dogs and cats."He didn't say a cat was the same as a man?" Darrow asked."No, sir," said the child. "He said that people are capable of thinking." "This is not afraid of it," Darrow snorted.After the testimony of the witness, Blaine stood up to the jury. The question is simple, "he said." Christians believe that man comes from the sky, and evolutionism thinks that man must come from the ground." The spectators could not help but giggle, Blaine is getting more and more vigorously, his hand waving a biology textbook, the side of the mouth he denounced the scientists who had come to Dayton as my witness."The Bible", "his sonorous voice is" raise a hue and cry from scholars and experts, not by those who came all the way to witness out of the court. These experts came here for the purpose of advocating the theory of evolution is to prove that human ancestors from the jungle and God in secret, according to the image of the creation of human and arranged into the world view, is run parallel."The end of his speech, chin up, with shining eyes, the audience immediately broke out in cheers applause and shouts "Amen". But there seems to be something missing. The fiery fervor that Blaine had shown in the past when he swept through politics as a prairie fire has disappeared. The audience seemed to feel that their champion can not fully play its eloquence those hereticsa Petals drop and waters flow.Dadelei? How? Malone jumped up against Blaine. "Blaine is not the only person qualified to defend the Bible," he said. "In our country, there are people who devote all their lives to God and religion.". Mr. Blaine, however, enthusiastically devoted most of his life to politics." Blaine took a sip from the cup, and Malone's tone of voice grew higher and higher. He called for academic freedom and accused Blaine of deliberately stirring up a desperate duel between science and religion."No man has ever been able to fight the truth," he roared. "The truth is always winner - we are not afraid of that.". Truth needs no Mr Blaine. Truth is eternal, immortal, and does not have to rely on human strength to preserve it!"When Malone finished, there was a silence on the field, but then the court broke into a mighty storm of applause. More than just as Blaine's applause. However, although the game with Blaine Malone in the victory, the scientists decided not to judge here to testify for the defence.During the recess,We found Dayton town streets and lanes everywhere was crowded with strangers, in every corner there are some hawkers selling goods. A shop sign says: Darwin: Yes - just inside. This is little Darwin's clothing store. And a contractor rented a shop window to show an ape. Some people spend money to see the ape and wonder if they may have any origins."The poor brute with his hands over his eyes, curled up in a corner," a reporter wrote, "that is really the homologous."H L?. Mencken wearing shorts, while blowing fan, and write some spicy irony telecommunications presentation. Because of what he called "hillbilly" in the local residents, so people talk to him out of town. The twenty-two day to send a telegraph operator one hundred and sixty-five thousand word report the trial message.Because of the heat and the fear that the old court floor would collapse because of the weight of the crowd, the trial went on under the maple tree in the open. Come to view the trial of more than 2000 people, some of them sat down on a wooden bench, or squatting on the grass, some lying in a parked car on the roof, others from the window gawked looked. Then the climax of the trial arrived. Due to the limitations of the anti evolution law, the prosecution had to adhere to the position that the Bible must be interpreted literally. At this time, Darrow sprang his trump card to call Blaine as a witness for the defence. The judge was all surprised. "We want him as a witness because he is the" Bible "experts," Darrow said. As an authority on Confucian classics, his reputation is universally acknowledged."Blaine was suspicious, I do not know that the gourd in Darrow full of craft and cunning to sell what medicine, but he could not accept the challenge. For years he has been in the interpretation of "the Bible", and also worked on the "Bible" books. Even before the anti evolution laws were passed, he launched an anti Darwinian campaign in Tennessee. At this time, I saw him holding a resolute courageous is like a palm leaf fan,take it as a tuidi sword like, with vigorous strides went to witness.In the calm tone Taowen Darrow, he admitted that his "Bible" of the word, the onlookers of his passionate answer from time to time and with a warm, shouting "amen.Darrow opened the "Genesis" read: "the night all the morning were the first day." Next he asked Blaine if he believed that the sun was created in fourth days, and Blaine answered that he believed."How could there be no sun before the morning and evening?" asked darrow.Blaine mopped his bald dome in silence. Laughter broke out in the crowd, and even some devout Christians laughed. Darrow twirled his glasses, while continuing to ask questions. He asked if Blaine believed the story of Eve every word is true, Blaine replied in the affirmative."Then you have to believe that God punished the serpent will let all the snakes from the ever creeping story is true?""I believe it to be true.".""Well, then you know how the snake went before that?"The audience of the trial laughed loudly. Blaine was livid with anger and fury his voice rose, holding a fan kept shaking."Your honor," he said. "I'm going to answer all of Mr. Daro's questions at once. I want the world to know that the unbelieving man is using the courts of Tennessee to slander god......""I disagree with this statement," Darrow shouted. "I'm just testing your foolish ideas. No Christian in the world would believe your thoughts."."The judge gavel sounded stopped noise, immediately adjourned the retrial.Blaine stood there all alone. When the audience have pushed past him with Romania shake hands when my heart is sad for the heroes of the past.At noon on the second day, the jury was ordered to decide on the case. The jurymen retired to a corner of the lawn, whispered for just nine minutes, the verdict was guilty. I was fined $one hundred and paid for the lawsuit.Dadelei? How? Malone said the trial result is a "victory of the battle for me". Several southern newspapers, calling their loyalty to the hero who had lost their former glory, called the trial "Blaine's victory" and cheered it. Blaine I was sad and exhausted, after the trial had died in Dayton two days.The school asked me to go back to my former teaching position, but I declined. Several professors who have come to testify for me have secured me a scholarship to University of Chicago, so that I can continue my studies in science. Later, I became a geologist with an oil company.Not long ago, I in the trial thirty-seven years after the first return to dayton. In my eyes, the town is still in sight, but there is just one more William Jennings Blaine University, situated on a small hillside overlooking the valley below.There are a few other changes. Evolution has been taught in Tennessee, although the law that convicted me has not been repealed. By Clarence Darrow and Dadelei feld Malone set off in the small town of Dayton Court on that debate is like a storm wind through the schools and the legislature of the United States, followed by new thoughts and academic freedom in growing the.。

