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第8卷 第6期 新 能 源 进 展Vol. 8 No. 62020年12月ADVANCES IN NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGYDec. 2020* 收稿日期：2020-07-17 修订日期：2020-09-08基金项目：广东省普通高校特色创新项目（CQ1700007）；广东省重点学科建设项目（CQ1700003）；广东省科技创新战略专项资金（大学生科技创新培育）立项项目（pdjh2020b0818）† 通信作者：林 涛，E-mail ：************.cn文章编号：2095-560X （2020）06-0455-07NCR18650A 电池的充放电温度特性与管理*林 涛1,2†，赖沛恒1，李丽雅1，韩凤琴1（1. 华南理工大学广州学院 电气工程学院，广州 510800；2. 华南理工大学 电力学院，广州 510640）摘 要：采用实验测试与数值仿真的方法对NCR18650A 三元锂电池组在1 ~ 3 C 放电和1.6 C 充电过程的温升特性进行测试，同时验证所建立电池产热模型的准确性。
结果显示，实验测试结果与电池产热模型仿真结果之间的相对误差在合理范围内，满足工程应用需求。
电池组在自然冷却的情况下，仅在1 C 放电状态下符合其最佳工作区间42.5 ~ 45.0℃的要求，3 C 放电倍率下最高温度为89.4℃。
提出并建立基于热电致冷主动热管理模型，将热电致冷组件设置在电池组上方，致冷功率为50 W 时可有效控制电池组3 C 放电过程的温度，在最佳工作区间实现电池单体温差小于5℃，抑制电池组的热失效并实现良好的均温性。
关键词：NCR18650A ；电池热管理；热电致冷；数值仿真 中图分类号：TK11 文献标志码：ADOI ：10.3969/j.issn.2095-560X.2020.06.002开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID ）：NCR18650A Battery Charging and Discharging TemperatureCharacteristics and ManagementLIN Tao 1,2, LAI Pei-heng 1, LI Li-ya 1, HAN Feng-qin 1(1. School of Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou College of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510800, China;2. School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China)Abstract: In order to analyze the temperature rise characteristics of ternary lithium battery during charging and discharging at different rates, the temperature rise characteristics of NCR18650A ternary lithium battery pack during 1-3 C discharge and 1.6 C charging process were tested by experimental test and numerical simulation, and the accuracy of the battery heat generation model was verified. The deviation between the tested result and the simulated result was within a reasonable range, meeting the requirements of engineering application. Under the condition of natural cooling, the battery pack only met the requirements of its best working range of 42.5-45.0o C under 1 C discharge state, and the maximum temperature under 3 C discharge rate was 89.4o C. In order to improve the working performance and safety of power battery, the active thermal management model of thermoelectric refrigeration was established. The thermoelectric cooling module was set above the battery pack. When the cooling power was 50 W, it can reduce the temperature of the battery pack under the 3 C discharge rate and realize that the temperature difference of the battery unit was less than 5o C, effectively suppress the thermal failure of the battery pack and achieve good temperature uniformity.Key words: NCR18650A; battery thermal management; thermoelectric refrigeration; numerical simulation0 引 言随着电动汽车强制性国家标准[1]正式发布，对动力电池的热失控、热扩散与热管理提出更加严格的要求。
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文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by the editor. I hope that after you download them, they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts,other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!锂离子电池近年来被广泛应用于电子产品、电动汽车及储能设备中，其高能量密度和长寿命使其成为最受欢迎的电池类型之一。
第49卷第6期2019年12月电池BATTERY BIMONTHLYVol.49,No.6Dec.,2019DOI：10.19535/j.1001-1579.2019.06.013防止锂离子电池组热失控蔓延的方法刘胥和,孙中伟（深圳市华宝新能源股份有限公司，广东深圳518109）摘要：对锂离子电池组单体电池之间的热量传播途径进行分析，提出阻断热量传播的措施。
使用针刺目标单体的方式引发爆燃，造成目标单体热失控，并通过蜂窝式单独腔体结构、仿熔断器的操带设计等方式来防止热失控蔓延，保证电池组的安全。
实验结果显示，目标单体在8s内断开电气连接，相邻单体无损坏、热失控无蔓延，关键词：锂离子电池组；热失控；蔓延；熔断器；安全性能中图分类号:TM912.9文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-1579（2019）06-0506-02Method for preventing thermal runaway spread of Li-ion battery packLIU Xu-he,SUN Zhong-wei(Shenzhen Hello Tech Energy Co., Ltd.,Shenzhen,Guangdong518109,China)Abstract:By analyzing the path of thermal propagation between the cells in Li-ion batteries,ways of blocking thermal propagation were suggested.The burning explosion was initiated by penetrated trigger cell with nail to made it thermal runaway,using the ways that individual cavity stmcture as honeycomb, the design of nickel strap as fuse to prevent the spread of thermal iunaway,to ensure the safety of the batteiy pack.Test results showed that trigger cell disconnected electrical connection in8s,the nearby cells had no damage,proved no spread of thermal runaway.Key words：Li-ion batteries；thermal runaway；spread；锂离子电池，尤其是三元正极材料锂离子电池，如使用不当，会发生泄漏、燃烧甚至爆炸，释放有毒气体"。
