Principal direction linear oracle for gene expression ensemble classification
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oracle 循环方法-回复Oracle是一种关系型数据库管理系统,它提供了一种称为循环方法的功能,通过循环方法可以对一组数据进行重复的操作。
循环方法是在Oracle中实现迭代的一种方法,可以用于处理大量数据、执行重复任务以及进行数据的分析和转换。
在Oracle中,循环方法主要通过两种方式来实现,即使用循环语句或使用游标。
第一种方法是使用循环语句,Oracle提供了几种不同的循环语句,其中最常用的是FOR循环语句和WHILE循环语句。
FOR循环语句的语法结构如下:FOR loop_counter IN [REVERSE] lower_bound..upper_bound LOOP statements;END LOOP;其中,loop_counter是循环计数器,lower_bound和upper_bound是循环的起始和结束值。
在每次循环迭代中,statements中的代码将被执行一次。
例如,下面的代码演示了使用FOR循环语句计算1到10之间所有整数的和:DECLAREtotal_number NUMBER := 0;BEGINFOR i IN 1..10 LOOPtotal_number := total_number + i;END LOOP;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Sum of numbers from 1 to 10: 'total_number);END;运行上述代码后,将输出结果为“Sum of numbers from 1 to 10: 55”,即1到10之间所有整数的和为55。
除了FOR循环语句,Oracle还提供了WHILE循环语句。
WHILE循环语句的作用是在满足一定条件的情况下进行循环迭代。
其语法结构如下:WHILE condition LOOPstatements;EXIT WHEN condition;END LOOP;其中,condition是一个逻辑表达式,statements是需要执行的代码。
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Oracle数据库的完整性约束规则详解完整性约束用于增强数据的完整性,Oracle提供了5种完整性约束:完整性约束是一种规则,不占用任何数据库空间。
完整性约束存在数据字典中,在执行SQL或PL/SQL期间使用。
用户可以指明约束是启用的还是禁用的,当约束启用时,他增强了数据的完整性,否则,则反之,但约束始终存在于数据字典中。
禁用约束,使用ALTER语句:或如果要重新启用约束:删除约束:或Check 约束在数据列上Check 约束需要一个特殊的布尔条件或者将数据列设置成TRUE,至少一个数据列的值是NULL,Check约束用于增强表中数据内容的简单的商业规则。
用户使用Check约束保证数据规则的一致性。
Check约束可以涉及该行同属Check约束的其他数据列但不能涉及其他行或其他表,或调用函数SYSDATE, UID,USER,USERENV。
如果用户的商业规则需要这类的数据检查,那么可以使用触发器。
Check约束不保护LOB数据类型的数据列和对象、嵌套表、VARRY、ref等。
单一数据列可以有多个Check约束保护,一个Check约束可以保护多个数据列。
创建表的Check约束使用CREATE TABLE语句,更改表的约束使用ALTER TABLE语句。
语法:Check约束可以被创建或增加为一个表约束,当Check约束保护多个数据列时,必须使用表约束语法。
约束名是可选的并且如果这个名字不存在,那么oracle将产生一个以SYS_开始的唯一的名字。
例:NOT NULL约束NOT NULL约束应用在单一的数据列上,并且他保护的数据列必须要有数据值。
缺省状况下,ORACLE允许任何列都可以有NULL值。
某些商业规则要求某数据列必须要有值,NOT NULL约束将确保该列的所有数据行都有值。
例:对于NOT NULL的ALTER TABLE语句与其他约束稍微有点不同。
唯一性约束(Unique constraint)唯一性约束可以保护表中多个数据列,保证在保护的数据列中任何两行的数据都不相同。
oracle函数写法“Oracle函数写法”是Oracle数据库开发人员经常要面对的问题。
Oracle函数是Oracle数据库开发人员使用的最主要的功能组成部分,它可以提供多种功能,包括查询处理、记录集操作、流程控制等。
因此,熟练掌握Oracle函数的写法并能在不同的环境中组合和使用它们,对于Oracle数据库开发人员来说是至关重要的。
Oracle数据库支持一系列内置函数,其中包括字符串函数、数值函数、日期函数、聚合函数等,它们具有不同的特性和用法,给Oracle数据库开发人员提供了良好的数据库处理能力。
Oracle函数可以用SQL或PL/SQL编程语言编写,从而实现数据库功能的实现。
Oracle函数编写时,可以使用不同类型、不同程度的参数,根据实际情况创建合适的函数。
SQL语句中使用Oracle函数时,可以在SELECT或FROM子句中使用,也可以在WHERE子句或HAVING子句中使用。
SQL语言中也有许多自定义函数,可以根据用户的要求编写,以实现不同的功能。
PL/SQL是面向过程的程序语言,支持类似于SQL的语句结构,可以在其中定义和使用Oracle函数。
例如,可以使用IF和UNLESS 语句完成条件判断,用FOR LOOP完成循环操作,用WHILE LOOP完成重复操作等。
Oracle函数的写法不仅要考虑语法,还要考虑性能,以实现更好的数据库性能。
如果函数引用大量记录,应尽量使用性能优化方法,如建立索引、合并子查询等;如果函数也可以采用递归法,或者采用适当的算法,以提高计算效率。
此外,Oracle数据库开发人员还需要关注Oracle函数的安全性。
Oracle函数可以执行许多不同的操作,如操作用户访问数据库,这些操作应授权后才能执行,以确保函数能够安全地运行。
Oracle函数是Oracle数据库开发人员需要掌握的重要技能之一,正确熟练的掌握Oracle函数的写法,有助于实现功能而又提高性能,充分发挥Oracle数据库强大的处理能力。
absolute value 绝对值acceptable region 接受域additivity 可加性alternative hypothesis 对立假设analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析arithmetic mean 算术平均值association 相关性assumption checking 假设检验availability 有效度band 带宽bar chart 条形图beta-distribution 贝塔分布between groups 组间的binomial distribution 二项分布binomial test 二项检验center of gravity 重心central tendency 中心趋势hi-square distribution 卡方分布chi-square test 卡方检验classify 分类cluster analysis 聚类分析coefficient 系数coefficient of correlation 相关系数collinearity 共线性components 构成,分量compound 复合的confidence interval 置信区间consistency 一致性continuous variable 连续变量control charts 控制图correlation 相关covariance 协方差covariance matrix 协方差矩阵critical point 临界点critical value 临界值cross tab 列联表cubic term 三次项cumulative distribution function 累加分布函数curve estimation 曲线估计default 默认的deleted residual 剔除残差density function 密度函数dependent variable 因变量design of experiment 试验设计df.(degree of freedom) 自由度diagnostic 诊断discrete variable 离散变量discriminant function 判别函数discriminatory analysis 判别分析D-optimal design D-优化设计effects of interaction 交互效应eigenvalue 特征值equal size 等含量estimation of parameters 参数估计estimations 估计量exact value 精确值expected value 期望值exponential指数的exponential distribution 指数分布extreme value 极值factor analysis 因子分析factor score 因子得分factorial designs 析因设计factorial experiment 析因试验fitted line 拟合线fitted value 拟合值fixed variable 固定变量fractional factorial design 部分析因设计F-test F检验full factorial design 完全析因设计gamma distribution 伽玛分布geometric mean 几何均值harmonic mean 调和均值heterogeneity 不齐性histogram 直方图homogeneity 齐性homogeneity of variance 方差齐性hypothesis test 假设检验independence独立independent variable 自变量independent-samples 独立样本index of correlation 相关指数interclass correlation 组内相关interval estimate 区间估计inverse 倒数的iterate 迭代kurtosis 峰度large sample problem 大样本问题least-significant difference 最小显著差数least-square estimation 最小二乘估计least-square method 最小二乘法level of significance 显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life test 寿命试验likelihood function 似然函数likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear estimator 线性估计linear model 线性模型linear regression 线性回归linear relation 线性关系linear term 线性项logarithmic 对数的logarithms 对数lost function 损失函数main effect 主效应matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值maximum likelihood estimation 极大似然估计mean squared deviation(MSD) 均方差mean sum of square 均方和measure 衡量media 中位数M-estimator M估计minimum 最小值missing values 缺失值mixed model 混合模型mode 众数Monte Carle method 蒙特卡罗法moving average移动平均值multicollinearity 多元共线性multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlation coefficient 复相关系数multiple correlation coefficient 多元相关系数multiple regression analysis 多元回归分析multiple regression equation 多元回归方程multiple response 多响应multivariate analysis 多元分析negative nonadditively 不可加性nonlinear 非线性nonlinear regression 非线性回归noparametric tests 非参数检验normal distribution 正态分布null hypothesis 零假设number of cases 个案数one-sample 单样本one-tailed test 单侧检验one-way ANOV A 单向方差分析one-way classification 单向分类optimal 优化的optimum allocation 最优配制order statistics 次序统计量origin 原点orthogonal 正交的outliers 异常值paired observations 成对观测数据paired-sample 成对样本parameter estimation 参数估计partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial regression coefficient 偏回归系percentiles 百分位数pie chart 饼图point estimate 点估计poisson distribution 泊松分布polynomial curve 多项式曲线polynomial regression 多项式回归polynomials 多项式positive relationship 正相关power 幂P-P plot P-P概率图predicted value 预测值prediction intervals 预测区间principal component analysis 主成分分析proability 概率probability density function 概率密度函数quadratic 二次的Q-Q plot Q-Q概率图quadratic term 二次项quality control 质量控制quantitative 数量的,度量quartiles 四分位数random sampling 随机取样random seed 随机数种子random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化range 极差rank correlation 秩相关rank statistic 秩统计量regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数regression line 回归线rejection region 拒绝域residual 残差residual sum of squares 剩余平方和risk function 风险函数robustness 稳健性root mean square 标准差row 行run test 游程检验sample size 样本容量sample space 样本空间sampling 取样sampling inspection 抽样检验scatter chart 散点图S-curve S形曲线sets 集合sign test 符号检验significance level 显著性水平significance testing 显著性检验significant digits 有效数字skewed distribution 偏态分布small sample problem 小样本问题sort 排序sources of variation 方差来源ion 标准离差standard error of mean 均值的标准误差statistical quality control 统计质量控制std. residual 标准残差stepwise regression analysis 逐步回归strong assumption 强假设stud. deleted residual 学生化剔除残差stud. residual 学生化残差subsamples 次级样本sufficient statistic 充分统计量sum of squares 平方和t-distribution t分布test criterion 检验判据test for linearity 线性检验test of goodness of fit 拟合优度检验test of homogeneity 齐性检验test of independence 独立性检验test rules 检验法则test statistics 检验统计量testing function 检验函数time series 时间序列tolerance limits 容许限trimmed mean 截尾均值true value 真值t-test t检验two-tailed test 双侧检验unbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 无偏性uniform distribution 均匀分布value of estimator 估计值variance 方差variance components 方差分量variance ratio 方差比weighted average 加权平均值within groups 组内的Z score Z分数active constraint 活动约束active set method 活动集法analytic gradient 解析梯度approximate 近似arbitrary 强制性的argument 变量attainment factor 达到因子bandwidth 带宽be equivalent to 等价于best-fit 最佳拟合coefficient 系数complex-value 复数值component 分量constrained 有约束的constraint function 约束函数converge 收敛cubic polynomial interpolation method 三次多项式插值法curve-fitting 