语感启蒙2004打印文本

少儿语感启蒙【三篇】导读：本文少儿语感启蒙【三篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。

少儿语感启蒙（1）【手指游戏】the eentsy weentsy spider went up the water spout 小小蜘蛛，爬上了水管down came the rain, and washed spider out 雨滴落下，冲走了蜘蛛out came the sun and driedup all the rain 太阳出来，蒸发了水滴and the eentsy weentsy spider went up the spout again 小小蜘蛛，再爬上水管【读一读】the eentsy weentsy spider went up the water spoutout came the sun and dried up all the rain【词义解析】1.spider 蜘蛛2.water spout 水管3.rain 雨4.sun 太阳5.shoulder 肩膀例句：and the eentsy weentsy spider went up the spout again 小小蜘蛛，再爬上水管少儿语感启蒙（2）【手指游戏】Three little monkeys jumping on the bed, one fell off and bumped his head. 三只小猴子跳到床上，一只摔了下去，把他的头撞肿了。

Mama called the doctor,and the doctor said, "No more little monkeys jumping on the bed!" 妈妈给医生打电话，医生说："猴子不要再在床上跳了！" Two little monkeys jumping on the bed, one fell off and bumped his head. 两只小猴子跳到床上，一只摔了下去，把他的头撞肿了。

六年级上册语文2004电子书1、1介绍工艺流程一般按照工序的先后顺序逐一介绍，突出每个步骤的操作要领。

[判断题] *对错(正确答案)2、下列词语中，加着重号字的注音正确的一项是（）[单选题] *A、外甥（shēn）窘迫（jiǒng）刮痧（shā）秩序（zhì）B、筹划（chóu）供给（gěi）家谱（pǔ）惦记（diàn）C、蛮横（hèng）拥挤不堪（kān）发愣（lèng）济南（jǐ）(正确答案)D、私塾（shú）廿三（niàn）丧事（sāng）撮土（chuō）3、下列选项中加着重号字注音正确的一项是（）[单选题] *A、嗜好shì厌恶èB、崇高chóng 熔化róng(正确答案)C、补偿chǎng结缘yuánD、包揽lǎn 苦难nán4、下列选项中加着重号字注音有错误的一项是（）[单选题] *A、尘嚣xiāo荫庇bì栽种zāi 埋骨máiB、稀疏shū栅栏zhà禁锢gù嬉戏xīC、飒飒sà心弦xuán 挖空kōng 奢华shē(正确答案)D、灵寝qǐn 墓冢zhǒng朝拜cháo 灌木guàn5、下列选项中加着重号字注音正确的一项是（）[单选题] *A、粗糙cāo 红缯zēng 乳酪lào(正确答案)B、背负bèi 树冠guān 萌蘖nièC、龟裂guī宋徽宗huī贮藏zhùD、谚语yàn 紫绡qiāo 果梗gěng6、1柳永《雨霖铃》是豪放词的典型代表。

[判断题] *对(正确答案)错7、下列关于《红楼梦》理解正确的一项是（）[单选题] *A.《红楼梦》里大量诗文判词戏曲歌词，充满了譬喻，往往是对人物关系和命运际遇的暗示。

《枉凝眉》曰：“一个是阆苑仙葩，一个是美玉无瑕”，其中“阆苑仙葩”指的是贾宝玉，“美玉无瑕”指的是林黛玉。

清华版语感启蒙文本(含翻译)－文字版————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期：ﻩＰart Ｏne１.Liｔtle Bｅｅ小蜜蜂Liｔtle bee, ｌiｔtle bee,rounｄrounｄrouｎｄ.Little bee, ｌｉtｔｌe bee,ｓoundｓｏｕnd sounｄ.Ｂｚzzzzzz小蜜蜂,小蜜蜂，飞飞飞。

小蜜蜂,小蜜蜂,嗡嗡嗡。

嗡……2.Ｐｅek－a-boｏ躲猫猫Peeｋ，peek,ｐeeｋ-a-boo. Ｐeek, pｅeｋ, I see ｙｏu. 猫儿,猫儿,躲猫猫。

猫儿,猫儿，看到你啦。

3．Ｏpeｎ，Sｈut 张，合Open，ｓｈｕｔ,open, shuｔ.Give a lｉtｔｌｅcｌap.Creｅp, creep, creｅｐ, cｒeｅｐ. Ｇiｖe a lｉttｌｅｆｌaｐ.张、合、张、合，啪啪啪啪拍拍手。

爬、爬、爬、爬,啪啦啪啦飞得快!4．ＨerｅIs The Bｅｅｈivｅ小小蜂窝Herｅiｓthe bｅｅ- ｈiｖｅ,Whｅre ａre the ｂeｅs？Hid- deｎａ－ｗay ｗheｒe ｎo- bｏdy sｅes．Ｗａtch aｎd you’ｌl seｅｔｈem coｍeｏｕt of tｈehiｖe.Ｏne, ｔwｏ,thｒee，four,five. Bzzzｚzｚzzzzｚzzzzzzzｚｚz蜂窝在这里，蜜蜂在哪里？藏起来,找不着。

快来看,飞出来，一、二、三、四、五，嗡……５.Ten Lｉtｔle Fingeｒs十个小手指Oｎe ｌitｔlｅ, ｔwo little, three liｔtle fin-gers．Ｆour litｔle, fivｅlｉｔtle, six ｌｉttlｅfin－geｒs．Sｅveｎlittle, ｅiｇht liｔｔｌe,niｎe ｌiｔtle fｉn－ｇe ｒs.Ｔen fｉｎgersｏn ｍy hａnds.小小手指，一二三;小小手指,四五六;小小手指，七八九；十根手指，是一家。