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETINR18650 Lithium-Ion BatteryLG CHEMICAL LIMITED1.Chemical Product and Company IdentificationProduct IdentificationINR18650 MJ1 (12.5Wh) Lithium-Ion BatteryManufacturerLG Chem LimitedTwin TowerYouido-Dong, Youngdeungpo-KuSeoul, KoreaEmergency Telephone Number82-2-3773-7417position InformationHazardous Ingredients % CAS Number Aluminum Foil 2-10 7429-90-5Nickel compound (proprietary) 0-80Manganese compound (proprietary) 0-15Cobalt compound (proprietary) 0-15Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber <1Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) <5 24937-79-9Copper Foil 2-10 7440-50-8Carbon (proprietary) 10-30 7440-44-0Electrolyte (proprietary) 10-20Steel, Nickel and inert materials Remainder N/A3. Hazards IdentificationPrimary routes of entrySkin contact :NOSkin absorption : NO Eye contact : NO Inhalation : NO Ingestion : NOSymptoms of exposureSkin contactNo effect under routine handling and use.Skin absorptionNo effect under routine handling and use.Eye contactNo effect under routine handling and use.InhalationNo effect under routine handling and use.Reported as carcinogen Not applicable4.First Aid MeasuresInhalationNot a health hazard.Eye contactNot a health hazard.Skin contactNot a health hazard.IngestionIf swallowed, obtain medical attention immediately.IF EXPOSURE TO INTERNAL MATERIALS WITHIN CELL DUE TO DAMAGED OUTER CASING, THE FOLLOWING ACTIONS ARE RECOMMENDED ;InhalationLeave area immediately and seek medical attention.Eye contactRinse eyes with water for 15 minutes and seek medical attention.Skin contactWash area thoroughly with soap and water and seek medical attention.IngestionDrink milk/water and induce vomiting; seek medical attention.5.Fire Fighting MeasuresGeneral HazardCell is not flammable but internal organic material will burn if the cell is incinerated. Combustion products include, but are not limited to hydrogen fluoride, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.Extinguishing MediaUse extinguishing media suitable for the materials that are burning.Special Firefighting InstructionsIf possible, remove cell(s) from fire fighting area. If heated above 125°C, cell(s) may explode/vent.Firefighting EquipmentUse NIOSH/MSHA approved full-face self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with full protective gear.6.Accidental Release MeasuresOn LandPlace material into suitable containers and call local fire/police department.In WaterIf possible, remove from water and call local fire/police department.7.Handling and StorageHandlingNo special protective clothing required for handling individual cells.StorageStore in a cool, dry place.8.Exposure Controls / Personal ProtectionEngineering controlsKeep away from heat and fire. Keep in a cool and dry place.Personal ProtectionRespiratorNot required during normal operations. SCBA required in the event of a fire.Eye/face protectionNot required beyond safety practices of employer.GlovesNot required for handling of cells.Foot protectionSteel toed shoes recommended for large container handling.9.Physical and Chemical Properties10.Stability and ReactivityReactivityNoneIncompatibilitiesThere are nothings during a normal operation. Avoid exposure to heat, open flame, and corrosives.Hazardous Decomposition ProductsThere are nothings during normal operating conditions. If cells are opened, hydrogen fluoride and carbon monoxide may be released.Conditions to AvoidAvoid exposure from heat and fire. Do not puncture, crush, and incinerate. 11.Toxicological InformationThis product does not contain elicit toxicological properties during routine handling and using.If cells are opened through misuse or damage, do discard immediately. Internal components of cell are irritants and sensitizers.12.Ecological InformationSome materials within the cell are bioaccumulative. Under normal conditions, these materials are sealed into cell, and then there is no risk to persons or the surrounding environment.13.Disposal ConsiderationsCalifornia regulated debrisRCRA Waste Code : NonregulatedDispose of according to all federal, state, and local regulations.14.Transport InformationLithium Ion batteries are considered to be "Rechargeable batteries" and meet the requirements of transportation by the U.S. Department of Transportation(DOT), the International Civil Aviation Administration(ICAO), the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code.Even classified as lithium ion batteries (UN3480), 2016 IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations 57th edition Packing Instruction 965 Section IB or II is applied.The general and additional requirements apply to all lithium ion cells and batteries prepared for transport according to this packing instruction:1) Section IB applies to lithium ion cells with a Watt-hour rating not exceeding 20Wh and lithium ion batteries with a Watt-hour rating not exceeding 100 Wh packed in quantities