高英第十课修辞RHETORICMetaphor:It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 隐喻（metaphor）No one,... that may case would snowball into... 谁也不曾料到，我本人更没有料到我的这件案子竟会越闹越大，以至成为美国历史上最著名的庭审案例之一- ...our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere. 我们这个拥有一千五百人口的小镇上呈现出一派看马戏似的热闹气氛The street ...sprouted with ... 街道上突然冒出了许多摇摇晃晃的摊贩货架He thundered in his sonorous organ tones. 他用洪亮的嗓音大喊大叫道...champion had not scorched the infidels... 听众们似乎觉得他们的这位英雄没能充分发挥出应有的辩才将那些异端分子打个落花流水。

…after the preliminary sparring over legalities…履行完规定的法律诉讼程序之后Simile:...swept the political arenaa like a pr irie fire如燎原的烈火般席卷政界时...a palm fan like a sword...Metonymy:It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 转喻（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，直接联系，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。

Lesson 10 A More Perfect Nation(Part II)B ACKGROUND K NOWLEDGEJ IM C ROWB ROWN VS. B OARD OF EDUCATIONFHA mortgagesBuilding CodeReagan coalitionthe glass ceiling for womenThe O.J. trialJim Crow•The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that tended to be inferior to those provided for whiteAmericans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and socialdisadvantages. De jure segregation mainly applied to the Southern United States.Northern segregation was generally de facto, with patterns of segregation inhousing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices, and job discrimination, including discriminatory union practices for decades.•Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. The U.S. military was also segregated.•These Jim Crow Laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans with no pretense of equality. State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education.Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.Brown vs. Board of education Brown v. Board of Education(1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declaredstate laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which allowedstate-sponsored segregation. Handed down on May 17,1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherentlyunequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the civil rights movement.Legalized discrimination•Legal discrimination is an obvious correspondence between the old and new systems of control and oppression. A large percentage of black men are branded "felons" early in their lives, which subjects them to long periods, if not a lifetime, of legalized discrimination in many fields that often have to do with vital human necessities and citizenship rights. By legal and practical extensions, people around them, such as family members, are affected by legalized discrimination as well, which puts in this category a huge segment, in a sense the totality, of low income communities of color.Building Code•A building code, or building control, is a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety for constructed objects such as buildings and nonbuilding structures. The main purpose of building codes are to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the appropriate authority. The major model building codes used in the United States are developed by the International Code Council (ICC).Reagan coalition•The Reagan coalition was the combination of voters that Republican Ronald Reagan assembled to produce a major political realignment with his landslide in the 1980 United States Presidential Election. In 1980 the Reagan coalition was possible because of Democrat Jimmy Carter's losses in most social-economic groups. In 1984 Reagan confirmed his support by winning nearly 60% of the popular vote and carried 49 of the 50 states.The Reagan Democrats were Democrats before the Reagan years, andafterwards, but who voted for Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 (and for George H. W. Bush in 1988), producing their landslide victories. They were mostly white, socially conservative blue-collar workers, who lived in the Northeast, and were attracted to Reagan's social conservatism on issues such as abortion, and to his hawkish foreign policy. They did not continue to vote Republican in 1992 or 1996, so the term fell into disuse except as a reference to the 1980s. The term is not generally used to describe thesouthern whites who permanently changed party affiliation fromDemocrat to Republican during the Reagan administration, and they have largely remained Republican to this day.the glass ceiling•the glass ceiling is "the unseen, yet barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper career position, regardless of their qualifications or achievements." Initially, the metaphor applied to barriers in the careers of women but was quickly extended to refer to obstacles hindering the advancement of minority men, as well as women.The O.J. trial (line 168)•This refers to the trial of O.J. Simpson. O.J. Simpson is a retired African-American football player, broadcaster, spokesman and actor.He was charged in 1994 with murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman, both white. In 1995,Simpson was acquitted of the murder of the murder after a lengthy, internationally publicized criminal trial, which was oftencharacterized as “the trial of the century,”culminated onOctober 3, 1995 in a jury verdict of not guilty for the two murders.The verdict was seen live on TV by more than half of the U.Spopulation, making it one of the most watched events in American TV history. Immediate reaction to the verdict was notable for itsdivision along racial lines. In September 2007, Simpson wasarrested and charged with numerous felonies, including armedrobbery and kidnapping. A jury found Simpson guilty of all charges on October 3, 2008; and he was sentenced on December 5 to at least nine years in prison.