考研英语unit3

2008年T ext 3 Major adj. 主要的主要的 Minor adj. 细微的细微的 Professional adj. 专业的专业的 n. 专业人士专业人士Professor n. 教授教授 Profession n. 职业职业 Change v. 改变改变 Dramatically Dramatically adj. adj. 极具戏剧性地性地Drama n. 戏剧戏剧Dramatic adj. 戏剧化的戏剧化的 Manager n. 管理者管理者 Management n. 管理管理 Manage v. 管理管理 General manager 总经理总经理 Be willing to 愿意做…… Adjust Adjust……to to……调整…以适合…Uniform n. 制服制服 Unit n. 单位单位Unite v. 团结，统一团结，统一 Frame n. 框架，结构框架，结构 Fame n. 名望名望Famous adj. 著名的著名的 Trend n. 趋势趋势 Tendency n. 倾向倾向Obscure v. 遮掩，使难理解遮掩，使难理解 Unrecognized adj. 未被意识到的到的Recognized adj. 意识到的意识到的 Recognize v. 意识到，认可意识到，认可 Recognition n. 认可认可 Reality n. 现实生活现实生活 Real adj. 真实的真实的 Really adv. 真地真地Generally adv. 一般地，通常地总体上总体上 General adj. 总体的总体的 Though 虽然虽然 Through 通过通过 Type n. 类型类型Typical adj. 典型的典型的Typically adv. 典型地典型地 Especially 尤其是尤其是 Special adj. 特别的特别的 Generation n. 代Apparent adj. 显然的显然的 Apparently adv. 明显地明显地 Reach one ’s limit 达到极限达到极限 Be likely to 很可能做…… Genetic adj. 遗传的遗传的Environmental adj. 环境的环境的 Environment n. 环境环境 Height n. 高度高度 Weight n. 重量重量 Length n. 长度长度 Appear v. 出现出现 Result from+原因：是……的结果结果 Result in+结果：结果是…… Increasing adj. 越来越… Increase v. 提高提高 Common adj. 共同的共同的 In common 相似点相似点 Recruit v. 招募招募 Rarely adv. 罕见地罕见地 Demand v. 需要需要 Need v. 需要需要 Notably adv. 显著地显著地 Feed v. 喂养喂养 Raise v. 养育养育 Support v . 支持支持 Expand v. 扩大扩大 At the start of = at the beginning of 在…之初之初 Under-nutrition 营养不良营养不良 Get in the way 挡路，阻碍挡路，阻碍 Diet 营养营养 Children 儿童儿童Adolescent 青少年青少年 Adult 成年成年On average 平均平均 Pattern 模式模式 Secular 长期的长期的According to 根据=based on Genetically speaking 从遗传学角度看传学角度看 Advantage 优势优势 Disadvantage 劣势劣势 A void doing sth 避免避免 Substantial 实质的，大量的大量的 Pass through 穿过，通过穿过，通过 Even though 即使即使 Upright 直立，站立直立，站立 Feet 脚 Back 背部背部 Continue 继续继续 Struggle 挣扎挣扎Suggest 提议，暗示提议，暗示 Bipedal 双足的双足的 Posture 姿势姿势 Withstand 承受承受 Strain 负担负担 Impose 强加强加Oversize 超大型的超大型的 Limb 肢 Constraint 约束约束 Organism 有机体有机体 Organ 器官器官Maximum 最高的最高的 Expect 期望期望 Ensure 确保确保 Workstation 工作站工作站 Alteration 修改修改 Unlike 不像不像 Predict 预言预言 Design 设计设计 Designer 设计师设计师 Equipment 装备装备 By and large 总的来说总的来说2008年T ext 4 President 总统总统 Nearly 几乎几乎Toothless 没有牙齿的没有牙齿的 Tooth 牙齿牙齿 (pl.) teeth Hire=recruit 招聘招聘 Dentist 牙医牙医 Transplant 移植移植 Jaw 下巴下巴 Extract Extract……from from…… 取出取出 Slave 奴隶奴隶Slavery 奴隶制度奴隶制度 Image Picture Scene Photo Remember 记得记得Historian 历史学家历史学家 History 历史历史 Historical 历史的历史的 Focus on 关注关注 Play a role in … 在…中担任角色角色Spur 激励，鞭策激励，鞭策 Evidence 证据证据 Evident 明显的明显的A vailable 可用的，有空的可用的，有空的 Prove 证明证明 Father v. 发明，创立，养育发明，创立，养育 Raise Feed Support At least 至少至少 At most 最多最多 At last 最后最后 Scholar 学者学者 Examine 检验检验From the bottom bottom up up 从下至上Work 著作著作 Reveal 显示显示 Suggest Show Demonstrate 阐述阐述 Moral 道德的道德的Compromise 妥协妥协 Fragile 脆弱的脆弱的Infancy 初期初期Infant 婴儿婴儿More significantly 更重要地更重要地 Argue 辩论，争论辩论，争论 Fight with 战斗战斗 Founder 创始人创始人 Hamper 妨碍妨碍 Culture 文化文化 Cultural 文化的文化的 Private 私人的私人的 Privately 私人地私人地 Privacy 隐私隐私 Express 表达表达Distaste 厌恶=dislike Political 政治的政治的 Politics 政治政治Politician 政客（陈水扁）政客（陈水扁） Statesman 政治家（毛泽东） Economy 经济经济 Economic 经济的经济的 Economical 经济的，合算的合算的 Bedrock 根底，基本原理根底，基本原理 Afford sth 付得起某物付得起某物 Part with 与……分开分开 Own 拥有拥有 Sign 签名签名 Protect v.保护保护Protection n. 保护保护 Peculiar 特殊的特殊的 Special Institution 制度制度 Clause 条款条款 Count 计算计算Congressional 国会的国会的 Congress 国会国会 Representation 代表代表 Depend on 根据根据Formula 公式，配方公式，配方 Narrow 狭窄的狭窄的 Wide 宽阔的宽阔的 Victory 胜利胜利Presidential election 总统选举Elect = choose 选择选择 Inflate 膨胀膨胀 In office 在职在职 Extend 拓展拓展 Carve 雕刻雕刻Approximately 大约=about Equal 平等的平等的 Bravery 勇敢勇敢 Brave adj. 勇敢的勇敢的 Soldier 战士战士 Sell 销售销售 Salesman Salesgirl In the sale 在减价销售在减价销售 Revolutionary War 美国之革命战争革命战争Overcome 克服克服Opposition 敌对势力，敌对势力，反对反对派，对立面派，对立面 Relative 亲戚亲戚 Grant 允许允许 Freedom 自由自由 Free adj. 自由自由In on e’e’s will s will 按照某人的意愿按照某人的意愿 Act 法案法案 Require 要求要求Ask Legislative 立法的立法的 Legislation n. 法律法律 Approval n. 批准批准Approve v . 赞成，批准赞成，批准。

Part ThreeIn such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned .Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information.Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity , the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.9. The word "it" （line 3, para. 2）most probably refers to__.（A）the lack of stable communities（B）the breakdown of informal information channels（C）the increased mobility of families（D）the growing number of people moving from place to place10. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.（A）they have to learn new things consciously（B）they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information（C）they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily（D）they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.11 . From the passage we can infer that__.（A）electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages（B）it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era（C）people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences（D）events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites12. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.（A）it is necessary to obtain as much（B）people should make the best use of the information（C）we should realize the importance of accumulating information .（D）it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyUnit 2（1995）Part 3重点词汇：subconsciously（下意识地）←sub下+conscious有意识的+ly。

五年级下册英语重点单词表Unit 1:- Adventure: an exciting or remarkable experience- Explore: to travel through an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it- Treasure: valuable items or wealth, often hidden or difficult to find- Ancient: belonging to a time long past- Mysterious: difficult to understand or explain- Legend: a traditional story or myth handed down through generationsUnit 2:- Environment: the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives- Conservation: the act of preserving and protecting the natural environment - Pollution: the presence of harmful substances in the environment- Global warming: the increase in Earth's average temperature due to human activities- Recycling: the process of converting waste materials into reusable materials - Renewable: able to be replaced or replenishedUnit 3:- Hero: a person who is admired for their courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities- Rescue: to save someone from a dangerous or difficult situation- Bravery: courageous behavior in the face of danger- Superpower: an extraordinary or exceptional ability or power- Villain: a character in a story or play who opposes the hero- Supernatural: attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of natureUnit 4:- Competition: the act of trying to win or gain something by defeating others - Victory: the state of having won a battle, game, or competition- Defeat: being beaten or overcome in a battle, game, or competition- Champion: a person who has defeated all opponents in a competition- Teamwork: the cooperative work done by a team to achieve a common goal- Technique: a way of carrying out a particular task, especially using specialized skillsUnit 5:- Festival: a day or period of celebration, usually for religious or cultural reasons- Tradition: a belief, custom, or practice that is handed down within a society from one generation to the next- Celebration: an event or activity that is done to show happiness, joy, or achievement- Ceremony: a formal event that includes a series of actions performed according to a set order- Parade: a public procession, often in festive or ceremonial manner- Fireworks: explosive devices that produce a combination of light, noise, smoke, and sometimes colorsUnit 6:- Geography: the study of the Earth's physical features, climate, population, etc.- Capital: the city or town that serves as the seat of government for a country or region- Climate: the average weather conditions of a place over a long period of time- Continent: any of the world's main continuous expanses of land (Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, Australia, and South America)- Equator: an imaginary line drawn around the Earth, equidistant from the poles, dividing it into northern and southern hemispheres- Landmark: a prominent or easily recognizable feature of a landscape or placeUnit 7:- Fiction: literature that is created from the author's imagination- Non-fiction: literature that is based on facts or real events- Autobiography: a book written by someone about their own life- Biography: a book written about someone else's life- Mystery: a novel, play, or movie dealing with a puzzling crime or situation - Fantasy: a genre of fiction that contains elements of magic, supernatural beings, or mythsUnit 8:- Communication: the act of exchanging information or ideas betweenindividuals or groups- Conversation: an informal talk between two or more people- Speech: a formal address or discourse delivered to an audience- Debate: a formal discussion on a particular topic where opposing arguments are presented- Grammar: the rules and structures for a language, including syntax, morphology, and semantics- Vocabulary: the words used in a particular language or by a particularperson or groupUnit 9:- Science: the study of the natural world through observation, experimentation, and analysis- Experiment: a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis or demonstrate a known fact- Hypothesis: a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested through experimentation- Chemical: a substance with a distinct molecular composition that is produced by or used in a chemical process- Physics: the study of matter, energy, and the interactions between them- Microscope: an instrument used for magnifying small objects that cannot be seen with the naked eyeUnit 10:- Artistic: having or revealing natural creative skill or ability- Sculpture: the art of creating three-dimensional forms or figures- Pottery: objects made of clay, hardened by heat- Painting: the art or practice of applying colored pigments to a surface- Photography: the art, process, or occupation of taking and printing photographs- Creativity: the ability to transcend traditional ideas, rules, patterns, or relationships to create meaningful and original ideas, forms, methods, or interpretationsUnit 11:- Dance: a cultural activity, form of exercise, or social engagement that involves rhythmic and/or systematic movement- Drama: a form of artistic expression that imitates or represents life or character through speech and action- Music: an art form whose medium is sound and silence, and which includes any type of auditory arrangement- Poetry: a form of literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or even instead of, its apparent meaning- Actor: a person who performs in plays, movies, or television programs- Singer: a person who sings, especially as a professionUnit 12:- Time: a period of time, especially a specific period or duration- Clock: a device for measuring and indicating time, typically by means of a dial and a pointer- Year: a period of 365 or 366 days, especially the time taken by the Earth to revolve once around the sun- Day: the period of light between dawn and dusk, the time during which the sun is above the horizon- Night: the period of darkness between sunset and dawn- Calendar: a system for organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposesUnit 13:- Family: a group of people who are related to one another, or a group living together as a unit- Sibling: a brother or sister- Parent: a person who has a child or children- Child: a young person, especially a son or daughter- Grandparent: a father or mother of one's parent- Relative: a person who is connected to another by blood, marriage, or adoptionUnit 14:- Friendship: a mutual affectionate relation between people, friends- Love: a strong affection for someone- Hate: intense dislike or aversion- Kindness: the quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate- Trust: firm belief or confidence in the reliability, truth, ability, or character of someone or something- Cooperation: the action or process of working together with others to achieve a common goal or to complete a taskUnit 15:- Health: the state of being well, especially in body and mind- Medicine: the science and practice of treating disease- Hospital: a place providing medical and surgical treatment- Disease: an illness or period of sickness affecting the body and mind- Doctor: a person qualified to practice medicine- Patient: a person who is receiving or has received medical treatment for an illness or injury。

考研英语作文第三单元英文：As a graduate student preparing for the English entrance exam, I have been facing the challenge of writing essays in English. It is not an easy task for me, as English is not my first language. However, I have been working hard to improve my writing skills and overcome this difficulty.One of the strategies I have been using is to read alot of English essays and articles. By doing so, I can learn from the writing styles and structures of native English speakers. I also try to imitate their expressions and use them in my own writing. For example, I have learned to use idioms and colloquial expressions to make my essays more natural and engaging. This not only helps me to improve my writing, but also makes my essays more enjoyable to read.Another approach I have taken is to practice writing essays on a regular basis. I set aside time every day to write and revise my essays. By doing so, I can gradually improve my writing skills and become more confident in expressing my ideas in English. I also seek feedback from my teachers and peers, so that I can identify areas for improvement and make necessary adjustments to my writing.In addition, I have been using various online resources and language learning apps to enhance my vocabulary and grammar. I have found that expanding my vocabulary and mastering grammar rules have significantly improved the quality of my writing. For instance, I have learned to use transitional phrases and conjunctions to connect ideas and create coherence in my essays.Overall, I believe that with perseverance and determination, I can overcome the challenges of writing essays in English and achieve success in the entrance exam.中文：作为一名准备参加英语入学考试的研究生，我一直面临着用英语写作文的挑战。

考研英语词汇(必考词+基础词+超纲词)练习题及答案详解必考词第三节(Unit 15——Unit 21；第 99 页—— 147 页)练习一：词汇与搭配1． He failed to carry out some of the p rovisions of the contract, and now he has to3． Things are usually cheaper i f they are bought bulk. 4． They sell the sweater a discount of 30 percent.5． High interest rates discourage people borrowing money. 6． The law does not discriminate any race, creed and color.7． I subscribe one daily newspaper and one weekly magazine.8． Corporations and labor unions have conferred great benefits their employees and members as well as upon the general public.9． I will be going to the United States a business mission.10． He looked like a farmer, but he was really a policeman disguise.11．My father likes playing golf; he’s really enthusiastic it.12． In the preface this book, we are given the reason why it has been republished.13． A good citizen is expected to conform the law of his country.14． I always hold what I have said.15． Several people remarked the fine quality of th e work.16． The teacher has repeatedly reminded him it.17． She was very tired, and no mood for dancing.18． Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is subjected loud continuous noise.19． True patriotism consists putting the interests of one country above everything, including one’s life.20． My husband sympathized my proposal to move to a new apartment.21． Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.22． We can say good evidence that their work is on the path of sound development.23． The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was irrelevant the issue at hand.24．You’d better relieve her some of her housework.练习二：词汇辨析1．Up until that time, his interest had focused almost on fully mastering the skills and techniques of his craft.[A] restrictively[B] radically[C] inclusively[D] exclusively2． Any nation that interferes in the internal affairs of another nation should be universally .[A] blamed[B] reproached[C] scolded[D] condemned3． CCTV programs are by satellite to the remotest areas in the country.[A] transferred[B] transported[C] transformed[D] transmitted4． The government will a reform in the educational system.[A] initiate[B] initial[C] initiative[D] intimate5．He said his government hadn’t appointed any .[A] delegation[B] delegates6． A heavy crane was called in to the crashed train from the rails.[A] move[B] remove[C] skimmed[D] stripped7．Americans are highly, and therefore may find it difficult to become deeply involved with others.[A] movable[B] moving[C] mobile[D] motional8． The committee proposed to the U.N. Charter.[A] correct[B] revise[C] amend[D] edit9． He tried to ascertain the identity of the writer of theletter.[A] unanimous[B] anonymous[C] infamous[D] autonomous10．Don’t to lock the door when you leave.[A] ignore[B] disregard[C] neglect[D] overlook11． The goal of the book is to help bridge the gap between research and teaching, particularly between researchers and teachers.[A] overall[B] intensive[C] joint[D] concise12． The English language a vivid saying to describe this sort of situation.[A] owns[B] contains[C] holds[D] possesses13． The badly wounded receive for medical attention over those only slightly hurt.[A] superiority[B] inferiority[C] priority[D] minority14． The engine has more than 300 , made of a number of different materials.[A] compositions[B] ingredients[C] compounds[D] components15． The police stopped me the other day as I was driving home, because I was the________speed limit.[A] transcending[B] exceeding[C] surpassing[D] overtaking16． All theories, however, are tentative and are __to criticism.[A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject17． A Hong Kong Special Administrative was established in July.[A] Region[B] District[C] Area[D] Zone18． Food that __easily must reach the market and the dinner table as quickly as possible.[A] damage[B] decay[C] spoil[D] rot19． Every government that refuses to meet the needs of its people must accept the.[A] consequences[B] endings[C] results[D] outcome20． His reputation as a progressive writer is well.[A] built[B] established[C] erected[D] constructed21． A very large cat was watching us intently from the top of the car.