that exceed the allowance permitted in Section II, Table 965-II; and2) Section II applies to lithium ion cells with a Watt-hour rating not exceeding 20Wh and lithium ion batteries with a Watt-hour rating not exceeding 100 Wh packed in quantities not exceeding the allowance permitted in Section II, Table 965-II.Cells and/or batteries specified in columns 2, 3 and 4 of Table 965-II must not be combined in the same package.Each cell or battery is of the type proven to meet the requirements of each test in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria Part 3 subsection 38.3.The product has been evaluated according to the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria.15.Regulatory InformationThis product is not hazardous under the criteria of the Federal Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration(OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard.(29 CFR 1910.1200)IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations 57th Edition Effective 1 January 2016.Hazardous Non-hazardous。
新能源安全与防护18650三元锂电池组热失控蔓延规律研究刘平，崔伦，湛瑞宇，潘仁明(南京理工大学化工学院，江苏南京210094)摘要：为探究电池数量、荷电状态和电池间距对18650三 元锂电池组热失控蔓延的影响，设计并搭建了电池过充引发失控过程特征参数测量的实验平台。
结果表明：在本文实验条件下，单 粒主发电池初爆到火焰熄灭过程约13 s,且不能引发其他电池热失控；但2粒主发电池失控可引发60%S O C以上或电池间距2 m m的单粒被发电池热失控，而40%S O C或间距增至3 m m以上 的单粒被发电池未失控」由此可见，足够电量的被发电池须在主发电池失控过程中获取足够热量和热流强度才会引发失控。
由此 可推出，若电池箱内空气中含足量有效抑爆剂，能够避免明火燃烧；若增加主发与被发电池之间热阻，同样能够避免电池组的热失控蔓延:，关键词：三元锂电池组；热失控；荷电状态；电池间距中图分类号：X932;T M912 文献标志码：A文章编号：1009-0029(2021)03-0429-05锂离子动力电池因具有能量密度大、使用寿命长、自放电率低、无环境污染等性能特点，目前被广泛应用为新 能源汽车的主流动力源。
锂离子电池分为柱状和片状两大类型，其中单粒柱状电池尺寸小、储能低，相反片状电池 尺寸大、储能高。
目前，部分电动汽车使用18650锂离子 柱状电池，由于单粒电池储能十分有限，采用将多粒动力 电池通过串、并联的方式组成电池组以满足高能量的需求。
显然，此类动力电池组中的某粒或多粒电池发生热失 控对其周围电池具有较大的危险性，甚至会导致电池组的 热失控。
国内外学者针对三元锂电池热失控进行了一系列相关研究^ U m b等学者将10粒2.2 A h的18650锂电池以 串、并联方式组成电池模组，并采用针刺方式触发热失控，结果发现在并联方式下电池模组发生热失控蔓延，原因在 于并联时热失控单粒电池短路致使其他电池向其放电，最 终发生电池模组热失控。
03-Jan-202003-Jan-2020 NO:20202011Product Name wsrriors 18650 2000MAH 3.7V Lithium-ion battery warriors 18650 2000MAH 3.7V Lithium-ion battery SAFETY DATA SHEETHCS-2012 APPENDIX D TO §1910.1200Version 1Issue Date Product Name Revision date _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/MIXTURE AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKINGProduct identifierOther means of identification Product Code Voltage: 3.7VAmpere hour: 100MAHRecommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use Recommended Use Power supply Uses advised against No information availableDetails of the supplier of the safety data sheet Supplier Suzhou Xinlvzhou Electronics Co., Ltd Address No. 158 Sanji Road, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou, Jiangsu Postal Code 215131 Phone +86-512-68702665 FAX +86-512-68669435 E-mail ***********************.cnEmergency telephone number +86-512-687026652. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATIONGHS Classification Not classifiedLabel elementsSymbols/Pictograms None Signal word None Hazard Statements Not classified Precautionary Statements Prevention None Response None Storage None Disposal NoneHazards not otherwise classified (HNOC)Batteries may vent, ignite and produce sparks when subjected to high temperature, when damaged or abused(e.g., mechanical damage); may burn rapidly with flare-burning effect; may ignite other batteries in clothes proximity.This product should not present a health hazard when used under reasonable conditions. If contact with the internal components of the battery may be irritating to skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Burning batteries may produce toxic hydrogen fluoride gas. Fumes may cause dizziness or suffocation.If the battery is discarded into the environment, the harmful contents inside may be dangerous.Unknown acute toxicity No information available3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTSChemical nature MixtureChemical Name CAS No Weight-% Lithium Cobalt Oxide (CoLiO2) 12190-79-3 40Aluminum foil 7429-90-5 29Carbon black 1333-86-4 21Copper 7440-50-8 8 Phosphate(1-), hexafluoro-, lithium 21324-40-3 24. FIRST AID MEASURESDescription of first aid measuresGeneral advice No effect under routine handling and use. If exposure to internal materials withincells due to damaged outer metal casing, the following actions are recommended.Inhalation If inhaled, remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. Rinse mouthand nose with water. Get medical aid immediately. DO NOT use mouth-to-mouthresuscitation. If breathing has ceased apply artificial respiration using oxygen anda suitable mechanical device.Skin Contact In case of contact, immediately flush skin with copious amounts of water for atleast 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothingand shoes before reuse. Get medical aid.Eye contact Rinse immediately with plenty of water during at least 15-30 minutes, occasionallylifting the upper and lower eyelids. Check for and remove any contact lenses ifeasily possible. DO NOT rubbing eyes with hand. Get medical aid immediately.Ingestion Do not induce vomiting. If the injured is fully conscious: wash mouth out withwater, then give 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Never give anything by mouth to anunconscious person. Get medical aid immediately.Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayedSee Section 11 for more information.Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment neededTreat symptomatically and supportively.5. FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURESExtinguishing mediaSuitable extinguishing media Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and thesurrounding environment.Unsuitable extinguishing media No information available.Specific hazards arising from the chemicalToxic vapor may release in case of fire. Thermal shock may cause battery case to crack open. Containers may explode when heated. Firefighting water runoff and dilution water may be toxic and corrosive and may cause adverse environmental impacts. On some bad using conditions (e.g., mechanical damage, external short circuit.) and in case of a bad functioning, some electrolyte can be removed from the cell by the security vent. Exposure to the ingredients contained within the battery pack could be harmful under some circumstances.Protective equipment and precautions for firefightersAs in any fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent) and full protective gear. Evacuate personnel to safe areas.6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURESPersonal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures_____________________________________________________________________________________________Toxic vapor may release in case of fire. Thermal shock may cause battery case to crack open. Containers may explode when heated. Firefighting water runoff and dilution water may be toxic and corrosive and may cause adverse environmental impacts. On some bad using conditions (e.g., mechanical damage, external short circuit.) and in case of a bad functioning, some electrolyte can be removed from the cell by the security vent. Exposure to the ingredients contained within the battery pack could be harmful under some circumstances.Methods and material for containment and cleaning upAvoid dispersal of spilled material and runoff and contact with soil, water ways, drains and sewers.Remove all sources of ignition or heat. Stop leak if safe to do so. Move containers from spill area. Carefully collect undamaged batteries in a clean, dry and appropriate container for reuse or disposal. If electrolyte leaks or spills, collect all released material in an appropriate container before proper disposal.7. HANDLING AND STORAGEPrecautions for safe handlingThis product should be stored, handled and used in accordance with good industrial hygiene practices and in conformity with any legal regulation. Eating, drinking and smoking should be prohibited in areas where this material is handled, stored and processed. Wash hands, forearms and face thoroughly after handling chemical products, before eating, smoking and using the lavatory and at the end of the working period.Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilitiesStore in a cool and dry area, but prevent condensation on cell or battery terminals. High temperature may damage the performance of the battery. Protect from physical damage and short circuits. To avoid risk of fire or explosion, keep sparks and other sources of ignition away from the battery. Do not allow metal objects to simultaneously contact both positive and negative terminal of batteries. Do not stack battery directly on another battery. Do not store batteries on electrically conductive surfaces.8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTIONControl parametersChemical Name ACGIH TLV OSHA PEL NIOSH IDLH Denmark European Union Lithium Cobalt Oxide(CoLiO2) (CAS #:12190-79-3)TWA: 0.02 mg/m3Co - - TWA: 0.01 mg/m3-Aluminum foil (CAS #: 7429-90-5)TWA: 1 mg/m3respirable fractionTWA: 15 mg/m3 totaldustTWA: 5 mg/m3respirable fraction(vacated) TWA: 15mg/m3 total dust(vacated) TWA: 5mg/m3respirablefraction (vacated)TWA: 5 mg/m3 AlAluminumTWA: 10 mg/m3total dustTWA: 5 mg/m3respirable dust TWA: 5mg/m3AlTWA: 5 mg/m3TWA: 2 mg/m3-Carbon black (CAS #: 1333-86-4)TWA: 3 mg/m3inhalable fraction- IDLH: 1750 mg/m3TWA: 3.5 mg/m3TWA: 0.1 mg/m3Carbon black inpresence of Polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbonsPAHTWA: 3.5 mg/m3-Copper (CAS #: 7440-50-8) TWA: 0.2 mg/m3fume TWA: 1 mg/m3Cu dust and mist - IDLH: 100 mg/m3dust, fume and mistIDLH: 100 mg/m3 Cudust and mistTWA: 1 mg/m3 dustand mistTWA: 0.1 mg/m3fume TWA: 1 mg/m3Cu dust and mistTWA: 1.0 mg/m3TWA: 0.1 mg/m3-Phosphate(1-), hexafluoro-,lithium (CAS #: 21324-40-3)TWA: 2.5 mg/m3F - - TWA: 2.5 mg/m3-_____________________________________________________________________________________________Chemical Name Latvia France Finland Germany Italy Lithium Cobalt Oxide(CoLiO2) (CAS #:12190-79-3)- TWA: 0.02 mg/m3Skin -Aluminum foil (CAS #: 7429-90-5) TWA: 2 mg/m3TWA: 10 mg/m3TWA: 5 mg/m3TWA: 1.5 mg/m3 TWA:4mg/m3TWA: 1.5 mg/m3-Carbon black (CAS #: 1333-86-4) TWA: 3.5 mg/m3 TWA:3.5mg/m3STEL: 7 mg/m3Skin -Copper (CAS #: 7440-50-8) TWA: 0.5 mg/m3STEL: 1 mg/m3TWA: 0.2 mg/m3TWA: 1 mg/m3STEL: 2 mg/m3TWA: 1 mg/m3TWA: 0.1 mg/m3TWA: 0.01 mg/m3Ceiling / Peak: 0.02mg/m3 Ceiling / Peak:0.2 mg/m3-Phosphate(1-), hexafluoro-, lithium (CAS #: 21324-40-3) - - TWA: 1 mg/m3Skin-Chemical Name Poland Portugal Spain Switzerland NetherlandsAluminum foil (CAS #: 7429-90-5) TWA: 2.5 mg/m3TWA: 1.2 mg/m3TWA: 10 mg/m3 TWA:5 mg/m3TWA: 10 mg/m3 TWA:5 mg/m3TWA: 3 mg/m3-Copper (CAS #: 7440-50-8) - - - - TWA: 0.1 mg/m3 Chemical Name Norway United Kingdom Australia Austria BelgiumLithium Cobalt Oxide (CoLiO2) (CAS #:12190-79-3) TWA: 0.02 mg/m3STEL: 0.02 mg/m3- - Skin -Aluminum foil (CAS #: 7429-90-5) TWA: 5 mg/m3STEL: 5 mg/m3STEL: 30 mg/m3STEL: 12 mg/m3TWA: 10 mg/m3TWA: 4 mg/m310 mg/m35 mg/m3STEL 20 mg/m3TWA: 10 mg/m3-Carbon black (CAS #: 1333-86-4) TWA: 3.5 mg/m3STEL: 3.5 mg/m3- 3 mg/m3- -Copper (CAS #: 7440-50-8) TWA: 0.1 mg/m3TWA: 1 mg/m3STEL: 0.1 mg/m3STEL: 1 mg/m3- 1 mg/m30.2 mg/m3STEL 4 mg/m3STEL 0.4 mg/m3TWA: 1 mg/m3TWA: 0.1 mg/m3-Phosphate(1-), hexafluoro-,lithium (CAS #: 21324-40-3)- - 2.5 mg/m3- -Appropriate engineering controlsGeneral room ventilation is sufficient during normal use and handing. Do not install these batteries in sealed, unventilated areas. Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash facility and a safety shower.Remove jewelry, rings, watches and any other metallic objects while working on battery. All tools should insulate to avoid the possibility of shorting connections. DO NOT lay tools on top of the battery. The work area should be equipped with the corresponding species and quantity of fire equipment and leakage emergency equipment. Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipmentRespiratory protection If exposure limits are exceeded or irritation is experienced, NIOSH/MSHAapproved respiratory protection should be worn. Positive-pressure supplied airrespirators may be required for high airborne contaminant concentrations.Respiratory protection must be provided in accordance with current localregulations.Hand Protection Under normal condition of use and handling no special protection is required forsealed battery. In the event of battery case breakage, should be wear appropriatesafety gloves.Eye/face protection Under normal condition of use and handling no special protection is required forsealed battery. Use appropriate safety glasses when there is the risk of splash.Skin and body protection Under normal condition of use and handling no special protection is required forsealed battery. It is recommended to wear appropriate protective clothing whenthe battery case is broken.9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIESInformation on basic physical and chemical properties_____________________________________________________________________________________________Appearance SolidColor Black Array Odor OdorlessOdor Threshold Not determinedpH Not determinedMelting point/freezing point Not determinedBoiling point / boiling range Not determinedFlash point Not determinedEvaporation rate Not determinedFlammability (solid) Not flammableFlammability Limit in Air Not applicableVapor Pressure Not determinedVapor density Not applicableDensity Not determinedRelative density Not determinedBulk density Not determinedSpecific gravity Not determinedWater solubility Insoluble in waterPartition coefficient (LogPow) Not determinedAutoignition temperature Not applicableDecomposition temperature Not determinedKinematic viscosity Not determinedDynamic viscosity Not determinedExplosive properties Not an explosiveOxidizing properties Not determinedOther informationNo information