Lesson 07 Bridge(土木工程专业英语)

Lesson 7 Transportation Systems交通运输系统Transportation system in a developed nation consists of a network of modes that have evolved over many years. The system consists of vehicles, guideways, terminal facilities and control systems: these operate according to established procedures and schedules in the air, on land, and on water. The system also requires interaction with the user, the operator and the environment. The systems that are in place reflect the multitude of decisions made by shippers, carriers, government, individual travelers, and affected nonusers concerning the investment in or the use of transportation. The transportation system that has evolved has produced a variety of modes that complement each other.在发达国家，交通运输系统由网状结构组成的模式已经发展了好多年。

这个系统由交通工具、轨道、站场设施和控制系统组成。

这些依照空中、陆上和水上已制定的程序和计划运转。

这个系统也需要和用户、司机和环境互动。

土木工程应用英语教学参考书Unit7Unit7 BridgeSectionI Talking Face to Face1. IntroductionBridge is very important for a country’s development.They can keep a normally flow of some important necessity during the society development.They connect the whole nation through the road and railway.Ask students to read dialogue and then make dialogues according to the task.2. Explaining some words and expressions in the dialogue:Dialogue one:1According to the General Construction Schedule,you shouldhave finished …？2The important thing to do now is to finish it as soon as possible.Notes:General schedule 总进度表Construction schedule 施工进度表Approval of equipment achievement 设备审批Dialogue two:Useful expressions and patterns1 I am sorry to say Iam not satisfied with your speed.2 You should have achieved more progress.3 We can speed up when the weather permits.Notes:Construction period 工期Key dates 关键日期Section schedule 分期进度表Erection contractor 安装承包商SectionII Maintaining a sharp eyePassage1 Bridge EngineeringImportant words1 passage n 1) the action of going across 通行，通过ex: The old bridge is not strong enough to allow the passage of heavy vehicle.这古老的桥不够坚固，无法让重型的车辆通过2) （of time）course (时间)经过3）a narrow way through 狭窄的通道ex: He forced a passage throgh the crowd他从人群中挤出一条通路来。