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSI MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSLine45: who we see standing on street corners or languishing in our prisons.Languish: (verb) means people are forced to remain and suffer in an unpleasant situation Example: No one knows for certain how many refugees wander the world today, or languish in camps.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSL53:But it does find voice in the barbershop or the beauty shop or around the kitchen table. Barbershop: (n.)a shop where men can get their hair cut.Example: She opened up a barbershop of her own.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSL55: At times, that anger is exploited by politicians, to gin up votes along racial lines, or to make up for a politician's own failings. Gin up:(v.) arouse, evokeExample: If so, developers are happy to gin up an antidote by applying more of the same.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSL60:The fact that so many people......simply reminds us of the old truism that the most segregated......Truism:(n.)an obvious truthExample:It is a truism that we never really know the value of something until we lose it.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSLine93Talk show hosts and conservative commentators built entire careers unmasking bogus claims of racism while dismissing legitimate discussions of racial injustice and inequality as mere political correctness or reverse racism.Bogus: fraudulent; having a misleading appearance Example: The telegram turned out to have been bogus.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSLine100：A Washington dominated by lobbyists and special interests.Lobbyist: someone who is employed to persuade legislators to vote for legislation that favors the lobbyist's employerExample: Her husband is a lobbyist, and familiar with almost every senator.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSLine 145: What we have already achieved gives us hope -the audacity to hope -for what we can and must achieve tomorrow.Audacity: fearless daringExample: I admire your audacity for what others are afraid of taking this difficult task.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSBut if we do, I can tell you that in the next election, we’ll be talking about some other distraction.(para.46, line 179-180) Distraction:a thing that takes your attention away from what you are doing or thinking about.Example: I find it hard to work at home because there are too many distractions.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSline 243:or Hispanics who were coming into the country illegally.Hispanics: a person whose first language is Spanish, especially one from a Latin American country living in the US or Canada.Eg: Hispanics are people of Spanish ancestry.T EXT A NALYSISStructure•Para. 26-36 Reality: complexity of the race issue 26-33 : reality of the black community34-36: reality of the white community•Para.37-43 solution : what we (the black and the white) need toWhat the black people need to do: their current problemWhat the white people need to do•Para. 44-51 choices•Para. 52-60 a story and conclusionPara. 26-35Complexity of the racial issueRealityBlack community VS. White Community26-33 : reality of the black community•Education•Legalized discrimination•Community ---erosion of family, cycle•People ---Reverend Wright generation/young people/ those who made it / who could not made it•Emotion: angerBut we do need to remind ourselves that so many of the disparities that exist in the African-American community today can be directly traced to inequalities passed on from an earlier generation that suffered under the brutal legacy of slavery and Jim Crow.(Para. 27) The gap resulted from the long-transmitted inequality between the black and the white•Segregated schools were, and are, inferior schools; We still haven’t fixed them, fifty years after Brown v. Board of Education.(Para.28)•the inferior education they provided, then and now, helps explain the pervasive achievement gap between today’s black and white studentsPara. 29. Legalized discrimination •What is it ?•Be prevented from owning property. Loans…not access… be excluded from•What is the consequence?•The black families could not amass any meaningful wealth to bequeath to future generations•The black families could not accumulate their wealth and to pass on enough wealth to their future generations.Para. 31-32•They came of age in the late fifties and early sixties, a time when segregation was still the law of the land and opportunity was systematically constrict ed.•When these black people grew up , they found segregation was still in force and the opportunity to them were quite limited due to their colorPara. 31-32 People •What’s remarkable is not how many failed in the face of discrimination, but rather how many men and women overcame the odds, how many were able to make a way out of no way for those like me who would come after them•It is no surprising that most black people failed because of the difficult situation caused by the discrimination. It is something remarkable if any black men or women could achieve something in spite of the slim chances for the black and make a way for their later generation.Para. 31-32 People•But for all those who scratched and clawed their way to get a piece of the American Dream, there were many who didn’t make it—those who were ultimately defeated, in one way or another, by discrimination •Although there were some black people who struggled to make their dreams come true, there were millions of others who were defeated by discriminationPara. 31-32 People•That legacy of defeat was passed on to future generations—those young men and increasingly young women who we see standing on street corners or languishing in our prisons, without hope or prospects for the future.•Obama is pointing out a truth ---those who could make it is only a minority of the black population . The majority of the black people could only repeat the miserable story of their ancestor.。