available10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITYReactivityStable under recommended storage and handling conditions (see SECTION 7, handling and storage).Chemical stabilityStable under normal conditions.Possibility of Hazardous ReactionsWhen a battery cell is exposed to an external short-circuit, crushed, modification, high temperature, open flames, it will be the cause of heat generation and ignition.Conditions to avoidExposed to an external short-circuit, crushed, modification, high temperature, open flames, incompatible materials, direct sunlight and high humidity.Incompatible materialsConductive materials, water, seawater, strong oxidants, strong acid, strong bases, etc.Hazardous Decomposition ProductsIn case of a fire or high temperature, metal oxides and irritating/harmful fumes/smoke may be generated.11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATIONInformation on likely routes of exposureInhalation No effect under routine handling and use for sealed battery. If battery is broken,inhale fume and dust may cause upper respiratory irritation and lung irritation._____________________________________________________________________________________________Eye contact No effect under routine handling and use for sealed battery. Exposure to theelectrolyte contained inside the battery may result in irritation.Skin Contact No effect under routine handling and use for sealed battery. Exposure to theelectrolyte contained inside the battery may result in chemical burns.Ingestion No effect under routine handling and use for sealed battery. Harmful if swallowedthe electrolyte contained inside the battery. Exposure to the electrolyte containedinside the battery may cause irritation to mouth, esophagus and gastrointestinalsystem.Information on toxicological effectsAcute toxicityChemical Name Oral LD50 Dermal LD50 Inhalation LC50 Carbon black (CAS #:1333-86-4)> 8000 mg/kg (rat) > 3000 mg/kg (Rabbit) -Copper (CAS #: 7440-50-8) > 2500 mg/kg bw(rat) > 2000 mg/kg bw(rat) =1.03 mg/L/4 h(rat)Skin corrosion/irritationNo effect under routine handling and use for sealed battery. Exposure to the electrolyte contained inside the battery may result in chemical burns.Serious eye damage/eye irritationNo effect under routine handling and use for sealed battery. Exposure to the electrolyte contained inside the battery may result in irritation.SensitizationNo sensitization responses were observed.Germ cell mutagenicityNo information availableCarcinogenicityChemical Name ACGIH IARC NTP OSHA Lithium Cobalt Oxide(CoLiO2) (CAS #:12190-79-3)A3 Group 2B - -Carbon black (CAS #:1333-86-4)A3 Group 2B - -Reproductive toxicityNo information availableSTOT - single exposureNo information availableSTOT - repeated exposureNo information availableAspiration hazardNo information available12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATIONEcotoxicityChemical Name Algae/aquatic plants EC50 Fish LC50 Crustacea EC50Lithium Cobalt Oxide (CoLiO2) (CAS #: 12190-79-3) - 275 mg/L/96h(Fundulusheteroclitus)-_____________________________________________________________________________________________2016 Edition, including the passing of the UN38.3 test ID:1118010201.965 of 61th DGR Manual of IATA( 2019 edition )or special provision188 of IMDG CODE (Amdt37-14)_____________________________________________________________________________________________Copper (CAS #: 7440-50-8)0.031 - 0.054 mg/L/96h Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata static 0.0426 - 0.0535 mg/L/72h Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata static 1.25: 96 h Lepomis macrochirus mg/L LC50 static 0.3: 96 hCyprinus carpio mg/L LC50semi-static 0.8: 96 h Cyprinus carpio mg/L LC50 static 0.112:96 h Poecilia reticulata mg/LLC50 flow-through 0.0068 - 0.0156: 96 h Pimephales promelas mg/L LC50 0.3: 96 h Pimephales promelas mg/L LC50 static 0.2: 96 h Pimephales promelas mg/L LC50 flow-through 0.052: 96 h Oncorhynchus mykiss mg/LLC50 flow-through-Persistence and degradability No information availableBioaccumulative potential No information availableMobility in soilNo information availableOther adverse effects No information available13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONSWaste treatment methods Disposal of wastesDisposal should be in accordance with applicable regional, national and local laws and regulationsContaminated packaging Dispose of in accordance with federal, state and local regulationsChemical NameCalifornia Hazardous Waste StatusLithium Cobalt Oxide (CoLiO2)12190-79-3 ToxicAluminum foil 7429-90-5 Ignitable powderCopper 7440-50-8Toxic14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION15. REGULATORY