曲线拟合data-fitting 数据拟diagonal 对角的direct search method 直接搜索法direction of search 搜索方向eigenvalue 特征值empty matrix 空矩阵exceeded 溢出的feasible solution 可行解finite-difference 有限差分first-order 一阶Gauss-Newton method 高斯-牛顿法goal attainment problem 目标达到问题gradient method 梯度法handle 句柄Hessian matrix 海色矩阵independent variables 独立变量inequality 不等式infeasibility 不可行性initial feasible solution 初始可行解initialize 初始化invoke 激活iteration 迭代Jacobian 雅可比矩阵Lagrange multiplier 拉格朗日乘子large-scale 大型的least square 最小二乘least squares sense 最小二乘意义上的Levenberg-Marquardt method 列文伯格-马夸尔特法line search 一维搜索linear equality constraints 线性等式约束linear programming problem 线性规划问题local solution 局部解medium-scale 中型的mixed quadratic and cubic polynomial interpolation and extrapolationmethod 混合二次、三次多项式内插、外插法multi objective 多目标的norm 范数observed data 测量数据optimization routine 优化过程optimizer 求解器over-determined system 超定系统partial derivatives 偏导数polynomial interpolation method 多项式插值法quadrati二次的quadratic interpolation method 二次内插法quadratic programming 二次规划real-value 实数值residuals 残差robust 稳健的robustness 稳健性,鲁棒性scalar 标量semi-infinitely problem 半无限问题Sequential Quadratic Programming method 序列二次规划法simplex search method 单纯形法sparse matrix 稀疏矩阵sparsity pattern 稀疏模式sparsity structure 稀疏结构starting point 初始点step length 步长subspace trust region method 子空间置信域法symmetric matrix 对称矩阵termination message 终止信息termination tolerance 终止容限the exit condition 退出条件the method of steepest descent 最速下降法transpose 转置unconstrained 无约束的under-determined system 负定系统weighting matrix 加权矩阵approximation 逼近a spline in b-form/b-spline b样条 a spline of polynomial piece /ppform spline 分段多项式样条bivariate spline function 二元样条函数break/breaks 断点coefficient/coefficients 系数cubic interpolation 三次插值/三次内插cubic polynomial 三次多项式cubic smoothing spline 三次平滑样条cubic spline 三次样条cubic spline interpolation 三次样条插值/三次样条内插curve 曲线degree of freedom 自由度end conditions 约束条件input argument 输入参数interpolation 插值/内插interval 取值区间knot/knots 节点least-squares approximation 最小二乘拟合multiplicity 重次multivariate function 多元函数optional argument 可选参数output argument 输出参数point/points 数据点rational spline 有理样条rounding error 舍入误差(相对误差)sequence 数列(数组spline approximation 样条逼近/样条拟合spline function 样条函数spline curve 样条曲线spline interpolation 样条插值/样条内插spline surface 样条曲面smoothing spline 平滑样条tolerance 允许精度univariate function 一元函数absolute error 绝对误差absolute tolerance 绝对容限adaptive mesh 适应性网格boundary condition 边界条件contour plot 等值线图coordinate 坐标系decomposed geometry matrix 分解几何矩阵diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dirichlet boundary conditions 边界条件eigenvalue 特征值elliptic 椭圆形的error estimate 误差估计exact solution 精确解generalized Neumann boundary condition 推广的Neumann边界条件geometry description matrix 几何描述矩阵geometry matrix 几何矩阵graphical user interface(GUI)图形用户界面hyperbolic 双曲线的initial mesh 初始网格jiggle 微调Lagrange multipliers 拉格朗日乘子Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程linear interpolation 线性插值machine precision 机器精度mixed boundary condition 混合边界条件Neuman boundary condition Neuman边界条件node point 节点nonlinear solver 非线性求解器normal vector 法向量Parabolic 抛物线型的partial differential equation 偏微分方程plane strain 平面应变plane stress 平面应力Poisson's equation 泊松方程polygon 多边形positive definite 正定refined triangular mesh 加密的三角形网格relative tolerance 相对容限relative tolerance 相对容限residual norm 残差范数singular 奇异的postulate假定, 基本条件, 基本原理,要求, 假定,要求conic, conical圆锥的;圆锥形的ellipse椭圆, 椭圆形ellipt hyperbolic 双曲线的parabolic用寓言表达的: 抛物线的,像抛物线的algebraic代数的, 关于代数学的mineralogy 矿物学axiom公理collinear在同一直线上的同线的convex 凸出的;凸面的triangle三角形, 三人一组, 三角关系parallelogram平行四边形straight angle平角right angle 直角acute angle锐角obtuse angle钝角reflex angle优角rectilinear直线的;由直线组成的;循直线进行的isosceles triangle等腰三角形equilateral triangle等边三角形right triangle n. 直角三角形obtuse triangle钝角三角形acute triangle锐角三角形equiangular triangle正三角形,等角三角形hypotenuse(直角三角形的)斜边infinitesimal 无穷小的, 极小的, 无限小的calculus 微积分学, 结石inscribe 记下polygon多角形, 多边形curvilinear曲线的, 由曲线组成的intuition 直觉, 直觉的知识integral积分, 完整, 部分defective有缺陷的, (智商或行为有)欠缺的differential coefficient 微分系数irrational numbers无理数domain 定义域contradiction 矛盾continuous variable 连续变量;[连续变数]variation 变分, 变化independent variable 自变量dependent variable 应变量rectangular coordinate 直角坐标abscissa〈数〉横坐标ordinate纵线, 纵座标differential 微分的,微分(differentiation)Integral 积分, 完整, 部分(integration) trigonometry 三角法exponential 指数的, 幂数的logarithm 对数derivative导数;微商tangent 切线正切definite integral 定积分culminate 达到顶点differential equation 微分方程extreme value 极值multiple integral 多重积分functional analysis 泛函分析cardinal number 基数(如:1, 2, 3, ... 有别于序数)denumerable可数的aggregate 合计, 总计, 集合体,合计的, 集合的, 聚合的,聚集, 集合, 合计purport主旨,声称superior 长者, 高手, 上级,较高的, 上级的, 上好的, 出众的, 高傲的cumbersome 讨厌的, 麻烦的, 笨重的drastically 激烈地, 彻底地conservation 守衡律quadrature求积, 求积分interpolation插值extrapolation外推法, 推断internal point 内点generalized solution 广义解hydrodynamics 流体力学,水动力学divergence 发散(性),梯度,发散integro-interpolation method 积分插值法Variational method 变分方法comparatively 比较地, 相当地self-adjoint (nonself-adjoint) 自治的,自伴的,自共轭的finite element method 有限元法spline approximation 样条逼近Particles-in-the-Cell 网格质点法herald 使者, 传令官, 通报者, 先驱, 预兆,预报, 宣布, 传达, 欢呼advection水平对流fluctuation波动, 起伏mean-square 均方dispersion离差, 差量nterpolation 插值divisible可分的dice, die 骰子pitfall 缺陷celestial天上的macroscopic肉眼可见的, 巨观的classical field theory 经典场理论rigit 刚硬的, 刚性的, 严格的quantum量, 额, [物] 量子, 量子论inception 起初, 获得学位pertain 适合, 属于encompass 包围, 环绕, 包含或包括某事物ingredient 成分, 因素acquainted有知识的, 知晓的synonymous同义的configuration 构造, 结构, 配置, 外形inertia 惯性, 惯量attribute 特性momentum动量designate 指明projectile 射弹,发射的ballistics 弹道学, 发射学intractable 难处理的furnish 供应, 提供, 装备, 布置torque n. 扭矩, 转矩moment 力矩的dissipation 消散, 分散, 挥霍, 浪费, 消遣, 放荡, 狂饮constitutive构成的, 制定的continuum mechanics 连续介质力学superposition重叠, 重合, 叠合reckon 计算, 总计, 估计, 猜想,数, 计算, 估计, 依赖, 料想strength 强度load 载荷empirical 以经验为依据的insofar 在……范围cohesive 内聚性的stiffness 硬度furnish 供给turbulent 湍流laminar 层流isothermal 等温isotropic 各向同性eddy 旋涡viscosity 粘性、粘度adiabatic 绝热的reversible 可逆的isentropic 等熵的stream tube 流管tangential 切线的incompressible 不可压缩的similitude 相似性hydraulic 水力的,水力学的spillway (河或水坝的)放水道,泄洪道prototype 原型,样板vibratory 振动的,摆动的propagation 传播acoustic 听觉的,声学的damp 阻尼,衰减restore 复职,归还neutral 平衡exciting force 激励力resonant共振的,谐振的stiffness 刚度,刚性magnitude 数值,大小substantially实质上的perturb 干扰,扰乱Fourier series 傅里叶级数shredder 切菜器metropolitan 大都市的at-grade 在同一水平面上elevated 高架的guide way 导轨rigid body 刚体medium 介质aging 老化polymeric聚合(物)的consolidate 把…联合为一体,统一radically 根本地,本质上deliberate 从容不迫的,深思熟虑Attribute赋予medieval 中世纪的etch 蚀刻,蚀镂fingernail 指甲bar chart 直方图joystick 游戏杆trial-error 试制, 试生产junction n. 连接, 接合, 交叉点, 汇合处contrive v. 发明, 设计, 图谋snooker (=snooker pool)彩色台球, 桌球****公理axiom 命题proposition 被加数augend , summand 加数addend 被减数minuend 减数subtrahend 差remainder 被乘数multiplicand, faciend 乘数multiplicator 积product 被除数dividend 除数divisor 商quotient 大于等于is equal or greater than 小于等于is equal or lesser than 运算符operator 算术平均数geometric mean n个数之积的n次方根(reciprocal)x的倒数为1/x 有理数rational number 无理数irrational number 整数integer小数点decimal point分数fraction 分子numerator 分母denominator 比ratio 十进制decimal system 二进制binary system 十六进制hexadecimal system 权weight, significance 截尾truncation 四舍五入round 下舍入round down 上舍入round up 有效数字significant digit 无效数字insignificant digit 代数algebra 单项式monomial 多项式polynomial, multinomial 系数coefficient 未知数unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor 等式,方程式equation 一次方程simple equation 二次方程quadratic equation 三次方程cubic equation 四次方程quartic equation 阶乘factorial 对数logarithm 指数,幂exponent 乘方power 二次方,平方square 三次方,立方cube 四次方the power of four, the fourth power n次方the power of n, the nth power 开方evolution, extraction 二次方根,平方根square root 三次方根,立方根cube root 四次方根the root of four, the fourth root n次方根the root of n, the nth root 坐标系coordinates 坐标轴x-axis, y-axis, z-axis 横坐标x-coordinate 纵坐标y-coordinate 原点origin 象限quadrant 截距(有正负之分)intercede (方程的)解solution 线段segment 射线radial 平行parallel 相交intersect 角度degree 弧度radian 钝角obtuse angle 平角straight angle 周角perigon 底base 锐角三角形acute triangle 直角边leg 斜边hypotenuse 勾股定理Pythagorean theorem 钝角三角形obtuse triangle 不等边三角形scalene triangle 等腰三角形isosceles triangle 等边三角形equilateral triangle 四边形quadrilateral 平行四边形parallelogram 周长perimeter 全等congruent 三角trigonometry 正弦sine 余弦cosine 正切tangent 余切cotangent 正割secant 余割cosecant 反正弦arc sine 反余弦arc cosine 反正切arc tangent 反余切arc cotangent 反正割arc secant 反余割arc cosecant 集合aggregate 空集void 子集subset 交集intersection 并集union 补集complement 映射mapping 定义域domain, field of definition 值域range 单调性monotonicity 图象image 数列,级数series 导数derivative 无穷小infinitesimal 复数complex number 矩阵matrix 行列式determinant 半圆semicircle 扇形sector 环ring 椭圆ellipse 圆周circumference 轨迹locus, loca(pl.) 