GALOIS MODULE STRUCTURE OF p TH-POWER CLASSES OF CYCLIC EXTENSIONS OF DEGREE p n J´AN MIN´AˇC,ANDREW SCHULTZ,AND JOHN SWALLOWDedicated to the memory of Walter FeitAbstract.In the mid-1960s Boreviˇc and Faddeev initiated thestudy of the Galois module structure of groups of p th-power classesof cyclic extensions K/F of p th-power degree.They determinedthe structure of these modules in the case when F is a localfield.In this paper we determine these Galois modules for all basefieldsF.ContentsIntroduction and Main Theorems2 1.Notation and Lemmas8 1.1.F p[G]-modules8 1.2.Kummer Subfields of K/F and Exceptional Elements10 1.3.The Fixed Submodule J G of J12 1.4.F p[G]-Submodules of J141.5.Fixed Submodules of Cyclic Submodules of J162.Base Cases213.Free Submodules and Proof of Theorem1284.Exceptional Elements325.Proof of Theorem2356.Proofs of Corollaries407.Proof of Theorem341 References46 Date:October30,2004.2000Mathematics Subject Classification.Primary12F10;Secondary16D70.Key words and phrases.cyclic extension,Galois module,Hilbert90,Kummer theory,multiplicative group of afield,norm.J´a n Min´aˇc was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Re-search Council of Canada,by the special Dean of Science Fund at the University of Western Ontario,and by the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute,Berkeley. John Swallow was supported in part by National Security Agency grant MDA904-02-1-0061.12J´AN MIN´AˇC,ANDREW SCHULTZ,AND JOHN SWALLOWIntroduction and Main TheoremsIn1947ˇSafareviˇc initiated the study of Galois groups of maximal p-extensions offields with the case of localfields[ˇSa47],and this study has grown into what is both an elegant theory as well as an efficient tool in the arithmetic offields.From the very beginning it became clear that the groups of p th-power classes of the variousfield extensions of a base field encode basic information about the structure of the Galois groups of maximal p-extensions.(See[Ko02,Se02].)Such groups of p th-power classes arise naturally in studies in arithmetic algebraic geometry,as for example in studies of elliptic curves.In1960Faddeev began to study the Galois module structure of p th-power classes of cyclic p-extensions,again in the case of localfields,and during the mid-1960s he and Boreviˇc established the structure of these Galois modules using basic arithmetic invariants attached to Galois extensions.(See[Fa60,Bo65].)In2003two of the authors ascertained the Galois module structure of p th-power classes in the case of cyclic extensions of degree p over all basefields F containing a primitive p th root of unity[MS03].Very recently,this work paved the way for the determination of the entire Galois cohomology as a Galois module in the case of a cyclic extension of degree p of a basefield containing a primitive p th root of unity,using Voevodsky’s recent work on Galois cohomology([LMS];see[Vo03,Vo]).In this paper we extend the results obtained in[MS03]in two di-rections.First,our results hold for cyclic extensions of any p th-power degree,rather than just p,and,furthermore,we no longer require that the basefield contain a primitive p th root of unity.Thus our results provide a complete determination of p th-power classes as Galois mod-ules for all cyclic extensions of p th-power degree.We expect that,just as the results and techniques in[MS03]helped to determine the entire Milnor K-theory modulo p as a Galois module in the case of cyclic extensions of degree p,so will the results and methods developed in this paper lead to the determination of the entire Milnor K-theory modulo p as a Galois module in the case of cyclic extensions of p th-power degree.In fact,precisely such a generalization has already taken place in the case of characteristic p[BLMS].Similarly,in the same way as the results and techniques developed in[MS03]led in[MS]to the solution of Galois embedding problemsGALOIS MODULE STRUCTURE OF p TH-POWER CLASSES 3and the discovery of a new automatic realization of Galois groups,it is clear that the results in this paper will also have such Galois-theoretic applications.In a subsequent paper [MSSa]we will consider some of these applications.Our basic approach to the problem is induction,and some of the results in [MS03]handle the base case.In the end,however,neither the results nor the techniques employed are straightforward generalizations of the work in [MS03].First,the possible generalization of the innocent summand of dimension 1or 2considered in [MS03]turned out to be rather subtle to handle.These new summands of dimension p i +1for some i ∈N are very interesting invariants of cyclic extensions of p th-power degree.Another substantial challenge was to generate enough norms,and the resolution involves several thorny induction arguments.Finally,the case p =2presented a new problem for quartic extensions,and this problem is taken care of as a separate base induction case.Fundamentally,the classification of p th-power classes as Galois mod-ules depends upon arithmetic invariants,all of which originate from the images of the norms of the intermediate fields of K/F .The classifica-tion,in short,has the flavor of local class field theory,and although the arguments underlying the classification are not straightforward,the final results,just as in local class field theory,have a rather simple and elegant form,which we now describe.Let p be a prime number,n ≥1an integer,F an arbitrary field,and K a Galois extension of F with group G = σ cyclic of order p n .Let F ×denote the multiplicative group of nonzero elements of F .Let J =J (K )=K ×/K ×p be the F p [G ]-module of p th-power classes,denoted by [γ]for γ∈K ×.Similarly,let J (F )=F ×/F ×p be the F p -module of p th-power classes of F ×,denoted by [f ]F for f ∈F ×.Let N K/F :K →F be the norm map,and write N :K ×/K ×p →F ×/F ×p for the map induced by N K/F .Also by abuse of notation we use the same symbol N to denote the endomorphism N :K ×/K ×p →K ×/K ×p induced by N :K ×/K ×p →F ×/F ×p defined above,followed by the map induced by the inclusion map ǫ=ǫK :F ×→K ×.Further let K i ,i =0,...,n ,be the intermediate field of K/F such that [K i :F ]=p i .Denote by H i the Galois group Gal(K/K i )⊂G .Let [K ×i ]denote the submodule of J which is the image of the map induced by the inclusion map K ×i →K ×: K ×i =K ×i K ×p /K ×p .Similarly,for other G -submodules A ⊂K ×,such as A =N K i /F (K ×i ),let [A ]=AK ×/K ×p .4J´AN MIN´AˇC,ANDREW SCHULTZ,AND JOHN SWALLOW Theorem1.Suppose that either•ξp∈F,or•p=2,n=1,and−1∈N K/F(K×).Then the F p[G]-module J decomposes asJ=Y n⊕Y n−1⊕···⊕Y0,where Y i is a direct sum of cyclic F p[G]-modules of dimension p i and[K×i]=J H i,0≤i≤n.It is easy to show that this decomposition of J is unique.(In fact this also follows from a well-known result of Azumaya.See[AnFu73, page144].)In the following corollary we determine the sizes of the modules Y i in terms of norms.Observe that direct sums of cyclic F p[G]-modules of dimension p i are free F p[G/H i]-modules.Lete i=dim Fp N K i/F K×i / N K i+1/F K×i+1 ,0≤i<n,[N K/F(K×)].and let e n=dim FpCorollary1.For each0≤i≤n,[N K(K×i)]=(Y i+Y i+1+···+Y n)G,i/FandY i=e i.rank Fp[G/H i]For K/F not satisfying the conditions of the theorem above,we adopt the conventions K×−∞={1}and p−∞=0and make the following definition.Definition(Exceptional Element).Suppose thatξp∈F and,if p=2, that either n>1or−1∈N K/F(K×).We seti(K/F):=min{i∈{−∞,0,1,...,n}|∃δ∈K×such that[N K/F(δ)]F=[1]F and[δ]τ−1∈[K×i]∀τ∈Gal(K/F)}.We say thatδ∈K×is an exceptional element of K/F if[N K/F(δ)]F= [1]F and[δ]τ−1∈[K×i(K/F)]for allτ∈Gal(K/F).Elements of K×that are not exceptional are said to be unexceptional.For simplicity,we often write m instead of i(K/F).GALOIS MODULE STRUCTURE OF p TH-POWER CLASSES5 Observe that[δ](τ−1)∈[K×i]for allτ∈G if and only if[δ](σ−1)∈[K×i]for afixed generatorσ∈G.In what follows we will use this formulation for our given generatorσ.Note that ifδis an exceptional element then m=i(K/F)=−∞if and only if[δ]σ=[δ]and[N K/F(δ)]F=[1]F.Because the exceptionality of an elementγ∈K×is independent of the particular representativeγof[γ],we define[γ]to be exceptional ifγis exceptional.It is also useful to observe that if an F p[G]-generator[γ] of a module Mγ⊂J is exceptional,then so is any other F p[G]-generator [ω]of Mγ.Indeed,using additive notation for J for the moment,any such generator[ω]has the form[ω]=c0[γ]+c1(σ−1)[γ]+c2(σ−1)2[γ]+...,c0,c1,···∈F p,c0=0.Then[N K/F(ω)]F=[N K/F(γ)]c0F=[1]and[ω]σ−1∈[K×m].In Proposition2we show that exceptional elements always exist for K/F satisfying the hypothesis in the Definition above,and in Propo-sition7we show that,in fact,m≤n−1.Finally,note that since N K/F(K×n−1)⊂F×p,each exceptional elementδ∈K×n\K×n−1.Moreover,for these K/F,we have Kummer theory,becauseξp∈F.√a)for some a∈F.In section4we prove some Hence K1=F(pmore specific results about exceptional elements in terms of a:excep-tional elements satisfy[N K/F(δ)]F=[a]s F for s≡0mod p and that for all K/F as above,an exceptional elementδ∈K×exists satisfying [N K/F(δ)]F=[a]F.Theorem2.Suppose thatξp∈F and,if p=2,that either n>1or −1∈N K/F(K×).Letδ∈K×be any exceptional element of K/F.Then the F p[G]-module J decomposes asJ=X⊕Y,Y=Y n⊕Y n−1⊕···⊕Y0,where(1)X is the cyclic F p[G]-module generated by[δ],with dimensionp m+1;(2)Y i is a direct sum of cyclic F p[G]-modules of dimension p i;and6J´AN MIN´AˇC,ANDREW SCHULTZ,AND JOHN SWALLOW(3)for i∈{0,...,n},[K×i]= X(σ−1)⊕Y H i,m≤i;X(σ−1)(σp i−1)p m−i−1⊕Y H i,i<m.(Here X(σ−1)and X(σ−1)(σ−1)p m−i−1denote images of X under the action of(σ−1)and(σ−1)(σp i−1)p m−i−1respectively.)As before,lete i=dim Fp N K i/F K×i / N K i+1/F K×i+1 ,0≤i<n,[N K/F(K×)].and let e n=dim FpCorollary2.For each m<i≤n,(K×i)]=(Y i+Y i+1+···+Y n)G,[N Ki/Fand,if m≥0,for each0≤i≤m,[N K(K×i)]=(X+Y i+Y i+1+···+Y n)G.i/FFor i=m,rank FY i=e i,p[G/H i]while if m≥0,Y m=e m.1+rank Fp[G/H m]Finally,we present several interesting conditions equivalent to m= i(K/F)being a particular element of the subset offield indices E= {−∞,0,...,n−1}.To express these conditions,we define−∞∔1=0 and,for e∈E with e≥0,we define e∔1=e+1.We also set (K×−∞)to be{1}.N Kn−1/FTheorem3.Suppose thatξp∈F and,if p>2,that either n>1or −1∈N K/F(K×).Theni(K/F)=min s|ξp∈N K/F(K×)N K n−1/F(K×s)=min s|ξp∈N K/K s∔1(K×)=min s|∃[δ]∈J H s∔1,[N K/K s∔1δ]K s∔1=[1]K s∔1 .GALOIS MODULE STRUCTURE OF p TH-POWER CLASSES7 One can also connect these equalities with the existence of solutions of particular Galois embedding problems.This connection will be pur-sued in a forthcoming paper.(See[MSSa].)X summands also lead naturally to the investigation of some cyclotomic cyclic algebras over F which,in turn,allow us to constructfields with prescribed X sum-mands.This topic will also be pursued in a subsequent paper.(See [MSSb].)The proofs of Theorems1and2are inductive,resting on the base case n=1for Theorem1and two base cases n=1and p=2,n=2 for Theorem2.In these base cases as well as the inductive proof,we employ lemmas which establish the structure of thefixed submodule J G of J—in particular,whether thisfixed submodule is no more than the image of the p th-power classes of the basefield F—and specify which of these elements are norms.In fact,these lemmas reflect what has emerged,both in this work as well as in the work on determining the entire Milnor K-theory modulo p as a Galois module(see[BLMS]and[LMS]),as two essential foun-dational ingredients in the proof.Thefirst is Hilbert’s Theorem90, which in our situation may be viewed as a principle saying that we have enough norms.Indeed,Hilbert90tells us that the kernel of the norm map is as small as possible.In order to use Hilbert90effectively,we need again and again the technical refinements of this principle telling us that certain elements in a group of p th-power classes are norms.In this work these refinements,for example,begin with Lemmas10,11, and12(identifying somefixed elements as norms),and are completed in the full proofs of Theorems1and2.The second essential ingredient is control of the image of p th-power classes of the basefield in the group of p th-power classes of ourfield extension,which in this work is obtained from Lemma6(the Exact Sequence Lemma)and its technical relative Lemma5(the Fixed Sub-module Lemma).In this paper,both of these principles are elementary, but they are more sophisticated in the higher Milnor K-theory case. It is remarkable that one requires only repetitions of these two prin-ciples in order to determine fully the Galois module structure of the modules in question.Drawing out the structure from only these two first principles,however,does not come without cost,and a number of technical observations turn out to be necessary for us tofit the puzzle pieces together.8J´AN MIN´AˇC,ANDREW SCHULTZ,AND JOHN SWALLOW Whenξp∈F,we need additional information to determine when an element[γ]∈J H i lies in[K×i]or is instead an exceptional element.We begin by standardizing choices of the a i in the presentations of subfields K i+1=K i(√a i)in section1.2.Then,in section1.4,we collect several results used in identifying elements of[K×i].These are the Submodule-Subfield Lemma(7)for free components,the Norm Lemma(8)for comparisons among