INFORMATIONInternational InventoriesLabel for conveyance: Lithium Battery Label, Class 9UN Number: UN3480Packaging Group: N/A EmS No: 4.1-06Marine pollutantÿNo Proper Shipping name: Lithium ion batteries Hazard Classification: The goods shall be complied with the requirements of Section IBof Packing InstructionsRevision date 03-Jan-2020 Issue Date 03-Jan-2020_____________________________________________________________________________________________Component AICS DSL/NDSL EINECS/ELINCSENCS IECSC KECL PICCS TSCA Lithium Cobalt Oxide (CoLiO2) 12190-79-3 ( 40% )X X XX X X - X Aluminum foil 7429-90-5 ( 29% ) X X X Expect X X X X Carbon black 1333-86-4 ( 21% )X X X X X X X X Copper7440-50-8 ( 8% ) X X X Expect X X X X Phosphate(1-), hexafluoro-, lithium 21324-40-3 ( 2% )XXXXXXXX"-" Not Listed"X" ListedUS Federal Regulations SARA 313Chemical NameSARA 313 - Threshold Values %Aluminum foil - 7429-90-51.0SARA 311/312 Hazard Categories Not applicableCWA (Clean Water Act)Chemical Name CWA - ReportableQuantitiesCWA - Toxic PollutantsCWA - Priority PollutantsCWA - Hazardous SubstancesCopper 7440-50-8-XX-CERCLA Not applicableUS State RegulationsCalifornia Proposition 65Chemical Name California Proposition 65Carbon black - 1333-86-4CarcinogenU.S. State Right-to-Know RegulationsChemical NameNew JerseyMassachusettsPennsylvaniaLithium Cobalt Oxide (CoLiO2)12190-79-3 X--Aluminum foil 7429-90-5 X X X Carbon black 1333-86-4 X X - Copper 7440-50-8X X - Phosphate(1-), hexafluoro-, lithium21324-40-3X--16. OTHER INFORMATIONRevision Note Revision Note Not applicableKey or legend to abbreviations and acronyms used in the safety data sheet TWA - TWA (time-weighted average)STEL - STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)Ceiling - Maximum limit valueTSCA - United States Toxic Substances Control Act Section 8(b) InventoryDSL/NDSL - Canadian Domestic Substances List/Non-Domestic Substances ListEINECS/ELINCS - European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances/European List of Notified Chemical Substances ENCS - Japan Existing and New Chemical SubstancesIECSC - China Inventory of Existing Chemical SubstancesKECL - Korean Existing and Evaluated Chemical SubstancesPICCS - Philippines Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical SubstancesAICS - Australian Inventory of Chemical SubstancesDisclaimerThe information provided in this Material Safety Data Sheet is correct to the best of our knowledge, information and belief at the date of its publication. The information given is designed only as a guidance for safe handling, use, processing, storage, transportation, disposal and release and is not to be considered a warranty or quality specification. The information relates only to the specific material designated and may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other materials or in any process, unless specified in the text.-------- End of Safety Data Sheet --------_____________________________________________________________________________________________。
18650型锂离子动力电池热特性研究冯能莲;马瑞锦;陈龙科【摘要】To research the thermal security of lithium-ion power battery used in electric vehicles, with 3.2 Ah lithium-ion power battery as the research object, a three-dimensional mathematical model was built to analyse the thermal characteristic of lithium-ion power battery in the state of different discharge rates and different ambient temperature by the simulation and experiment temperature on the thermal characteristics of lithium-ion power battery were investigated. The results illustrate that temperature rising curve of the lithium-ion battery is nonlinear, the temperature rise rate increases obviously at the end of discharge; the temperature rising and temperature rising rate increase with the increasing of the charge/discharge rate; their temperature variation trends are basically the same, so the mathematical model can accurately describe the thermal behavior of the lithium-ion battery. The simulation and experimental analysis of thermal characteristics of lithium-ion battery could provide abundant data basis for studying temperature rising of battery pack and design of thermal management system.%针对电动汽车用锂离子动力电池热特性,以3.2Ah锂离子动力电池为研究对象,建立了锂离子动力电池的热模型.分别对锂离子单体电池在不同放电倍率、不同环境温度下的热特性进行了仿真和实验.结果表明,锂离子电池温升呈现非线性特征,在放电末期温升速率明显增大;锂离子电池的温升和温升速率随着放电倍率的增大而增大;仿真温度和实验温度变化趋势基本一致,说明所建立的数学模型能够较准确地描述锂离子单体电池放电过程热行为.进行锂离子单体电池热特性仿真和分析,可以为热管理系统设计提供依据.【期刊名称】《电源技术》【年(卷),期】2019(043)004【总页数】4页(P564-567)【关键词】电动汽车;锂离子动力电池;数学模型;热特性;热管理【作者】冯能莲;马瑞锦;陈龙科【作者单位】北京工业大学环境与能源工程学院,北京 100124;北京工业大学环境与能源工程学院,北京 100124;新能科技香港有限公司,中国香港 999077【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM912锂离子电池具有工作电压高、能量密度高、能量效率高、自放电率小、循环寿命长、无记忆效应等优点[1-2]，广泛应用于电动汽车。