平行六面体parallelepiped 立方体cube 七面体heptahedron 八面体octahedron 九面体enneahedron 十面体decahedron 十一面体hendecahedron 十二面体dodecahedron 二十面体icosahedron 多面体polyhedron 四面体tetrahedron 五面体pentahedron 六面体hexahedron 菱形rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond 正方形square 梯形trapezoid 直角梯形right trapezoid 等腰梯形isosceles trapezoid 五边形pentagon 六边形hexagon 七边形heptagon 八边形octagon 九边形enneagon 十边形decagon 十一边形hendecagon 十二边形dodecagon 多边形polygon 正多边形equilateral polygon 相位phase 振幅amplitude 内心incentre(BrE), incenter(AmE) 外心excentre(BrE), excenter(AmE) 旁心escentre(BrE), escenter(AmE) 垂心orthocentre(BrE), orthocenter(AmE) 重心barycentre(BrE), barycenter(AmE) 内切圆inscribed circle 外切圆circumcircle 方差variance 标准差root-mean-square deviation, standard deviation 百分点percentage 百分位数percentile 排列permutation 分布distribution 正态分布normal distribution 非正态分布abnormal distribution 条形统计图bar graph 柱形统计图histogram 折线统计图broken line graph 曲线统计图curve diagram 扇形统计图pie diagram**** mutually disjoint events 互不相交事件mutually disjoint subsets 互不相交子集mutually independent events 互相独立事件myria 万myriad 无数的multiplicity 重数mid square method 平方取中法midperpendicular 中垂线minor 子式minor arc 劣弧mixed number 带分数regular convergence 正则收敛relative discriminant 相对判别式relative error 相对误差relative extremum 局部极值ricci equatoin 李奇恒等式ricci identity 李奇恒等式riemann function 黎曼函数riemann integral 黎曼积分right direct product 右直积right endpoint 右端点right inner product 右内积ring of integers 整数环ring of matrices 矩阵环root mean square error 均方根差root of equation 方程式的根rotation of axes 坐标轴的旋转rotation of co ordinate system 坐标轴的旋转round off error 舍入规则round up error 舍入规则runge kutta method 龙格库塔法n disk n维圆盘nth member 第n项nth partial quotient 第n偏商nth power operation n次幂运算nth root n次根nth term 第n项n times continuously differentiable n次连续可微的natural injection 自然单射natural isomorphism 自然等necessary and sufficient conditions 必要充分的条件necessary and sufficient statistic 必要充分统计量neutral element 零元素neutral line 中线nonhomogeneous linear boundary value problem 非齐次线性边值问题nonhomogeneous linear differential equation 非齐次线性微分方程nonhomogeneous linear system of differential equations 非齐次线性微分方程组interval algebra 区间代数interval analysis 区间分析interval closed at the right 右闭区间interval estimation 区域估计interval function 区间函数interval graph 区间图interval of convergence 收敛区间interval of definition 定义区间interval topology 区间拓扑irreducible set 不可约集irreducible r module 不可约r模periodical decimal fraction 循环十进小数pentad 拼五小组pentadecagon 十五边形pentagon 五角形pentagonal number 五角数pentagonal pyramid 五角锥pentagram 五角星pentahedron 五面体pentaspherical coordinates 五球坐标penalty method 补偿法pascal distribution 帕斯卡分布partition function 分折函数partial differential equation of elliptic type 椭圆型偏微分方程partial differential equation of first order 一阶偏微分方程partial differential equation of hyperbolic type 双曲型偏微分方程partial differential equation of mixed type 混合型偏微分方程partial differential equation of parabolic type 抛物型偏微分方程partial differential operator 偏微分算子parametric test 参数检验particular solution 特解parallelogram axiom 平行四边形公理orthogonality relation 正交关系ordinary differential equation 常微分方程optimal value function 最优值函数opposite angles 对角opposite category 对偶范畴one to one mapping 一一映射onto mapping 满射open mapping theorem 开映射定理one to many mapping 一对多映射one sided limit 单侧极限numerical solution of linear equations 线性方程组的数值解法null set 空集null solution 零解third boundary condition 第三边界条件two sided neighborhood 双侧邻域unbiased estimating equation 无偏估计方程unbounded function 无界函数unbounded quantifier 无界量词uncertainty principle 测不准原理uncorrelated random variables 不相关随机变量undetermined coefficient 末定系数velocity distribution 速度分布velocity optimal 速度最优的weak approximation theorem 弱逼近定理weak completeness 弱完备性weak continuity 弱连续性weak convergence 弱收敛wiener measure 维纳测度word group 自由群sample correlation coefficient 样本相关系数sample covariance 样本协方差schwarz inequality 施瓦尔兹不等式second boundary condition 诺伊曼边界条件second comparison test 第二比较检验second limit theorem 第二极限定理self adjoint differential equation 自伴微分方程semimajor axis 半长轴semiminor axis 半短轴sentential calculus 命题演算set of measure zero 零测度集set topology 集论拓扑simple connectedness 单连通性slope function 斜率函数solution curve 积分曲线solution domain 解域solution set of equation 方程的解集spatial co ordinate 空间坐标specific address 绝对地址spherical bessel function 球贝塞耳函数spherical cap 球冠spherical coordinates 球极坐标spherical curvature 球面曲率spherical shell 球壳spherical zone 球带spline function 样条函数spline interpolation 样条内插stability conditions 稳定条件statistical hypothesis testing 统计假设检验strict inequality 严格不等式strict isotonicity 严格保序性strict isotony 严格保序性strict increasing 严格递增system of partial differential equations 偏微分方程组system of ordinary differential equations 常微分方程组system of linear homogeneous equations 线性齐次方程组system of linear inhomogeneous equations 线性非齐次方程组system of inequalities 联立不等式system of polar coordinates 极坐标系system of variational equations 变分方程组system with concentrated parameters 集中参数系统system with distributed parameters 分布参数系统t1topological space t1拓扑空间t2topological space t2拓扑空间t3topological space 分离空间t4topological space 正则拓扑空间t5 topological space 正规空间t6topological space 遗传正规空间tangent cone 切线锥面telegraph equation 电报方程theorem for damping 阻尼定理****充分条件sufficient condition必要条件necessary condition 充要条件sufficient and necessary condition……的充要条件是………if and only if …****abscissa 横坐标alternating series 交错级数angle of the sector 扇形角arbitrary constant 任意常数augmented matrix 增广矩阵axis of parabola 拋物线的轴axis of revolution 旋转轴axis of rotation 旋转轴binomial series 二项级数binomial theorem 二项式定理binomial distribution 二项分布bisection method 分半法;分半方法bounded above 有上界的;上有界的bounded below 有下界的;下有界的bounded function 有界函数bounded sequence 有界序列brace 大括号bracket 括号Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标certain event 必然事件circumcentre 外心;外接圆心circumcircle 外接圆classical theory of probability 古典概率论cofactor 余因子; 余因式common denominator 同分母;公分母common difference 公差common divisor 公约数;公约common logarithm 常用对数common multiple 公位数;公倍common ratio 公比commutative law 交换律compasses 圆规Cauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西- 许瓦尔兹不等式central limit theorem 中心极限定理centripedal acceleration 向心加速度concave downward 凹向下的concurrent 共点concyclic 共圆concyclic points 共圆点Euclidean geometry 欧几里德几何Euler's formula 尤拉公式;欧拉公式even function 偶函数even number 偶数game (1)对策;(2)博奕Gaussian distribution 高斯分布greatest term 最大项greatest value 最大值harmonic mean (1) 调和平均数; (2) 调和中项harmonic progression 调和级数higher order derivative 高阶导数improper fraction 假分数improper integral 广义积分; 非正常积分implicit function 隐函数incircle 内切圆inclined plane 斜included angle 夹角indefinite integral 不定积分initial condition 原始条件;初值条件initial-value problem 初值问题interior angles on the same side of the transversal 同旁内角interior opposite angle 内对角isosceles triangle 等腰三角形iterate (1)迭代值; (2)迭代Lagrange interpolating polynomial 拉格朗日插值多项代Laplace expansion 拉普拉斯展式lemniscate 双纽线left hand limit 左方极限limiting case 极限情况limiting position 极限位置line of best-fit 最佳拟合line segment 线段logarithmic equation 对数方程mathematical analysis 数学分析mathematical induction 数学归纳法monotonic decreasing function 单调递减函数monotonic convergence 单调收敛性monotonic increasing function 单调递增函数multiple-angle formula 倍角公式multiple root 多重根mutually disjoint 互不相交mutually exclusive events 互斥事件mutually independent 独立; 互相独立mutually perpendicular lines 互相垂直numerical method 计算方法;数值法oblique cone 斜圆锥orthogonal circles 正交圆orthogonality 正交性oscillatory convergence 振动收敛性ordinary differential equation 常微分方程pairwise mutually exclusive events 两两互斥事件place holder 补位数字point of inflection (inflexion) 拐点; 转折点Pisson distribution 泊松分布point-slope form 点斜式polar coordinate plane 极坐标平面polynomial equation 多项式方程posterior probability 后验概率; 事后概率premultiply 前乘; 自左乘prime factor 质因子;质因素prime number 素数;质数principal angle 主角principal axis 主轴principal value 主值prior probability 先验概率; 事先概率probability density function 概率密度函数product and sum