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语 Specialty English3 水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程 Civil Engineering5 地下工程 Underground Engineering6 岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程 Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程 Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学 Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程 Traffic Engineering12 港口工程 Port Engineering13 安全性 safety17木结构 timber structure18 砌体结构 masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构 steelstructure21 钢 - 混凝土复合结构 steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土 plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋 rebar25 预应力混凝土 pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构 statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构 truss structure29 空间网架结构 spatial grid structure30 近海工程 offshore engineering31 静力学 statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁 simply supported beam35 固定支座 fixed bearing36弹性力学 elasticity37 塑性力学 plasticity38 弹塑性力学 elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学 fracture Mechanics40 土力学 soil mechanics41 水力学 hydraulics42 流体力学 fluid mechanics精品文库43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力 concentrated force45 压力 pressure46 静水压力 hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力 uniform pressure48 体力 body force49 重力 gravity50 线荷载 line load51 弯矩 bending moment52 扭矩 torque53 应力 stress54 应变 stain55 正应力 normal stress56 剪应力 shearing stress57 主应力 principal stress58 变形 deformation59 内力 internal force60 偏移量挠度 deflection61 沉降settlement62 屈曲失稳 buckle63 轴力 axial force64 允许应力 allowable stress65 疲劳分析 fatigue analysis66 梁 beam67 壳 shell68 板 plate69 桥 bridge70 桩 pile71 主动土压力 active earth pressure72 被动土压力 passive earth pressure73 承载力 load-bearing capacity74 水位 water Height75 位移 displacement76 结构力学 structural mechanics77 材料力学 material mechanics78 经纬仪 altometer79 水准仪level80 学科 discipline81 子学科 sub-discipline82 期刊 journal periodical83 文献literature84 国际标准刊号ISSN International Standard Serial Number精品文库85 国际标准书号ISBN International Standard Book Number86 卷 volume87 期 number88 专著 monograph89 会议论文集 Proceeding90 学位论文 thesis dissertation91 专利 patent92 档案档案室 archive93 国际学术会议 conference94 导师 advisor95 学位论文答辩 defense of thesis96 博士研究生 doctorate student97 研究生 postgraduate98 工程索引EI Engineering Index99 科学引文索引SCI Science Citation Index100 科学技术会议论文集索引ISTP Index to Science and Tec hnology Proceedings101 题目 title102 摘要 abstract103 全文 full-text104 参考文献 reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词 Subject107 关键字 keyword108 美国土木工程师协会ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers109 联邦公路总署FHWA Federal Highway Administration110 国际标准组织ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法 analytical method112 数值方法 numerical method113 计算 computation114 说明书 instruction115 规范 Specification Code第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical engineering 岩土工程2.foundation engineering 基础工程3.soil earth 土4.soil mechanics 土力学5.cyclic loading 周期荷载6.unloading 卸载7.reloading 再加载8.viscoelastic foundation 粘弹性地基9.viscous damping 粘滞阻尼10.shear modulus 剪切模量精品文库11.soil dynamics 土动力学12.stress path 应力路径13.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二.土的分类1.residual soil 残积土 groundwater level 地下水位2.groundwater 地下水 groundwater table 地下水位3.clay minerals 粘土矿物4.secondary minerals 次生矿物ndslides 滑坡6.bore hole columnar section 钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation 工程地质勘察8.boulder 漂石9.cobble 卵石10.gravel 砂石11.gravelly sand 砾砂12.coarse sand 粗砂13.medium sand 中砂14.fine sand 细砂15.silty sand 粉土16.clayey soil 粘性土17.clay 粘土18.silty clay 粉质粘土19.silt 粉土20.sandy silt 砂质粉土21.clayey silt 粘质粉土22.saturated soil 饱和土23.unsaturated soil 非饱和土24.fill (soil) 填土25.overconsolidated soil 超固结土26.normally consolidated soil 正常固结土27.underconsolidated soil 欠固结土28.zonal soil 区域性土29.soft clay 软粘土30.expansive (swelling) soil 膨胀土31.peat 泥炭32.loess 黄土33.frozen soil 冻土24.degree of saturation 饱和度25.dry unit weight 干重度26.moist unit weight 湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会精品文库四.渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping 管涌3.flowing soil 流土4.sand boiling 砂沸5.flow net 流网6.seepage 渗透（流）7.leakage 渗流8.seepage pressure 渗透压力9.permeability 渗透性10.seepage force 渗透力11.hydraulic gradient 水力梯度12.coefficient of permeability 渗透系数五.地基应力和变形1.soft soil 软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile 打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress 有效应力4.total stress 总应力5.field vane shear strength 十字板抗剪强度6.low activity 低活性7.sensitivity 灵敏度8.triaxial test 三轴试验9.foundation design 基础设计10.recompaction 再压缩11.bearing capacity 承载力12.soil mass 土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load 集中荷载15.a semi-infinite elastic solid 半无限弹性体16.homogeneous 均质17.isotropic 各向同性18.strip footing 条基19.square spread footing 方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load 恒载持续荷载22.live load 活载23.short –term transient load 短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load 长期荷载25.reduced load 折算荷载26.settlement 沉降27.deformation 变形28.casing 套管精品文库29.dike=dyke 堤（防）30.clay fraction 粘粒粒组31.physical properties 物理性质32.subgrade 路基33.well-graded soil 级配良好土34.poorly-graded soil 级配不良土35.normal stresses 正应力36.shear stresses 剪应力37.principal plane 主平面38.major (intermediate minor) principal stress 最大（中、最小）主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition 摩尔-库仑破坏条件40.FEM=finite element method 有限元法41.limit equilibrium method 极限平衡法42.pore water pressure 孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure 先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility 压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility 压缩系数pression index 压缩指数47.swelling index 回弹指数48.geostatic stress 自重应力49.additional stress 附加应力50.total stress 总应力51.final settlement 最终沉降52.slip line 滑动线六.基坑开挖与降水1 excavation 开挖（挖方）2 dewatering （基坑）降水3 failure of foundation 基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit 基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall 挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution 孔压分布8 dewatering method 降低地下水位法9 well point system 井点系统（轻型）10 deep well point 深井点11 vacuum well point 真空井点12 braced cuts 支撑围护13 braced excavation 支撑开挖14 braced sheeting 支撑挡板七.