[A] motionless[B] stationary[C] stationery[D] static22． The Chinese Women Volleyball Team won five world champions.[A] successive[B] consecutive[C] excessive[D]immense23． The river water was from its old course into a new channel where they were building the dam.[A] turned[B] switched[C] shifted[D] diverted24． The energy by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.[A] conveyed[B] released[C] transferred[D] delivered练习三：英语知识运用1．Much exciting research is going on in an effort to find these questions. Foremost is the work of Jean Piaget, the Swiss psychologist who pioneered the field and whose theories have had an unparalleled impact on education, especially in Europe.[A] answers[B] solutions[C] resolutions[D] conclusions2．It was within the computer age that the term “information society”began to be widely used to describe the within which we now live.[A] context[B] range[C] scope[D] territory3． Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self‐ conscious and need the that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.[A] assistance[B] guidance[C] confidence[D] tolerance4．It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important basic is the function of the particular space. For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound ‐shaping qualities, and too few entries and exits will not wo rk for its purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be decorated.[A] care[B] concern[C] attention[D] intention5． An expert system has as its base the collected knowledge of experts, the rules that experts use to arrive at decision.It,,emulates the knowledge and thinking processes of human experts.[A] by chance[B] so far[C] in essence[D] in addition6． Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are programs that address the many needs of the homeless.[A] complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D] compensating7．More US sinologists have expressed confidence in China’s economic reform and the prospects for modernization.“If the reformers are implemented,” said Doak Barnett, Professor of Johns Hopkins University, “they would the trend towards more significant and broader economic ties between China andthe United States, which will have in some respects, a favorable impact on political relations.”[A] confirm[B] force[C] reinforce[D] realize8． They do not provide energy, nor do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if any is missing a deficiency disease becomes apparent.[A] shifting[B] transferring[C] altering[D] transforming9． Some canals, such as the Suez of the Panama, save ships weeks of time by making their voyage a thousand miles shorter. Other canals permit boats to reach cities that are not on the coast, still other canals drain lands where is too much water, help to irrigate fields where there is not enough water, and furnish water power for factories and mills.[A] lain[B] stationed[C] set[D] located10． Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be i________n a single large building.[A] consisted[B] contained[C] composed[D] comprised11． This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate particular smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send to the brain.[A] signs[B] stimuli[C] messages[D] impulses12．The maximum penalty for trafficking has been changed from 14 years to life imprisonment. This autumn, new laws, modeled US legislation, will be introduced to loosen banking and privacy regulations to facilitate investigation and seizure of drug‐earned accounts.[A] after[B] upon[C] against[D] on13． However, marriages between members of different groups (interclass, interfaith, and interracial marriages) are increasing, probably because of the greater of today’s youth and the fact that they are restricted by fewe r prejudices than their parents. Many young people leave their hometowns to attend college, serve in the armed forces, or pursue a career in a bigger city.[A] mobility[B] motive[C] moral[D] mission14． In Germanic cultures punctuality is a sign of respect and politeness; being late is rude. Germans believe people should be exactly on time, neither too early nor too late. To the Indonesian, time is an endless pool; why be or hurry?[A] pressured[B] urged[C] depressed[D] spurred15． Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for vitamins. Many people, nevertheless, believe in being on the“safe side”and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well ‐balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin need s.[A] exceptional[B] exceeding[C] excess[D] external16． More families consist of one ‐parent households or two working parents; , children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the tra ditional family structure.[A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously17．Nowadays, more people are living closer together, and they use machines to produce leisure. As a result, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become by a byproduct of their machines, namely, noise. Noise is in the news; it has acquired political status, and public opinion is demanding, more and more insistently, that something be done about it.[A] damaged[B] spoilt[C] destroyed[D] interfered18．many instances, the people built special temples in which the meteorites were to be worshipped. Meteorite worship was common long ago in the Mediterranean area,and in Africa,India,Japan,and Mexico;such worship still persists in some regions.[A] On[B] In[C] About[D] Of19．Even though its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part‐timers and temporary workers. This “disposable”work force is the most important in American business today,and it is fundamentally changing the relationship between people and their jobs.[A] approach[B] flow[C] fashion[D] trend20．Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand for. These authorities contend that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process.[A] view[B] look[C] reassure [D]agree21．Formost men,talkisprimarily a means topreserveindependenceandnegotiateandmaintainstatusin ahierarchicalsocial order. Thisisdonebyexhibiting know ledgeand skill,andby centerstage throughverbal performance such as storytelling, joking, or imparting information. From childhood, men learn to use talking as a way to get and keep attention.[A] holding[B] exhibiting[C] standing[D] playing练习四：语法与词汇1．The street in a small town is as crowded on market days as ________in a large city.A. oneB. thatC. onesD. these2．________ , photo synthesis is the ultimate source of food for almost all organisms on earth.A. It is an extremely important processB. An extremely important process, it isC. That an extremely important asD. An extremely important process3．I will help you when I ________ my work.A. finishB. will finishC. will have finishedD. have finished4．When I try to understand _________ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A. why it doesB. what it doesC. what it isD. why it is5．He was not asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,_________ insufficiently popular with all members.A. being consideredB. consideringC. to be consideredD. having considered6．I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had i t been at all possible, but _________ fully occupied the whole of last week.A. wereB. had beenC. have beenD. was7．I second his motion that we _________ a special board to examine.A. shall set upB. should set upC. will set upD. would set up8．You seem to take a keener interest in the subject _________ ever been shown before.B. than haveC. that hasD. which had9．It is true that the old road is less direct and a bit longer. We won’t take the new one, _________ , because we don't feel as safe on it.B. thoughC. thereforeD. otherwise10．During the early period of ocean navigation, ________any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques.A. so that hardlyB. when there hardly wasC. hardly wasD. there was hardly11．I have kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school _________ twenty years ago.A. aboutB. sinceC. tillD. with答案及详解练习一1．answer for “对……负有责任”。

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2007年part3Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachuted they once had in times of financial setback - a back-up earner （usually Mom）who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added-worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families the picture isnot any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen - and newly fashionable health-saving plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent - and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance - have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.11. Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.12. As a result of President Bush's reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security. [B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest. [D] a guaranteed future.13. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare. [B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions. [D] increase the families' investment risk.14. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.15. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in RuinsUnit 14（2007）Part3试题解析：11.。