formula 和积互变公式product sample space 积样本空间product to sum formula 积化和差公式proof by contradiction 反证法; 归谬法proper fraction 真分数proper integral 正常积分proper subset 真子集propositional calculus 命题演算propositional inference 命题推演protractor 量角器Pythagoras' theorem 勾股定理Pythagorean triplet 毕氏三元数组quadratic convergence 二阶收敛性quadrature 求积法quotient set 商集radial component 沿径分量radical axis 根轴range 值域;区域;范围;极差;分布域rationalization 有理化raw data 原始数据rectifiable 可求长的reciprocal 倒数rectangular coordinate plane 直角坐标平面recurrence formula 递推公式reducibility 可约性; 可化简性reflexive relation 自反关系reference angle 参考reference line 基准线reflex angle 优角;反角region of acceptance 接受区域region of convergency 收敛区域region of rejection 否定区域right circular cone 直立圆锥(体)resolution of vector 向量分解; 矢量分解right hand limit 右方极限right prism 直立棱柱;直立角柱(体) right pyramid 直立棱锥;直立角锥(体) right-angled triangle 直角二角形scalene triangle 不等边三角形;不规则三角形scatter diagram 散点图scientific notation 科学记数法semi-conjugate axis 半共轭轴semi-transverse axis 半贯轴semi-vertical angle 半顶角separable differential equation 可分微分方程septic equation 七次方程set square 三角尺;三角板shaded portion 有阴影部分significance level 显著性水平significant figure 有效数字similar triangles 相似三角形simple iteration method 简单迭代法simple pendulum 单摆Simpson's integral 森逊积分standard deviation 标准差;标准偏离standard normal distribution 标准正态分布; 标准常态分布stationary point 平稳点; 逗留点; 驻点strictly monotonic 严格单调statistical chart 统计分析submultiple angle formula 半角公式subsidiary angle 辅助角substitution 代入; 代入法successive approximation 逐次逼近法successive derivative 逐次导数successive differentiation 逐次微分法suffix 下标sum to infinity 无限项之和sum to product formula 和化积公式superimposing 迭合supplementary angle 补角surjection 满射symmetric relation 对称关系tautology 恒真命题;恒真式Taylor’s expansion 泰勒展开式Taylor’s series 泰勒级数Taylor’s theorem 泰勒定理test criterion 检验标准test of significance 显著性检验to the nearest 至最接近之torque 转矩torus 环面transcendental function 超越函数transformation of variable 变数转换transitive 可传递的transpose of matrix 倒置矩阵;转置矩阵transversal 截;横截的triangle law of addition 三角形加法travel graph 行程图tree diagram 树形图trapezoidal integral 梯形积分truncated Taylor’s series 截断泰勒级数two-tailed test 双尾检验;只端检验type I error I型误差type II error II型误差unbiased estimator 无偏估计量undetermined coefficient 待定系数unique solution 唯一解vertical asymptote 垂直渐近线vertically opposite angles 对顶角without loss of generality 不失一般性****分子Numerator 分母Denominator 阿拉伯数字Hindu-Arabic numeral假分数Improper fraction 最大公因子Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) 最小公倍数Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.) 行列式determinant****interval closed at the right 右闭区间interval of convergence 收敛区间interval of definition 定义区间invariance theorem 不变性定理invariant of an equation 方程的不变量inverse circular function 反三角函数inverse hyperbolic function 反双曲函数inversion formula 反演公式isotonic injective mapping 保序单射映射jacobi identity 雅可比恒等式jump point 跳跃点law of double negation 双重否定律law of inertia 惯性律law of large numbers 大数定律leading ideal 猪想liouville theorem 刘维尔定理lipschitz condition 李普希茨条件markov transform 马尔可夫变换mathematical approximation 数学近似法mathematical model 数学模型maximum condition 极大条件maximum deviation 最大偏差mean square deviation 方差mean square of error 误差的均方meromorphic function 亚纯函数柱形统计图histogram 折线统计图broken line graph 曲线统计图curve diagram 扇形统计图pie diagram排列permutatio内切圆inscribed circle 外切圆circumcircle正多边形equilateral polygon metric space 度量空间metric subspace 度量子空间method of runge kutta type 朗格库塔型的方法method of steepest ascent 最速上升法method of steepest descent 最速下降法method of finite elements 有限元法method of fractional steps 分步法method of exhaustion 穷竭法method of approximation 近似法method of artificial variables 人工变量法method of balayage 扫除法method of characteristic curves 特者法method of comparison 比较法method of conjugate gradients 共轭梯度法lateral area 侧面积last multiplier 最后乘子large sample test 大样本检验lattice constant 点阵常数lattice design 格子设计method of difference 差分法method of elimination 消元法method of estimation 估计法meromorphic differential 亚纯微分median 中位数measuring rule 量尺mean term 内项mean term 内项mean term 内项irreducibility criterion 不可约性判别准则irreducible polynomial 不可约多项式irreducible generating set 不可约生成集irregular divisor class 非正则因子类irregular point 非正则点irregular singular point 非正则奇点isometric circle 等距圆isometric embedding 等距嵌入isomorphic field 同构域isomorphic graph 同构图isomorphic group 同构群isomorphic image 同构象isothermal parameter 等温参数iterated function 叠函数iterated integral 累积分joint distribution 联合分布jordan algebra 约当代数kernel of an integral equation 积分方程的核l'hospital rule 洛必达规则laboratory system of coordinates 实验室坐标系labyrinth 迷宫lacation principle 介值定理lag correlation coefficient 滞后相关系数lag regression 落后回归laguerre differential equation 拉盖尔微分方程lame equation 拉梅方程language of formula 公式语言laplace beltrami operator 拉普拉斯贝尔特拉米算子lateral area 侧面积last multiplier 最后乘子large sample test 大样本检验lattice constant 点阵常数lattice design 格子设计left adjoint 左伴随的left derivative 左导数left differential 左微分left direct product 左直积left end point 左端点left length 左长left limit value 左极限值left multiplication ring 左乘环length of curve 曲线的长length of normal 法线的长levi decomposition 列维分解limes inferior 下极限limes superior 上极限limit circle 极限圆limit circle type 极限圆型logarithm to the base 10 常用对数logarithmic normal distribution 对数正态分布logic of relations 关系逻辑magic circle 幻圆magic cube 幻立方manifold without boundary 无边廖many valued mapping 多值映射marginal distribution density function 边缘分布密度函数marginal distribution function 边缘分布函数mathematical programming 数学规划mathematical random sample 数学随机样本mathematical statistics 数理统计maximum likelihood estimating function 极大似然估计量independent variable 自变量dependent variable 应变量equiangular triangle 正三角形,等角三角形命题proposition 差remainder 积product 除数divisor 商quotient 截尾truncation 未知数unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor 阶乘factorial 集合aggregate 空集void 子集subset 交集intersection 并集union 补集complement 映射mapping 勾股定理Pythagorean theorem 菱形rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond 双曲线hyperbola 抛物线parabola topology of bounded convergence 有界收敛拓扑toroid 超环面toroidal coordinates 圆环坐标trace of dyadic 并向量的迹transcendental integral function 超越整函数transformation formulas of the coordinates 坐标的变换公式transformation to principal axes 轴变换transversal lines 截线trapezoid method 梯形公式trefoil knot 三叶形纽结truth function 真值函项two sided test 双侧检定two sided neighborhood 双侧邻域two sided surface 双侧曲面two termed expression 二项式ultrahyperbolic equation 超双曲型方程a priori bound 先验界限a priori distribution 先验分布a priori probability 先验概率a summable a可和的abacus 算盘abbreviate 略abbreviation 简化abel equation 阿贝耳方程abel identity 阿贝耳恒等式abel inequality 阿贝耳不等式abel summation method 阿贝耳求和法abelian algebra 阿贝耳代数abelian differential 阿贝耳微分abelian equation 阿贝耳方程abelian extension 阿贝耳扩张abelian function 阿贝耳函数abelian function field 阿贝耳函数域abelian functor 阿贝耳函子abelian group 交换群abelian groupoid 阿贝耳广群abelian integral 阿贝耳积分abelian summation 阿贝耳求和法abelian theorem 阿贝耳定理abelian variety 阿贝耳簇abridge 略abridged notation 简算记号abscissa 横坐标abscissa of absolute convergence 绝对收敛坐标abscissa of summability 可和性坐标abscissa of uniform convergence 一致收敛横坐标absolute 绝对形absolute address 绝对地址absolute class field 绝对类域absolute coding 绝对编码absolute cohomology 绝对上同调absolute conic 绝对二次曲线absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute curvature vector 绝对曲率向量absolute deviation 绝对偏差absolute differential calculus 绝对微分学absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute extremum 绝对极值absolute frequency 绝对频率。