深基础--deep foundation1.pile foundation 桩基础1)cast –in-place 灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile 沉管灌注桩bored pile 钻孔桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile 机控异型灌注桩piles set into rock 嵌岩灌注桩rammed bulb pile 夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation 钻孔墩基础drilled-pier foundation 钻孔扩底墩under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile 预制混凝土桩4)steel pile 钢桩steel pipe pile 钢管桩steel sheet pile 钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile 预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pipe pile 预应力混凝土管桩2.caisson foundation 沉井（箱）3.diaphragm wall 地下连续墙截水墙4.friction pile 摩擦桩5.end-bearing pile 端承桩6.shaft 竖井；桩身7.wave equation analysis 波动方程分析8.pile caps 承台（桩帽）9.bearing capacity of single pile 单桩承载力teral pile load test 单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile 单桩横向极限承载力12.static load test of pile 单桩竖向静荷载试验13.vertical allowable load capacity 单桩竖向容许承载力14.low pile cap 低桩承台15.high-rise pile cap 高桩承台16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile 单桩抗拔极限承载力17.silent piling 静力压桩18.uplift pile 抗拔桩19.anti-slide pile 抗滑桩20.pile groups 群桩21.efficiency factor of pile groups 群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups 群桩效应23.dynamic pile testing 桩基动测技术24.final set 最后贯入度25.dynamic load test of pile 桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test 桩的完整性试验27.pile head=butt 桩头28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe 桩端（头）29.pile spacing 桩距30.pile plan 桩位布置图31.arrangement of piles =pile layout 桩的布置32.group action 群桩作用33.end bearing=tip resistance 桩端阻34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance 桩侧阻35.pile cushion 桩垫36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩37.pile pulling test 拔桩试验38.pile shoe 桩靴39.pile noise 打桩噪音40.pile rig 打桩机九.固结 consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory 太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory 巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory 比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil 超固结土6.excess pore water pressure 超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation 多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation 一维固结9.primary consolidation 主固结10.secondary consolidation 次固结11.degree of consolidation 固结度12.consolidation test 固结试验13.consolidation curve 固结曲线14.time factor Tv 时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation 固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure 前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress 有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0 固结十.抗剪强度 shear strength1.undrained shear strength 不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength 残余强度3.long-term strength 长期强度4.peak strength 峰值强度5.shear strain rate 剪切应变速率6.dilatation 剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法 8.total stress approach of shear strength 抗剪强度总应力法9.Mohr-Coulomb theory 莫尔－库仑理论10.angle of internal friction 内摩擦角11.cohesion 粘聚力12.failure criterion 破坏准则13.vane strength 十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression 无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop 有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter 有效应力强度参数十一.本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model 弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model 非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model 弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model 粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model 边界面模型6.Du ncan-Chang model 邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model 刚塑性模型8.cap model 盖帽模型9.work softening 加工软化10.work hardening 加工硬化11.Cambridge model 剑桥模型12.ideal elastoplastic model 理想弹塑性模型13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion 莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface 屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model 弹性半空间地基模型16.elastic modulus 弹性模量17.Winkler foundation model 文克尔地基模型十二.地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil1.punching shear failure 冲剪破坏2.general shear failure 整体剪切破化3.local shear failure 局部剪切破坏4.state of limit equilibrium 极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure 临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil 地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil 地基极限承载力8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil 地基容许承载力十三.土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure 主动土压力2.passive earth pressure 被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest 静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory 库仑土压力理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory 朗金土压力理论十四.土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose 休止角2.Bishop method 毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope 边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices 费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method 瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method 条分法十五.挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall 挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall 基础墙3.counter retaining wall 扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall 悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall 重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall 锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall 锚定板板桩墙十六.板桩结构物--sheet pile structure1.steel sheet pile 钢板桩2.reinforced concrete sheet pile 钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles 钢桩4.wooden sheet pile 木板桩5.timber piles 木桩十七.浅基础--shallow foundation1.box foundation 箱型基础2.mat(raft) foundation 片筏基础3.strip foundation 条形基础4.spread footing 扩展基础pensated foundation 补偿性基础6.bearing stratum 持力层7.rigid foundation 刚性基础8.flexible foundation 柔性基础9.emxxxxbedded depth of foundation 基础埋置深度 foundation pressure 基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis 上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八.土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils 动强度2.wave velocity method 波速法3.material damping 材料阻尼4.geometric damping 几何阻尼5.damping ratio 阻尼比6.initial liquefaction 初始液化7.natural period of soil site 地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils 动剪切模量9.dynamic ma二十.地基基础抗震1.earthquake engineering 地震工程2.soil dynamics 土动力学3.duration of earthquake 地震持续时间4.earthquake response spectrum 地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity 地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude 震级7.seismic predominant period 地震卓越周期8.maximum acceleration of earthquake 地震最大加速度二十一.室内土工实验1.high pressure consolidation test 高压固结试验2.consolidation under K0 condition K0 固结试验3.falling head permeability 变水头试验4.constant head permeability 常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test 不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test 固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test 固结排水试验(CD)paction test 击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test 固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test 快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test 慢剪试验12.sieve analysis 筛分析13.geotechnical model test 土工模型试验14.centrifugal model test 离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus 直剪仪16.direct shear test 直剪试验17.direct simple shear test 直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test 三轴试验19.dynamic simple shear 动单剪20.free（resonance）vibration column test 自(共)振柱试验二十二.