Unit 3Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1During the next half-century, most wealthy societies — the United States is a conspicuous exception — will lose population; all will have older populations. This is a collective change that will profoundly influence the world economy, the future of democracy and relations between nations with declining populations (generally richer countries) and those with expanding populations (generally poorer countries). Just how large the effect might be is anyone’s guess. But the driving forces behind ageing and population decline, low birthrates and longer life expectancy — seem fairly fixed.Only the United States —with higher birthrates and immigration —escapes population decline. But even in the United States, there are fewer potential workers for each potential retiree. As long as retirees are supported by taxpayers, through Social Security and health insurance, the economic burden on workers will rise. In most countries, the shifts would be stark and possibly unworkable. Germany’s working age population is projected to drop from 51 million in 2000 to 29 million in 2050; meanwhile, the 65 and over population rises from 14 million to 21 million. Although these precise predictions may prove wrong, the central truth is that “the natural growth of population in the more developed countries has essentially ceased”.Americans may have succeeded better in mixing family and work. Or immigrants may have more children than other Americans. Regardless, all rich nations will feel the pressures of ageing — or declining populations. And there’s a perverse possibility that more old people will further reduce the number of young people. If taxes on workers increase to cover higher retirement benefits, families’ willingness to have children may diminish, because it would be harder to pay for them. Immigration is one possible safety valve. But for Europe and Japan, the increases needed to avert population declines would be huge.Richer countries could also prepare for their ageing by investing in poorer countries. Trade could substitute for immigration. Investments from wealthier countries would enable developing nations to build up their industries. As people retire in the rich world, they could use some of the dividends and interest from their investments to buy imports from poorer countries.To predict the future is not always easy. But few rich countries are anticipating it. They should be tempering the vicious circle of higher retirement spending, heavier taxes on workers andfewer children. This means gradually raising retirement ages and scaling back benefits, especially for wealthier retirees.1. The loss of population in rich countries is directly due to[A] lower birthrate. [B] the influence of the world economy.[C] the ageing problem. [D] emigration to other countries.2. The declining population in rich countries will mainly cause[A] a decrease of the economy in these countries .[B] greater economic burden on the younger.[C] extended working-age of each individual.[D] more immigrants from poorer countries.3. Ageing will bring a new round of population decline because[A] people will find it financially difficult to support big families.[B] the natural growth of population will be adversely affected.[C] the immigration policy will have to be tightened in time.[D] more capital will be shifted to poorer countries for investment.4. One way to get enough money to feed the ageing generation is to[A] reduce the number of immigrants.[B] build up more powerful industries.[C] earn dividends from overseas investment.[D] give financial rewards to families with more children.5. A ccording to the author, which measure should rich countries take?[A] Lowering starting age of workers. [B] Making powerful constitutions.[C] Making attractive immigration policies. [D] Reducing the benefits of richer retirees.Text 2All the recent news on AIDS is bad. The death of Rock Rudson last year raised public concern about the epidemic almost to the point of panic. But that reaction subsided for a time as people were reassured about the reliability of new tests for donated blood and the improbability of contracting the disease casually. Now, general concern is focused not so much on personal risk—most cases continue to occur in the high-risk groups of male homosexuals and drug addicts—but on the growing realization that this disease is having a deep impact on our society in a number of ways.It is absorbing financial and other resources. AIDS patients require long-term care in hospitals and out-patient facilities, and the health care systems in such cities as New York and San Francisco are not prepared to handle the demand. Bellevue, a large and respected municipal hospital in New York, devotes one out of every four beds in its department of medicine to AIDS patients. Most are hospitalized for months, and few have any private insurance. The Center for Disease Control in Atlanta estimates that hospital expenditures for the first 10,000 AIDS patients were about $ 1.4 billion. The total economic cost to the nation of this group of cases is estimated to come to $ 6 billion in health care, disability, and lost productivity.Private insurers were unprepared for the crisis since the invariably fatal disease hits primarily young people. Ninety percent of the victims are between 20 and 49 years old. It is becoming increasingly difficult for those in high-risk groups to get health and life assurance, and in theabsence of private coverage, public funds must be used. In addition, many of the victims are, for all practical purposes, homeless, rejected by disapproving or frightened friends and family, without employment, and in need of emotional and psychological support. It must be given.More important, there is bad news on the medical front. In spite of a stepped-up research program there is no sign of an imminent breakthrough to a cure. More than 8,000 American victims have already died; no one has recovered. The public has also learned that earlier assurances that only 5 to 10 percent of those who have been exposed to the virus will contract the disease were far too optimistic. Researchers have now raised that figure to at least a third.A Bellevue doctor reflected the despair of those who deal with AIDS patients every day: “The cost is staggering, the grief is overwhelming, and there is no end in sight.” Yet these physicians and others continue to work and to hope. Others not directly involved can help by giving support to public funding for research, hospital and hospice care, and support services. A public resolve to provide care now and an eventual cure for those who suffer is the best response.6. The word “subside”(Line 2, Para.1) most probably means[A] lessen. [B] sink.[C] vanish. [D] settle.7. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] The American public are now mainly concerned with their own risk.[B] Americans realize that AIDS has a powerful impact on their society.[C] Physicians run a higher risk of catching AIDS.[D] Health care systems can meet the needs of AIDS patients.8. What will be used by most AIDS patients to pay their hospital expenditure?[A] Their health assurance. [B] Their own savings.[C] Their private coverage. [D] Public fund.9. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] Senior citizens are more likely to contract AIDS compared with young people.[B] Many AIDS victims suffer not only physically, but also emotionally and psychologically.[C] People will refuse donated blood in the future because it is likely to contain AIDS virus.[D] Doctors have lost their hope to see an eventual cure for the AIDS patients.10. It’s now estimated that[A] about 33% of those exposed to the AIDS virus will be infected with the disease.[B] less than 13% of the people attacked by the AIDS virus will contract the disease.[C] more than 10% of the people attacked by the AIDS virus will be infected with the disease.