1.oracle-常用函数21.COSH返回一个数字反余弦值SQL> select cosh(20) from dual;COSH(20)---------24258259822.EXP返回一个数字e的n次方根SQL> select exp(2),exp(1) from dual;EXP(2) EXP(1)--------- ---------7.3890561 2.718281823.FLOOR对给定的数字取整数SQL> select floor(2345.67) from dual;FLOOR(2345.67)--------------234524.LN返回一个数字的对数值SQL> select ln(1),ln(2),ln(2.7182818) from dual;LN(1) LN(2) LN(2.7182818)--------- --------- -------------0 .69314718 .9999999925.LOG(n1,n2)返回一个以n1为底n2的对数SQL> select log(2,1),log(2,4) from dual;LOG(2,1) LOG(2,4)--------- ---------0 226.MOD(n1,n2)返回一个n1除以n2的余数SQL> select mod(10,3),mod(3,3),mod(2,3) from dual; MOD(10,3) MOD(3,3) MOD(2,3)--------- --------- ---------1 0 227.POWER返回n1的n2次方根SQL> select power(2,10),power(3,3) from dual;POWER(2,10) POWER(3,3)----------- ----------1024 2728.ROUND和TRUNC按照指定的精度进行舍入SQL> select round(55.5),round(-55.4),trunc(55.5),trunc(-55.5) from dual; ROUND(55.5) ROUND(-55.4) TRUNC(55.5) TRUNC(-55.5)----------- ------------ ----------- ------------56 -55 55 -5529.SIGN取数字n的符号,大于0返回1,小于0返回-1,等于0返回0SQL> select sign(123),sign(-100),sign(0) from dual;SIGN(123) SIGN(-100) SIGN(0)--------- ---------- ---------1 -1 030.SIN返回一个数字的正弦值SQL> select sin(1.57079) from dual;SIN(1.57079)------------1• 31.SIGH返回双曲正弦的值SQL> select sin(20),sinh(20) from dual;SIN(20) SINH(20)--------- ---------.91294525 24258259832.SQRT返回数字n的根SQL> select sqrt(64),sqrt(10) from dual;SQRT(64) SQRT(10)--------- ---------8 3.162277733.TAN返回数字的正切值SQL> select tan(20),tan(10) from dual;TAN(20) TAN(10)--------- ---------2.2371609 .6483608334.TANH返回数字n的双曲正切值SQL> select tanh(20),tan(20) from dual;TANH(20) TAN(20)--------- ---------1 2.237160935.TRUNC按照指定的精度截取一个数SQL> select trunc(124.1666,-2) trunc1,trunc(124.16666,2) from dual;TRUNC1 TRUNC(124.16666,2)--------- ------------------100 124.1636.ADD_MONTHS增加或减去月份SQL> select to_char(add_months(to_date(199912,yyyymm),2),yyyymm) from dual;TO_CHA------200002SQL> select to_char(add_months(to_date(199912,yyyymm),-2),yyyymm) from dual; TO_CHA------199910ST_DAY返回日期的最后一天SQL> select to_char(sysdate,yyyy.mm.dd),to_char((sysdate)+1,yyyy.mm.dd) from dual; TO_CHAR(SY TO_CHAR((S---------- ----------2004.05.09 2004.05.10SQL> select last_day(sysdate) from dual;LAST_DAY(S----------31-5月-0438.MONTHS_BETWEEN(date2,date1)给出date2-date1的月份SQL> select months_between(19-12月-1999,19-3月-1999) mon_between from dual; MON_BETWEEN-----------9SQL>selectmonths_between(to_date(2000.05.20,yyyy.mm.dd),to_date(2005.05.20,yyyy. mm.dd)) mon_betw from dual;MON_BETW----------6039.NEW_TIME(date,this,that)给出在this时区=other时区的日期和时刻SQL> select to_char(sysdate,yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss) bj_time,to_char(new_time2 (sysdate,PDT,GMT),yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss) los_angles from dual;BJ_TIME LOS_ANGLES------------------- -------------------2004.05.09 11:05:32 2004.05.09 18:05:3240.NEXT_DAY(date,day)给出日期date和星期x之后运算下一个星期的日期SQL> select next_day('18-5月-2001','星期五') next_day from dual;NEXT_DAY----------25-5月-0141.SYSDATE用来得到系统的当前日期SQL> select to_char(sysdate,dd-mm-yyyy day) from dual;TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,-----------------09-05-2004 星期日trunc(date,fmt)按照给出的要求将日期截断,假如fmt=mi表示保留分,截断秒SQL> select to_char(trunc(sysdate,hh),yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss) hh,2 to_char(trunc(sysdate,mi),yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss) hhmm from dual;HH HHMM------------------- -------------------2004.05.09 11:00:00 2004.05.09 11:17:0042.CHARTOROWID将字符数据类型转换为ROWID类型SQL> select rowid,rowidtochar(rowid),ename from scott.emp;ROWID ROWIDTOCHAR(ROWID) ENAME------------------ ------------------ ----------AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAA AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAA SMITHAAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAB AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAB ALLENAAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAC AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAC WARDAAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAD AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAD JONES43.CONVERT(c,dset,sset)将源字符串sset从一个语言字符集转换到另一个目的dset字符集SQL> select convert(strutz,we8hp,f7dec) "conversion" from dual; conver------strutz44.HEXTORAW将一个十六进制构成的字符串转换为二进制45.RAWTOHEXT将一个二进制构成的字符串转换为十六进制46.ROWIDTOCHAR将ROWID数据类型转换为字符类型47.TO_CHAR(date,format)SQL> select to_char(sysdate,yyyy/mm/dd hh24:mi:ss) from dual; TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,YY-------------------2004/05/09 21:14:41• 48.TO_DATE(string,format)将字符串转化为ORACLE中的一个日期49.TO_MULTI_BYTE将字符串中的单字节字符转化为多字节字符SQL> select to_multi_byte(高) from dual;TO--高50.TO_NUMBER将给出的字符转换为数字SQL> select to_number(1999) year from dual;YEAR---------199951.BFILENAME(dir,file)指定一个外部二进制文件SQL>insert into file_tb1 values(bfilename(lob_dir1,image1.gif));52.CONVERT(x,desc,source)将x字段或变量的源source转换为descSQL> select sid,serial#,username,decode(command,2 0,none,3 2,insert,4 3,5 select,6 6,update,7 7,delete,8 8,drop,9 other) cmd from v$session where type!=background;SID SERIAL# USERNAME CMD--------- --------- ------------------------------ ------1 1 none2 1 none3 1 none4 1 none5 1 none6 1 none7 1275 none8 1275 none9 20 GAO select10 40 GAO none53.DUMP(s,fmt,start,length)DUMP函数以fmt指定的内部数字格式返回一个VARCHAR2类型的值SQL> col global_name for a30SQL> col dump_string for a50SQL> set lin 200SQL> select global_name,dump(global_name,1017,8,5) dump_string from global_name; GLOBAL_NAME DUMP_STRING------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------ORACLE.WORLD Typ=1 Len=12 CharacterSet=ZHS16GBK: W,O,R,L,D54.EMPTY_BLOB()和EMPTY_CLOB()这两个函数差不多上用来对大数据类型字段进行初始化操作的函数55.GREATEST返回一组表达式中的最大值,即比较字符的编码大小.SQL> select greatest(AA,AB,AC) from dual;GR--ACSQL> select greatest(啊,安,天) from dual;GR--天56.LEAST返回一组表达式中的最小值SQL> select least(啊,安,天) from dual;LE--啊57.UID返回标识当前用户的唯独整数SQL> show userUSER 为"GAO"SQL> select username,user_id from dba_users where user_id=uid;USERNAME USER_ID------------------------------ ---------GAO 25ER返回当前用户的名字SQL> select user from dual;USER------------------------------GAOEREVN返回当前用户环境的信息,opt能够是:ENTRYID,SESSIONID,TERMINAL,ISDBA,LABLE,LANGUAGE,CLIENT_INFO,LANG,VSIZE ISDBA 查看当前用户是否是DBA假如是那么返回trueSQL> select userenv(isdba) from dual;USEREN------FALSESQL> select userenv(isdba) from dual;USEREN------TRUESESSION返回会话标志SQL> select userenv(sessionid) from dual;USERENV(SESSIONID)--------------------152ENTRYID返回会话人口标志SQL> select userenv(entryid) from dual;USERENV(ENTRYID)------------------INSTANCE返回当前INSTANCE的标志SQL> select userenv(instance) from dual;USERENV(INSTANCE)-------------------1LANGUAGE返回当前环境变量SQL> select userenv(language) from dual;USERENV(LANGUAGE)----------------------------------------------------SIMPLIFIED CHINESE_CHINA.ZHS16GBKLANG返回当前环境的语言的缩写SQL> select userenv(lang) from dual;USERENV(LANG)----------------------------------------------------ZHSTERMINAL返回用户的终端或机器的标志SQL> select userenv(terminal) from dual;USERENV(TERMINA----------------GAOVSIZE(X)返回X的大小(字节)数SQL> select vsize(user),user from dual;VSIZE(USER) USER----------- ------------------------------6 SYSTEM• 60.AVG(DISTINCT|ALL)all表示对所有的值求平均值,distinct只对不同的值求平均值SQLWKS> create table table3(xm varchar(8),sal number(7,2)); 语句已处理。
Oracle游标的使⽤⽅法以及使⽤for循环实现游标的原理select * from tb_grade t for update--1普通游标(显⽰游标)declare--定义游标⽤于查询表结构的数据集cursor grade_cursor is select cname from tb_grade;--定义⾏变量可以是游标%rowtype 也可以是表%rowtypegrade_row grade_cursor%rowtype;begin--打开游标open grade_cursor;loop--通过游标抓取⼀⾏fetch grade_cursor into grade_row;--判断游标是否到了最后⼀⾏exit when grade_cursor%notfound;--逻辑语句应该在exit when之后syso(grade_ame);end loop;--关闭游标close grade_cursor;end;--2引⽤游标(动态游标)(显⽰游标)declare type dyncCursor is ref cursor;cursor_tmp dyncCursor;grade_row tb_grade%rowtype;begin--打开游标open cursor_tmp for select * from tb_grade;loop--通过游标抓取⼀⾏fetch cursor_tmp into grade_row;--判断游标是否到了最后⼀⾏exit when cursor_tmp%notfound;--逻辑语句应该在exit when之后syso(grade_ame);end loop;--关闭游标close cursor_tmp;end;--3带参数游标declare--定义游标⽤于查询表结构的数据集cursor grade_cursor(id1 number) is select cname from tb_grade where cid=id1;--定义⾏变量可以是游标%rowtype 也可以是表%rowtypegrade_row grade_cursor%rowtype;begin--打开游标open grade_cursor(4);loop--通过游标抓取⼀⾏fetch grade_cursor into grade_row;--判断游标是否到了最后⼀⾏exit when grade_cursor%notfound;--逻辑语句应该在exit when之后syso(grade_ame);end loop;--关闭游标close grade_cursor;end;--隐式游标 oracle负责帮程序打开关闭抓取游标常⽤的⽅式declarecursor grade_cursor is select cname from tb_grade;beginfor stu_tmp in grade_cursor loopsyso(stu_ame);end loop;end;--普通for循环输出表记录⾏作业/**List list=new ArrayList();int count=list.size();for(int v=0;v<count;v++){V v=list.get(v);}**/declare rowco number;rowdata tb_grade%rowtype;beginselect count(rowid) into rowco from tb_grade;for(v in 1..rowco) loopselect * into rowdata from tb_grade where rownum=v; syso(ame);end loop;end;。
oracle 锁写法
在Oracle数据库中,锁可以通过不同的方式来实现。
最常见的锁包括排他锁和共享锁。
在Oracle中,可以使用以下语句来实现锁定:
1. 排他锁(Exclusive Lock):在Oracle中,可以使用FOR UPDATE语句来对数据行进行排他锁定。
例如:
sql.