原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验2.surface wave test (SWT) 表面波试验3.dynamic penetration test(DPT) 动力触探试验4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验5.plate loading test 静力荷载试验teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验9.screw plate test 螺旋板载荷试验10.pressuremeter test 旁压试验11.light sounding 轻便触探试验12.deep settlement measurement 深层沉降观测13.vane shear test 十字板剪切试验14.field permeability test 现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测16.in-situ soil test 原位试验第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语 Specialty English3 水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程 Civil Engineering5 地下工程 Underground Engineering6 岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程 Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程 Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学 Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程 Traffic Engineering12 港口工程 Port Engineering13 安全性 safety17木结构 timber structure18 砌体结构 masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构 steelstructure21 钢 - 混凝土复合结构 steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土 plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋 rebar25 预应力混凝土 pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构 statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构 truss structure29 空间网架结构 spatial grid structure30 近海工程 offshore engineering31 静力学 statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁 simply supported beam35 固定支座 fixed bearing36弹性力学 elasticity37 塑性力学 plasticity38 弹塑性力学 elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学 fracture Mechanics40 土力学 soil mechanics精品文库41 水力学 hydraulics42 流体力学 fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力 concentrated force45 压力 pressure46 静水压力 hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力 uniform pressure48 体力 body force49 重力 gravity50 线荷载 line load51 弯矩 bending moment52 扭矩 torque53 应力 stress54 应变 stain55 正应力 normal stress56 剪应力 shearing stress57 主应力 principal stress58 变形 deformation59 内力 internal force60 偏移量挠度 deflection61 沉降settlement62 屈曲失稳 buckle63 轴力 axial force64 允许应力 allowable stress65 疲劳分析 fatigue analysis66 梁 beam67 壳 shell68 板 plate69 桥 bridge70 桩 pile71 主动土压力 active earth pressure72 被动土压力 passive earth pressure73 承载力 load-bearing capacity74 水位 water Height75 位移 displacement76 结构力学 structural mechanics77 材料力学 material mechanics78 经纬仪 altometer79 水准仪level80 学科 discipline81 子学科 sub-discipline82 期刊 journal periodical精品文库83 文献literature84 国际标准刊号ISSN International Standard Serial Number85 国际标准书号ISBN International Standard Book Number86 卷 volume87 期 number88 专著 monograph89 会议论文集 Proceeding90 学位论文 thesis dissertation91 专利 patent92 档案档案室 archive93 国际学术会议 conference94 导师 advisor95 学位论文答辩 defense of thesis96 博士研究生 doctorate student97 研究生 postgraduate98 工程索引EI Engineering Index99 科学引文索引SCI Science Citation Index100 科学技术会议论文集索引ISTP Index to Science and Tec hnology Proceedings101 题目 title102 摘要 abstract103 全文 full-text104 参考文献 reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词 Subject107 关键字 keyword108 美国土木工程师协会ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers109 联邦公路总署FHWA Federal Highway Administration110 国际标准组织ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法 analytical method112 数值方法 numerical method113 计算 computation114 说明书 instruction115 规范 Specification Code第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical engineering 岩土工程2.foundation engineering 基础工程3.soil earth 土4.soil mechanics 土力学5.cyclic loading 周期荷载6.unloading 卸载7.reloading 再加载8.viscoelastic foundation 粘弹性地基精品文库9.viscous damping 粘滞阻尼10.shear modulus 剪切模量11.soil dynamics 土动力学12.stress path 应力路径13.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二.土的分类1.residual soil 残积土 groundwater level 地下水位2.groundwater 地下水 groundwater table 地下水位3.clay minerals 粘土矿物4.secondary minerals 次生矿物ndslides 滑坡6.bore hole columnar section 钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation 工程地质勘察8.boulder 漂石9.cobble 卵石10.gravel 砂石11.gravelly sand 砾砂12.coarse sand 粗砂13.medium sand 中砂14.fine sand 细砂15.silty sand 粉土16.clayey soil 粘性土17.clay 粘土18.silty clay 粉质粘土19.silt 粉土20.sandy silt 砂质粉土21.clayey silt 粘质粉土22.saturated soil 饱和土23.unsaturated soil 非饱和土24.fill (soil) 填土25.overconsolidated soil 超固结土26.normally consolidated soil 正常固结土27.underconsolidated soil 欠固结土28.zonal soil 区域性土29.soft clay 软粘土30.expansive (swelling) soil 膨胀土31.peat 泥炭32.loess 黄土33.frozen soil 冻土24.degree of saturation 饱和度25.dry unit weight 干重度26.moist unit weight 湿重度精品文库45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四.渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping 管涌3.flowing soil 流土4.sand boiling 砂沸5.flow net 流网6.seepage 渗透（流）7.leakage 渗流8.seepage pressure 渗透压力9.permeability 渗透性10.seepage force 渗透力11.hydraulic gradient 水力梯度12.coefficient of permeability 渗透系数五.地基应力和变形1.soft soil 软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile 打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress 有效应力4.total stress 总应力5.field vane shear strength 十字板抗剪强度6.low activity 低活性7.sensitivity 灵敏度8.triaxial test 三轴试验9.foundation design 基础设计10.recompaction 再压缩11.bearing capacity 承载力12.soil mass 土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load 集中荷载15.a semi-infinite elastic solid 半无限弹性体16.homogeneous 均质17.isotropic 各向同性18.strip footing 条基19.square spread footing 方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load 恒载持续荷载22.live load 活载23.short –term transient load 短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load 长期荷载25.reduced load 折算荷载26.settlement 沉降精品文库27.deformation 变形28.casing 套管29.dike=dyke 堤（防）30.clay fraction 粘粒粒组31.physical properties 物理性质32.subgrade 路基33.well-graded soil 级配良好土34.poorly-graded soil 级配不良土35.normal stresses 正应力36.shear stresses 剪应力37.principal plane 主平面38.major (intermediate minor) principal stress 最大（中、最小）主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition 摩尔-库仑破坏条件40.FEM=finite element method 有限元法41.limit equilibrium method 极限平衡法42.pore water pressure 孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure 先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility 压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility 压缩系数pression index 压缩指数47.swelling index 回弹指数48.geostatic stress 自重应力49.additional stress 附加应力50.total stress 总应力51.final settlement 最终沉降52.slip line 滑动线六.基坑开挖与降水1 excavation 开挖（挖方）2 dewatering （基坑）降水3 failure of foundation 基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit 基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall 挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution 孔压分布8 dewatering method 降低地下水位法9 well point system 井点系统（轻型）10 deep well point 深井点11 vacuum well point 真空井点12 braced cuts 支撑围护13 braced excavation 支撑开挖14 braced sheeting 支撑挡板七.