norms from K to various K i(in order to determine when an exceptional element for K/F is an exceptional element for K/K i),and the Proper Subfield Lemma(9)for elements that generate sufficiently small cyclic submodules.In section1.1,we present lemmas which we use to manipulate F p[G]-representations formally:the Inclusion Lemma(1),the Exclusion Lem-ma(2),and the Free Complement Lemma(3).We begin the proof by proving the base cases for an induction in section2.Our inductive strategy isfirst to show that J contains a suf-ficiently large direct sum of F p[G]-submodules of p th-power dimensions. We do so in section3in Proposition6,the result of which is already enough to prove Theorem1.Whenξp∈F and,if p=2,n>1,we also need to establish the dimension of the X component and connect notions of exceptional elements for subextensions K/K i.We do so in section4.In section5,we prove an analogue of Proposition6which establishes Theorem2without the independence of X and Y,and then we prove Theorem2fully.Finally,in section7,we prove Theorem3. For the reader’s convenience,we have made our paper self-contained; in particular,it is independent from[MS03].1.Notation and Lemmas1.1.F p[G]-modules.Let G be a cyclic group of order p n with generatorσ.For an F p[G]-module U,let U G denote the submodule of Ufixed by G,and for an arbitrary element u∈U,let l(u)denote the dimension of the F p[G]-submodule of U generated by u.Denote by N the operator(σ−1)p n−1 acting on U.For an F p[G]-module V and an elementγ∈V,let γ denote the F p-subspace of V spanned byγ,and let Mγdenote the cyclic F p[G]-module generated byγ.If[γ]is an element of K×/K×p represented byγ∈K×,we write Mγinstead of M[γ].GALOIS MODULE STRUCTURE OF p TH-POWER CLASSES9 We will usually use additive notation for general F p[G]-modules, switching to multiplicative notation when considering the specific mod-ule J=K×/K×p.However,occasionally even in this case we employ additive notation,in particular writing{0}to denote{[1]}.Lemma1(Inclusion Lemma).Let U and V be F p[G]-modules con-tained in an F p[G]-module W.Suppose that(U+V)G⊂U and for each w∈(U+V)\(U+V)G there exists u∈U such that(σ−1)l(w)−1(w)=N(u).Then V⊂U.Proof.Let{T i}s i=1be the socle series of U+V:T1=(U+V)G and T i+1/T i=((U+V)/T i)G,and let s be the least natural number such that T s=U+V.Observe that since(σ−1)p n=0,we have s≤p n. We prove the lemma by induction on the socle series.By hypothesis,T1⊂U.Assume now that T i⊂U for some i<s. Then for each w∈T i+1\T i we have l(w)=i+1and(σ−1)l(w)−1(w)= N(u)=(σ−1)p n−1(u)for some u∈U.Therefore(σ−1)l(w)−1 w−(σ−1)p n−l(w)(u) =0. Therefore w−(σ−1)p n−l(w)(u)∈T i⊂U.Hence w∈U and T i+1⊂U. Therefore U+V=U and V⊂U as required. Lemma2(Exclusion Lemma).Let U and V be F p[G]-modules con-tained in an F p[G]-module W.Suppose that U G∩V G={0}.Then U+V=U⊕V.Proof.Let Z=U∩V and suppose that y∈Z\{0}.Letz=(σ−1)l(y)−1(y)=0.Then z∈U G∩V G,a contradiction.Hence U∩V={0}and U+V= U⊕V.The following lemma follows from the fact that each free F p[G]-module is injective.(See[Ca96,Theorem11.2].)We shall,however, provide a direct proof.Lemma3(Free Complement Lemma).Let V⊂U be free F p[G]-modules.Then there exists a free F p[G]-submodule˜V of U such that V⊕˜V=U.10J´AN MIN´AˇC,ANDREW SCHULTZ,AND JOHN SWALLOWProof.Let Z be a complement of V G in U G as F p-vector spaces,andlet Z be an F p-base of Z.For each z∈Z,there exists u(z)suchthat z=N(u(z)).Let M(z)be the F p[G]-submodule of U generatedby u(z).Then M(z)is a free F p[G]-submodule.Moreover,itsfixed submodule M(z)G is the F p-vector subspace generated by z.We claim that the M(z),z∈Z,are independent.First we showby induction on the number of modules that afinite set of mod-ules M(z)is independent.The base case is trivial.Now let W=M(z)∩ z′=z M(z′).Now by the inductive assumption on indepen-dence,( z′=z M(z′))G= z′=z M(z′)G,and for each z,M(z)G= z . Since the z form an F p-base for Z,we obtain W G={0}.The ExclusionLemma(2)then gives that M(z)+ z′=z M(z′)=M(z)⊕ z′=z M(z′). The case of an infinite sum follows from the same argument,since the fact that m∈M(z)G∩ z′=z M(z′)G forces m to be afinite sum of elements m(z′).Hence the M(z),z∈Z,are independent.Set˜V:=⊕z∈Z M(z).Then˜V is a free F p[G]-submodule of U and ˜V G=Z.By the Exclusion Lemma(2),we have that V+˜V=V⊕˜V and(V⊕˜V)G=V G⊕˜V G=U G.Now let u∈U be arbitrary and let M be the cyclic F p[G]-submodule of U generated by u.Then(M+V+˜V)G⊂U G⊂V+˜V.Moreover, for any m∈(M+V+˜V)\(M+V+˜V)G,(σ−1)l(m)−1(m)∈(M+V+˜V)G⊂U G=(V+˜V)G=N(V+˜V) by the freeness of V and˜V.By the Inclusion Lemma(1),then,M⊂V+˜V.Hence U=V⊕˜V. Remark.At several points later,we use the same argument as that contained in the proof above to show that a possibly infinite set of modules is independent,and we use the Exclusion Lemma(2)as an abbreviation for this argument.1.2.Kummer Subfields of K/F and Exceptional Elements. Suppose thatξp∈F.In this case we have Kummer theory and may organize presentations of the extensions K i+1/K i as follows. Proposition1(Subfield Generators).We may choose a i∈K×i,0≤i<n such thatGALOIS MODULE STRUCTURE OF p TH-POWER CLASSES11•K i+1=K i(p√a i)and•N K i/K j a i=a j for all0≤j<i<n.In what follows we will assume that the choices of a i have been made according to Proposition1,and we set a=a0.We prove this result by means of the followingLemma4.Suppose thatξp∈K and let L′/K be a cyclic extension ofdegree p2with L/K the intermediate extension of degree p.Then,for√,we have L=K(p N L/K(b)).every b∈L with L′=L(pProof.Letσbe a generator of Gal(L′/K).For each i∈{1,2,...,p−1}, we have p√b σi=p√bσifor a suitable choice of a p th root of bσi.Hencep√b 1+σ+···+σp−1=p√b1+σ+···+σp−1=p N L/K(b)∈L′for a suitable choice of a p th root of N L/K(b).Observe that sinceξp∈K the equalityp√b (1+σ+···+σp−1)(σ−1)=p√bσp−1=p N L/K(b)σ−1√) is independent of the choice of p th roots.Moreover,since L′=L(p√bσp−1=1.Hence we con-andσp generates Gal(L′/L),we see that pclude that L=K(p N L/K(b)).Proof of Proposition1.By Kummer theory,there exists a n−1∈K×n−1 such that K n=K n−1(p√a n−1).Then inductively define(a n−i+1)a n−i=N Kn−i+1/K n−ifor i∈{2,...,n}.Applying the lemma to extensions K n−i+2/K n−i,we have the results.Our definition of exceptional elements makes use of a subset of the set{δ∈K×|[N K/F(δ)]F=[1]F}.In general,however,this latter set may be empty.Consider,for example,the extension C/R,for which N C/R(C×)⊂R×2.The next proposition shows that under the conditions we require in the definition of exceptional elements,this set is never empty and therefore exceptional elements exist.12J ´ANMIN ´A ˇC,ANDREW SCHULTZ,AND JOHN SWALLOW Proposition 2.Let ξp ∈F and,if p =2,that n >1or −1∈N K/F (K ×).Then an exceptional element δexists.Proof.Consider δ=p √a n −1.If p >2then N K/K n −1(δ)=a n −1andhence N K/F (δ)=a 0=a .Now if p =2then N K/K n −1(δ)=−a n −1and for n >1we similarly have N K/F (δ)=a 0=a .If p =2and n =1,then −a =N K/F (√a )and hence −1∈N K/F (K ×)if and onlyif a ∈N K/F (K ×).Consequently,under our hypothesis,exceptional elements always exist.1.3.The Fixed Submodule J G of J .Recall that we write [F ×]for F ×K ×p /K ×p ⊂J .The following lemmas generalize [MS03,Lemma 2and Remark 2]:Lemma 5(Fixed Submodule Lemma).(1)If ξp ∈N K/F (K ×),J G =[F ×].(2)If ξp ∈N K/F (K ×),J G = [δ] ⊕[F ×],where δ∈K ×with δσ−1=λp ,N K/F (λ)is a primitive p th root of unity,and [N K/F (δ)]F =[a ]F .In particular,δis an exceptional element of K/F .Proof.Suppose that θ∈K ×such that [θ]∈J G .Then θσ−1=λp for some λ∈K ×,and hence N K/F (λ)p =1.Therefore N K/F (λ)is a p th root of unity.Now consider the first case,ξp ∈N K/F (K ×).Then N K/F (λ)=1,because otherwise ξp would be the norm of a suitable power of λ.From Hilbert 90we see that θσ−1=(k p )σ−1for some k ∈K ×.We conclude that θ/k p ∈F ×and hence [θ]=[f ]for some f ∈F ×.Therefore if ξp ∈N K/F (K ×)then J G =[F ×]as required.Now assume that ξp ∈N K/F (K ×).Then ξp =N K/F (λ)for some λ∈K ×and by Hilbert 90there exists an element δ∈K ×such that δσ−1=λp .Then the F p [G ]-submodule of J generated by [δ]and ǫ(F ×)is isomorphic to [F ×]⊕ [δ] .GALOIS MODULE STRUCTURE OF p TH-POWER CLASSES13√)is a cyclic extension of F of degree By[Al35,Theorem3],K(pp n+1.Then repeated application of Lemma4gives thatK n−i=K n−i−1 p N K n/K n−i−1(δ)for i∈{0,1,...,n−1}.Hence K1=F(p N K/F(δ)).By Kummer theory, [N K/F(δ)]F = [a]F as subgroups of F×/F×p.By replacing δwith another power if necessary,then,[N K/F(δ)]F=[a]F andδσ−1=λp,where N K/F(λ)is a primitive p th root of unity.We have that [δ](σ−1)=[1]and so by definitionδis exceptional for K/F.Now for each[θ]∈J G,θσ−1=νp with N K/F(ν)=N K/F(λ)c for some c∈Z.Then we have(θδ−c)σ−1=νpλ−pc.Because N(νλ−c)=1,from Hilbert90we see that there existsω∈K×such thatωσ−1=νλ−c. Hence(θδ−c)σ−1=(ωp)σ−1and we see that[θ]∈[F×]+[δ]c.Hence J G∼=[F×]⊕ [δ] ,as required.Lemma6(Exact Sequence Lemma).There is an exact sequence1→A→F×/F×pǫ−→J G N−→Awhere A=(F×∩K×p)/F×p,ǫis the natural homomorphism induced by the inclusion F×→K×,and N is the homomorphism induced by the norm map N K/F:K×→F×.•Ifξp∈F,then A=1.•Ifξp∈F,A= [a] ,in which case the map N is surjective ifand only ifξp∈N K/F(K×).Proof.Ifξp∈F,then Kummer theory implies that thefirst occurrence of A in the exact sequence above is equal to A= [a]F .Otherwise, suppose thatξp/∈F.If char(F)=p then no primitive p th root of unity lies in the algebraic closure of F,whenceξp/∈K.If char(F)=p,then since2≤[F(ξp):F]≤p−1and[K:F]=p n,we similarly obtain ξp/∈K.In any case,then,ξp/∈K.Assume that k p=f∈F×.Then (k p)σ−1=(kσ−1)p=1,whence kσ−1is a p th root of unity,which must be1.Hence kσ−1=1,and we deduce k∈F and f∈F×p.Therefore A=1.The Fixed Submodule Lemma(5)then gives exactness at J G and that N is surjective if and only if eitherξp∈F orξp∈N K/F(K×). Exactness at F×/F×p follows from Kummer theory.14J ´ANMIN ´A ˇC,ANDREW SCHULTZ,AND JOHN SWALLOW 1.4.F p [G ]-Submodules of J .Lemma 7(Submodule-Subfield Lemma).Let U be a free F p [G ]-sub-module of J and i ∈{0,1,...,n }.ThenU H i =U (σ−1)p n −p i =U ∩[N K n /K i K ×n ]=U ∩[K ×i ].Proof.Suppose [u ]∈U H i .Then [u ](σp i −1)=[u ](σ−1)p i =[1],so l (u )≤p i .Since U is free,[u ]=[˜u ](σ−1)p n −l (u )for some [˜u ]∈U .In particular,[u ]=([˜u ](σ−1)p i −l (u ))(σ−1)p n −p i .Hence U H i ⊂U (σ−1)p n −p i .Now suppose [u ]=[˜u ](σ−1)p n −p i .Then since [˜u ](σ−1)p n −p i =[N K n /K i (˜u )],U (σ−1)p n −p i ⊂U ∩[N K n /K i K ×n ]⊂U ∩[K ×i ].Finally suppose that [u ]∈U ∩[K ×i ].Then [u ]∈U H i and we see that all of our inclusions above are actually equalities. Remark.If U is a free F p [G ]-module,then U is also a free F p [H i ]-module.But then H 2(H i ,U )={0}.Hence U H i =N i (U ):=the imageof the norm operator N i .Thus U H i =U (σ−1)p n −p i as required.Just as with F =K 0,denote elements of the F p [G/H i ]-module J (K i )=K ×i /K ×p i by [γ]K i ,γ∈K ×i .Lemma 8(Norm Lemma).For all elements [γ]∈J with l (γ)<p n ,[N K/F (γ)]F ∈ [a ]F .Now suppose additionally that l (γ)≤p n −p i for some 0≤i <n .Then [N K/K i (γ)]K i ∈ [a i ]K i ,and [N K/F (γ)]F =[a ]s F if and only if [N K/K i (γ)]K i =[a i ]s K i .Proof.For the first statement,observe that (1+σ+···+σp n−1)≡(σ−1)p n −1on J ,and hence [N K/F (γ)]=[γ](σ−1)p n −1.Since l (γ)<p n ,[N K/F (γ)]=[1].Therefore N K/F (γ)∈F ×∩K ×p ,which by Kummertheory is the union ∪p −1j =0a j F×p .We obtain [N K/F (γ)]F ∈ [a ]F .For the second statement,observe first that if [γ]=[1]then the lemma is trivial.Otherwise,consider J as an F p [H i ]-module and letτ=σp i .The F p [H i ]-module generated by [γ]has dimension equal toGALOIS MODULE STRUCTURE OF p TH-POWER CLASSES15t ,where [γ](τ−1)t =[1]and [γ](τ−1)t −1=[1].Since τ−1≡(σ−1)pi on J ,this condition is equivalent to (t −1)p i <l (γ)≤tp i .Since l (γ)≤(p n −i −1)p i ,the dimension t is strictly less than p n −i .Hence (τ−1)p n −i −1annihilates the cyclic F p [H i ]-module generated by γ,and so its length,as an F p [H i ]-module,is less than p n −i .Applying the first statement in the case of the cyclic extension K/K i ,we have [N K/K i (γ)]K i ∈ [a i ]K i .Now because N K i /F (a i )=a and[N K/F (γ)]F =N K i /F ([N K/K i (γ)]K i ),we have [N K/K i (γ)]K i =[a i ]s K i if and only if [N K/F (γ)]F =[a ]s F .Remark.Occasionally,we will cite the Norm Lemma (8)as an abbre-viation of the simple argument,at the end of the lemma’s proof,which shows that[N K/F (γ)]F =[a ]s F if and only if [N K/K i (γ)]K i =[a i ]s K i .Lemma 9(Proper Subfield Lemma).Let [z ]∈J H i ,i <n .Then[z ]∈[K ×i ]if and only if [N K/F (z )]F =[1]F .Proof.If [z ]∈J H i ,then [z ](σp i −1)=[1].Since (σp i −1)≡(σ−1)p i on J ,l (z )≤p i .Consider J as an F p [H i ]-module.Then from the Fixed Submodule Lemma (5)applied to the field extension K/K i ,we see that[z ]∈[K ×i ]or [z ]∈ [δ] ⊕[K ×i ]according to whetherξp /∈N K/K i (K ×)or ξp ∈N K/K i (K ×).(Here δ∈K ×with δσ−1=λp ,N K/K i (λ)is a primitive p th root of unity,and [N K/K i (δ)]K i =[a i ]K i .)Therefore if [z ]/∈[K ×i ]then [N K/K i (z )]K i =[a i ]c K i for c ≡0mod p ,and by the Norm Lemma (8),[N K/F (z )]F =[a ]c F ,which contradicts our hypothesis.Hence if [z ]∈J H i and [N K/F (z )]F =[1]F ,then [z ]∈[K ×i ].Conversely,if [z ]∈[K ×i ]then [z ]∈J H i and[N K/F (z )]F =[N K i /F (z )]pn −i F=[1]F ,since n >i .。