18650圆柱形电芯的产热行为研究王子缘;张国庆;高冠勇;吕又付【摘要】随着新能源汽车的不断发展,提高动力电池运行时的热安全性倍受关注.通过实验方法测试出18650单体电芯在恒流1 C放电倍率下的电压、电流、温度及时间数据,通过能量守恒估算电芯的理论产热值为3901.51 J,并且计算出电芯的平均比热容与平均发热功率分别为5.37 J/(g·K)与1.08 W.同时采用计算机仿真的方式，模拟出18650电池在1 C恒流放电时的表面/截面温度云图,与实验得出的数据对比并进行验证，实现其最高温度的误差值小于等于1℃,为后续的电动汽车热灾害评估打下理论基础.%With the continuous development of new energy vehicles, increasing the thermal safety of the power battery attracts more attention. The data of current, voltage, temperature and time of the 18650 single cell are tested under the constant current 1 C discharge rate, the theoretical calorific value of the cell estimated to be 3 901.51 J based on law of conservation of energy, and the average specific heat and the average heating power is calculated through experimental method to be respectively 5.37 J/(g·K) and 1.08 W. At the same time, the surface/section temperature image of the 18650 single cell through 1 C constant current discharge is simulated by the way of computer simulation. Compared with the experimental data and verified, the error of the maximum temperature is less than or equal to 1℃, which lays a theoretical foundation for the follow-up evaluation of the electric vehicle thermal disaster.【期刊名称】《广东工业大学学报》【年(卷),期】2017(034)001【总页数】5页(P45-49)【关键词】电芯产热;热安全;能量守恒【作者】王子缘;张国庆;高冠勇;吕又付【作者单位】广东工业大学材料与能源学院，广东广州 510006;广东工业大学材料与能源学院，广东广州 510006;广东工业大学材料与能源学院，广东广州510006;广东工业大学材料与能源学院，广东广州 510006【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TK112电动汽车由于车内体积空间限制且电池在特定环境需要超高倍率放电，存在发热安全隐患. 另外，近年来电动汽车在续航、安全性等方面屡屡出现问题. 国内对电动汽车动力电池往往更加注重容量的高密度，电动汽车在行驶过程中，动力电池放电电流波动起伏，特别是在启动、加速等情况电流变化较大且产热不均衡[1]. 过热、燃烧、爆炸等安全问题一直是电池安全性的重点，热量的产生与迅速堆积必然引起电池内部温度升高，尤其在高温环境下使用或者在大电流充放电时，可能会引发电池内部发生剧烈的化学反应[2]，产生大量的热，若热量来不及散出而在电池内部迅速积聚，电池可能会出现漏液、放气、冒烟等现象，严重时发生剧烈燃烧甚至爆炸.在锂离子电池运行工况下，随着外界热和电扰动，放热反应不断进行[3]，温度不断上升，当达到电池内部特定材料的相应温度点时会激发新的放热反应，从而迫使温度继续上升[4-5]，如图1所示. 无节制地使用锂离子电池严重影响其充放电性能、循环寿命以及燃烧、爆炸等热安全问题，制约着电动汽车用锂离子电池的发展[6-8].本文通过实验测试手段，测量18650单体电芯的充放电数据，采用计算机积分方式估算出电池的理论产热并且通过该值计算出电芯的平均比热与平均发热功率，为后续的热灾害评估打下基础[9].1.1 实验平台搭建采用CMICR18650F8电芯，电压和电容量分别为3.7 V和2 600 mAh，重量为46 g，用厚度为10 mm的隔热材料进行包裹，见图2. T型PFA热电偶线通过温度巡检仪测电芯表面温度，如图3所示，探头置于电池正负极中间表面处. 采用的设备分别有型号为BK-3096LP/20的蓝奇固态锂电池自动检测化成设备，ADAM-4118温度测试模块，台式电脑以及直流稳压电源.1.2 测试方法电池的中部表面布置了热电偶，电池两头焊15 mm长镍片，镍片上焊接AWG16导线，导线长约200 mm，上述组合用0.1 mm厚的PVC热缩膜套紧绝缘. 图4表示采用直流稳压电源对电芯进行0.5 C充电，充电过程经历恒流再恒压过程，充电时间为133.76 min. 充满后搁置30 min，采用固态锂电池自动检测化成设备对电芯进行1 C/3 C放电，在常温中进行，见图5.对于双电解液电池，忽略混合焓值变化以及相变过程的影响，为简化计算，电池的反应热用Qr来表示[10]；由电池极化引起的能量损失用Qp来表示；电池内存在着副反应，典型的副反应是电解液的分解和自放电，副反应引起的能量损失用Qs 表示；电池存在着电阻，产生焦耳热Qj[11-14]. 所以，一个电池总热源可表示为本文通过实验测试的方法，分析处理18650电芯在运行过程中时间与电流/电压的关系，作出电池瞬时功率与时间的曲线图P-T，然后对其积分算出有效面积，估算出电池的实际总产热值，该过程需要准备两份文件，分别是电池放电温度数据以及电池放电电流电压特性数据，采集的时间间隔一致[15-17].2.1 放电时间与压降分析对CMICR18650F8单体电芯进行0.5 C充电，1 C/3 C放恒流放电，其电流电压特性曲线见图6.从图6可看出电芯的恒流稳压充电平台稳定，总耗时133.76 min，充入总电量为2 600 mAh. 在1 C恒流放电倍率下，电芯截止电压下降至2.75 V，放出总电量2 600 mAh，总耗时60.37 min. 3 C放电倍率下，总耗时5.43 min，放出电量700 mAh，电芯无法高倍率放电，下面采用1 C恒流放电数据进行电池产热行为分析.2.2 放电时间与电芯温度分析对单体电芯进行充放电的实时温度采集，作出时间-温度曲线图，见图7.从图7能清晰地看出电芯在1 C恒流放电倍率下的温度特性，其中放电持续60.37 min，最高温度达到47.6 ℃，放电前后最大温差可达15.8 ℃，环境温度恒定在(33±0.5) ℃波动. 由比热容公式根据后续的电池总产热，算出电池的理论平均比热容[18-19].2.3 放电时间与瞬时功率分析处理电芯放电时间与电流/电压的关系，作出电池瞬时功率与时间的曲线然后对其积分算出有效面积，估算出电池的实际总产热值，详细见图8.从图8曲线，用瞬时功率(W)对时间(min)积分，采用计算机积分的方式可算出曲线所包围的面积ABCD即为1 C放电情况下电子负载（固态锂电池自动检测化成设备）实际功耗Qt.从热力学第一定律可得，电池产热值理论上可视为电池标称总功与电子负载实际功耗之差，再扣除电池剩余电量. 电池标称总功为其中U表示电池充电结束搁置15 min后的电压值，∆U表示电池1 C放电起步时的压降值，实验值(U-∆U)=3.81 V，代入计算得35 881.51 J. 电池剩余电量Q剩余代表电芯在放电后电芯本身的剩余电量，1 C放电后电芯的剩余电量在电池行业内可忽略不计，所以电池总产热理论值为3 901.51 J. 从热量角度考虑电池产热为其中欧姆内阻可从内阻仪测量得出, 极化内阻小于欧姆内阻，因此这种产热估算研究方式合理，可做参考. 其平均比热容C平均计算得5.37 J/(g·K). 单体电池平均发热功率Pr为电池发热量与发热总时长的比值为1.08 W.3.1 能量守恒与控制方程对于单体电池自身的吸热量，由于电池材料以及结构复杂，视为各向异性，导热非常复杂，在直角坐标系中沿坐标轴x、y、z的热流密度可表示为：质量守恒定律：动量守恒定律：能量守恒定律：对流换热系数方程：3.2 计算分析根据上述实验平台的搭建思路以及测试数据，整理出该实验对象18650单体电池的相关热物理参数，见表1.采用三维瞬态导热模型，根据上述两章实验平台搭建与实验工况选取确定边界条件，得出18650单体电池1 C放电的温度云图.从图9、10可以看出，18650电池在规定的边界条件下以1 C倍率的恒流放电，电池放热，表面的最高温度达48.3 ℃，沿着z轴方向温度呈降低趋势，最低为46.2 ℃. 温度分布规定符合实验值，其中电池在1 C放电下表面最高温度的实验值与模拟值的误差小于等于1 ℃，可作对照分析.本文采用18650单体电芯恒流放电测试的方式，分别采集了电流、电压、温度及时间数据. 研究表明，单体电芯在环境温度为(33±5) ℃，不受外部条件干涉下1 C 放电平台趋于稳定，温度特性为Tmax=47.6 ℃，最大温差∆Tmax接近16 ℃，电芯产热行为明显. 处理电芯放电时间与电流/电压的关系，作出电池瞬时功率与时间的曲线，采用计算机积分方式可算出曲线包围的面积，根据热力学第一定律及能量守恒，估算出电芯在1 C恒流放电下的总产热量为3 901.51 J，其平均比热容为5.37 J/(g·K)，平均发热功率为1.08 W，同时采用的计算机仿真的方式，模拟出18650电池在1 C恒流放电时的表面/截面温度云图，与实验得出的数据对比并进行验证，实验其最高温度的误差在1 ℃之内，为后续的电动汽车热灾害评估打下理论基础.【相关文献】[1]饶中浩, 张国庆. 电池热管理[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2015, 7-8.[2]RAO Z H, ZHAO Y M, HUANG C L, et al. 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