深基础--deep foundation1.pile foundation 桩基础1)cast –in-place 灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile 沉管灌注桩bored pile 钻孔桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile 机控异型灌注桩piles set into rock 嵌岩灌注桩rammed bulb pile 夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation 钻孔墩基础drilled-pier foundation 钻孔扩底墩under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile 预制混凝土桩4)steel pile 钢桩steel pipe pile 钢管桩steel sheet pile 钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile 预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pipe pile 预应力混凝土管桩2.caisson foundation 沉井（箱）3.diaphragm wall 地下连续墙截水墙4.friction pile 摩擦桩5.end-bearing pile 端承桩6.shaft 竖井；桩身7.wave equation analysis 波动方程分析8.pile caps 承台（桩帽）9.bearing capacity of single pile 单桩承载力teral pile load test 单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile 单桩横向极限承载力12.static load test of pile 单桩竖向静荷载试验13.vertical allowable load capacity 单桩竖向容许承载力14.low pile cap 低桩承台15.high-rise pile cap 高桩承台16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile 单桩抗拔极限承载力17.silent piling 静力压桩18.uplift pile 抗拔桩19.anti-slide pile 抗滑桩20.pile groups 群桩21.efficiency factor of pile groups 群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups 群桩效应23.dynamic pile testing 桩基动测技术24.final set 最后贯入度25.dynamic load test of pile 桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test 桩的完整性试验27.pile head=butt 桩头28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe 桩端（头）29.pile spacing 桩距30.pile plan 桩位布置图31.arrangement of piles =pile layout 桩的布置32.group action 群桩作用33.end bearing=tip resistance 桩端阻34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance 桩侧阻35.pile cushion 桩垫36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩37.pile pulling test 拔桩试验38.pile shoe 桩靴39.pile noise 打桩噪音40.pile rig 打桩机九.固结 consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory 太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory 巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory 比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil 超固结土6.excess pore water pressure 超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation 多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation 一维固结9.primary consolidation 主固结10.secondary consolidation 次固结11.degree of consolidation 固结度12.consolidation test 固结试验13.consolidation curve 固结曲线14.time factor Tv 时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation 固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure 前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress 有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0 固结十.抗剪强度 shear strength1.undrained shear strength 不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength 残余强度3.long-term strength 长期强度4.peak strength 峰值强度5.shear strain rate 剪切应变速率6.dilatation 剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法 8.total stress approach of shear strength 抗剪强度总应力法9.Mohr-Coulomb theory 莫尔－库仑理论10.angle of internal friction 内摩擦角11.cohesion 粘聚力12.failure criterion 破坏准则13.vane strength 十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression 无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop 有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter 有效应力强度参数十一.本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model 弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model 非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model 弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model 粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model 边界面模型6.Du ncan-Chang model 邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model 刚塑性模型8.cap model 盖帽模型9.work softening 加工软化10.work hardening 加工硬化11.Cambridge model 剑桥模型12.ideal elastoplastic model 理想弹塑性模型13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion 莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface 屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model 弹性半空间地基模型16.elastic modulus 弹性模量17.Winkler foundation model 文克尔地基模型十二.地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil1.punching shear failure 冲剪破坏2.general shear failure 整体剪切破化3.local shear failure 局部剪切破坏4.state of limit equilibrium 极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure 临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil 地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil 地基极限承载力8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil 地基容许承载力十三.土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure 主动土压力2.passive earth pressure 被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest 静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory 库仑土压力理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theo ry 朗金土压力理论十四.土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose 休止角2.Bishop method 毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope 边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices 费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method 瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method 条分法十五.挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall 挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall 基础墙3.counter retaining wall 扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall 悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall 重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall 锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall 锚定板板桩墙十六.板桩结构物--sheet pile structure1.steel sheet pile 钢板桩2.reinforced concrete sheet pile 钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles 钢桩4.wooden sheet pile 木板桩5.timber piles 木桩十七.浅基础--shallow foundation1.box foundation 箱型基础2.mat(raft) foundation 片筏基础3.strip foundation 条形基础4.spread footing 扩展基础pensated foundation 补偿性基础6.bearing stratum 持力层7.rigid foundation 刚性基础8.flexible foundation 柔性基础9.emxxxxbedded depth of foundation 基础埋置深度 foundation pressure 基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis 上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八.土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils 动强度2.wave velocity method 波速法3.material damping 材料阻尼4.geometric damping 几何阻尼5.damping ratio 阻尼比6.initial liquefaction 初始液化7.natural period of soil site 地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils 动剪切模量9.dynamic ma二十.地基基础抗震1.earthquake engineering 地震工程2.soil dynamics 土动力学3.duration of earthquake 地震持续时间4.earthquake response spectrum 地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity 地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude 震级7.seismic predominant period 地震卓越周期8.maximum acceleration of earthquake 地震最大加速度二十一.室内土工实验1.high pressure consolidation test 高压固结试验2.consolidation under K0 condition K0 固结试验3.falling head permeability 变水头试验4.constant head permeability 常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test 不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test 固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test 固结排水试验(CD)paction test 击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test 固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test 快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test 慢剪试验12.sieve analysis 筛分析13.geotechnical model test 土工模型试验14.centrifugal model test 离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus 直剪仪16.direct shear test 直剪试验17.direct simple shear test 直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test 三轴试验19.dynamic simple shear 动单剪20.free（resonance）vibration column test 自(共)振柱试验二十二.原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验2.surface wave test (SWT) 表面波试验3.dynamic penetration test(DPT) 动力触探试验4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验5.plate loading test 静力荷载试验teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验9.screw plate test 螺旋板载荷试验10.pressuremeter test 旁压试验11.light sounding 轻便触探试验12.deep settlement measurement 深层沉降观测13.vane shear test 十字板剪切试验14.field permeability test 现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测16.in-situ soil test 原位试验。