第一课人口大中小哭笑一上下爸妈天太月大人小人大哭大笑大口小口第二课地阳亮星云火水三爸爸妈妈上天天上太大太小一天一月二天二月上上下下第三课土山石木我好有田天地大地太阳月亮星星天亮大火大水火星水星三天三月下地地上地下第四课牛羊聪耳目心和四土地大山小山土山石山火山土星木星好人田地水田我有我爸我妈我哭我笑好山好水我有好爸爸、好妈妈。

天上有太阳、月亮、星星。

地上有土、石、山、水田。

爸爸上山，妈妈下山。

第五课明头眉鼻手花树五大牛小牛水牛山羊小羊小心中心心中四月四天地上有小草和大树。

草地上有水牛和小山羊。

爸爸和妈妈心中有我。

我心中有爸爸和妈妈。

第六课草叶日风雨的孩六聪明明亮明天明月眉头鼻头石头木头心头小手小花大树小树树木五月五天手心我有小手。

头上有眉、目、耳、鼻和口。

眉下有目，鼻下有口。

树上有花和叶。

第七课白红是家多唱子七花草小草草地树叶一日大风大雨小雨下雨风雨雨水我的六月六日六天天上有明亮的太阳和月亮。

我有爸爸和妈妈。

明日有大风，下大雨。

石头上有小草和小花。

第八课爱爷奶少歌不朋入白云白天明白红花红日火红火花是的我是大家我家人家鼻子叶子七月七日七天红太阳我是爸爸、妈妈的好孩子。

天是太阳、月亮、星星的家。

白天，天上有红太阳；地上有红花、白花和小草。

爷爷、奶奶家有大水牛和小山羊。

第九课宝在学书游友儿九爷爷奶奶多少唱歌爱笑爱哭爱唱不爱不哭不笑不唱不是是不是好不好不好八日八月八天明天多云，有小雨。

聪聪爱唱歌。

我家有爷爷、奶奶、爸爸、妈妈和我。

爷爷爱我，奶奶爱我，爸爸爱我，妈妈爱我。

我爱爷爷，我爱奶奶，我爱爸爸，我爱妈妈。

第十课贝生习看戏字气十宝宝在家不在小人书游水朋友友人花儿儿子儿歌歌儿九日九月天我是宝宝，我在家爱唱儿歌。

我不爱哭，我爱笑。

我的好朋友是聪聪。

小头爸爸和大头儿子玩游戏。

第十一课见早雪鸡绿黄青鱼做飞跑要吃鸟他看见会见学会早上大雪小雪雪花白雪雪人雪山雪地下雪天小鸡大鸡绿草绿叶黄花黄牛青草我学会好多生字。

树上有爱唱歌的小黄鸟。

语感启蒙清华幼儿英语2004《语感启蒙清华幼儿英语2004》是一本为幼儿提供英语学习启蒙的教材。

这本教材以培养孩子们对英语的语感为主要目标，通过丰富多样的活动和练习，帮助幼儿在轻松愉快的环境中建立起对英语的兴趣和自信。

这本教材强调的不仅仅是单词和句子的学习，更重要的是通过情境和故事情节来激发孩子们对英语的兴趣。

教材中设计了丰富的角色和故事，通过这些有趣的角色和情节，帮助幼儿在玩耍和娱乐中学习英语。

这种趣味性的设计能够让孩子们在学习中快乐地体验到英语的魅力，进而激发他们的学习热情。

此外，《语感启蒙清华幼儿英语2004》强调的是学习英语的综合能力的培养。

除了注重口语的训练外，教材还通过游戏和歌曲来锻炼幼儿的听力、阅读和写作能力。

通过这些多样化的学习方式，幼儿的英语学习能力得到了全面的提升。

这本教材还注重培养幼儿的交际能力。

在教学中，教材设计了各种角色扮演活动和小组合作训练，让幼儿在实际运用中学习如何与他人进行交流。

这样的设计不仅帮助幼儿提高了口语表达能力，也培养了他们的合作意识和团队精神。

总之，《语感启蒙清华幼儿英语2004》是一本以培养孩子们对英语兴趣和语感为目标的教材。

通过丰富多样的活动和练习，教材帮助幼儿在愉快的学习环境中提高他们的英语学习能力。

通过学习角色扮演、游戏和歌曲，幼儿不仅能够提高英语口语表达能力，还能够培养他们的综合能力和交际能力。

这本教材无疑是幼儿英语学习的良好启蒙之书。

《汉语语言文字启蒙I》教案教材简介：《汉语语言文字启蒙》（华语教学出版社出版；1997年第一版；2011年第七次印刷）作者是法国著名汉学家白乐桑先生，现为巴黎第七大学副教授以及法国汉语教师协会主席。

先后出版过《汉字的表意王国》《说字解词词典》等专著十余部。

本书中国作者张朋朋先生现就职于北京语言文化大学，具有多年对外汉语教学经验。

曾出版过《口语速成》（华语教学出版社2001年）《部首三字经》（北京语言大学出版社2002年）等著作。

本书属于汉语国际教育教材。

适用于在国外学习汉语并且注重汉字学习的零起点欧美国家的外国人。

分为上下两册。

上册共19课，由四部分组成。

第一部分为预备课。

之后每部分由六篇课文组成。

上册涉及400个最常用的汉字，约1500个词汇以及54个语法点。

下册大约涉及500个常用汉字，下册课文设计内容丰富，题材广泛。

本书始终贯彻“字本位”原则，将“字”作为汉语教学基本单位，“以字构词”，弥补了汉语国际教学中“汉字”和“口语”严重脱节的不足。

同时结合文化传播原则、循序渐进原则，紧密结合汉语国际教学实际。

第一课您贵姓？一．教学目标1.掌握代词“你”、“他、她”的用法。

并能够区分“你”和“您”交际运用的不同。

2.熟练并能够得体地询问别人姓名：“您贵姓？”“免贵x。

”“你叫什么名字？”“我叫XXX。

”3.熟悉另一种正反疑问句：“V+不+V”（叫不叫；去不去）“adj.+_不+adj”(好不好；大不大）4.能够熟悉本课生词，正确听辨并且书写。

5.对中国的姓氏文化有一定的了解。

二．教学重点和难点（一）语音：儿化音;“不”的变调；（二）词汇1.代词：您；你；他/她2.名词：名字；立阳；月文3.动词：姓；叫；去4.表示询问：什么；贵姓；哪儿（难点）（三）汉字1.独体字：立；月；文；么；去2.合体字：贵；阳；叫；字（难点）（四）语法：“V+不+V”（叫不叫；去不去）“adj.+_不+adj”(好不好；大不大）三．教学方法（1）变调练唱法。

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如要下载《小P优优（英文原名POCOYO）》全81集，直接回复100即可。

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2004年普通高等学校春季招生考试语文（北京卷）一、（18分，每小题3分）1．下列各组词语中，加点的字读音全都不同的一组是（）A．边陲．锤．炼捶．打唾．手可得B．彼．此山坡．波．浪疲．惫不堪C．颠．沛嗔．责缜．密瞋．目而视D．屹．立起讫．呓．语自古迄．今2．下列各组词语中，没有错别字的一组是（）A．题词题纲题写文不对题B．连续连截连手藕断丝连C．挤兑兑奖汇兑兑换现金D．决断决胜决计决无此意3．依次填入下面这段话横线处的词语，最恰当的一组是（）阅读优秀作品，其语言，感受其思想、艺术魅力，不仅可以大自然和人生的多姿多彩，还可以激发自然、热爱生活的感情。

A．品味体味珍爱B．品评体验珍惜C．品评体验珍爱D．品味体味珍惜4．下列句子中，加点的成语使用不恰当的一句是（）A．17年卧薪尝胆．．．．，2003年中国女排终以11战全胜的成绩夺回世界杯赛冠军的称号。