SELECT FROM table_name FOR UPDATE;
这将对查询结果集中的数据行进行排他锁定,其他会话将无法修改这些数据行,直到当前会话释放锁。
2. 共享锁(Shared Lock):在Oracle中,可以使用LOCK TABLE语句来对整个表进行共享锁定。
例如:
sql.
LOCK TABLE table_name IN SHARE MODE;
这将对整个表进行共享锁定,其他会话可以读取表中的数据,但是无法对表进行修改,直到当前会话释放锁。
除了以上两种基本的锁定方式,Oracle还提供了更细粒度的锁定机制,如行级锁、表级锁等。
可以通过在SQL语句中使用FOR UPDATE OF子句或者使用LOCK TABLE语句的不同模式来实现这些更细粒度的锁定。
需要注意的是,在使用锁定时,应该谨慎考虑锁定的范围和持续时间,避免对系统性能造成不必要的影响。
另外,Oracle数据库还提供了事务隔离级别的设置,可以通过设置事务隔离级别来控制锁的行为,以满足不同的业务需求。
总而言之,Oracle数据库提供了多种方式来实现锁定,开发人员可以根据具体的业务需求选择合适的锁定方式,并且需要注意锁定的范围和持续时间,以及事务隔离级别的设置。
《常微分方程》双语课程常用词汇表acceleration n. 加速度constant acceleration 常加速度downward acceleration 向下的加速度gravitational acceleration 重力加速度total acceleration 总加速度upward acceleration 向上的加速度account(for)v. 占去algebra 代数algebraic equation 代数方程linear algebra 线性代数the fundamental theorem of algebra 代数学基本定理amount v. 总计n. 总数amplitude n. 振幅application n. 应用by repeated application of 反复应用apply v. 应用approach v. 趋近于approach zero 趋近于零approach infinity 趋近于无穷area n. 面积cross-sectional area 横截面积the horizontal cross-sectional area 水平方向的截面积arrange v. 安排、整理、排列arrangement n. 安排、整理、排列rearrangement n. 重新安排、重新整理、重新排列associate v. 联系associated a.. 相应的associated with 对应于…的associated homogeneous linear equation 相应的齐线性方程associativity n. 结合律assume v. 假设assumption n. 假设asymptote 渐近线oblique asymptote 斜渐近线[əˈbli:k]axis 数轴negative x -axis 负x 轴positive y -axis 正y 轴x -axis x 轴y -axis y 轴base n. 基be present v. 出现body 天体boundary n. 边界bounded a. 有界的unbounded a. 无界的brine 盐水calculus 微积分elementary calculus 初等微积分capacitor 电容器case 情形exceptional case 例外情形chain rule (求导的)链式法则clockwise 顺时针clockwise direction 顺时针方向counterclockwise 逆时针counterclockwise direction 逆时针方向close v. 闭closed container 封闭的容器closed interval 闭区间coefficient 系数constant coefficient 常系数leading coefficient 首项系数undetermined coefficient 待定系数variable coefficient 变系数collect v. 整理collect coefficients 整理系数column 列commute v. 交换commutative a. 交换的commutativity 交换性property of commutativity 交换性质complete a. 完备的incomplete a. 不完备的complex a. 复的complex conjugate 复共轭的complex conjugate pairs 复共轭对complex conjugate roots 复共轭根component n. 分量componentwise 分量形式composition 复合compress v. 压缩compute v. 计算concentration n. 浓度condition 条件a given initial condition 一个给定的初始条件initial condition 初始条件necessary condition 必要条件sufficient condition 充分条件the given condition 给定的条件conjugate 共轭的constant 常数arbitrary constant 任意常数constant multiple 数乘constant of integration 积分常数constant speed 常速度damping constant 阻尼常数positive constant 正的常数continuity n. 连续性discontinuity 不连续性continuous 连续的continuous function 连续函数continuous partial derivative 连续偏导数discontinuous 不连续的piecewise continuous 分段连续的convention 惯例convergence n. 收敛absolute convergence 绝对收敛uniform convergence 一致收敛coordinate 坐标coordinate axis 坐标轴polar coordinates 极坐标corresponding a. 相应的cube 立方,立方体current 电流cylinder 柱,柱面dashpot 减震器decomposition 分解partial fraction decomposition 部分分式分解defect n. 亏量defective v. 亏损的define v. 定义definition n. 定义degenerate a. 退化的denominator 分母derive v. 导出derivation n. 求导(数)derivative n. 导数[diˈrivətiv] antiderivative 原函数first derivative 一阶导数second derivative 二阶导数the highest derivative 最高阶导数determine v. 确定determinant 行列式determinant of coefficients 系数行列式operational determinant 算子行列式diagonal 对角线principal diagonal 主对角线differ v. 不同difference n. 差differentiable 可微的differentiable function 可微函数differentiability 可微性differentiability condition 可微性条件differential n. 微分differential form 微分形式differentiate v. 微分differentiate term wise 逐项微分differentiation n. 微分(运算)term-by-term differentiation 逐项微分displacement 位移distance 距离distinct 不同的distinct real roots 不同的实根distributives 分配性diverge v. 发散divide v. 划分,除subdivide 细分domain 定义域double 重,二重,双double root 二重根duplicate v. 复制、重复duplication n. 复制、重复eliminate v. 消去elimination n. 消元法、消去the method of elimination 消元法、消去法eigenvalue n. 特征值complex conjugate eigenvalue 复共轭特征值defective eigenvalue 不完备的特征值multiple eigenvalue 多重特征值zero eigenvalue 零特征值eigenvector 特征向量generalized eigenvector 广义特征向量rank generalized eigenvector r 阶广义特征向量element 元素diagonal element 对角元off-diagonal element 非对角元element wise 逐个元素地ellipse 椭圆elliptical orbit 椭圆型轨道employ v. 利用employ the technique of 利用…技术enable v. 使能够entry n. 元素equate v. 使相等equation 方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利方程Bessel’s equation 贝赛尔方程characteristic equation 特征方程cubic equation 三次方程differential equation 微分方程eigenvector equation 特征向量方程exact differential equation 恰当微分方程higher-degree equation 高次方程homogeneous equation 齐次方程Legend re’s equation 勒让德方程linear first-order equation 一阶线性方程Logistic equation 逻辑斯蒂方程natural growth equation 自然增长方程ordinary differential equation 常微分方程partial differential equation 偏微分方程quadratic equation 二次方程reducible equation 可降阶方程second-degree equation 二次方程separable differential equation 可分离变量方程simultaneous equations 联立方程组equilibrium position 平衡位置equivalent 等价的be equivalent to 等价于equivalently 等价地error 误差average error 平均误差existence 存在existence-uniqueness theorem 存在唯一性定理exponent 指数negative exponent 负指数exponential 指数(的)exponential function 指数函数matrix exponential 矩阵指数factor n. 因式,因子v. 分解因式common factor 公因式,公因子integrating factor 积分因子linear factor 一次因式irreducible quadratic factor 二次不可约因式factorization n. 因子分解field 场、域direction field 方向场first 第一的the first two… 前两(个)……flow v. 流动n. 流量inflow n. 流入(量) outflow n. 流出(量)focus 焦点following 下面的force 力external force 外力external period ice force 周期性外力frictional force 摩擦力form 形式decimal form 小数形式explicit form 显式形式implicit form 隐式形式polar form 极坐标形式the standard form 标准形式upper triangular form 上三角形式former a. 以前的the former 前者formula 公式fraction 分式,分数frequency 频率function 函数analytic function 解析函数coefficient function 系数函数complementary function 补函数component function 分量函数constant-valued function 常数值函数continuous function 连续函数piecewise continuous function 分段连续函数decreasing function 单调减函数differentiable function 可微函数n times differentiable function n 阶可微函数twice differentiable function 二阶可微函数sufficiently differentiable function 足够阶可微函数discontinuous function 不连续函数elementary function 初等函数factorial function 分式函数increasing function 单调增函数matrix-valued function 矩阵值函数position function 位置函数rational function 有理函数real-valued function 实值函数trigonometric function 三角函数unknown function 未知函数vector-valued function 向量值函数generalize (to) v. 推广generalization n. 推广graph 图象hemispherical 半球形的hold v. 成立homogeneous 齐(次)的nonhomogenous 非齐(次)的hyperbolic 双曲型的hyperbolic cosine 双曲余弦hyperbolic sine 双曲正弦hypothesis n. 假设hypotheses n. 假设(复数形式) identity 恒等式identity principle 恒等原理trigonometric identity 三角恒等式illustrate v. 说明imaginary part 虚部immaterial a. 不重要的, 不相干的imply v. 意味着, 暗示impulse 脉冲independent a. 独立的, 不相关的independent of 独立于……inductor 电感器initial 开始的, 最初的initial condition 初始条件initial position 初始位置initial population 初始人口数initial velocity 初始速度integer 整数nonnegative integer 非负整数integral 积分definite integral 定积分improper integral 非正常积分indefinite integral 不定积分integral sign 积分号integrate v. 积分integrate by parts 分部积分integration n. 积分integration of both sides 两边积分interior n. 内部in terms of 根据interval 区间closed interval 闭区间interval of real number 实数区间open interval 开区间subinterval 子区间bounded subinterval 有界子区间the ends of the interval 区间的端点the whole interval 整个区间involve v. 包含,涉及Kepl er’s laws of planetary motion 开普勒行星运动定律latter a. 后期的,末期的the latter 后者left-hand side 左边like 类似,相似like powers 同次幂like term 同类项limit 极限take the limit 取极限upper limit 上极限line 线,线条line segment 线段real line 实数轴straight line 直线tangent line 切线the line tangent (to) 与…相切的直线the entire real line 整个实轴linear 线性的linear combination 线性组合linear dependence 线性相关linear independence 线性无关nonlinear 非线性的linearly 线性地linearly dependent 线性相关的linearly independent 线性无关的linearly independent solutions 线性无关解linearity 线性性liter 升logarithm 对数logarithmic term 含有对数的项long division 长除法major semi axis 长半轴mass (物体的)质量mathematical model 数学模型mathematical modeling 数学建模matrix 矩阵augmented matrix 增广矩阵coefficient matrix 系数矩阵diagonal matrix 对角矩阵exponential matrix 指数矩阵fundamental matrix 基解矩阵identity matrix 单位矩阵inverse matrix 逆矩阵matrix addition 矩阵加法matrix multiplication 矩阵乘法nonsingular matrix 非奇异矩阵singular matrix 奇异矩阵square matrix 方阵upper triangular matrix 上三角矩阵zero matrix 零矩阵mean value theorem for integral 积分中值定理method 方法straightforward method 直接的方法minimum 最小值minus prep. 减,减去;负的minus sign 负号motion 运动free undamped motion 无阻尼自由运动simple harmonic motion 简谐运动multiply v. 乘,倍增multiplication n. 乘法multiplicity n. 重数nature 自然, 本质nilpotent 幂零的number 数complex number 复数imaginary number 虚数negative number 负数nonnegative number 非负数positive number 正数real number 实数unknown number 未知数numerator (分数的)分子operate v. 运算,作用operation n. 