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译土木工程师建造道路、桥梁、隧道、水坝、港口、发电厂、水和污水系统、医院、学校、大众交通和其他对现代社会和大量人口集中地区至关重要的公共设施。

他们还建造私人拥有的设施，如机场、铁路、管道、摩天大楼和其他为工业、商业或住宅使用而设计的大型结构。

此外，土木工程师规划、设计和建造完整的城市和城镇，最近还在规划和设计太空平台，以容纳自给自足的社区。

___ passes the planning。

design。

n。

and management of the built ___ scientific principles。

from ___ are essential to modern society。

such as roads。

bridges。

___。

dams。

and hospitals.___ public facilities。

civil engineers also design and build privately-owned structures。

including airports。

railroads。

pipelines。

skyscrapers。

and other ___。

and ___.Overall。

___ civil engineers。

our modern infrastructure and public facilities would not exist.___。

n。

and maintenance of public and private infrastructure。

This includes roads。

bridges。

pipelines。

dams。

ports。

power plants。

water supply and sewage systems。

hospitals。

schools。

___。

and other structures that are essential to modern ___ as airports。

土木工程专业英语生词整理声明：本文档是笔者结合清华大学俞家欢老师《土木工程专业英语》与同济大学苏小卒老师《土木工程专业英语》上下册整理的一些土木工程领域常用的生词，仅供有需要的朋友学习交流使用。