B．也许是大家都知道巴金老人对玫瑰情有独钟．．．．，一束束象征热情与朝气的红玫瑰将冬日里巴老的病房装点得春意盎然。

C．1998年初，国际足联秘书长布拉特宣布参加国际足联主席的竞选，欧洲足联主席约翰松也积极参与竞选，一时间国际足联主席一职炙手可热．．．．。

D．他多次在千钧一发之际逃过仇敌追杀，但百密一疏．．．．，一年前不慎泄露行踪，最终未能幸免于难。

5．下列句子中，没有语病的一句是（）A．鸦片战争以来的中国近代史，对于大多数中学生是比较熟悉的，重大的历史事件都能说得一清二楚。

B．为保持北京的古都风貌，在北京市旧城区改造中，新的建筑应以故宫和皇城为中心向外分七个层次逐步提高。

C．初涉文坛，她的第一部处女作就是这样一部意味深长的巨著，不能不令人刮目相看。

D．“神舟”五号载人飞船把我国首位航天员成功送入浩瀚的太空并安全返回，这是我国航天事业取得的又一举世瞩目的成就。

6．把后面的句子依次填到横线上，衔接恰当的一项是（）上海交响乐迷中近六成的人收入并非十分丰厚，。

在防洪抢险的战斗中，，终于保住了大坝，战胜了洪水。

巧虎全套内容打印A4巧虎贝贝版乐智小天地贝贝版01- 我爱爸爸妈妈 01 小小世界我的家人 02 和巧虎一起玩躲猫猫 03 动物乐园小狗汪汪 04 生活习惯我会应答 05 小手哆来咪亲亲我 06 故事小屋动物摸摸书 07 情绪表达喜欢、讨厌 08 唱游巧虎之歌09 亲子玩具巧虎小木车 10 重点词汇 11 巧虎日记 12 预告乐智小天地贝贝版02- 出门手拉手 01 和巧虎一起玩巧虎的一天 02 生活习惯出门手拉手 03 小手哆来咪小花笑哈哈 04 动物乐园小猫喵喵 05 唱游小花猫06 小小世界我的身体 07 故事小屋哈哈洞洞书 08 亲子玩具爸爸妈妈手偶 09 情绪表达开心伤心 10 重点词江 11 巧虎日记 12 预告乐智小天地贝贝版03- 小手洗一洗 01 生活习惯小手洗一洗 02 唱游两只小象 03 动物乐园大象04 小小世界家里有什么 05 亲子玩具缤纷玩水组 06 小手哆睐咪拳头歌 07 和巧虎一起玩捉迷藏 08 情绪表达期待失望如愿 09 故事小屋生活游戏书 10 重点词汇11 巧虎日记 12 预告13 商品使用说明巧虎宝宝版乐智小天地宝宝版01- 我会打招呼 01 小小主角我的新朋友--巧虎 02 唱游巧虎之歌03 动物世界可爱的小狗 04 宝宝健康操（一）伦敦桥 05 生活习惯我会打招呼 06 我和巧虎你好，再见07 宝宝健康操（二）体操大集合 08 亲子玩具指尖益智玩具 09 小手哆啦咪小手叠叠叠 10 玩具预告乐智小天地宝宝版02- 安全亲子乐 01 小小主角巧虎的一天 02 生活习惯出门手拉手 03 动物世界小猫咪04 宝宝健康操（一）爬小山 05 唱游小花猫之歌 06 我和巧虎我会手拉手 07 故事小屋小狗汪汪找妈妈 08 亲子玩具动物立体电子书 09 小手哆啦咪握紧拳头 10 宝宝健康操（二）爬爬爬 11 玩具预告缤纷玩水组乐智小天地宝宝版03- 吃饭真开心 01 小小主角和巧虎一起捉迷藏 02 唱游兔子跳跳跳 03 动物世界小兔子04 宝宝健康操（一）小车子 05 生活习惯吃饭真开心 06 我和巧虎宝宝吃饭喽 07 小手哆啦咪炒萝卜08 故事小屋小勺子和它的朋友们 09 亲子玩具缤纷玩水组10 宝宝健康操（二）看信号，做动作11 玩具预告生活认知布书乐智小天地宝宝版04- 我要上厕所 01 主题童话谁在上厕所 02 生活习惯我要上厕所 03 唱游我喜欢大象04 宝宝健康操（一）小车子 05 动物世界大象106 小手哆啦咪伊比呀呀 07 生活认知香蕉08 亲子玩具生活认知布书 09 故事小屋谁来了10 宝宝健康操（二）平衡游戏 11 玩具预告认知系列迷你书乐智小天地宝宝版05- 宝贝睡觉喽 01 生活习惯我会说“早”、“晚安” 02 唱游狮子LION 03 动物世界狮子04 宝宝健康操（一）节奏小球 05 故事小屋森林里的饼屋 06 小手哆啦咪饼干歌07 宝宝健康操（二）球球模仿秀 08 生活认知草莓09 亲子玩具认知系列迷你书 10 主题童话大家都睡觉了 11 预告乐智小天地宝宝版06- 健康小勇士 01 宝宝健康操（一）健康好宝宝 02 生活习惯巧虎生病了 03 主题童话忙碌的河马医生 04 动物世界绵羊 05 唱游小羊咩咩咩 06 生活认知包子07 小手哆啦咪拍拍小手 08 故事小屋小小音乐家09 宝宝健康操（二）企鹅走走走 10 预告乐智小天地宝宝版07- 我也来帮忙 01 唱游圣诞老公公02 故事小屋圣诞老公公来了 03 生活习惯我也来帮忙 04 主题童话谁来擦一擦05 动物世界长颈鹿06 宝宝健康操（一）叮叮当 07 小手哆啦咪炒饭喽 08 生活认知超市09 亲子玩具超市购物组10 宝宝健康操（二）小兔蹦蹦跳 11 预告乐智小天地宝宝版08- 牙齿亮晶晶01 主题童话牙齿亮晶晶 02 生活习惯刷牙刷刷刷 03 动物世界河马 04 唱游河马 HIPPO 05 故事小屋大手套 06 生活认知蔬菜07 宝宝健康操（一）好吃的蔬菜色拉 08 语言表达我的身体 09 小手哆啦咪碰碰碰 10 亲子玩具大嘴刷牙狗11 宝宝健康操（二）猩猩抬身体 12 预告乐智小天地宝宝版09- 整整齐齐过新年01 唱游新年快乐02 生活习惯一起收玩具 03 主题童话我的巧虎呢 04 语言表达恭喜恭喜 05 生活认知过年喽06 故事小屋“年”的故事 07 动物世界可爱的猪08 宝宝健康操（一）小猪打滚 09 小手哆咪咪做点心10 亲子玩具城市环游列车组 11 宝宝健康操（二）猴子扔扔扔 12 预告乐智小天地宝宝版10- 我们来分享 01 宝宝健康操（一）一起去郊游 02 主题童话你一半我一半 03 生活习惯给你吃谢谢 04 动物世界大熊猫 05 唱游提灯笼 06 语言表达接电话07 小手哆睐咪电话铃响了 08 亲子玩具小厨师切切组 09 故事小屋在哪里 10 生活认知橘子11 宝宝健康操（二）鸡妈妈护蛋 12 预告乐智小天地宝宝版11- 开心小伙伴 01 唱游小雨滴 02 生活认知公园03 生活习惯小猫对不起 04 主题童话拔萝卜205 宝宝健康操（一）小皮球 06 语言表达去哪里 07 HAPPY ENGLISH BINGO 08 动物世界乌龟09 宝宝健康操（二）小乌龟爬地 10 亲子玩具扮演游戏组 11 预告乐智小天地宝宝版12- 一起来洗手 01 生活习惯我会自己洗手 02 主题童话手脏了怎么办 03 唱游蜗牛歌04 动物世界青蛙和蜗牛 05 语言表达吃什么呢06 生活认知巧虎生日快乐 07 宝宝健康操（一）大鼓小鼓 08 小手哆来咪幸福拍手歌09 亲子玩具音乐节奏电子鼓（一） 10 故事小屋不爱洗澡的小羊11 HAPPY ENGLISH ROW ROW ROW YOUR BOAT 12 亲子玩具音乐节奏电子鼓（二） 13 宝宝健康操（二）扭扭小金鱼 14 预告乐智小天地宝宝版13- 和形状一起做游戏 01 语言表达圆形三角形方形 02 主题童话饼干宝宝在哪里 03 唱游企鹅舞 04 动物世界企鹅05 生活习惯关心小弟弟小妹妹 06 宝宝健康操（一）老鹰抓小鸡 07 生活认知推土机挖土机卡车 08 故事小屋这是什么车呢09 HAPPY ENGLISH THE FINGER FAMILY 10 宝宝健康操（二）模仿游戏 11 亲子玩具形状颜色积木 12 预告乐智小天地宝宝版14- 颜色真奇妙 01 语言表达红色蓝色黄色 02 唱游红黄蓝舞曲03 生活习惯一个一个轮流玩 04 动物世界动物模仿 05 生活认知西瓜06 主题童话黑色的水果07 宝宝健康操（一）彩色气球08 HAPPY ENGLISH MARY HAO A LITTLE LAMB 09 亲子玩具颜色认知海绵拼图 10 宝宝健康操（二）海豚救生圈 11 预告乐智小天地宝宝版15- 我会自己穿鞋 01 生活习惯我会自己穿鞋 02 主题童话小老鼠跌倒了 03 唱游顽皮熊04 动物世界动物亲子乐园 05 语言表达看看大家在干什么 06 故事小屋大家都来穿鞋子 07 宝宝健康操（一）娃娃兵 08 生活认知葡萄09 HAPPY ENGLISH TEN LITTLE KITTIES 10 亲子玩具穿线游戏书11 宝宝健康操（二）小羊钻山洞 12 预告乐智小天地宝宝版16- 去上厕所喽 01 唱游碰碰身体02 生活习惯去上厕所喽 03 成长小故事要便便啦 04 动物乐园狮子05 小小世界西瓜、香蕉、苹果 06 小手哆来咪西瓜 07 故事小屋水果拼拼乐 08 亲子玩具生活认知布书 09 重点词汇 10 巧虎日记乐智小天地宝宝版17- 见面问个好 01 生活习惯见面问个好 02 成长小故事你好你好 03 小手哆来咪炒萝卜 04 小小世界好吃的食物 05 动物乐园鸡的一家 06 唱游大树下07 亲子玩具动物发声电子书 08 故事小屋宝宝贴贴书 09 重点词汇 10 巧虎日记乐智小天地宝宝版18- 我会乖乖睡觉 01 唱游小羊咩咩咩 02 动物乐园小绵羊303 生活习惯做好准备睡觉喽 04 小手哆来咪伊比呀呀 05 故事小屋森林里的饼屋 06 亲子玩具好宝宝习惯组 07 成长小故事宝贝晚安 08 小小世界白天晚上09 重点词汇 10 巧虎日记乐智小天地宝宝版19- 自己吃饭真开心 01 唱游叮叮当02 生活习惯自己吃饭真开心 03 动物乐园长颈鹿 04 小手哆来咪饼干歌 05 成长小故事小勺子 06 小小世界逛超市喽 07 说说看谢谢谢谢08 故事小屋圣诞老公公来了 09 重点词汇 10 巧虎日记乐智小天地宝宝版20- 我喜欢刷牙 01 唱游河马HIPPO 02 动物乐园河马03 生活习惯妈妈帮我刷刷牙 04 成长小故事牙齿亮晶晶 05 小小世界车06 小手哆��咪大家来刷牙 07 故事小屋大手套 09 亲子玩具大嘴刷牙狗 10 说说看拜拜 09 重点词汇 10 巧虎日记乐智小天地宝宝版21- 交个朋友吧 01 唱游新年快乐02 生活习惯交个朋友吧 03 说说看恭喜恭喜 04 动物乐园大熊猫05 成长小故事有个朋友真好 06 小小世界冬天来了 07 小手哆��咪幸福拍手歌 08 故事小屋小火车旅行记 09 亲子玩具欢乐火车组 10 重点词汇 11 巧虎日记乐智小天地宝宝版22- 你一半我一半 01 唱游宝宝健康操 02 生活习惯大家分着吃 03 动物乐园金鱼04 小小世界（一）梨葡萄猕猴桃 05 说说看请进06 成长小故事你一半我一半 07 小小世界（二）想一想是哪个 08 小手哆��咪线团咕噜咕噜 09 故事小屋谁来了 10 亲子玩具欢乐火车组 10 重点词汇11 巧虎日记乐智小天地宝宝版23- 宝宝身体棒 01 唱游花开了02 生活习惯生病了我不怕 03 成长小故事忙碌的河马医生 04 小小世界春天05 动物乐园猴子06 故事小屋宝贝儿别怕 07 小手哆��咪电话铃铃铃 08 亲子玩具扮演游戏组 10 说说看接电话 09 重点词汇 10 巧虎日记乐智小天地宝宝版24- 颜色小精灵 01 唱游红黄蓝跳舞曲02 生活习惯 (一) 一起来收拾 03 开动脑筋红色蓝色黄色 04 动物乐园乌龟05小小世界巧虎生日快乐 06 故事小屋气球变变变07生活习惯 (二) 和巧虎一起收拾 08说说看好妈妈09成长小故事小老鼠跌倒了 10小手哆来咪小小乌龟 11亲子玩具拔萝卜布书12重点语汇 13巧虎日记 14预告乐智小天地宝宝版25- 有趣的形状 01 开动脑筋圆形三角形方形402 生活习惯对不起没关系 03 动物乐园青蛙04 小小世界工地上的车 05 唱游玩皮熊06 成长小故事奇妙的 \对不起\07小手哆来咪拍拍小手 08 故事小屋这是什么车呢 09 说说看碰碰车10 亲子玩具形状颜色积木 11 重点语汇 12 巧虎日记 13 预告乐智小天地宝宝版26- 爱心小宝贝01 唱游小雨滴02 开动脑筋黑色白色 03 生活习惯爱心小宝贝 04 小小世界下雨啦 05 小手哆来咪谁会这样 06 动物乐园是谁的声音呢 07 成长小故事宝宝当哥哥 08 说说看夏天09 亲子玩具颜色认知海绵拼图 10 重点语汇 11 巧虎日记 12 预告乐智小天地宝宝版27- 自己来穿鞋01 动物亲子乐园02 生活习惯自己来穿鞋 03 唱游模仿游戏04 小小世界神奇的裁缝店 05 成长小故事大家来穿鞋子 06 开动脑筋 123 07 说说看理发08 小手哆来咪奇妙的口袋 09 故事小屋小客人 10 重点语汇 11 巧虎日记 12 预告巧虎幼幼版乐智小天地幼幼版01- 1和许多 01 快乐的巧虎一家 02 欢迎歌03 概念认知 1和许多04 生活习惯吃饭时我不玩 05 唱游吃饭真快乐06 童话故事不爱吃饭的冬冬 07 小小世界动物大集合 08 巧虎小故事我是小帮手09 我会小心吃东西的安全10 HAPPY ENGLISH BAA BAA BLACK SHEEP 11 巧虎智力玩具多少认知购物组 12 预告乐智小天地幼幼版02- 我会刷牙喽 01 童话故事牙刷火车来啦 02 生活习惯我会刷牙喽03 巧虎智力玩具巧虎生活习惯组 04 唱游（一）医生超人舞 05 小小世界各种用途的车 06 我会小心坐车的时候要小心07 HAPPY ENGLISH HUSH LITTLE BABY 08 概念认知长和短09 巧虎小故事小火车快点好起来 10 唱游（二）晚安歌 11 预告乐智小天地幼幼版03- 比一比大中小 01 唱游（一）大小咚咚啪 02 紧急认知比一比大中小 03 小小世界要用什么东西呢 04 生活习惯我把小手洗干净 05 我会小心咬人的电器 06 童话故事肥皂飞走了 07 唱游（二）点点踏踏舞 08 巧虎小故事妈妈怎么了09 HAPPY ENGLISH THIS LITTLE PIG WENT TO HARKET10 巧虎智力玩具大小认知海绵动物组 11 预告乐智小天地幼幼版04- 形状配配对 01 唱游（一）圣诞快乐 02 生活习惯一次只买一个 03 概念认知形状配配对 04 唱游（二）水果歌 05 小小世界水果和蔬菜06 HAPPY ENGLISH WE WISH YOU A MERRY CHRIRSTMAS5感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