[D] about 5% of those exposed to the AIDS virus will contract the disease.Text 3Like a ticking time bomb, the falling dollar has grabbed the attention of Japan and West Germany, forcing them to consider adopting economic policies the United States advocates.The U.S. government wants the dollar to fall because as the dollar declines in value against the yen and Deutsche mark, U.S. goods becomes cheaper. U.S. companies then sell more at home and abroad, and U.S. trade deficit declines. Cries for trade protection abate, and the global free-trade system is preserved.Then, the cheaper dollar makes it cheaper for many foreign investors to snap up U.S. stocks. That prompts heavy buying from abroad —especially from Japan. Also, if the trade picture is improving, that means U.S. companies eventually will be more competitive. Consequently, many investors are buying shares of export-oriented U.S. companies in anticipation of better profits in the next year or so. But that is a rather faddish notion right now; if corporate earnings are disappointing in the next few quarters, the buying spree might disappear. And finally, if a plummeting dollar leads to a rise in interest rates, the stock market rally could stall.Improving U.S. competitiveness means a decline in another’s competitiveness.Japan and West Germany are verging on recession. Their export-oriented economies are facing major problems. Japan is worried about the damage the strong yen will do to Japanese trade. West Germany is also worried. Share prices in Frankfurt plummeted this past week. Bonn is thought to be considering a cut in interest rates to boost its economy.Could the falling dollar get out of hand? If the dollar falls too far, investors might lose confidence in U.S. investments — especially the government bond market. The money to finance the federal budget and trade deficits could migrate elsewhere. Inflation could flare up, too, since Japanese and German manufacturers will eventually pass along price hikes — and U.S. companies might follow suit to increase their profit margins. The U.S. federal Reserve then might need to step in and stabilize the dollar by raising interest rates. And higher interest rates could cause the U.S. economy to slow down and end the Wall Street Rally.Worried about these side effects, Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcher has said the dollar has fallen far enough. What is the equilibrium level? Probably near where it is or slightly lower. It all depends on when the U.S. trade deficit turns around or if investors defect from U.S. Treasury Bonds. “It requires a good deal of political patience on the part of the U.S. Congress,” says Dr. Cline, “And there must be an expectation of patience on the part of private investors.The chances are relatively good that we will avoid an investor break or panic.”11. What d oes the word “rally” (Line 6, Para. 2 ) mean?[A] Prosperity. [B] Decline. [C] Richness. [D] Import.12. Japan and West Germany are worried because[A] the falling U.S. dollar may cause inflation in their countries.[B] the falling U.S. dollar may force them to sell a lot of U.S. stocks.[C] the falling U.S. dollar may do damage to their trade.[D] the falling U.S. dollar may make their companies less competitive.13. What if the U.S. Federal Reserve steps into control dollar-falling?[A] Investors might lose confidence in U.S. investments.[B] The U.S. economy might face serious problems.[C] Inflation could flare up all over the country.[D] The prosperity of the U.S. economy would disappear.14. Dr. Cline’s statement implies that[A] politics is more important than economic policies for the present situation.[B] private investors will lose their patience if the dollars decline in value.[C] the present political policies are not favorable to private investment.[D] it is unlikely that there will be a decline in investment.15. What is the main idea of this text?[A] The impression of the falling U.S. dollar.[B] The result of the falling U.S. dollar.[C] The side effect of the falling U.S. dollar.[D] The worry about the falling U.S. dollar.Text4Imagining being asked to spend twelve or so years of your life in a society which consisted only of members of one sex. How would you react? Unless there was something definitely wrong with you, you wouldn’t be too happy about it, to say the least. It is all the more surprising therefore that so many parents in the world choose to impose such abnormal conditions on their children —conditions which they themselves wouldn’t put up with for one minute!Any discussion of this topic is bound to que stion the aims of education. Stuffing children’s heads full of knowledge is far from being foremost among them. One of the chief aims of education is to equip future citizens with all they require to take their place in adult society. Now adult society is made up of men and women, so how can a segregated school possibly offer the right sort of preparation for it? Anyone entering adult society after years of segregation can only be in for a shock.A co-educational school offers children nothing less than a true version of society in miniature. Boys and girls are given the opportunity to get to know each other, to learn to live together from their earliest years. They are put in a position where they can compare themselves with each other in terms of academic ability, athletic achievement and many of the extra curricular activities which are part of school life. What a practical advantage it is (to give just a small example) to be able to put on a school play in which the male parts will be taken by boys and the female parts by girls! What nonsense co-education makes of the argument that boys are cleverer than girls or vice versa. When segregated, boys and girls are made to feel that they are a race apart. Rivalry between the sexes is fostered. In a co-educational school, everything falls into its proper place.But perhaps the greatest contribution of co-education is the healthy attitude to life it encourages. Boys don’t grow up believing that women are mysterious creatures, fairy goddesses, more like book illustrations to a fairy tale, than human beings. Girls don’t grow up imagining that men are romantic heroes. Years of living together at school dispel illusions of this kind. There are no goddesses with pigtails, piercing voices and inky fingers. There are no romantic heroes with knobbly knees, dirty fingernails and unkempt hair. The awkward stage of adolescence brings into sharp focus some of the physical and emotional problems involved in growing up. These can better be overcome in a co-educational environment. Segregated schools sometimes provide the right conditions for sexual deviation. This is hardly possible under a co-educational system. When the time comes for the pupils to leave school, they are fully prepared to enter society as well adjusted adults. They have already had years of experience in coping with many of the problems that face men and women.16. According to the author, the most important thing of education is[A] to acquire knowledge.[B] to equip future citizens with social skills.[C] to offer what is required in getting a promotion.[D] to get academic achievements.17. What can be useful content to co-educated children?[A] A virtual society. [B] A student union. [C] A real life. [D] A small society.18. The factor that causes illusion between boys and girls is that[A] they live together in the society but do not study together.[B] they live and study together at school.[C] schools encourage them to have an healthy attitude toward life.[D] they are f amiliar with each other’s probl ems.19. It can be inferred from the text that[A] one aim of education is to teach children knowledge.[B] one aim of education is to teach children social skills.[C] co-education encourages the healthy attitude to life.[D] boys in segregated schools may grow up thinking girls are fairies.20. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] Co-education and Society [B] Great Demand for Co-education[C] Co-education or Segregated Education [D] Co-education and Its AdvantagesPart BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 21-25,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list [A]—[G] to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in boxes.[A] The fundamental challenge is to maximize the benefits which digital technology provides us,while minimizing the downside risks. So, what can we do to control computer crimes? We should emphasize prevention. It is a great deal more difficult to purse an online offender to the ends of the earth than to prevent the offence in the first place. The cliché “the prevention is better than cure” is nowhere more appropriate than in cyberspace. It applies no less to high technology crime than it does to residential burglary. Just as one should be most unwise to leave one’s house unlocked when heading off to work in the morning, so too is it foolish to leave one’s information systems accessible to unauthorized persons.[B] It is imperative to foster international cooperation because transnational electronic crimeseems destined only to increase.[C] What can we do about all these risks? All of this might appear formidable, but pulling the plugand returning to the pre-digital age is no longer an option, because in a real sense, the genie is already out of the bottle. Not only do digital technologies provide us with unprecedented opportunities, but also the completive nature of the global economy requires that we ride the wave of technology.[D] It has almost become trite to suggest that we are entering an age as significant and profound inits impact as was the Industrial Revolution. The convergence of computing and communications has already affected most, if not all, of the major institutions of society. It has created unprecedented opportunities for education, health services, recreation and commerce.Unfortunately, it has also created unprecedented opportunities for crime. Identifying the vulnerabilities for crimes, and mobilizing appropriate countermeasures will be one of the great challenges of this century. This challenge is so great that it defies the capacity of law enforcement alone to control.