可能有少量打错的字，请谅解。

barrages 水库canals 运河distributary 引流工程highway 公路expressway 高速公路（美式）levee 码头mitigate floods 减轻洪水construction 建造→施工survey 调查→工程勘察helipad 停机坪truck terminal 铁路站台sewage treatment 污水处理demolish 拆毁central government or local administration中央或地方政府reinvestment 再投资petroleum revenue 石油财政（指迪拜）resort island 度假岛desert country 沙漠地区国家waterfront 滨海区residential apartment 公寓住宅gulf 海湾buttressed design 扶壁设计tripod foundation 三脚架式基础tide and current 潮起潮落traffic congestion 交通拥挤regulate 限制financial crisis 金融危机escalate rent cost 租金持续上涨mega-project 大项目revale 媲美microcosm 缩影tropical cyclone 热带气旋（台风）downstream 产业链下游desalination 海水淡化distillation 蒸馏ubiquitous 无处不在的marine species 海洋生物density 重度（类似密度）gravity 重力→比重toughness 韧性ductility 延性brittleness 脆性creep 徐变，蠕变stiffness 刚度impact strength 冲击强度thermal 热力学特性corrosion resistance 耐腐蚀性acidity 酸性，酸度alkalinity 碱性，碱度sound 声absorption 吸收transmission 传导reflection 反射acoustical 声学特性optical 光学特性physiochemical 生化特性abrasion 磨损indentation 缺口，凹痕machining 蚀刻scratch 切削oxidize 氧化cement-mortar 水泥砂浆quarry 采掘lintel 过梁ballast 压载材料（铁轨下的垫材）brick 砖refractory brick 耐火砖ventilator 通风设备railway coaches 铁路车厢wagon 马车sleeper 枕木masonry construction 砌体结构gravel 砂石，砾石property 性能plastic stage 塑性workability 和易性mix 混合→拌和place 放置→浇筑compacte 压实finish 竣工homogeneity 同质性segregation 离析性coarse aggregate 粗骨料water tightness 水密性bleeding 裂隙pore 孔隙porous 多孔的harshness 粗糙的poorly graded aggregate 骨料级配不良withstand 抵抗moisture variation 潮湿变化freeze and thaw 冻融impermeability 密闭性resistance to wear and tear 耐磨性reinforced cement concrete 钢筋混凝土prestressed cement concrete 预应力混凝土silo 筒仓bunker 煤仓，地堡，掩体ornamental structure 装饰性结构tensile load 抗拉强度slab 板tall chimney 高烟囱aqueduct 高架渠ferro-cement 钢纤维混凝土skeletal steel 钢骨架pre-cast unit 预制单元（构件）vault 拱顶shell 壳结构grid surface 网格表面folded plate 褶皱板partition 隔断ductile 延展性好的susceptible to damage 易损坏harmony express 和谐号动车asbestos cement sheet 石棉水泥板shape memory alloy 形状记忆合金magnetostrictioe material 磁致伸缩材料piezoelectric material 压电材料electrorheological fluid 电流变材料viscosity 黏性deflection 挠度vibration 振动noise mitigation 噪声抑制bridge deck 桥面bridge pier 桥墩slab 板beam 梁grider 大梁、桁架restrained structure 超静定结构differential settlement 不均匀沉降hydrostatic load 静水荷载earth load 土压力earthquake load 地震荷载tile 瓦felt and gravel 毡及卵石层gypsum block 石膏wood stud 木栓texture of the building surface建筑表面形状纹理stiffness of the structure 建筑结构刚度stagnation pressure 风压wind suction 风吸力leeward 背风面的coefficient 系数gust factor 阵风系数essential factor 重要性系数hazardous facility 危险设备seismic load 地震荷载vibration 振型whiplash effect 鞭梢效应a portion of the base shear force底部剪力法storey 楼层hydraulic 水运elevator shaft 电梯井筒folded plate 折板屋顶bearing wall 承重墙shear wall 剪力墙unobstructed surface 无障碍表面erect 建造，建立residential 民用建筑institutional 公共结构serviceability 实用性failure 极限状态rehabilitation 加固verification 验证load transfer mechanism 荷载传递机理flexure 弯曲，屈曲torsion 扭转shear 剪切membrane 拱grid 柱reinforcement bars（rebars）钢筋patent 专利precast concrete 预制混凝土cast concrete 现浇混凝土brick chip 碎砖块cement hydrates 水泥水化物microscopic opaque crystal 微小透明晶体microscopic rigid lattice 微观晶格corrugated 有螺纹的cohesion 黏结力passivate 钝化（钢筋）chloride 氯离子provision 规定，要求moisture 潮湿，水分humidity 湿度，湿热curvature 弯曲，曲度，曲率singly-reinforced beam 单筋梁under-reinforced beam 少筋梁over-reinforced beam 超筋梁balanced-reinforced beam 适筋梁instantaneous 立即，突然material-safety factor 安全系数allowable stress design 许用应力设计flake 剥落mix design 配合比设计penetrate 侵入serviceability failure in limit state design正常使用极限状态破坏bond failure 黏结失效carbonation 碳化作用neutralisation 中和作用（即碳化作用）optimal 最佳选择phenolphthalein indicator 酚酞指示剂admixtures 外加剂rapid set-up 快速初凝mitigate 减轻，缓和capillary 毛细管sound attenuating layer 隔音层slump 坍落度concrete vibrating 振捣steel sire 箍筋iron chain suspension bridge 铁链吊桥rivets connection 铆钉连接wrought iron technology 锻铁技术cast iron 铸铁high-strength bolt 高强度螺栓fabrication 制作technical code 技术规程cold-formed thin-wall steel 冷弯薄壁型钢masonry 砌体材料plasticity 塑性tenacity 韧性isotropic 各项异性ideal elastic-plastic 理想弹塑体proportional limit 比例极限（σp）yield strength 屈服强度tensile strength 抗拉强度fabrication 制作weldability 焊接性能air tightness 气密性press vessel 压力容器heat resistance 耐热性non-refractory 防火性能差fire proof protection 防火保护brittle fracture 脆性断裂large span structure 大跨度结构crane 吊车profiled steel sheet 异型钢板mega-frame structure 组合结构demountable structure 可拆卸结构steel scaffolding 钢脚桁架rupture 破裂buckling 搭扣，屈曲formation of mechanism 形成机构（塑性铰）wind induced oscillation 风致振动provision 规定load-carrying structure 承重结构percentage of elongation 伸长率cold-bending test 冷弯实验single story frame 单层结构bridge crane 桥式起重机residual stress 残余应力sun-dried mud 晒干的泥土shale 页岩lateral load 水平荷载seismic 地震raw material 原材料mortar 砂浆mica 云母filthy 有机杂质odor 气体iron compound 铁化合物mold 模具stirrup 箍筋gravel 砾石compact sand 紧密的砂土trench 沟槽over footing 地梁adherence 黏结性confining column 构造柱minimum covering for concrete最小保护层厚度water