Study of heavy metal contamination in river floodplains using the red-edge position in spectroscopic dataJ.G.P.W.CLEVERS*,L.KOOISTRA and E.A.L.SALASCentre for Geo-Information (CGI),Wageningen-UR,P.O.Box 339,NL-6700AH Wageningen,The Netherlands(Received 6January 2003;in final form 13October 2003)Abstract.One of the major environmental problems resulting from the regular flooding of rivers in Europe,is the heavy metal contamination of soils.Various studies have shown that soil contamination may influence plant physiology and,through changes in leaf pigment concentrations,influence reflectance spectra.The main objective of this case study was to study whether the red-edge position (REP)of vegetation spectra may provide information on soil contamination by heavy metals in river floodplains.The use of the maximum first derivative,smoothing methods (like polynomial fitting and the inverted Gaussian function),and interpolation methods based on just a few spectral bands were evaluated for a test site in the floodplain of the river Waal in the Netherlands.On selected transects heavy metal concentrations of soil samples and reflectance spectra of the growing vegetation using a field spectroradiometer were measured.A significant,negative correlation between the REP and heavy metal concentration was found using the maximum first derivative method (R 2~0.64).The first derivative spectra in this study showed the presence of more than one peak within the red-edge region,as found by other authors.This phenomenon requires further detailed research using very fine spectral measurements.1.IntroductionMany European rivers regularly flood vast areas of agricultural land.One of the major environmental problems with these floods is heavy metal contamination of soils.As an example,sediments of river floodplains in the Netherlands show significant levels of heavy metal concentrations such as cadmium (Cd),copper (Cu),nickel (Ni),lead (Pb)and zinc (Zn)(Beurskens et al .1994,Middlekoop 2000).High levels of heavy metal concentrations may influence plant growth in a negative way and,if these heavy metals end up in agricultural crops or in grazing lands,they pose a serious health threat.Goetz et al .(1983)have shown that stress factors like heavy metal uptake will influence reflectance spectra at the leaf and canopy level.Field studies have demonstrated that changes in vegetation spectra can be metal-induced due to geochemical stress (Collins et al .1983,Kooistra et al .2003)or the occurrence of old waste deposit sites (Lehmann et al .1991,Sommer et al .1998).International Journal of Remote SensingISSN 0143-1161print/ISSN 1366-5901online #2004Taylor &Francis Ltd/journalsDOI:10.1080/01431160310001654473RES 105712*Corresponding author;e-mail:jan.clevers@wur.nlINT .J .REMOTE SENSING ,2004,VOL .25,NO .00,1–132J.G.P.W.Clevers et al.Spectral changes occurred in both visible and near-infrared parts of the spectrum. As a result,optical remote sensing potentially offers tools to detect and monitor heavy metal contamination of soils in an indirect way.The spectral signature of leaves is dominated by chlorophyll in the visible(VIS) region of the electromagnetic spectrum,by the cell structure in near-infrared(NIR) regions and by water content in the short-wave infrared(SWIR)regions.In addition to these variables,at the canopy level the leaf area index(LAI),the amount of green biomass and the leaf angle distribution determine the spectral signature.From a remote sensing point of view the illumination and observation geometry are also important.Many studies have focused on the use of vegetation indices,calculated as combinations of NIR and red reflectance,for estimating and monitoring vegetation characteristics.These indices correlated well with plant variables such as biomass,LAI and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation(Baret and Guyot1991,Broge and Leblanc2000,Daughtry et al. 2000).Clevers(1999)showed that imaging spectrometry might provide additional information at the red-edge region,not covered by the information derived from a combination of a NIR and a VIS broad spectral band.He concluded that, concerning high spectral resolution data,this seems to be the major contribution of imaging spectrometry to vegetation studies.The remote sensing of foliar chemical concentrations,other than chlorophyll and water,has not been very successful due to among other things the presence of water in living leaf tissue.Collins(1978)and Horler et al.(1983)were among thefirst researchers to point out the importance of the red-NIR wavelength transition for vegetation studies.At red wavelengths reflectance is low due to absorbance by chlorophyll pigments while in NIR wavelengths reflectance is high due to scattering inside the leaf and multiple reflections inside the canopy,resulting in a steep rise in reflectance between670and 780nm.Both the position and the slope of this red-edge change under stress conditions,resulting in a shift of the slope towards shorter wavelengths(Horler et al.1983,Wessman1994).The red-edge position(REP)is defined as the position of the inflection point of the red-NIR slope.This REP shift due to stress conditions can be caused both by a decrease in leaf chlorophyll concentration and by a decrease in LAI(see Clevers and Jongschaap2001).These are the main variables determining the REP.The REP can be studied by plotting d R/d l,thefirst derivative of reflectance(R)with respect to wavelength(l),as a function of l. Alternatively,in many studies simple functions have beenfitted to the reflectance spectrum in the red-edge region,and subsequently the wavelength belonging to the maximum slope has been extracted from such an analytical expression.In order to investigate the potential applications of high-spectral-resolution remote sensing data in the red-edge region for assessment of heavy metal contamination in riverfloodplains,a study was conducted using afield spectro-radiometer.The main objective of this study was to investigate whether the red-edge of vegetation spectra could provide information on variation in soil contamination by heavy metals.In addition,it was studied which method for determining the REP was most suitable.2.Methodology for determining the red-edge position(REP)The inflection point is defined as the maximum slope(maximumfirst derivative) of the reflectance spectrum in the red-edge region.Derivative spectra may becalculated using:d R d l l ~R l {R l {1ðÞD l ð1Þwhere R l 2R (l 21)is the difference in reflectance measured across a single wavelength increment centred at l ,and D l is the wavelength increment.Accurate determination of the REP requires a large number of spectral measurements in narrow bands.However,the calculated REP will depend on the spectral sampling interval applied and the REP will always be one of the wavelengths or the midvalue of the sampling interval employed by the remote sensing sensor used (thus depending on definition:l ,(l 21)or (l z (l 21))/2).To overcome this dependency on the sampling interval high-order curve fitting techniques have been employed to fit a continuous function to the derivative spectrum (Horler et al .1983,Demetriades-Shah and Steven 1988,Demetriades-Shah et al .1990).However,existing curve fitting techniques are very complex.Dawson and Curran (1998)presented a technique based upon a three-point Lagrangian interpolation technique for locating the REP in spectra that have been sampled coarsely.This same technique may be used for interpolating the REP between fine spectral samples yielding more accurate REP estimates within the spectral sampling interval.It fits a second-order polynomial curve to three spectral bands,from which the REP is determined.Although an increasing number of airborne and space borne imaging spectrometers have become available,their spectral resolution is not fine enough for an accurate determination of the REP using derivative spectra.Therefore,fitting a mathematical function to a few measurements in the red-edge region is often applied to estimate the REP.The above-mentioned Lagrangian technique of Dawson and Curran (1998)is an example.Recently,Dawson (2000)observed an artefact when using the Lagrangian technique on a reduced number of spectral bands.The REP was more sensitive to spectral variation when it was derived from a combination of reduced band positions than when calculated from continuous spectra.Clevers et al .(2002)also observed a discontinuity in the REP,when plotted as a function of the chlorophyll concentration,using this technique.In this paper,this technique will only be used for the fine spectral resolution data;that is to refine equation (1).Clevers and Bu ¨ker (1991)fitted a simple third-order polynomial function to the red-edge spectrum:R l ðÞ~c 0z c 1l z c 2l 2z c 3l 3ð2ÞThe REP can then simply be calculated by determining the maximum first derivative of this function.A major disadvantage of a third-order polynomial is its symmetry around the REP by definition.Broge and Leblanc (2000)applied a sixth-order polynomial to derive the REP:R l ðÞ~c 0z c 1l z c 2l 2z c 3l 3z c 4l 4z c 5l 5z c 6l 6ð3ÞIn this way,they captured potential asymmetry of the red-edge.The REP was determined from the maximum first derivative in the 690–740nm range.Hare et al .(1984)described a so-called inverted Gaussian fit to the red-infrared Heavy metal contamination and red-edge index3slope,thus smoothing the reflectance spectrum:R lðÞ~R s{R s{R oðÞexp {l o{lðÞ22s2!ð4Þwhere R s is the maximum or‘shoulder’spectral reflectance at the NIR plateau,R o is the minimum reflectance at the chlorophyll absorption well,l o is the wavelength at the reflectance minimum and s is the Gaussian shape parameter.The REP can be calculated as:REP~l o z sð5ÞSeveral authors(Bonham-Carter1988,Demarez and Gastellu-Etchegorry2000, Lucas et al.2000,Patel et al.2001)have used this approach.Guyot and Baret(1988)applied a simple linear model to the red-infrared slope. This method assumed that the reflectance curve at the red-edge can be simplified to a straight line between700and740nm.The reflectance of the REP was then estimated as being halfway the reflectance in the NIR at about780nm and the reflectance minimum of the chlorophyll absorption feature at about670nm. Subsequently,the REP was estimated by linearly interpolating between measure-ments at700and740nm,following:REP~700z40R670z R780ðÞ=2{R700f gR740{R700ð6Þwhere R670,R700,R740and R780are the reflectance values at670,700,740and 780nm wavelength,respectively,and the constants700and40result from interpolation in the700–740nm interval.Finally,Baret et al.(1992)proposed an a priori polynomial equation,based on only three spectral bands,as an estimate of the inflection point.They used model simulations to select optimal spectral bands at672(r1),710(r2)and780(r3)nm, and subsequently tofit a polynomial equation to the maximum second derivative, resulting in:REP~c0z c1r1z c2r2z c3r3z c4r21z c5r22z c6r23zc7r1r2z c8r1r3z c9r2r3z c10r1r2r3ð7Þ3.Material and methods3.1.Test site andfield samplingThe test site for the case study was located in the Afferdensche and Deestsche Waardenfloodplain along the river Waal,the main branch of the river Rhine in the Netherlands(figure1).Thisfloodplain has an area of250ha,where ecological rehabilitation is being applied by transforming farmland into wetlands.During the past decades,large amounts of contaminated sediment have been deposited in the floodplain because of winterfloods.Studies on soil quality in thefloodplain have revealed great spatial variability of soil metal concentrations(Kooistra et al.2001). At the scale of the study site,vegetation composition and coverage are relatively homogeneous and characterized by grasslands with patches of herbaceous vegetation.For the current study,nine transects of50m each were located in areas with grassland(figure1).Most transects were located in areas with heavy metal contamination,as known from previous studies(Kooistra et al.2001).Three 4J.G.P.W.Clevers et al.transects (No.6,7and 8)were positioned in an area that has recently been excavated and had very low vegetation cover.Six equidistant soil samples were collected along each transect,so they were 10m apart.Within the field-of-view (FOV)of the spectroradiometer (§3.3)three scoops from the soil top 10cm were taken (yielding between 500and 1000g soil),homogenized,stored in a plastic bag and taken to the laboratory for chemical analysis.In addition,a qualitative description of the vegetation for every sampling point was made.No vegetation biophysical measurements (such as biomass,LAI and chlorophyll concentration)were performed in the field.All the fieldwork took place within three days at the beginning of August 2001.3.2.Chemical analysisIn addition to the Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn concentrations,moisture content and organic matter content of the soil samples was measured.Moisture content was determined by oven-drying the soil samples at 105‡C for 24hours and measuring the weight loss.The organic matter content was obtained by loss-on-ignition (Houba et al .1989).The total metal concentrations were determined by drying approximately 20g of field-moist soil material at 105‡C for 24hours,grinding the dried soil material in a mortar and removing particles larger than 2mm by sieving.Dried soil samples (1g)were treated with a HNO 3/H 2O 2solution using the microwave digestion method.After mineralisation,total metal concentrations were measured by means of ICP-AES spectrometry (Kooistra et al .2001).Figure 1.Location of the study site and of the transects sampled within the Afferdensche enDeestsche Waarden floodplain along the river Rhine in the Netherlands.Heavy metal contamination and red-edge index 56J.G.P.W.Clevers et al.3.3.Field reflectance measurementsFor all sample points described in§3.1,detailed spectral measurements were collected at the beginning of August2001.An Analytical Spectral Devices(ASD) FieldSpec FR spectroradiometer was used to measure vegetation reflectance spectra within2hours of local solar noon.The radiometer had a25‡FOV and a1nm spectral resolution within the400to2500nm spectral range.Thefibre optics of the spectroradiometer was mounted on a tripod looking from nadir at a height of1m above the target.This resulted in a measurement area of0.15m2.Every measurement was recorded as the average of15readings.Every target measurement was preceded by a reference measurement over a standardized white spectralon panel.By dividing the measured target radiance spectrum by that of the spectralon panel,the reflectance spectrum was obtained.4.Results and discussionEighteen measurement points were classified in thefield as being homogeneous grasslands with annual bluegrass(Poa annua L.)and perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.)as dominant species.Table1shows that the metal concentrations were strongly correlated with each other,and in most cases also with soil moisture and organic matter.Most results will be illustrated for Pb,but similar results were obtained for all heavy metals in this study.4.1.Spectral signaturesFigure2illustrates the spectral signature of a vegetation sample with a low to medium contamination level(about200mg Pb per kg dry matter)and a vegetation sample with a high contamination level(about400mg Pb per kg dry matter).It is striking that the sample with the high contamination level showed a higher NIR reflectance than the sample with the lower contamination level.In thefield,the sample with the high contamination level showed tall grass vegetation with a high biomass level.From table1we may conclude that the samples with the higher contamination level also had higher soil moisture and organic matter contents. From this we may conclude that soils with a high organic matter and moisture content were favourable for growth of the grass,and at the same time favoured fixation of heavy metals in the soil.In this data set no negative influence of heavy metal concentration on biomass of grasslands was observed.Figure3shows the positive relationship between Pb concentration and NIR reflectance for the grassland samples.This,however,may not be a causal relationship,but an effect of other soil properties(like moisture and organic matter).Table1.Correlation coefficients between the metal concentrations,soil moisture content and organic matter content(OM)for the grassland samples within the study area(n~18).Ni Cd Cu Zn Pb OM moisture Ni1Cd0.781**1Cu0.895**0.944**1Zn0.800**0.863**0.913**1Pb0.812**0.955**0.978**0.916**1OM0.895**0.803**0.832**0.679**0.779**1moisture0.814**0.501*0.590**0.4290.499*0.850**1 *p v0.05,**p v0.01Figure 2also shows a lower red reflectance for the grassland sample with the medium contamination level.This sample clearly showed a lower biomass level from field observation.We would expect the grassland with the lower biomass level to have a higher red reflectance (Lillesand and Kiefer 2000).It appeared to be that the sample with the higher biomass level (higher NIR reflectance)and the high metal contamination level had a higher red reflectance.Metals may have a negativeFigure 2.Example of a spectral signature measured over a grassland area with a high heavymetal contamination level and one with a low to medium heavy metal contaminationlevel.Figure 3.Relationship between Pb concentration and NIR reflectance (at 780nm)for thegrassland samples within the study area.Heavy metal contamination and red-edge index 78J.G.P.W.Clevers et al.effect on the chlorophyll concentration,and thus have caused a higher red reflectance.This would be consistent with the commonly reported effect that heavy metal treated plants contain lower chlorophyll concentrations than healthy plants (Horler et al.1980,1983).As stated before,no chlorophyll concentrations were measured in this case study,so the effect of heavy metals on chlorophyll could not be proven.4.2.Derivative spectraIn the previous subsection we found a positive relationship between the heavy metal concentration and the NIR reflectance.Although a high NIR reflectance often coincides with a low red reflectance,we found sample points with a relatively high red reflectance and a high contamination level.This suggested the existence of an effect of heavy metal contamination on chlorophyll concentration,as was also found by Horler et al.(1980,1983).The two opposite effects of high biomass and low chlorophyll concentration on the red reflectance yielded no clear relationship between metal concentration and red reflectance.Figure4illustrates the derivative spectra for the signatures shown infigure2. Thisfigure shows a rapid increase of thefirst derivative towards about700nm. Then the slope of thefirst derivative decreased and subsequently it again increased towards720nm.Spectra with low vegetation cover showed a maximum around 700nm.The two spectra infigure2showed a double peak around720nm.The derivative spectrum with the higher derivative values matched the spectral signature with the steeper slope in the red-edge region.This was the grassland sample with the high biomass level(and the high contamination level).Although one would expect a higher REP value for this sample in comparison to the sample with the lower biomass level(medium contamination level),the reverse effect was observed. This suggests that the REP of vegetation may be related to the level of heavy metal contamination in the soil.As stated in§2,other authors have found two peaks(around705and725nm)inHeavy metal contamination and red-edge index9 the derivative spectra of vegetation(Horler et al.1983,Boochs et al.1990,Miller et al.1990,Filella and Pen˜uelas1994,Lamb et al.2002).Boochs et al.(1990)used a spectroradiometer with2nm bandwidth and observed that the second peak sometimes consisted of two individual mb et al.(2002)found one peak between720and730nm in their experimental data.However,they used a spectroradiometer with a spectral resolution of about3.5nm.Filella and Pen˜uelas (1994)observed only one peak at the position of the second peak,but they used a spectroradiometer with a bandwidth ler et al.(1990)neither obtained the veryfine spectral detail while using a laboratory spectroradiometer with4nm bandwidth.Since we used a spectroradiometer with a spectral resolution of only1nm,it was possible tofindfiner spectral information.Another possibility is that our double peak around720nm was caused by measurement inaccuracy.Figure4shows a relative minimum in thefirst derivative spectra between720and721nm.However, this dip was not found in all grassland spectra.Moreover,this feature had a width of several measurements and this width varied between the different measurements. So,it was not evident that this is a systematic measurement error.Figure5shows results after application of a3band moving averagefilter,thus simulating measurements with a spectroradiometer with a spectral resolution of3nm.The double peak around720nm was less evident,but still present.This‘smoothing’resulted in similar REP results as without smoothing.4.3.Relationship between REP and heavy metal concentrationsTable2gives the correlation coefficients between the various methods described in§2for deriving the REP and the heavy metal concentrations using the18 grassland samples.In all cases highest correlations were found when using the maximumfirst derivative for calculating the REP.The Lagrangian technique described in§2was used for interpolating between the spectral sampling points.Figure5.Simulatedfirst derivative spectra for a spectroradiometer with3nm spectral resolu-tion(based on the reflectance spectra offigure2).10J.G.P.W.Clevers et al.Table2.Correlation coefficients between the various REP measures and the heavy metal concentrations for the grassland samples within the study area(n~18).Ni Cd Cu Zn Pb Maximumfirst derivative20.502*20.688**20.736**20.697**20.802** 3rd order polynomial20.14020.22520.17920.07220.206 6th order polynomial20.17820.22820.18420.07920.203 Inverted Gaussianfit20.18720.25220.21220.09820.227 Linear interpol.method20.15220.27220.22420.11220.260 3-point interpol.method0.10520.0350.0500.1660.003 *p v0.05,**p v0.01Figure6illustrates the relationships between the REP using the various calculation methods and the Pb concentration for the grassland samples.The maximumfirst derivative method showed a significant negative correlation with the Pb concentration(as well as with the other heavy metals,cf.table2).All other procedures for calculating the REP did not yield significant correlations.They either apply a rigorous smoothing to the spectral measurements or only use a very limited number of spectral measurements(3or4).As a result,only the derivative method makes full use of thefine spectral information present in the spectro-radiometer data.5.ConclusionsIn this study the maximumfirst derivative of grassland spectral signatures in the red-edge region yielded a significant,negative correlation with the heavy metal level in the soil offloodplains.High heavy metal concentrations primarily occurred in soils with a high organic matter and soil moisture content.These soils yielded grasslands with a high NIR reflectance(high biomass level).This could not explain the negative correlation between REP and heavy metal concentration for the grassland samples,because an increase in biomass would yield a larger REP. Although no chlorophyll measurements were available for this study,the hypothesis is that the heavy metal contamination in the soil had a negative effect on the chlorophyll concentration of the leaves.This effect was,for instance,also found by Horler et al.(1980,1983).A lower leaf chlorophyll concentration causes a lower REP(Clevers et al.2002).This would explain the negative correlation between REP and heavy metal concentration.Thefirst derivative spectra of the grassland samples in this study confirmed the presence of more than one peak within the red-edge region.The data showed a peak around700nm and another peak between716and722nm.Many samples even showed two peaks in the latter region.This double peak can only be observed if a veryfine spectral resolution(1–3nm bandwidth)is used.Boochs et al.(1990) and Llewellyn et al.(2001)also observed these multiple peaks.Most other studies did not use such a high spectral resolution and did not observe more than two peaks in total.All methods for estimating the REP in this study,except for the maximumfirst derivative method,did not make full use of the veryfine spectral resolution of the used spectroradiometer.They applied either a function(polynomial or Gaussian function),which smoothed the spectral signature in the red-edge region,or they even used only three or fourfixed wavelength positions for deriving the REP.As aFigure 6.Relationship between the REP based on various methods and the Pbconcentration for the grassland samples within the study area.(a )the maximum first derivative method,(b )the 3rd order polynomial method,(c )the 6th order polynomial method,(d )the inverted Gaussian method,(e )the linear interpolation method,and (f )the 3-point interpolation method.Heavy metal contamination and red-edge index 1112J.G.P.W.Clevers et al.result,the correlation between these estimated REP values and the heavy metal concentration was not significant.This study showed that spectral signatures measured with a spectral resolutionof1–3nm may provide veryfine spectral information in the derivative spectra at the red-edge region for detecting metal-induced stress in riverfloodplains.Multiple peaks occurred in the derivative spectra.The subdivision of the second peak in subpeaks,as observed in this study,requires further investigation.ReferencesB ARET,F.,and G UYOT,G.,1991,Potentials and limits of vegetation indices for LAI andAPAR assessment.Remote Sensing of Environment,35,161–173.B ARET,F.,J ACQUEMOUD,S.,G UYOT,G.,and L EPRIEUR,C.,1992,Modeled analysis of thebiophysical nature of spectral shifts and comparison with information content ofbroad bands.Remote Sensing of Environment,41,133–142.B EURSKENS,J.E.M.,W INKELS,H.J.,D EWOLF,J.,and D EKKER,C.G.C.,1994,Trends ofpriority pollutants in the Rhine during the last50years.Water Science andTechnology,29,77–85.B ONHAM-C ARTER,G.F.,1988,Numerical procedures and computer program forfitting aninverted gaussian model to vegetation reflectance puters and Geosciences,14,339–356.B OOCHS,F.,K UPFER,G.,D OCKTER,K.,and K U¨HBAUCH,W.,1990,Shape of the red-edge asa vitality indicator for plants.International Journal of Remote Sensing,11,1741–1753.B ROGE,N.H.,and L EBLANC, E.,2000,Comparing prediction power and stability ofbroadband and hyperspectral vegetation indices for estimation of green leaf areaindex and canopy chlorophyll density.Remote Sensing of Environment,76,156–172.C LEVERS,J.G.P.W.,1999,The use of imaging spectrometry for agricultural applications.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,54,299–304.C LEVERS,J.G.P.W.,and B U¨KER,C.,1991,Feasibility of the red edge index for thedetection of nitrogen deficiency.In Proceedings5th International Coll.‘PhysicalMeasurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing’,Courchevel,France,ESA SP-319,pp.165–168;.C LEVERS,J.G.P.W.,DE J ONG,S.M.,E PEMA,G.F.,V AN DER M EER,F.D.,B AKKER,W.H.,S KIDMORE,A.K.,and S CHOLTE,K.,2002,Derivation of the red edge index using theMERIS standard band setting.International Journal of Remote Sensing,23,3169–3184.C LEVERS,J.G.P.W.,and J ONGSCHAAP,R. 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2004年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国卷Ⅱ）语文（吉林、四川、黑龙江、云南、贵州等地区用）第Ⅰ卷（共42分）一、(18分，每小题3分)1．下列词语中加点的字读音都不相同的一组是A．唾弃沉睡千锤百炼捶胸顿足B．憔悴粉碎猝不及防出类拔萃C．啜泣拾掇缀玉连珠苦学不辍D．悼念泥淖绰绰有余掉以轻心2．下列词语中没有错别字的一组是A．班配藏污纳垢草菅人命看菜吃饭，量体裁衣B．凌厉怙恶不悛不落巢臼己所不欲，勿施于人C．懵懂挺而走险流言蜚语如临深渊，如履薄冰D．怄气徒有虚名鬼斧神工失之毫厘，谬以千里3．依次填人下列各句横线处的词语，最恰当的一组是①岗位培训改变了只在学校接受教育的状况，一个人离开学校并不意味着学习的。