第十课 The Trial that Rocked the World目录一、词汇(V ocabulary)--------------------------------------------------------------------------1二、课文解释------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5三、补充练习及答案--------------------------------------------------------------------------22一、词汇(Vocabulary)sweltering ( adj.): that swelters or suffers from the heat；very hot；sultry热得发昏的；酷热----------------------------------------------------------------------------------counsel ( n.): a lawyer or group of lawyers giving advice about legal matters and representing clients in court辩护律师；法律顾问；辩护人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------silver-tongued ( adj.): eloquent；persuasive雄辩的；口才流利的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------orator ( n.): a skilled，eloquent public speaker雄辩家----------------------------------------------------------------------------------jury ( n.): a group of people sworn to hear the evidence and inquire into the facts in a law case，and to give decision in accordance with their findings陪审团----------------------------------------------------------------------------------erupt ( v．): burst forth or out，as from some restraint进发；爆发；喷出----------------------------------------------------------------------------------clash ( n.): a sharp disagreement；conflict抵触；冲突；意见不一致；对立----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fundamentalism ( n.): religious beliefs based on a literal interpretation of everything in the Bible and regarded as fundamental to Christian faith and morals原教旨主义(相信《圣经》所记载的传统的基督教信仰，反对较为近代的教义)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------legislature ( n.): a body of persons given the responsibility and power to make laws for a country or state(esp. the lawmaking body of a state，corresponding to the U．S．Congress)立法机构(尤指美国的州议会)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prohibit ( v．): refuse to permit；forbid by law or by an order禁止；不准----------------------------------------------------------------------------------legality ( n.) : quality，condition，or instance of being legal or lawful；conformity with the law 合法性----------------------------------------------------------------------------------indict ( v．) : accuse；charge with the commission of a cime; esp. make formal accusation against on the basis of positive legal evidence usually said of the action of a grand jury控告，控诉；指控，告发，对……起诉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prosecute (v．) : institute legal proceedings against，or conduct criminal proceedings in court against对……起诉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------festoon ( v．) : adorn or hang with festoons饰以(或悬挂)花彩，结彩于----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sprout (v．) : grow or develop rapidly迅速生长，迅速发展----------------------------------------------------------------------------------rickety ( adj.) : 1iable to fall or break down because weak；shaky易倒的；易垮的；不结实的；不稳固的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------evangelist ( n.) : anyone who evangelizes(esp. a traveling preacher or a revivalist)福音传教士(尤指巡回说教者或信仰复兴者)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------exhort ( v．) : urge earnestly by advice，warning，etc．规劝，劝告，劝戒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------infidel ( n.) : a person who holds no religious belief无宗教信仰者，不信宗教者----------------------------------------------------------------------------------florid ( adj. ) : flushed with red or pink(said of the complexion)(脸色)红润的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------paunchy ( adj. ) : [derog. or humor](esp. of a man)having a fat stomach[贬或幽](尤指男性)大腹便便的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------attorney ( n.) : any person legally empowered to act as agent for. or in behalf of，another(esp. a lawyer) (被当事人授权的法律事务中的)代理人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------shrewd ( adj.) : keen—witted，clever，astute or sharp in practical affairs机敏的；精明的；伶俐的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------magnetic ( adj.) : powerfully attractive(said of a person，personality，etc．)