运算,操作elementary row operation 初等行变换operator 算子polynomial operator 多项式算子orbit 轨道order 阶first-order equation 一阶方程fourth-order equation 四阶方程of exponential order 指数阶的second-order equation 二阶方程nth-order equation n 阶方程the mixed second-order partial derivative 二阶混合偏导数the order of a differential equation 微分方程的阶origin 原点original 原来的the original equation 原方程the original form 原来的形式oscillate v. 振动oscillation n. 振动forced oscillation 强迫振动free oscillation 自由振动parabola 抛物线 [pə'ræbələ]parameter 参数variation of parameters 常数变易法parameterize v. 参数化parameterization n. 参数化particle 粒子phase angle 相角phase portrait 相图plane 平面point 点end point 端点isolated point 孤立点ordinary point 常点singular point 奇点regular singular point 正则奇点irregular singular point 非正则奇点polynomial 多项式n th-degree polynomial n 次多项式a polynomial of degree n n 次多项式a polynomial of lower degree 次数较低的多项式Taylor polynomial 泰勒多项式possible 可能的possibility 可能性power 幂power function 幂函数in powers of x x 的幂in powers of x −a x −a 的幂presence 出现, 在场preceding 前面的prime 求导符号“撇”problem 问题mathematical problem 数学问题initial value problem 初始值问题proceed v. 继续进行, 继续下去product 乘, 积dot product 点积product rule 乘法法则scalar product 点积,数积,内积property 性质proposition 命题quotient 商radius 半径radius of convergence 收敛半径rate 速率at a rate of 以…的速率at a rate proportional to 以与…成正比的速率birth rate 出生率death rate 死亡率time rate of change of (something) …关于时间的变化率interest rate 利率reactant 反应物readily 容易地real part 实部recall v. 记起,回顾rectangle 长方形, 矩形open rectangle 开矩形recurrence relation 递推关系many-term recurrence relation 多项间的递推关系two-term recurrence relation 两项间的递推关系recursion formula 递推公式reduce v. 化简, 简化, 约简reduction n. 化简, 简化, 约简reduction of order 降阶resistor 电阻器result n. 结果v. 导致(in)revolution n. 旋转right-hand side 右边root 根characteristic root 特征根complex root 复根double root 二重根equal roots 相等的根k-fold root k 重根rational root 有理根real root 实根repeated root 重根the square root 平方根triple root 三重根rotation n. 旋转counterclockwise rotation 逆时针旋转routine 例行的; 平凡的a routine matter 平凡的情形row 行scalar 纯量(的), 数量(的), 标量(的)series 级数binomial series 二项式级数geometric series 几何级数harmonic series 调和级数infinite series 无穷级数power series 幂级数convergent power series 收敛的幂级数power series representation 幂级数表示power series in x x的幂级数power series in x −a x −a 的幂级数power series solution 幂级数解Taylor series 泰勒级数set 集合show v. 证明side 边left-hand side 左边right-hand side 右边simple 简单的simplify v. 简化, 化简simplification n. 简化, 化简singularity 奇异性slope 斜率slope field 斜率场smooth 光滑的piecewise smooth 逐段光滑的solute n. 溶质,溶解物solution n. 解explicit solution 显式解implicit solution 隐式解infinitely many solutions 无穷多解negative-valued solution 负值解period ice solution 周期解positive-valued solution 正值解singular solution 奇解solution curve 解曲线the (a) genera l solution 通解the particular solution 特解solve v. 解solvent n. 溶剂some 某个some open interval 某个开区间spring 弹簧spring constant 弹性系数step 步骤finitely many steps 有限多步stretch 拉伸subject(to) a. 易受…的ad.在…条件下subscript 下标even subscript 偶下标odd subscript 奇下标substitute v. 代入substitution n. 代入direct substitution 直接代入back substitution 回代subtract v. 减去subtraction n. 减去suffice v. 足够sufficient n. 足够的, 充分的sufficient condition 充分条件sum n. 和sum zero 总和为零summand 被加数summation 求和(法), 累加, 加法the index of summation 求和的指标the sum of…and … …与…的和superposition 叠加symmetry 对称symmetric form 对称形式system 方程组,系统first-order system 一阶方程组higher-order system 高阶方程组two-dimensional system 二维系统upper triangular system 上三角方程组take 取, 实施take the Laplace transform 取拉普拉斯变换take the limit 取极限tangent 正切(的),切线(的)be tangent to 与…相切time 时间per unit of time 单位时间time lag 时滞tank 箱, 柜, 罐water tank 水箱term 项constant term 常数项termwise addition 逐项相加term by term 逐项the first term 第一项the first few terms 前几项the genera l term 通项, 一般项the leading term 首项terminology 术语trajectory 轨道, 轨迹transform v. 转化n. 变换Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换inverse Laplace transform 拉普拉斯反变换transformation n. 变换,转化transpose v. , n. 转置,移项triangle 三角(形)right triangle 直角三角形triple 三重的, 三次的, 三倍的triple eigenvalue 三重特征根trivial 平凡的, 不重要的trivial case 平凡情况nontrivial 非平凡的tuple 组n -tuple n 元组unique 唯一的uniqueness 唯一性unique solution 唯一解unknown 未知的the unknown 未知量value 值numerical value 数值absolute value 绝对值variable 变量dependent variable 因变量independent variable 自变量variable of integration 积分变量vector 向量acceleration vector 加速度向量column vector 列向量constant vector 常数向量position vector 位置向量radius vector 向径, 矢径row vector 行向量solution vector 解向量unit vector 单位向量verify v. 证明vanish 等于零vanish identically 恒等于零variable 变量dependent variable 因变量independent variable 自变量separation of variable 变量分离voltage 电压volume 列Wronskian 伏朗斯基行列式yield 产生zero 零nonzero 非零。
Principal Direction Linear Oracle for Gene Expression Ensemble ClassificationLeif E.Peterson,Matthew A.ColemanAbstract—A principal direction linear oracle(PDLO)en-semble classifier for DNA microarray gene expression data is proposed.The common fusion-selection ensemble based on weighted trust for a specifier classifier was replaced with pairs of subclassifiers of the same type using PDLO to perform a linear hyperplane split of training and testing samples.The hyperplane split forming the oracle was based on rotations of principal components extracted from sets offiltered features in order to maximize the separation of samples between the pair of miniclassifiers.Eleven classifiers were evaluated for performance with and without PDLO implementation,which included k nearest neighbor(kNN),na¨ıve Bayes classifier(NBC),linear dis-criminant analysis(LDA),learning vector quantization(LVQ1), polytomous logistic regression(PLOG),artificial neural networks (ANN),constricted particle swarm optimization(CPSO),kernel regression(KREG),radial basis function networks(RBFN), gradient descent support vector machines(SVMGD),and least squares support vector machines(SVMLS).PLOG resulted in the best performance when used as a base classifier for PDLO.The greatest performance for PLOG implemented with PDLO occurred for tenfold CV and100rotations of PC scores withfixed angles for hyperplane splits.Random rotation angles for hyperplane splits resulted in reduced performance when compared to rotations withfixed angles.I.I NTRODUCTIONEnsemble learning has proven to result in performance levels which exceed average classifier performance[1-2].The history of improved ensemble learning performance is founded on several premises.First,complexities inherent in data can re-sult in complex decision boundaries that are too difficult for a single classifier to handle.The application of a given classifier is commonly hinged to a variety of assumptions surrounding a particular set of data and pattern recognition functions, each of which effect scale,robustness,and computational efficiency.Examples of classifier fusion techniques include majority voting,mixture of experts,bagging,boosting,and bootstrapping.Majority voting exploits a variety of addition, product,and weighting rules for adjusting classifier outcome to achieve better performance[3].The mixture of experts approach determines the particular area of the feature space where each expert performs optimally,and assigns future samples to the expert that is most capable of providing a correct solution in the specific space[4-12].Bagging ensembles randomly select independent bootstrap samples of data and build classifiers from the various sets of samples[13,14]. L.E.Peterson is with the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology,Dept. of Public Health,The Methodist Hospital,6565Fannin Street,Suite MGJ6-031,Houston,Texas77030,USA.E-mail:peterson.leif@.M.A.Coleman is with the Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,7000East Avenue,Livermore, California94550,USA.E-mail:coleman16@.Ensemble learning through boosting repeatedly runs a weak classifier with sequentially derived weighted mixtures of the training data to form a composite classifier[15-18].A requirement for ensemble classifiers is that the individual classifiers have diversity and are different from one another, otherwise there will be no improvement in results when compared with the individual classifiers.Hashem[19]has reported varying degrees of diversity such as“good”and “poor”,whose results directly translate into decreased and increased performance based on the combination of classifiers considered.Measurements made among classifiers employed during bagging indicate a decrease in diversity with an increase in the number of training instances,while for boosting the diversity increases with increasing training sample sizes[20]. An alternative approach involves overproduce-and-select,in which a pool of classifiers are spawned and then optimally selected on-the-fly by monitoring accuracy and diversity pa-rameters such as the