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A．终止蜕化难免B．中止退化难免C．中止蜕化不免D．终止退化不免4．下列各句中，加点的成语使用不恰当的一句是A．和煦的春风带来生机盎然的季节，学校社团的招新活动再次成为一道亮丽的风景线，男女学生纷至沓来，踊跃报名。

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5．下列各句中，标点符号使用正确的一句是A．我国月球探测工程将分三步实施：一是“绕”，即卫星绕月飞行；二是“落”，即探测装置登上月球；三是“回”，即采集月壤样品返回地球。

B．我国第一座自主设计、自行建造的国产化商业核电站“秦山第二核电厂”的2号机组核反应堆首次临界试验获得成功，将于年内并网发电。

C．近年来，随着经济的发展，城市的扩大，人口的猛增和生活质量的提高，城市垃圾不断增加，“城市垃圾处理”已成为环境保护的一大难题。

第9部分单选题1. 以下各类媒体之中属于表示媒体的是( )。

A. 键盘 B. 图像编码C. 扫描仪D. 声音2. 以下各类媒体之中属于表现媒体的是( )。

A. RAMB. 硬盘C. 喇叭D. 双绞线3. 下面不属于表现媒体的是( )。

A. 音箱B. 打印机C. 键盘D. 光纤4. 以下各类媒体之中属于存储媒体的是( )。

A. 图像B. 光盘C. 摄像机D. 同轴电缆5. 键盘、扫描仪、显示器等属于( )。

A. 存储媒体B. 感觉媒体C. 表示媒体D. 表现媒体6. 在以下几类媒体当中，( )是指传输感觉媒体的中介媒体。

A. 表示媒体B. 存储媒体C. 表现媒体D. 传输媒体7. ( )是人们用来传递信息、交流感情最方便、最熟悉的方式之一。

A. 文本B. 图像C. 视频D. 声音8. 在计算机辅助教学中，最能体现多媒体的( )这一特性。

A. 集成性B. 智能性C. 交互性D. 多样性9. 多媒体的( )这一特性满足了人的感官对多媒体信息的需求。

A. 集成性B. 交互性C. 多样性D. 实时性10. TXT属于以下选项中( )文件的格式。

A. 文本B. 视频C. 图像D. 动画11. MOV和A VI属于以下选项中( )文件的格式。

A. 视频B. 声音C. 图像D. 动画12. BMP和JPEG属于以下选项中( )文件的格式。

A. 声音B. 图像C. 视频D. 动画13. 在数字音频回放时，需要用( )还原。

A. 数模转换器（D/A转换器）B. 数字编码器C. 数字解码器D. 模数转换器（A/D转换器）14. WORM光盘的特点是( )。

A. 可重写十万次以上B. 只读C. 可重写几千次D. 一次写，多次读15. DVD-RW光盘的特点是( )。

A. 可重写十万次以上B. 只读C. 一次写，多次读D. 可重写几千次16. 在MIDI合成器中，不曾采用过的合成技术是( )。

A. 软波表B. 硬波表C. 混合波表D. FM频率调制17. 一般来说，光盘盘片的格式化容量( )用户容量。

《语感启蒙》开启您的孩子第二语言之门的钥匙。

送电子书，购买后网传。

2004年的这版，现在已经不出了，很难得哦~语感启蒙很受妈妈欢迎，列几个妈妈们的评论吧（把网址复制后用IE 打开）《语感启蒙》适合12岁之前的中国孩子的英语语感启蒙训练。