有吸引力的；有魅力的(指人或个性等)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------steep ( v．) : immense，saturate，absorb，or imbue(esp. used as steeped锄：thoroughly filled or familiar with)沉浸；埋头于(尤用作steeped in充满着；沉湎于；精通)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------agnostic ( n.) : a person who believes that the human mind cannot know whether there is a God or an ultimate cause，or anything beyond material phenomena；atheist不可知论者----------------------------------------------------------------------------------growl (v．) : complain in an angry or surly manner牢骚满腹地说----------------------------------------------------------------------------------spar ( v. ) : wrangle or dispute争论；争吵----------------------------------------------------------------------------------drawl ( v．) : speak slowly，prolonging the vowels慢慢吞吞地说----------------------------------------------------------------------------------bigotry ( n.) : the behavior，attitude，or beliefs of a bigot：intolerance；prejudice偏执的行为(或态度、信念等)；偏执；顽固；偏见----------------------------------------------------------------------------------rampant ( adj. ) : spreading unchecked；widespread蔓延的；猖獗的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------faggot ( n.) : a bundle of sticks，twigs，or branches(esp. for use as fuel)柴捆；柴把----------------------------------------------------------------------------------contaminate ( v．) : make impure，infected，corrupt，etc．使感染，传染，毒害----------------------------------------------------------------------------------mammal ( n.) : any of a large class of warm—blooded. usually hairy vertebrates whose off springs are fed with milk secreted by female mammary glands哺乳动物----------------------------------------------------------------------------------snort ( v．) : wave，shake. or exhibit in a menacing, challenging，or exultant way(威胁地、挑战似地、狂喜地)挥舞----------------------------------------------------------------------------------denounce ( v．) : condemn strongly as evil谴责，指责，痛斥----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sonorous ( adj. ) : having a powerful，impressive sound(声音)响亮的；洪亮的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------reconcile ( adj. ) : settle(a quarrel，etc．)or compose(a difference，etc．)调解；调和；使一致；使相符----------------------------------------------------------------------------------divine ( adj. ) : given or inspired by God；holy；sacred神授的，天赐的；神圣的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fervour ( n.) : great warmth of emotion；ardor；zeal；passion热烈；热情，热心，热诚----------------------------------------------------------------------------------arena ( n.) : any sphere of struggle or conflict竞争场所；活动场所----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prairie ( n.) : a large area of level or slightly rolling grassland大草原----------------------------------------------------------------------------------scorch (v．) : char，discolor，or damage the surface of sth. by superficial burning；burn；make a caustic attack on；assail scathingly；excoriate烧焦；烤焦；挖苦；严厉指责(或批评)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pop ( v．) : [colloq．]arise；happen or arrive unexpectedly[口]突然发生，突然出现，突然来到----------------------------------------------------------------------------------duel ( n.) : any contest or encounter suggesting such a fight，usually between two persons(常指两人间的)争斗，冲突，斗争----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hush ( n.) : absence of noise；quiet；silence寂静，平静，安静；默不作声，沉默----------------------------------------------------------------------------------adjourn ( v. ) : close a session or meeting for the day or for a time休会，闭会；延期----------------------------------------------------------------------------------swarm (v．) : be filled or crowded；teem(with)充满，被挤满(常与with连用)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hawker ( n.) : a person who hawks goods in the street；peddle；huckster(沿街叫卖的)小贩----------------------------------------------------------------------------------entrepreneur ( n.) : [Fr．]