double-fault measure[21],measure of difficulty[22],Kohavi-Wolpert variance[23],kappa[24], and generalized diversity[25].Despite previous efforts to enhance and refine ensemble methods,the majority of studies on ensemble construction based on diversity have yielded unsatisfactory results,since a universal theory for optimized ensemble construction does not exist[26-28].This investigation focuses on increasing ensemble diversity through use of a principal direction linear oracle(PDLO). Instead of using different classifiers in the ensemble,a single classifier is replaced with a miniensemble of two subclassifiers to which training and testing samples are assigned after performing a linear hyperplane split on the principal directions from principal component analysis(PCA).Empirical gene ex-pression data are used for determining whether each classifier considered resulted in better performance by itself or when applied to PDLO.Other ensemble methods such as majority voting,boosting,etc.,were not employed since the goal of this study was to determine which classifier resulted in the greatest performance when used for the pair of subclassifiers in miniensembles.The effect of the number of iterations and the number of folds used in cross validation(CV)on PDLO performance was also evaluated.II.M ETHODSA.DNA Microarray Data Sets UsedData used for classification analysis were available in C4.5 format from the Kent Ridge Biomedical Data Set Repository (.sg/rp),see Table I.The2-class adult brain cancer data were comprised of60arrays(21censored, 39failures)with expression for7,129genes[29].The2-class adult prostate cancer data set consisted of102training2TABLE ID ATA SETS USED FOR CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS.Brain[29]2-7129-60(21censored,39failures)16Prostate[30]2-12600-102(52tumor,50normal)11Breast[31]2-3170-15(8BRCA1,7BRCA2)6Breast[32]2-24481-78(34relapse,44non-relapse)17Colon[33]2-2000-62(40negative,22positive)5Lung[34]2-12533-32(16MPM,16ADCA)29Leukemia[35]2-7129-38(27ALL,11AML)9Leukemia[36]3-12582-57(20ALL,17MLL,20AML)13SRBCT[37]4-2308-63(23EWS,8BL,12NB,20RMS)20l.For each i th sample,the l thprincipal component score(“PC score”)is calculated asy il Dˇ1l z i1Cˇ2l z i2C Cˇpl z ip:(2)The vector y l is distributed N.0;1/and serves as a new featurerepresenting each sample in score space.In addition,eachsample can be represented in3D space.X;Y;Z/by assumingX i D y i1,Y i D y i2,and Z i D y i3.The motivation for PDLOis that if a standardized data set primarily consists of twolargely separated clusters,then by theory thefirst eigenvectore1associated with the largest eigenvalue 1will form astraight line connecting the centers of the two clusters,sincethe two clusters will define the greatest amount of variationin the data.A reliable linear hyperplane h.y/split of the datacan then be made where y i2D0.Samples having y i2>0lieabove h.y/and are assigned to data set D1,whereas sampleswith y i2Ä0lie on or below h.y/and are assigned to D2.Thefirst miniensemble is used for training and testing withD1and the second miniensemble used for training and testingwith D2.The predicted class membership of test samples inD1and D2are then used during construction of the confusionmatrix used in performance evaluation.An iterative scheme was employed in which PC scores forthefirst3PCs y1,y2,and y3for each i th sample were rotated3around the axis of the first PC,i.e.,y 1asfollows0B B @y 0i1y 0i2y 0i311C C A D 0B B@10000cos .Â/ sin .Â/00sin .Â/cos .Â/000011C C A 0B B @y i1y i2y i311C C A :(3)PDLO performance was evaluated for two methods of rotation,one in which an increasing angle of rotation was used where ÂD iteration 2Algorithm 1:Principal Direction Linear Oracle (PDLO)If fixed rotation angle:ÂD j2Rotate scores y i1,y i2,y i3around axis y 1using angle Âif y i2>0thenSample is below hyperplane h.y / D 2endif endfor endfchmjj x x T jj /,wherem =#features.Such kernels are likely to yield the greatest class prediction accuracy providing that a suitable choice of is used.To determine an optimum value of for use with RBF kernels,a grid search was done using incremental values of from 2 15,2 13,...,23in order to evaluate accuracy for all training samples.We also used a grid search in the range of 10 2,10 1,...,104for the SVM margin parameter C .The optimal choice of C was based on the grid search for which classification accuracy is the greatest,resulting in the optimal value for the separating hyperplane and minimum norm jj jj of the slack variable vector.SVM tuning was performed by taking the median of parameters during grid search iterations when the test sample misclassification rate waszero.Fig.1.Boxplot of classifier accuracy without PDLO for all data sets.Classifier performance with and without PDLO was as-sessed using 10tenfold CV [43]with 10PDLO iterations per fold and fixed rotation angles for hyperplane splits.PLOG yielded the greatest performance when implemented with PDLO,and therefore was evaluated using CV folds of 2,5,and 10,and 10to 100iterations with fixed or random rotation angles for hyperplane splits of samples.A majority voting scheme was used in which the assigned class was based on the most frequent class assignment during the iterations.Mixtures of different classifiers were not used because the focus was to establish performance of various classifiers with and without4Fig.2.Boxplot of classifier accuracy with PDLO for all data sets.PDLO,and investigate the effects of the number of CV folds and rotation iterations on performance of PDLO.III.R ESULTSFigure 1and Figure 2show boxplots of classifier accuracy without and with PDLO for 10tenfold CV.In the absence of PDLO (Figure 1),PLOG showed the greatest 25th percentile of accuracy for all data sets,followed by ANN and LDA.When PDLO was applied to the base classifiers,that is,use of an oracle with two miniensembles within the classifier,the same pattern emerged wherein PLOG had the greatest 25th percentile followed again by LDA and ANN (Figure2).Fig.3.PDLO accuracy as a function of CV folds and fixed rotation angles Âused during rotation of PC scores.PLOG used as base classifier for PDLO.Figure 3illustrates PLOG performance with PDLO as a function of CV folds and rotation iterations whenfixedFig.4.PDLO accuracy as a function of CV folds and random rotation angles Âused during rotation of PC scores.PLOG used as base classifier for PDLO.rotation angles were used for rotating the PC scores prior to sample hyperplane splits.Figure 4shows that reduced performance was obtained for PLOG implemented with PDLO when random angles were employed for PC score rotations before hyperplane splits of samples.IV.D ISCUSSION AND C ONCLUSIONLinear oracles for classification are not a new concept.Their use primarily originated in the development of decision tree classifiers.Hyperplane splits first appeared in oblique decision trees in the form of axis-parallel splits used in CART-LC [44]and later OC1[45].Random linear oracles were recently applied by Kuncheva and Rodriguez to 35UCI data sets using a variety of classification methods including Adaboost,bagging,multiboost,random subspace,and random forests [46].In their study of classifier ensembles,random hyperplane splits were used in which 2points were randomly selected and the perpendicular vector at the midpoint between the 2points was used as a reference for the hyperplane.Superior results were obtained for the random linear oracle when compared with the routine uses of various bagging and boosting forms of decision tree methods.In the present study,our focus was to evaluate the effect of PDLO on performance for 11base classifiers,since to date this has eluded systematic investigation.Principal directions were used for the purpose of developing linear hyperplanes from orthogonal eigenvectors describing the majority of variance in the data.Thus far,we have observed that the greatest per-formance of PDLO occurred when implemented with PLOG,ANN,and ing PLOG as the base classifier,we observed that tenfold CV and 100rotations using fixed rotation angles for hyperplane splits resulted in the greatest perfor-mance.We are currently evaluating differences in diversity among multiple classifiers used in ensembles vs.PDLO.In conclusion,PLOG resulted in the best performance when used as a base classifier for PDLO.The greatest performance5for PLOG when implemented with PDLO occurred for tenfold CV and100rotations of PC scores withfixed angles for hyperplane sample splits.R 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