12岁之前是孩子学习第二语言的黄金时期，在这一关键阶段注重培养孩子的英语语感，将对培养孩子的英语兴趣，提高他们英语的学习能力和应用能力起到至关重要的作用。

《语感启蒙》原汁原味地收容了最适合中国孩子启蒙英语语感的内容，去除了西方色彩过于浓重的、不适合中国孩子的内容。

其中，包括精选的36首北美最流行的儿童手指游戏和动作歌谣（Finger Plays a nd Action Verses）。

手指游戏（Finger Plays），是将幼儿英语小歌谣的故事内容，通过幼儿双手的动作表现出来的一种游戏形式。

动作歌谣（Action Verses），是将幼儿英语小歌谣的故事内容，通过幼儿全身的动作表现出来的一种游戏形式。

《语感启蒙》中的每首手指游戏和动作歌谣，都配上好看的动画、好听的音乐和标准的配音，分别用手指动作和全身肢体动作进行了演绎。

这些手指游戏和动作歌谣通常是北美年轻的父母们在与自己的宝宝嬉戏时，伴随着不经意的节奏，辅助以手指和全身动作传授给宝宝的最初的语言，宝宝们在咿呀学语之前，就已经开始通过手指游戏和动作歌谣与父母产生最初的交流，感受最初的语言，培养最初的语感，认识最初的世界。

《语感启蒙》就是通过这些北美原汁原味的手指游戏、动作歌谣以及其他形式的语言游戏，来达到培养孩子英语语感的教学目的的。

什么是语感启蒙？精选的36首北美最经典的儿童英语手指游戏和动作童谣（Finger Plays and Action Verses),是北美年轻的父母们在与自己的宝宝嬉戏时，伴随着不经意的节奏，辅助以手指和全身动作传授给宝宝的最初语言，宝宝们在咿呀学语之前，就已经开始与父母产生最初的交流，培养最初的语感，所以这是孩子们语感启蒙最好的教材。

2016-05-11鹅妈妈英语启蒙点击鹅妈妈英语启蒙关注我哟鹅妈妈英语启蒙，致力于0-10岁小朋友的英语启蒙教育。

每天会搜集英语启蒙方法、自然拼读、英语绘本、英语童谣、英语动画片等英语学习资料，提供最全的免费资源下载。

亲爱哒，感谢你的关注！我们辛苦收集整理了超多超好的学习资源在这里，欢迎下载。

这些资料百度也搜不到，赶紧收藏，别忘了告诉与你关系好的小伙伴，关系一般的，咱不告诉Ta。

资源下载方法：在公众平台(微信添加公众号shmothergoose)回复名称所对应数字。

如要下载《小P优优（英文原名POCOYO）》全81集，直接回复100即可。

1英语启蒙•动画片100.《小P优优（英文原名POCOYO）》全81集101.CAILLOU（卡由）系列动画，该节目的对象是学龄前儿童103.peppa pig720高清英文版105.爱探险的Dora英文版全四季106.go diego go107.Maisy小鼠波波44集+音频+绘本+2CD歌曲109.Penelope蓝色小考拉122.学习类启蒙英语动画片《玛泽的故事》合集123.鼹鼠的故事127.《小公主Little Princess》动画片+绘本128.《工程车汤姆Tracker Tom》中英双语发音48集133.小鸟趣事多英文动画共5季120集134.花园宝宝（60集中文版+60集英文版）136.《芝麻街英语》一共20集139.《贝贝熊》（英文版25集+中文版80集）140.小熊维尼与跳跳虎》一共26集147.英文版《托马斯和他的朋友们（上）》1-11季149.韩国EBS制作《倒霉熊》26集151.《本和霍利的小王国》英文原版一共23集153.BBC英文动画《麦克小骑士》62集156.小熊查理第一季26集157.英文版经典动画《森林王子》第一季26集160.《不一样的卡梅拉》动画版《小鸡来了》32集161.英语动画《女巫麦格和小猫莫格》（13集+MP3）165.英语动画《亚瑟》1-5季166.英文版动画《小马宝莉》168.BBC木偶动画《小小救生队Fireman Sam》共4季32集174.值得父母与孩子共同学习的英文动画《天才宝贝熊》（五季全195集+绘本+MP3）180.3-6岁的孩子英语启蒙动画《小兔麦斯和露比》186.锻炼观察、分析能力的加拿大侦探动画《忙忙碌碌镇》187.英国BBC电视台最受欢迎的儿童节目《动物街64号》190.启蒙动画84集《米菲Miffy》（英文版+中文版）198.全球婴幼儿启蒙第一品牌《天线宝宝》（67集英文版+84集中文版）216.朵拉和朋友们城市探险第1季217.米奇妙妙屋全1-5季英文高清视频227.学乐经典绘本动画100部高清Scholastic Storybook Treasures256.美音动画片Team Umizoomi 数数城小兄妹全四季含音频•绘本及音视频113.廖彩杏轻松听出英语力书单第1周-第52周115.《英文绘本创意教学》--亲子英语绘本的阅读方法指南（含50本绘本+音频）129.《穿过丛林》（视频+电子绘本+音频）130.《好安静的蟋蟀》（视频+电子绘本+音频）137.《猜猜我有多爱你》（动画片+MP3+绘本）144.五星级童书《不一样的卡梅拉》电子绘本146.英文版《棕熊你在看什么》（绘本+视频+MP3）148.《我是一个音乐家》（视频+电子绘本+音频）150.爸爸帮我摘月亮158.画片毛毛狗系列绘本前10本书的配套视频169.《五只猴子》（电子绘本+MP3+手指谣）170.翻翻书《Go Away Mr Wolf 野狼先生快走开》（MP3+PDF）177.苏斯博士《在爸爸身上蹦来跳去》178.《down by the station在火车站》182.苏斯博士代表作《绿鸡蛋和火腿》（视频+电子绘本+音频）191.安徒生金奖绘本《我爸爸》（电子绘本+视频）192.美国知名童书《图书馆狮子》（电子绘本+音频）193.美国凯迪克大奖《大卫不可以》（电子绘本+视频+音频）196.减法学习《十根肥香肠》（视频+电子绘本+音频）•音视频108.Mother Goose音频112.清华幼儿英语语感启蒙第1-4书籍1-4及文本118.WeeSing系列PDF+mp3（最全21个系列）119.《迪斯尼神奇英语》全套视频+教材汇总126.《CREEPY CRAWLY CALYPSO》虫虫摇滚派对视频+音频132.洪恩巴迪英文童谣145.HBO出品《古典宝宝Classical Baby》171.经典3CD《Super Simple Songs幼儿英语歌谣》（73首MP3+配套歌词）173.“妈妈英语”式教材《跟小小孩说英文》（视频+音频+漫画）201.汪培珽英文私房书单，培养孩子的英文耳朵，全网最全汪培珽英文私房书单MP3+PDF207.我的第一本亲子英文单词书210.美国自助在家上学联盟G1-G6系列材料211.鹅妈妈视频+涂色+五线谱歌词下载链接222.公文系列之《公文英语》238.《super simple songs》视频+音频+教学•绘本及书籍204.Dr. Suess苏斯博士双语系列（全十册）206.世界TOP100中英文有声绘本212.《冰雪奇缘》英文原版绘本系列8本215.Kumon儿童动手书35本229.尹建莉《好妈妈胜过好老师》汪培珽《培养孩子的英文耳朵》《汪培珽——喂故事长大的孩子》235.大名鼎鼎的吴敏兰《绘本123，用五感玩出宝宝的英语好感度》+吴敏兰书单40本+推荐创意英语书2自然拼读102.跳跳蛙Leap Frog104.super why英文版81集110.Preschool Pre Company出品的meet the、、、系列111.Alphablocks积木英语全四季114.phonics kids可点读版pdf154.Kids ABC一共24集184.问世超过五十年的经典字母书：《Ape in a cape笼子里的猩猩》（PDF+音频）208.Phonics教材Hooked on Phonics228.Now I am reading 我的第一套自然拼读故事书全80本+1本家长指导手册+美音音频268.拼读训练动画片《单词世界《sight world》第1-2季（avi格式+字幕）3分级阅读116.海尼曼绘本+音频117.牛津树绘本+音频183.英国低幼科普读物《看小动物成长》系列绘本13册199.培生幼儿英语200.美国Raz-kids分级阅读203.《体验英语少儿阅读文库》，全球英语分级读物NO.1!205.全球最畅销的I Can read全套英文原版分级读物MP3+PDF!218.我的第一本亲子英文单词书4科普120.史上最棒科普丛书119本PDF+MP3121.国家地理百科131.100部BBC纪录片141.英文版《美国国家地理幼儿版》点读版142.美国国家地理儿童版》高清电子版，一共26期152.最佳全年龄电视系列片《昆虫小世界》（全2季176集）194.法布尔《昆虫记》有声故事（32集中文版MP3）197.BBC Earth出品《瞬间认识世界》英文版全16集202.神奇校车，神奇校车全网最全资源33.2G！书本、视频、音频、游戏209.科普丛书Let's Read And Find Out Science232.《小小牛顿幼儿馆》PDF书+音频233.《小小牛顿幼儿百科馆》音频5绘画125.《彩色乐园Get Squiggling》（又名“涂鸦宝宝”）175.帮助宝宝探索的英文原版动画《滴答滴答小画家》176.涂色绘画启蒙《我来画》全10册（PDF格式）195.全25集《教宝宝学画画》视频教程269.布里兹学画画6逻辑、数学138.数学启蒙英文版绘本教材213.迪士尼教你学时间和金钱214.迪士尼教你学数学219.唐老鸭漫游数学奇境224.公文系列之公文数学全套248.《美国经典幼儿数学游戏》全六册249.大名鼎鼎的儿童思维训练：《逻辑狗》1-5阶段全套高清251.《汉声数学》全41册+1本妈妈手册254.《百花学习思维训练365天》全12册+答案258.很好玩的万圣节逻辑思维题目264.《让孩子爱上数学的扑克游戏》265.可打印公主主题、消防员主题逻辑思维题，男宝女宝各取所爱7国学及中文143.传统德育动画《中华弟子规》共30集188.经典传承《成语动画廊》223.公文系列之《公文语文》230.中文有声绘本101本，IPAD上亲子共读棒棒哒231.《直映认字》认字卡片+指导手册239.150首动画版古诗+107首经典国外音乐故事音乐诗词241.240集国学动画片245.适合幼儿园小朋友的视频《趣味识字》8早教135.巧虎大陆版189全球早教第一品牌《Gymboree金宝贝》（66CD音乐+2DVD教学视频）221.《布奇乐乐园》246.《巧虎》其它合集803集含《巧虎来啦》,《巧虎学数学》《巧虎学汉字》,《巧虎学英语》《巧虎儿歌》,《巧虎拼音城堡》《巧虎可爱岛》,《巧虎学古诗》《巧虎动脑学数学》,《巧虎剧场》257.《巧虎快乐学拼音》260.《美国：如何说孩子才会听》266.宝宝1-10数字书写模板9手工及游戏226.提升儿童专注力的101种手工创意234.《手工纸模型》236.《我来做手工》全12册240.2016年独家日历模板242.万圣节面具、涂色、迷宫、配对等游戏手工243.圣诞节趣味活动材料包244.routine模板：幼儿日常生活习惯培养<独家美国原版，可以彩打出来>247.《孟老师的100道手工饼干》252.独家感恩节主题小手工可打印（每个5-30分钟）259.《让孩子着迷的77*2个经典科学游戏》263.积木入门搭建方法264.《让孩子爱上数学的扑克游戏》10其他159.BBC制作《I CAN COOK》共103集，还有菜谱！167.经典动画《猫和老鼠》172.BBC主持人讲《睡前故事》共277集视频181.日本绘本史上不可逾越的巅峰《可爱的鼠小弟》12册（电子绘本+音频）185.最出色的民间创作之一:睡前广播《阿凡提的故事》（45集仲维维播讲MP3）220.儿童学英语的50部英文高清动画225.《贝瓦儿歌》339视频+音频237.《四五快读》250.君之的烘焙书6本+孟老师的5本253.多湖辉新头脑开发丛书：《走迷宫》255.圣诞大礼包（45部圣诞电影，50本原版绘本，125首圣诞歌曲及手工）261.6岁+培养空间思维的趣味好书《立体王》全6册262.《第56号教室的奇迹》1和2部267.新概念动画片全四册持续更新中。