[E] I think most of us would agree that the world is a shrinking place. On the one hand, thisshrinking is highly beneficial. People around the world now enjoy economic, cultural and recreational opportunities which were previously not accessible. On the other hand, the rapid mobility of people, money, information, ideas and commodities generally has provided new opportunities for crime, and new challenges for law enforcement agencies. This will require unprecedented cooperation between nations, and will inevitably generate tensions arising from differences in national values; even within nations, tensions between such values, as privacy and the imperatives of law enforcement will be high in the public agenda. Most probably new organizational forms will emerge to combat new manifestations of criminality.[F] We should enhance the Capacity of Law Enforcement. The continuing increase of digitaltechnology around the world means that law enforcement agencies will be required to keep abreast of rapidly developing technologies. As new technologies are exploited by criminals, it becomes even more important for law enforcement not to be left behind.[G] Cyber crime can be committed from the other side of the world as easily as it can from one’sown city. Conversely, one can break the law somewhere on the other side of the globe from one’s bedroom. Given the fact that cyberspace knows no boundaries, and that computer crime often transcends national frontiers, effective countermeasures will also require a degree of international cooperation which is without precedent. To make things worse, there may be a lack of agreement between authorities in different jurisdictions about whether or not the activity in question is criminal at all.Order:D →21. →22. →23. →24. →25. → EPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Exactly where we will stand in the long war against disease by the year 2050 is impossible to say. 26)But if developments in research maintain their current pace, it seems likely that a combination of improved attention to dietary and environmental factors, along with advances in gene therapy and protein targeted drugs, will have virtually eliminated most major classes of disease.From an economic standpoint, the best news may be that these accomplishments could be accompanied by a drop in health-care costs. 27)Costs may even fall as diseases are brought under control using pinpointed, short term therapies now being developed. By 2050 there will be fewer hospitals, and surgical procedures will be largely restricted to the treatment of accidents and other forms of trauma. Spending on nonacute care, both in nursing facilities and in homes, will also fall sharply as more elderly people lead healthy lives until close to death.One result of medicine’s success in controlling disease will be a dramatic increase in life expectancy. 28)The extent of that increase is a highly speculative matter, but it is worth noting that medical science has already helped to make the very old (currently defined as those over 85 years of age) the fastest growing segment of the population. Between 1960 and 1995, the U. S. population as a whole increased by about 45%, while the segment over 85 years of age grew by almost 300%. 29)There has been a similar explosion in the population of centenarians, with the result that survival to the age of 100 is no longer the newsworthy feat that was only a few decadesago. U.S. Census Bureau projections already forecast dramatic increase in the number of centenarians in the next 50 years: 4 million on 2050, compared with 37,000 in 1990.30)Although Census Bureau calculations project an increase in average life span of only eight years by the year 2050, some experts believe that the human life span should not begin to encounter any theoretical natural limits before 120 years. With continuing advances in molecular medicine and a growing understanding of the aging process, that limit could rise to 130 years or more.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.conspicuous a.显眼的，明显的2.collective a.集体的，共同的，共有的3.stark a.刻板的；完全的；僵硬的；光秃秃的4. perverse a.有悖常情的，荒谬的；任性地5. avert vt.扭转；防止，避免6. substitute vt.代替，替换7.dividend n.红利，股息；被除数8. anticipate vt.期望，预感9. temper vt.缓和，调节n.脾气，性情10. vicious a.恶性的；残酷的，狠毒的难句突破1. This is a collective change (that will profoundly influence the world economy, the future of democracy and relations between nations with declining populations (generally richer countries) and those with expanding populations (generally poorer countries)).【分析】复合句。

Unit 3手上动作（一）捆绑系击打抓握拿1. band，bond，bind=to bind(捆绑)★说文解词：band，bond，bind发音类似“绑”。

★词源串讲：bend：to confine with a string以绳绑、束缚→拉紧弓，使弓弦弯曲→使弯曲、屈身、拐弯bundle：（-le表示“小”的名词后缀）→（绑成的）一束、一捆band①n. （圈在东西上的）条，带，箍条纹，条饰② n.（数目、年龄、价格等的）范围，段：age band ，price band ；波段：wave-band vt. 分等级，分段：Employee contributions will be banded according to salary.③ n. （因共同的信念或者目标而组织到一起的）一群人［a band of~］；（尤指流行音乐）乐队bind ［bound ，bound ］v. ① 具体动作：捆绑，系；（使）粘合，凝结；（书籍）装订 ② 抽象引申：（褒→）（使人、组织等）联合（贬→）约束，迫使（某人做）【近force ，compel 】n.（被捆绑的境地，受约束的境地→）窘境［in a ~］bond① n.v. 使牢固结合，把……紧紧连接到② n. （贬→）［pl.］捆绑用的绳索或镣铐；（喻）桎梏，羁绊③ n. （褒→）（人、组织等间的）纽带，联系【近tie 】 v. (与某人)建立信赖和亲切的关系［~with sb ］※ ④ （使双方建立法律或经济联系的事物→） n. 书面协定，契约；有息债券，公债bound①来自bind“受约束的”a.（受法律、义务、情况约束→）必须做某事；有义务（做某事）【近obligated, liable】（有了约束→）很可能会，肯定会［~to do/be］（被目的地约束→）准备前往，正旅行去（某地）：bound for a place②“界限”vt. 形成边界或界限，限制n.［pl.］界限，限度，极限【近limit】vi. （冲破界限→）（尤指充满活力地）跳跃着跑n. 跳跃1. Part of the problem is that the justices are not bound by an ethics code.（2012知识运用）bound to be more interesting and challenging...（1994 Text 5）3. He is acting well within the bounds of the acceptable.（外刊）boundary分界线，边界Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting ）2. lig=to bind（绑）★熟词助记：religion= re-（=again）+lig+ -ion= 不断绑缚思想的巨大力量→n.宗教（信仰），教派→religious a. 宗教（信仰）的；（人）笃信宗教的ally①n.（尤指从政者的）盟友，支持者v. 与……结盟：ally (oneself ) with/ to sb②n. 同盟国；［the Allies］（二战期间的）同盟国，（一战期间的）协约国liable① a. 必须按照法律做……的，负有（赔偿）责任的［~for/to sth，~to do］② a. 可能受到法律的惩处的：liable to fines③ a. （含义范化，从与法律相关扩展到一般性含义→）可能发生或做……的［~to do］：We are all liable to make mistakes.可能受……影响的［~ to sth］：liable to injuryprone】Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for ’ misfortunes.（1999 Text 1）oblige①v.（根据法律、义务等）迫使，责成做……［~sb to do sth］②v.（根据要求或需要）帮忙，效劳：oblige sb by doing sth/with sth】Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised 反向延伸rally①v. 集合，召集起来（以支持、帮助）［~ around/behind/to sb］n. （尤指支持某信念或政党的）公众集会：a peace rallyvi. 重新振作，恢复In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline （2012 Text 4）obligation有责任的；obliging2. After losing the first two games of the tournament, they rallied to win four consecutive games, captured the Championship. （外刊）rallying point★词源串讲：league 词根lig的加长版单词，绑在一起的国家、个人等→同盟，联盟colleague = col-（=together）+league（=lig）= 绑在一起工作的人→同僚，同事alloy = al-（=ad-=to）+loy（词根的升级版=to combine）= 合金alloyn. 合金；（与一种贵金属熔合的）贱金属vt. 将（某贵金属）与贱金属熔合降低成色，使减弱或受损：league①n. （人、国家之间的）联盟，同盟② n. （体育运动队的）联合会，联赛NHL （National Hockey League 国家冰球联盟）NBDL （National Basketball Development League ）NBA （National Basketball Association ）等级，级别，水平：in... leagueThe 4.2% employment growth rate posted in 2006 was in a different league from the EU average of 1.4%3. pact=to fasten（系紧），to fix（固定）★说文解词：pact“条约，协定，公约”，常指“停战”或“互助”协定起“约束”或“联合”作用词根，to fastencompact① a. 压紧的，紧密的v. to press sth firmly together压紧：a layer of compacted snow② a. 紧凑的，体积小的：compact car；便携的：printers compact；(人或动物)矮小而强壮的pact】What the Constitution for people is what compact for employee, both binding us together tightly andimpact①v. to drive or press one object firmly into another压紧，楔入The Moon’s craters were caused when meteoroids or asteroids impacted onto the Moon.~ on/upon sth］【近affect】n. 巨大影响have far（2010 Text 3）4. bat=to beat（击打）★说文解词：bat（球拍）→击球→词根bat= to beat★熟词助记：battle = bat+ -le（小的物）= 大型战争中的局部战斗，战役；（喻）较量，争论bat①n. (板球、棒球、乒乓球等的）球板、球棒或球拍［比较racket“羽毛球、网球等的球拍”］bat racket②n. （beat the wings拍打翅膀→）蝙蝠battery①不断的击打→n. 殴打，殴打罪：domestic battery【近beating】（能不断发射炮弹以进行打击→）n. 组炮，排炮；炮兵连（由“发射炮弹”到“释放电流”→）n. 电池，电池组②由“不断、反复”之意衍生出→n. 一系列，一群，一套, 一组：a battery of testing equipmentcombatvt. 与……搏斗，战斗→与（坏的、有害的事情）斗争，打击【近battle, fight】战斗The Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty.（2001 Text 2）debate①n./v. （尤指正式）讨论，辩论debated the social implications of these changes. whether to jump or not but I didn’t know how far down it was.5. fend ，fest=to strike （打击，攻击，撞击）★说文解词：fence ①篱笆，围栏（用来挡住外侵）②击剑运动（有击打有防守）来自defence/ defense “防御”的缩写de-+fence= 远离攻击→词根fenc/fens 即“攻击，打击”，常见于n.或a.；而fend= to strike 则常见于动词； 同源词根fest = struck, seized “被撞见的，被抓住的”。