a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking．assumingthe risk for the sake of the profit[法语]企业家----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ape ( n.) : any of a family(Pongidae)of large，tailless monkeys that can stand and walk in an almost erect position猿----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ponder ( v．) : weigh mentally；think deeply about；consider carefully默想；深思；考虑----------------------------------------------------------------------------------cower ( v．) : shrink and tremble，as from someone's anger，threats，or blow(因别人发怒、威胁或打击而)畏缩；发抖，哆嗦----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sulphurous ( adj.) : violently emotional；heated；fiery异常激动的；激烈的；暴怒的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------dispatch ( n.) : a news story sent to a newspaper，radio station，etc．，as by a special reporter or news agency(特派记者或新闻社发给报社、电台的)(新闻)电讯，电文，通讯----------------------------------------------------------------------------------yokel ( n.) : [a contemptuous term]a person living in a rural area；rustic；country bumpkin[贬]乡巴佬，土包子----------------------------------------------------------------------------------perch ( v．) : alight or rest on or as on a perch栖息；停歇；坐在高处----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gawk ( v．) : stare like a gawk，in a stupid way(像呆子般)呆呆地盯着，呆视----------------------------------------------------------------------------------wily ( adj.) : full of wiles；crafty；sly狡猾的；狡诈的；诡计多端的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------repel ( v．) : drive or force back；hold or ward off击退；抵挡住----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fervent ( adj.) : having or showing great warmth of feeling；intensely devoted or earnest；ardent；passionate热烈的，满怀热情的，热心的，深表热诚的；强烈的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Genesis ( n.) : the first book of the Bible，giving an account of the creation of the universe《创世纪》(《圣经·旧约》的首卷)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------snigger ( n.) : a sly，derisive，partly stifled laugh窃笑；暗笑----------------------------------------------------------------------------------twirl (v．) : rotate rapidly；spin(使)快速旋转，(使)迅速转动----------------------------------------------------------------------------------serpent ( n.) : a snake，esp. a large or poisonous one蛇(尤指大蛇或毒蛇)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------livid ( adj.) : grayish—blue；pale；lead—colored青灰色的；铅色的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------slur ( n.) : any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm someone's reputation；aspersion，reproach，stigma，etc．诽谤；污辱；诋毁，中伤，破坏……的名誉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gavel ( n.) : a small mallet rapped on the table by a presiding officer in calling for attention orsilence or by an auctioneer(会议主席、法官或拍卖商用以敲击桌子的)小木槌，议事槌----------------------------------------------------------------------------------quell ( v．) : crush；subdue；put an end to镇压；平息----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hubbub ( n.) : a confused sound of many voices；noise；uproar；tumult吵闹声，喧哗，喧嚣；鼎沸；骚动----------------------------------------------------------------------------------forlorn (adj.) : abandoned or deserted被抛弃的；被遗弃的；孤独的，寂寞的／forlornly adv．----------------------------------------------------------------------------------verdict ( n.) : the formal and unanimous finding of a jury on the matter submitted to them in a trial 裁定；判决----------------------------------------------------------------------------------conviction ( n.) : a convicting 0r being convicted证明有罪；(被)判罪；定罪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语(Expressions)adhere to : continue to obey or maintain(esp，a rule，standard or belief)坚持，忠于例：She adheres to her principles throughout her teaching career. 她在整个教学生涯中始终坚持自己的原则。