cement ratio 水灰比mid-rise segment 中高层建筑glulam beam 胶合木梁dwelling 住宅sport arene 运动场better seismic performance更好的抗震性能interior 内部gypsum 石膏板external cladding 外覆盖层fire-rated assembly 防火组件hybrid construction 混合结构practical 实用的exterior infill wall 外部填充墙energy performance 节能性能renovation 装修flat roof 平屋面extra accommodation 阁楼solid wood panel 实木板freight 运送到up-front invesrment 前期投资mortise 榫眼，榫接tenon 榫erected 直立的flammable 易燃物purlin 檩条spatial construction 空间结构high load-bearing capacity很高的荷载承担能力compaction 密实erection 建造hollow steel tube 中空钢管unfilled tube 中空钢管confinement 约束作用schematic view 示意图favorable stress distribution有利的荷载分布terrain 地形cantilever bridge 悬臂桥arch bridge 拱桥suspension bridge 悬索桥cable-stayed bridge 斜拉桥truss bridge 桁架桥pier 桥墩dissipation 消散（荷载）box girder 箱梁meticulous analysis 精细分析foot bridge 人行桥false work 脚手架counter balance 平衡抵消anchor arm 锚固臂outermost 最外侧pinned joint 铰接节点segment construction 分布施工canyon 峡谷abutment 桥墩（基台）viaduct 高架桥thrust 推力spandrel 拱尖catenary 锁链aforementioned 如前所述的bluff 悬崖pillar 塔架slender 细的parabola 抛物线lattice girder 格构梁drought 干旱flood 洪水cyclone 飓风environmental degradation 环境恶化meteological disaster 气象灾害casualty 伤亡invariably 始终如一的secondary disaster 次生灾害earthquake portent 地震预警landslide 滑坡collapse 崩塌debris flow 泥石流river erosion 河流侵蚀turbid 浑浊fissure 裂缝resilient 弹回，有弹力的sewerage 污水，排水设备snowmelt 融雪水escalation of cast 超过预算time overrun 工期延长pharmaceutical 制药mitigate potential risk 化解潜在风险tenet 宗旨aqueduct 高架渠，渡槽ballistic 弹道学causeway 长堤，堤道channel 沟渠，海峡，槽钢equilibrium 平衡（状态）excavation 挖掘hydraulic 水力的mason 砖瓦石匠obelisk 方尖石塔quarry 采石场sewage 污水reimbursable 可报销的，可补偿的aerated concrete 加气混凝土aggregate 骨料binding agent 粘合剂bitumen 沥青blunt 钝的bolt 螺栓cast 浇筑clamp 夹子corrode 腐蚀course （砖）层，行form 模板grout 薄砂浆，灰浆multistory building 多层建筑rate of contraction 收缩率rate of expansion 膨胀率rivet 铆钉，铆接screw 螺丝钉slab 平板spray 喷射tarlike 沥青thread 螺纹tile 瓦片versatile 多用途的weld 焊接blastfurnace 高炉矿渣asbestos 石棉瓦modulus of rupture 断裂模量hydration 水化作用cohesive 粘性的rapid-hardening 速凝grading 级配dampness 湿度，含水量accelerator 速凝剂inhibitor 抑制剂plasticizer 塑化剂grouting agent 灌浆剂consistency 稠度mobility 流动性compactability 可密实性biaxial 二轴的distortion 扭曲，变形elongate 拉长，延长moment 力矩prismatic 棱柱形的superposition 迭加作用transverse 横向的triaxial 三轴的，空间的vessel 容器bracing 拉条，撑杆conservation of energy 能量守恒conveyor 输送机deviation 偏差flexibility coefficient 柔度系数method of section 截面法pin connection 铰接principle of virtual work 虚功原理redundant force 冗余力sever 断开，分开support reaction 支反力truss 桁架unit-load method 单位荷载法corridor 走廊counteration 退化ductile failure 延性破坏erection 直立建筑物impact factor 冲击系数iterative 重复的，反复的layout 规划，设计图案maintainability 可维护性monorail 单轨铁路quasi-permanent 准永久的sustained 持续不变的tenant 承租人torque 扭矩torsional 扭力，扭转的buggy 手推运料车commentary 注释，条文规范contractor 承包商couple 力偶entrain 加气（给混凝土）fire rating 耐火等级oscillate 摆动，震动rigidity 刚度shoring 支撑anchorage 锚固centroid 形心concrete cover 混凝土保护层eccentricity 偏心距helix 螺旋线的incipient 刚出现的lap splice 搭接longitudinal 纵向的pitch 坡度spall 剥落symmetrical 对称的tie 绑扎（钢筋）curvature 曲率detrimental 有害的flange 翼缘web 腹板render 粉刷，抹灰foundry 铸造厂incombustible 防火的residual 残余的stocky 短粗的vitreous 玻璃的withstand 抵抗，承受gusset 节点板，角板imperfection 缺陷purlin 檩条rafter 椽子slenderness 长细比spandrel 拱肩，托梁stringer 桁条，纵梁sway 晃动，侧接移forge 锻造inspection 检查，弹伤shank 末梢wrench 扳手nut 螺母slag 钢渣coordinate 坐标cruise 勘察datum 基准面elevation 高程，海拔remote sensing 遥感conductivity 传导性gradient 梯度ballast 石渣boulder 漂石cobble 卵石cohesive 有粘聚力的consolidation 固结depression 降低fine 细粒grit 粗砂silt 淤泥immediate settlement 瞬时沉降consolidation settlement 固结沉降pore water 孔隙水back-acting shovel 反铲（挖掘机的）bearing capacity 承载力bore hole 钻孔boring 钻探coefficient of permeability 渗透系数proposed structure 拟建结构shear vane test 十字板剪切试验consistency 稠度attorney 代理人currency 流通货币dispatch 派遣elicit 引出procure 获得remuneration 报酬stipulate 规定surety 担保tendering 招标，投标withhold 保留bidder 投标人contemplate 注视letting 公开开标recourse 追索stock holder 股东performance bond 履约profit margin 利润率stem from 基于a letter of intent 意向书rule of thumb 经验方法radius of gyration 回转半径transverse load 横向荷载shop-fabricated 工厂预制的capping beam 压顶梁channel element 槽型构件cladding brickwork 维护砌体cornice 檐口，飞檐finish 饰面，粉刷flat slab 无梁板footing 基础，垫层head room 净空高度joist 托梁，肋maritime 靠海的，港口的two-way slab 双向板waffle slab 密肋板yield line 塑性铰线inflate 充气，使膨胀perturbation 摄动，扰动cavity wall 空心墙chicken-wire 铁丝织网cut-and-try 试验性的emulsion 乳胶head(end) joint 端灰缝high-lift 高扬程的mortar bed 砂浆平缝partition 分隔墙mortar joint 灰缝retarder 缓凝剂rubble 毛石，块石veneer 饰面，镶板retaining wall 挡土墙custom-designed 定制cut-and-fill 挖方和填方placement 浇捣concrete batching plant 混凝土搅拌站bentonite slurry 泥浆asphalt 沥青，柏油gutter 排水沟auger boring 螺纹钻探group pile-efficiency 群桩效应in-situ 现场的，原位的fracture 断裂hysteresis 滞回inter-storey drift 层间位移longitudinal reinforcement 纵筋monotonic loading 单调加载partial safety factor 分项系数secondary-order effects 二阶效应shear span 剪跨sidesway 侧倾，侧移。