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1997年part3Part ThreeTechnically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances （drugs）is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs （substances）that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system,whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic （from the Greek word meaning "mind manifesting"）because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.9. "Substance abuse" （Line 5, Paragraph 1）is preferable to "drug abuse" in that _____.A） substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally usedB） "drug abuse" is only related to a limited number of drug takersC） alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaineD） many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous10. The word "pervasive" （Line 1, Paragraph 2）might mean _____.A） widespread B） overwhelming C） piercing D） fashionable11. Physical dependence on certain substances results from _____.A） uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of timeB） exclusive use of them for social purposesC） quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseasesD） careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms12. From the last paragraph we can infer that _____.A） stimulants function positively on the mindB） hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to healthC） depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substancesD） the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsUnit4（1997） Part 3重点词汇：1.substance（物质；实质；财产）←sub在下面+st（=stand）+ance名词后缀。

2024年考研的英语单词part n.部分；角色；作用；零件v.使分开，分离，分别pass v.经过，走过；传递；通过（考试等）n.通行证，护照；关口ring n.戒指；铃声，按铃；圆圈，环；（打）电话v.按（铃）；敲（钟）；（up）打电话tie n.领带，领结；联系，关系；约束，束缚v.系，栓，捆passage n.通过；通路；段，节even ad.甚至，即使a.平坦的；偶数的；均匀的cause n.原因；事业奋斗目标v.引起，使产生sing v.唱，演唱；鸡叫long a./ad.长的，长远的，长期的vi. （for）渴望count vt.数，计数，看作，认为n.计数，计算，总数arch n.拱门，拱形结构v.拱起，（使）变成拱形hang vt. 悬，挂，垂吊；吊死ratio n.比，比率great a.伟大的；重大的；美妙的sentence n.句子；判决，宣判v.判决，宣判inform vt.通知，向…报告；告密direct a./ad.径直的，直接的vt. 指导rent n.租金vi.出租,租赁tend v.趋向，往往是；照料，看护dust n.灰尘，灰烬being n.存在；生物；生命formation n.形成；构成mate n.伙伴，同事；配偶stand vi.站，站立；坐落，位于，经受，忍受；坚持，维持原状n.台，座high a./ad.高高的(地)，高尚的（地）care n.关怀，操心；小心，谨慎v.关心；介意；计较ease n.安逸，舒适，休闲；容易v.减轻；使舒适，使安心sheet n.被单；（一）张，（一）片，薄片；大片sign n.标记，符号，招牌；征兆，迹象v.签名（于），署名（于）state n.州，国家，政府；状态，情况v.陈述，说明unit n.单位；单元；部件，元件；机组，装置import v./n.输入，进口ample a.充裕的；宽敞的earn vt.赚得，挣得；获得ought v. aux 早应该，本应，本当section n.章节，部分；地区，部门，科；截面，剖面bit n.一点，一些，一片tell v.（from）辨别，区别；告诉，讲述；吩咐，命令；泄露，吐露direction n.方向，方位；指导effect n.结果；影响；效果society n.社会；团体，协会，社；社交界，上流社会rough a.粗糙的；粗略的，大致的；粗野的，粗暴的number vt.共计，达……之数；编码，加号码n.数字，号码seem vi.好像，似乎stem n.词干；茎，干mad a.发疯的；疯狂的rim n.（圆物的）边，边缘；边界certain a.确实的，肯定的；某一，某些process n.过程，进程；制作法；工序；工艺v.加工，处理hard a.困难的；硬的；冷酷无情的；烈性的ad.努力地；猛烈地；困难地aid n.帮助，救护；助手，辅助物v.援助，救援，帮助elect vt.选举，推选；选择lack n./v.缺乏，没有rope n.绳子，索sin n.罪，罪孽vi.犯罪employ vi.雇用；用；使忙于graph n.(曲线)图，图表idea n.主意，念头，思想trial n.考验，试验；审讯without prep.无，没有vice n.罪恶；恶习；缺点a.副的complete a.完全的，彻底的general a.总的；一般的n.将军growth n.增长；增长量；生长rage n.愤怒behavior n. 行为，举止grow vi.生长；变得；增长increase n./v.增加logic n.逻辑，推理；逻辑学oil n.油；石油vt.上油，涂油，给……加润滑油system n.系统，体系；制度，体制economic a.经济上的；经济学的hold vt.抓住；保有，拥有；托住，支持；容纳；举行；有效，适用；持续dam n.水坝，水堤found vt.创立，创办；建立means n.方法，手段，工具tag n.货签；标签base n.基础；底部；基地，根据地v.把……基于；以……为根据地paragraph n.(文章的)段，节；小新闻，短评profession n.职业，自由职业require vt.需要；（of）要求，命令shed n.棚；小屋v.流出；发散，散发，脱落，脱去pond n.池塘；鱼塘appear vi.出现；问世；仿佛evolution n.发展；演变，演化lion n.狮子；勇猛的人manage vt.设法；对付patient a.能忍耐的，有耐心的n.病人，患者patent a.专利的，特许的n.专利，专利品，专利权mind v.介意，注意，当心n.头脑，精神；理智；想法，意见，心情，记忆organ n.器官；机构；风琴Owl n.猫头鹰sly a.狡猾的；偷偷摸摸的tow v./n.拖引，牵引individual a.个人的，单独的；独特的n.个人，个体letter n.信；证书；字母limit n.限制；限度，局限；范围v.限制，限定ski n.滑橇vi.滑雪account n.帐目；叙述，说明vt.说明，解释below Prep./ad.在……下面；向下star n.星，恒星；明星，名角heal vt.治愈；使和解medical a.医学的；医疗的；内科的service n.服务，帮助；公共设施，公用事业；维护保养；行政部门，服务机构v.维修，保养technology n.工艺学，工艺，技术case n.情况；事实；病例；案件；容器（箱子，盒子等）pain n.疼；疼痛，劳苦，努力reign v.（over）统治；支配；盛行，占优势n.统治，统治时期，支配；朝代rest n.休息，睡眠，停止，静；剩余部分，其余；（the）其余的人（或物）v.休息；睡，放，靠，(使)搁在rob v.（of）抢劫，盗取；非法剥夺force vt.强迫，迫使pace n.(一)步(距离)；步速v.踱步alter vt.改变，变更event n.事件，大事；事变natural a.自然的rally n.集会；公路汽车赛v.集合，团结；恢复(健康等)，重新振作sting v/n.刺，刺痛，剧痛；叮structure n.结构，构造；建筑物v.建造，构造theory n.理论，原理；学说，见解，看法concern n.关心，挂念；vt.涉及，关系到edge n.边缘；边flat a.平的，扁平的；平淡的，乏味的n.一套房子，平坦的部分govern vt.统治，治理；支配mental a.精神的；脑力的usual a.通常的，平常的adapt v.适应，适合；改编，改写fund n.资金；基金；存款lend vt.把...借给，贷款subject n.题目，主题；科目，学科；主语v.（to）使遭到，使服从a.（to）易遭……的，受……支配的substance n.物质；实质；大意；财产，财物thus ad.如此，这样；因而，从而vision n.视觉，视力；眼力，想象力abandon vt.放弃，抛弃correspond vi.通信；符合，相当energy n.活力；精力；能，能量opera n.歌剧oral a.口头的；口的rug n.小地毯；围毯sour a.酸的；发酸的；酸痛的；脾气坏的；刻薄的wide a.宽阔的；广泛的ad.完全地，充分地amount n.数量，总额v.合计，总共达paper vt.用纸包装(或覆盖)n.纸；报纸；试卷；文章，论文raw a.未煮过的，生的；未加过工的，未经训练的sense n.感官，官能；感觉；判断力；见识；意义，意思special a.特别的；特殊的top n.顶部，上边，上面，首位,最高位a.最高的v.高过，超过，到达……顶部affect vt.影响；感动benefit n.利益；好处；恩惠v.有益于，受益character n.性格，特性；角色claim n.权利；断言；主张；索赔v.要求；索赔；声称；主张corresponding a.相应的；符合的create vt.创造；引起，产生customer n.顾客，主顾essential a.必要的，必不可少的，本质的panel n.面，板；控制板，仪器盘；专门小组proper a.合乎体统的；适合的，恰当的；正当的；固有的，特有的有礼貌的，正派的；本身（的）rust n. 铁锈v.（使）生锈，氧化shift vt.替换，转移；移动n.转换，转变；（变）班，（换）班spot n.污点，斑点；地点，场所v.认出，认清，发现；玷污，弄脏；用点作记号therefore ad.因此，所以conj.因此travel n.旅行v.旅行，行进，传播verse n.诗，韵文；诗行consume vt.消耗，消费，耗尽critic n.批评家，爱挑剔的人；评论家demand v./n.要求；需要express vt.表示n.快车，快递a.特快的，快速的firm n.商行，商号，公司a.坚固的，坚决的，稳固的improve v.使……更好，改善intelligence n.智力；理解力；情报，消息least a.最少的ad.最少legal a.法律的；合法的machine n.机器；机械racket n.球拍reed n.芦苇，苇丛；芦笛，牧笛select v.选择，挑选a.精选的，选择的attitude n.态度，看法；姿势broad a.宽的，广阔的；豁达的carbon n.碳decline vt.下倾；偏斜；衰退；谢绝hole n.洞；孔眼，裂开处infer vt.推论，推断involve vt.使卷入；牵涉；包含，涉及matter n.事情；物质，物体；毛病，麻烦moral a.道德的；合乎道德的offer vt.提供；提出n.提供picture n.图画，照片；美景；影片v.画，描述，想象space n.间隔，距离；空地，余地；空间，太空v.留间隔，隔开vest n.汗衫；背心；内衣available a.可利用的；可得到的；可以见到的；随时可来的competition n.竞争，比赛continue vt.继续，连续；延伸cure vt.医治；消除n.治愈drug n.药，药物，药材employment n.工作，职业；雇用；使用forget vt.忘记，遗忘function n.功能；职务；函数issue n.问题，争论，争端；发行，发行物vt.发行，发表，颁布；流出，放出nut n.坚果，干果；螺母relation n.关系，联系；家属，亲戚situation n.位置，场所；处境，局面，处境，形势；职务，职位television n.电视title n.书名, 标题；头衔,称号attention n.注意，留心；立正journal n.日报，杂志；日志nature n.大自然，自然界particular a.特殊的；特定的，个别的rot v.(使)腐烂，(使)腐败，腐朽trust v.信任，依赖；盼望，希望；委托n.信任，依赖；委托，信托advocate n.提倡者，鼓吹者vt.提倡，鼓吹assist vt.援助，帮助comb n.梳子competitive a.竞争的，比赛的goods n.商品；货物ground n.地；场地；根据harm n.伤害，损害vt.损害identify vt.认出，识别，鉴定；把……看作international a.国际的，世界(性)的line v.沿……排列，排队n.线；路线，航线；排；界线neat a.整洁的；整齐的order n.定货，定货单；命令；次序，循序；秩序，治安，正常状态，整齐；等级v.制，定制，订购purpose n.目的；意图；效果，用途roll vi.滚动，转动；使摇摆，（使）摇晃；辗，轧；绕，卷；（up）卷起，卷拢n.（一）卷，卷形物，面包卷；名单，名册sell v.卖，出售sequence n.连续，数列；次序，先后together ad. 共同，一起，合起来，聚拢地central a.中心的，中央的，中枢的；主要的concept n.概念，观念，思想court n.法院，法庭；庭院；宫廷，朝廷；球场creation n. 创造，创作物，发明cut vt.切；割；砍；删减dependent a.依靠的，依赖的；随……而定的detail n.细节；枝节；零件v.详述dig vt.掘，挖；采掘election n.选举，选择权；当选extend vt.延长；扩大；致full a.满，完全的，充分的ad.完全，充分invention n.发明，创造lane n.(乡间)小路；跑道；行车道lay vt.放，搁；下(蛋)learning n.学习；学问，知识measure vt.量，测量n.尺寸，大小；措施，办法private a.私人的；私下的，个人的，秘密的skill n.技能，技巧，手艺；熟练speaker n.扬声器，说话人，演讲人spend v.花费；消耗，用尽；度过，消磨teach v.教，教授，教训treat vt.治疗；论述，探讨；款待，请客；对待；处理n.款待，请客visit n.访问，参观，作客v.访问，参观，视察，巡视，常去warm a.暧和的，温暖的，热心的，热情的v.（使）变暖acquire vt.取得；获得；学到appropriate a.恰如其分的，适当的brain n.大脑；脑力，智能capital a.首位的，最重要的，基本的n.资本，资金；首都communication n. 传达，通讯；通讯系统；交通（工具）community n.社区；共同体courage n.勇气，胆量，胆识effective a.有效的；有影响的goal n.球门；得分；目的intend vt.想要，打算；意指label n.标签；标记，符号land n.陆地,土地；田地，国土，国家v.（使）登陆，（使）着陆major a.较大的n.专业，专业学生，少校v.主修，专攻obtain vt.获得，得到，obvious a.明显的，显而易见的operation n.运算；运转，开动，操作；手术plane n.平面，水平面；飞机remark v．（on）评论，谈论；注意到，察觉n.（about，on）评语，议论，意见sound a.健康的，完好的；正当的，有根据的；彻底的，充分的v.发声，响；听起来n.声音，声响specially ad.专门地，特别地；附加的，额外的stab v./n.刺，戳tempt v.引诱，吸引，使感兴趣tradition n.传统，惯例trend vi.伸向；倾向n.倾向，趋势trouble n.烦恼，麻烦，动乱，纠纷，疾病，故障；辛苦，费心v.（使）烦恼，麻烦type n.型，类型，铅字v.打字combine vt.结合，联合compare vt.比较，相比，对比；比作composition n.作品，作文，乐曲；写作，作曲；组成，构成，结构consequence n.结果，后果convention n.大会，会议；惯例，公约，(换俘等)协定creative a.创造性的，创作的describe vt.形容；描写，描绘effort n.努力；努力的成果；艰难地尝试especial a. 特别的，特殊的especially ad.特别，尤其，格外establish vt.建立，设立；确立；安置grant n.授予物，拨款；同意，给予happen vi. (偶然)发生interpret vt.解释，说明；口译memory n.记忆；回忆；存储occur vi.发生；出现；被想到，被想起pattern n.型，式样，模，模型，图样v.仿制，模仿potential a.潜在的，可能的；势的，位的n.潜力，能力project n.方案，工程，计划vi.投射，放映；（使）凸出，（使）伸出；设计规划serious a.严肃的；主要的；严重的，危急的；认真的specific a.明确的；具体的；特定的，特有的sphere n.球，圆体；范围，领域status n.地位，身份；情形，状况translate v.翻译void a.空的，空虚的；没有的，缺乏的；无效的wave n.波，波浪；（挥手）示意，致意；飘扬，起伏v. （挥手）示意，致意；波动，飘动wise a.有智慧，聪明的attack vt.进攻，着手，开始n.（病情）发作; 进攻，着手，开始attend v.出席，参加；照顾，护理auto n.汽车blank a.空白的，失色的n.空白，表格chairman n.主席；议长，会长，董事长climate n.气候，风气，社会风潮commit vt.犯(错误)，干(坏事)；把…委托给，托付给drop vt.使落下；降低evidence n.根据；证据；形迹，迹象hit vt.打；击中；撞；到达，完成n.一击，击中；轰动一时地人或事物interact vi.相互作用learned a.有学问的；学术上的maintain vt.维持；赡养；维修；坚持，主张manner n.方式；态度；礼貌meeting n.聚集，集会，会见mess n.混乱，混杂，肮脏necessary a.必需的，必要的；必然的organization n.组织体制；团体，机构physical a.物理的，自然科学的；有形的，物质的；肉体的，身体的；poet n.诗人principle n.原则，原理；主义，信念selection n.选择，挑选；选集，精选物similar a.相似的，类似的tire v.（使）疲劳；使厌倦n.轮胎，车胎trait n.特征，特点，特性vocabulary n.词汇表，词汇汇编wood n.木头，木材；[pl.]小森林，树林worth n.价值a.值……的，价值……的值得……的amateur a.业余的n.业余爱好者approach vt.向……靠近n.方法，途径，探讨assure vt.使确信；保证attach vt.缚，系；使隶属，使依附commercial a.商业的，商务的，贸易的corporation n.公司，企业；社团credit n.信用贷款；信用；名誉，名望；光荣，功劳；学分deliver vt.投递，送交；发表discipline n.纪律；训练；学科vt.训练distinct a.独特的，截然不同的；清楚的，明显的enterprise n.艰巨的事业，企业；事业心exhibit vt.显示；陈列，展览expression n.词句；表达；表情；式，符号extreme n.极端，最大的程度，极度a.末端的，尽头的；极度的，极端的financial a.财政的，金融的further vt.增进，促进ad.更远，更往前a.更进一步的generation n.一代，一代人；产生highway n.公路；大路influence n.势力，权势；影响，感化v.影响，感化judge n.法官,审判员；裁判员，评判员；鉴定人v.审判，判决；评定，裁判；断定，判断later ad.后来；过一会儿layer n.层，层次；铺设者leader n.领袖；领导人local a.地方的；局部的loss n.遗失；损失；失败；亏损mechanic n.技工，机修工mend vt.改正，修正；改进origin n.起源，由来；出身，来历physician n.医生，内科医生provided conj.假如，只要，倘若relate vt.叙述，讲述；使互相关联relevant a.有关的，相应的，适当的，中肯的；实质性的，有重大意义的remain vi.剩下，余留；留待，尚须；仍然是，依旧是risk n.风险，危险，冒险v.冒…的危险rude a.无礼的，粗鲁的；猛烈的，残暴的；粗糙的，粗陋的settle v.安定，安顿；停息；安居；解决，调停site n.地点，位置；场所stake n.桩，标桩；赌注，利害关系suffer v.