高级英语2第十课修辞总结摘要：一、引言二、高级英语2 第十课修辞学概述1.比喻2.拟人3.夸张4.反问三、修辞手法在实际英语写作中的应用1.比喻1.明喻2.隐喻2.拟人3.夸张4.反问四、修辞手法在提高英语写作效果的作用五、结论正文：【引言】高级英语2 第十课主要介绍了修辞学中的几种重要手法，包括比喻、拟人、夸张和反问。

这些修辞手法在英语写作中有着广泛的应用，能够有效地提高文章的表达效果和吸引力。

【高级英语2 第十课修辞学概述】修辞学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究如何运用各种语言手段来增强语言表达的效果。

在第十课中，我们主要学习了以下四种修辞手法：1.比喻：通过将两种本质上不同的事物进行类比，以形象生动的方式表达抽象的概念。

比喻可以分为明喻和隐喻两种。

2.拟人：将无生命的事物赋予生命和人的特征，使其具有感情、动作等。

3.夸张：对某一事物的特点进行夸大描述，以突出表现其特性。

4.反问：提出一个问题，但实际上并不需要对方回答，其目的是为了加强语气，表达说话者的观点。

【修辞手法在实际英语写作中的应用】在英语写作中，我们可以灵活运用这些修辞手法来提高文章的表达效果。

以下是一些实例：1.比喻：例如，“时间是金钱”，通过将时间和金钱进行类比，形象地表达了时间的宝贵。

2.拟人：例如，“月亮羞涩地躲在云朵后面”，将月亮赋予了人的情感和动作。

3.夸张：例如，“他饿得能吃下一头牛”，夸张地描述了他的饥饿程度。

4.反问：例如，“这难道不是一件很明显的事情吗？”通过反问加强语气，表达说话者的观点。

【修辞手法在提高英语写作效果的作用】修辞手法的运用可以使文章更加生动、有趣，增强读者的阅读兴趣。

同时，修辞手法还能够有效地传达作者的情感和观点，使文章更具说服力。

因此，学习和掌握修辞手法对于提高英语写作水平具有重要意义。

【结论】总之，高级英语2 第十课为我们介绍了四种重要的修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张和反问。

在英语写作中，我们可以灵活运用这些修辞手法来提高文章的表达效果和吸引力。