受痛苦，患病；受损失；遭受；忍受，忍耐threat n.威胁，恐吓，凶兆universe n.宇宙，世界advertise vi.做广告argue vi.争论，辩论，主张，说服audience n.听众，观众，读者；遏见beyond prep.在…的那边，远于，迟于，超出bid v.祝愿；命令；报价cast vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸n.演员表comment n./v.注释，评论，意见complex a.复杂的，合成的，综合的connect vt.连接，连结；联系continent n.大陆；洲couple n.一对；夫妇；力偶，电偶desire vt.欲望；要求n.愿望，欲望，要求emphasis n.强调，重点，重要性employee n.受雇者，雇员，雇工fundamental a.基础的，基本的historic a.有历史意义的，历史地holder n.持有/所有人，支持物hut n.小屋；棚屋；茅屋immediate a.立即的；直接的imply vt.暗示，意指independent a.独立的；自主的inner a.内部的；内心的listener n.听者，听众之一liver n.肝；肝脏medicine n.医学；内科学；内服药mission n.使命，任务；使团，代表团notice vt.注意n.通知；注意Outline n.轮廓；略图；大纲，梗概v.概述，略述perform vt.履行；表演，行动；表演；演出pick n.镐，鹤嘴锄v.拾，采，摘；挑选，选择porter n.搬运工人；门房prediction n.预言，预告；预报press n.报刊，出版社，通讯社；压榨机；压，按，v. 压，按；压榨，压迫；紧迫，催促，逼迫prevent vt.预防，防止；阻止push v.推，逼迫，催逼n.推，推力；促进，推进radical a.基本的，重要的；激进的，极端的；根本的responsible a.（for，to）应负责的，有责任的；可靠的，可信赖的；责任重大的，重要的scar n.伤疤，伤痕；创伤seek v.（after，for）寻找，探索；试图，企图simply ad.简单地；仅仅，只不过；朴素地；完全，简直speech n.言语，语言；演说，讲话stock n.备料，库存，现货；股票，v.储存stress n.压力，应力；重音v.着重，强调trade vi.经商，交易n.贸易，商业；职业，行业tribute n.贡品；颂词，称赞，（表示敬意的）礼物urge v.催促，力劝；强烈希望；鼓励，促进n.强烈欲望，迫切要求valid a.有效的；合理的，有根据的verbal a.用言辞的，用文字的；口头的；动词的wind n.风；气息，呼吸v.绕，缠；上发条within prep.在……里面，在……以内ad.在内access n.接近；通道，入口；接近(或进入)的方法announce vt.宣布，发表；报告……的来到cash n.现金，现款conclusion n.结束，终结；结论，推论consist vi.由……组成；在于，存在于consumption n.消费(量)，消耗contract n.契约，合同；婚约core n.果实的心，核心critical a.决定性的；批评的；临界的defend vt.保卫，防守；辩护，答辩encourage vt.鼓励，支持，怂恿excess n.超越；过量；过度exhibition n.展览focus vi.聚焦，注视n.焦点former a.在前的pron.前者fuel n.燃料vt.给……加燃料intention n.意图，意向，目的nearly ad.几乎，差不多official a.官方的，正式的n.官员opinion n.意见，看法，主张Ounce n. 盎司，英两Owner n.物主，所有人personality n.人格，个性；人物progress n.进展；进步v. 前进，进展；进步reject v.拒绝，抵制，驳回；丢弃；排斥，退掉relative a.有关系的，相关的；相对的，比较的resident a.居住的n.居民，常住者scatter v.散开，驱散；散步，散播sigh n 叹息声，叹息v.叹息，叹气spit v.吐痰，吐唾沫n.唾液spite n.恶意，怨恨stage n.舞台，戏剧；阶段，时期strange a.陌生的，生疏的；奇异的，奇怪的；外地的，异乡的survive v.幸免于，幸存；比…长命tale n.传说；故事traffic n.交通，交通量university n.大学argument n.争论，争辩，论据，论点attract vt.吸引；引起，诱惑attribute vt.把…归因于n.属性，品质，特征blame vt.责备，把……归咎于n.责任，过错，责备bound a.理应，必定，准备到……v./n.跳越challenge n.挑战，艰巨任务；难题channel n.海峡；信道；路线，途径constitute v.构成，组成；contain vt.包含，容纳；等于deep a.深的，深刻的，深切的ad.深，迟definite a.明确的；肯定的，限定的definition n.定义，释义；定界demonstrate vt.说明；论证；表露directly ad.直接地；立即disease n.疾病drama n.一出戏剧，剧本；戏剧性的场面due a.预期的；应给的，应支付的；应有的engine n.发动机，引擎；机车fell vt.砍倒(树等)；砍伐figure n.数字；外形；人物v.算出，估计，推测frequent a.时常发生的；经常的fuse n.保险丝，导火线v.熔化，熔合gain v./n.获得，利益，增加gum n.口香糖；树胶intellectual n.知识分子a.智力的justify vt.证明……是正当的lame a.跛的，瘸的；有缺陷的largely ad.主要的，基本上的；大量地leisure n.空闲时间；悠闲lest conj.惟恐，以免lock n.锁vt.锁上，锁住mass n.(聚成一体的)团，块mere a.仅仅的；纯粹的mist n.薄雾motor n.发动机；机动车organize vt.组织，编组partly ad.部分地，不完全地popular a.大众的；流行的，通俗的；广受欢迎的，有名的privilege n.特权，优惠，特许v.给予优惠，给予特权prolong vt.延长，拉长，拖延prospect n.展望；前景，前途；景色revolution n.革命；旋转，转数rival n.竞争者，对手a.竞争的v.竞争，对抗sad a.悲哀的，忧愁的saw n.锯子，锯床v.锯，锯开score n.二十；(比赛)得分，得数sight n.视力；视觉；望见；视域；眼界；情景，奇观significant n.有意义的；重要的，重大的simple a.单纯的，直率的；迟钝的，头脑简单的；简单的；朴素的solar a.太阳的，日光的sort n.种类；类别v.整理，分类species n.种类；(生物分类)种spy n.间谍，特务vt.当间谍，刺探；察觉，发现station v.驻扎；安置n.车站；所，站，局；身份，地位statistics n.统计stay vi.停留，暂住；保持下去，能继续；停止，站住n.逗留，停留sufficient a.足够的，充分的suggest v.建议，提出；使想起，暗示suit n.一套(衣服)；诉讼v.合适，适合；相配，适应super a.极好的，超级的talent n.天才；才能，天资training n.训练，培养transfer v.转移，调动；转车，转业，转学；转让，过户wonder n.惊奇，惊异；奇迹，奇事v.诧异，奇怪；纳闷，想知道难怪，怪不得academic a.学院的；学术的admit v.承认；接纳apparent a.显而易见的，明显的；表面的，貌似的appeal v./n.呼吁要求；申述，上诉；对…有吸引力assess vt.估价，评价assume vt.假定；采取；呈现atmosphere n.大气；空气；气氛；大气压attempt vt.尝试，试图n.企图，努力aware a.知道的，意识到的beneath prep./ad.在…下方，向下board n.木板；全体委员；船舷v.上船，登机，上车compete vi.比赛，竞争cope vi.对付，应付damage vt.损害，毁坏n.损害deed n.行为；事迹depress vt.使沮丧，压抑；降低educate vt.教育；培养；训练efficient a.效率高的；有能力的emotion n.感情；情绪；激动fashion n.样子，方式；风尚giant n.巨人；巨物hind a.后面的，后部的honor vt.给……以荣誉，尊敬n.尊敬，敬意；光荣icy a.冰冷的；冷冰冰的implication n.含义，暗示，暗指incident n.小事件；插曲；事变increasingly ad.日益，越来越多地innovation n.创新，改革，新设施liability n.责任；倾向；债务liable a.易于……的；可能的link vt.连接n.环，环节oar n.桨；划手vi.划(行)pie n.(西点)馅饼piece n.(文艺作品的)篇，首；碎片，断片v.拼合，拼凑policy n.政策，方针portion n.一部分；一分poverty n.贫穷，贫困preside vi.主持profit n.益处；利润，收益vi.（by，from）得利，获益；利用；有利于ray n.光线,射线recommend v.推荐，介绍;劝告,建议reflect v.反映，表现；反省，细想；考虑replace vt.把……放回；取代，替换；归还responsibility n.责任，责任心；职责，任务satellite n.卫星，人造卫星security n.安全，安全感shock n.冲击，震动；电击，触电；震惊；休克v.（使）震动，（使）震惊；（使）休克statement n.陈述，声明store v. 贮备，贮藏n.商店，店铺；贮藏，贮备品survival n.幸存(者)，残存物；生存，幸存tax v.对…征税，使负重担n.税（款），负担team vi.协同工作n.小队，小组temper n.脾气,情绪;韧度,回火度threaten v.威胁，恐吓；有…危险，快要来临tight ad.紧紧地a.紧的；紧身的，装紧的；密封的，不透…的typical a.典型的，有代表性的vitamin n.维生素，维他命warn vt.警告，告诫witness n.证据，证明；目击者，证人v.目击，目睹；作证abuse vt./ n.滥用；虐待；谩骂adopt vt.收养；采用；通过aggressive a.侵略的，好斗的；有进取心的；敢做敢为的artificial a.人工的；人为的，造作的assert vt.断言，宣称assumption n. 假设，承担bear n.熊v.忍受；负担；结果实，生子女bright a.明亮的；聪明的；聪明的chief n.首领，领袖a.主要的，首要的circumstance n.情况，形势，环境；经济情形，境况conduct n.举止，行为，品行v.引导，带领；处理，管理；指挥confidence n.信任，信心；私房话；秘密，机密confront vt.面临，遭遇，面对consistent a.前后一致的，连贯的constant a.经常的，不断的；永恒的，坚定的，忠实的construct vt.建造，建设，构筑contest vt.竞争，竞赛，比赛counter n.柜台，计数器criminal n.犯人，罪犯，刑事犯a.犯罪的，刑事的crude a.生的，未熟的；天然的，未加工的；粗鲁的，粗野的current a. 当前的；通用的n.电流，水流；潮流，趋势desirable a.值得期望的；称心如意的despite prep.不管，不顾digital a.数字的，计数的dim a.昏暗的；朦胧的；模糊的distant a.在远处的，疏远的distinction n.差别，不同，区分diver vi.跳水；潜水；俯冲dome n.圆屋顶，拱顶dramatic a.引人注目的，戏剧的；剧烈的dying a.垂死的；临终的emerge vi.出现，涌现；冒出entitle vt.把……称作，给以权利（或资格），给……题名eventually ad.终于；最后expand vt.扩大；使膨胀fault n.缺点；过失；故障flow vi.流，流动intelligent a.聪明的；理智的interior n.内部a.内部的introduce vt.提出(议案等)；介绍；引进；采用item n.条，条款；项目leading a.指导的；最主要的literature n.文学；文献，文学作品loud a.响亮的，大声的；吵闹的magazine n.杂志，期刊male a.男的，雄的n.男子manifest vt.表明，显示a.明白的mention v．/n.提到，说起note n.钞票，纸币；笔记；暗语；注释；便条occasion n.场合，时刻；时机odd a.奇数的；单只的；奇怪的；临时的，不固定的；带零头的party n.聚会，政党，党派；一方，当事人phrase n.短语；习惯用语，词语positive a.正的；阳性的；十足的，完全的；积极的，肯定的；确实的，明确的precise a.精确的，准确的pride n.骄傲；自满；自豪，自尊心，傲慢；引以自豪的东西v.使自豪，使自夸rare a.稀有的，珍奇的；稀薄的，难得的，稀疏的regulation n.规章，规则；调节，校准；调整remove vt.移动，搬开；脱掉，运走；去掉，排除resolve vt.决心，决定；（使）分解，溶解；议决，决议n.解决，解答；决心；决议reward n.（for）报酬，赏金，奖赏v.（for）酬劳，奖赏；酬谢，报答，奖酬row n.(一)排，(一)行；吵嚷，口角v.划（船）等，荡桨satisfaction n.满意，满足；乐事，愉快scale n.刻度，标度；天平，磅秤，秤；比例尺；规模；音阶；鱼鳞single a.单一的，单个的；独身的未婚的；单人的span n.跨距；一段时间spirit n.精神；气概，志气；[pl.]情绪，心情；[pl.]酒精，烈酒spread v.伸开，伸展；传播，散布n. 伸开，伸展；传播，散布stern n.船尾，舟尾a.严厉的，苛刻的；坚决的，坚定的storage n.贮藏量，保管；库房succeed v.成功；继承，接替telephone n.电话,电话机v.打电话trip v.失足，绊倒n.旅行，远足turn v.转动，旋转，翻（转），（使）变化，变成n.旋转；变向；转弯，旋转；轮流universal ad.普遍的，全体的，通用的；宇宙的，世界的vast a.巨大的；大量的；巨额的warning n.警告，absorb vt.吸收；使专心accomplish vt.完成admire vt.钦佩；赞美afford vt.买的起，担负得起……；供给appreciate vt.感激；正确评价，欣赏arise vi.出现，发生；（from）由……引起（产生）assemble vt.集合，召集；装配associate vi.使联系，使联合；交往n.伙伴，同事，同行background n.背景，后景，经历blind a.瞎的，盲目的n.百叶窗；窗帘；遮帘v.使失明，蒙蔽boom n./v. 迅速发展，兴旺，发出隆隆声camp n.野营，营地，兵营，帐篷v.设营，宿营candidate n.候选人，候补者，报名者casual a.偶然的；临时的，非正式的cement n.水泥，胶泥，胶接剂v.粘结，粘紧certainly ad.一定，必定；当然，行characterize vt.表示……的特征committee n.委员会；全体委员commodity n.商品，物品comparative a.比较的，相当的comparison n.比较，对照；比喻，比拟concentration n.集中；专心；浓缩conform v.遵守，依照，符合consideration n.考虑，思考；体贴，照顾；需要考虑的事，理由convenient a.便利的；方便的conversation n.会谈，谈话crime n.罪，罪行；犯罪define vt.给……下定义；限定degree n.程度；度；学位；等级delay vt.推迟；耽搁；延误dependence n. 依赖，依存；信赖derive v.取得，引申出;起源description n.描写，形容；种类desert vt.遗弃；擅离(职守)n.沙漠，不毛之地deserve vt.应受，值得device n.器械，装置，设备；设计，方法distance n.距离；远处efficiency n.效率；功效，效能emotional a.感情的，情绪的employer n.雇佣者，雇主entertain vt.使欢乐；招待estimate vt.估计，评价n.估计，评估exceed vt.超过，胜过；超出excessive a.过多的，极度的，过分的exclusive a.专有的，独占的；排外的explosion n.爆炸，爆发，extent n.广度；范围；程度flash vi. (火焰等)一闪,闪亮，闪现n.闪光forward ad.向前，前进gift n.礼物，赠品；天赋grand a.庄严的；伟大的；盛大的guarantee n./v.保证；担保happiness n.幸福，幸运；快乐hemisphere n.半球hence ad.因此，所以；今后host n.主人；东道主；一大群，许多；主持人ignore vt.不顾，不理，忽视impact n.影响，作用；冲击v.冲击，装紧impose vi.征税；把……强加给impress vt.印；留下极深的印象indeed ad.的确；真正地initial a.最初，开始insurance n.保险；保险费，保险业introduction n.介绍；引进；引言lag vi.走得慢，落后n.落后lawyer n.律师lecture n./vi. 演讲，讲课lung n.肺脏，肺mankind n.人类master n.主人；能手；硕士v.精通，掌握native a.本国的，本土的necessity n.必要性；必然性；必需品net vt.用网捕；用网覆盖a.净的，纯净的noise n.喧闹声；响声；噪声notion n.概念，意念；看法，观念offend v.冒犯，犯过错oppose vt.反对；反抗optimistic a.乐观的；乐观主义的orient n.东方；亚洲，远东v.定……的方位partial a.部分的；不公平的；偏袒的persuade vt.劝说；说服；相信philosopher n.哲学家，哲人pine n.松树，松木plus prep.加a.正的，加的n.加号，正号port n.港，港口possess vt.占用，拥有(财产)property n.财产；资产，所有物；性质，特性proportion n.比例；部分，份儿；均衡，相称psychological a.心理的，心理学的rational a.理性的，合理的regular a.有规则的，有规律的；整齐的，匀称的，正规的，正式的remarkable a.值得注意的；显著的，异常的，非凡的represent vt.描绘；代表；象征，代理；阐明，说明resign v.辞去，辞职retire vi.退休，引退；退却，撤退；就寝reveal vt.展现，显示；揭示，揭露，告诉，泄露sand n.沙；[pl.]沙滩，沙地scope n.（活动）范围；余地，机会screen n.屏风，屏幕；帘v.掩蔽，包庇；筛选secure a.（from，against）安全的，可靠的，放心的v.得到，获得；防护，保卫sensitive a.（to）敏感的，易受伤害的；灵敏的severe a.严格的，严厉的；剧烈的，严重的，严峻的，艰难的significance n.意义，含义；重要性，重大smooth a.光滑的，平滑的；平稳的；平静的；顺利的；流畅的；柔和的solid a.固体的；实心的；结实的，稳固的，可靠的n.固体solution n.解决方法，解答；溶解，溶液strain n.过多的疲劳，紧张；张力，应变v.扭伤，拉伤；拉紧，扯紧；紧张，尽力sudden a.突然的，意外的sympathy n.同情；同感；慰问，同情心systematic a.系统的，有组织的task n.任务，工作，作业tile n.瓦片，瓷砖；贴砖tour n./vi. 旅行，游历transaction n.处理，办理；交易，事务；[pl.]会报，学报transform v.改变，变换，变压；转化，改造，改革transport v.运输，运送，搬运n. 运输，运送，运输系统，运载工具tune n.调子，曲调；和谐，协调v.调音，调节，调整via prep.经过；通过visible a.看得见的，可见的vote n.投票，表决；选票，选票数v.投票，表决willing a.甘心情愿的，乐意的worse a./ad.更坏，更差（的/地）worthy a.可敬的，有价值的；值得……的，配得上……的accurate a.准确的，精确的activate v.使活动，启动additional a.附加的，另外的，额外的adjust vt.调整，调节；校正annoy vt.使烦恼，使生气；打搅anticipate vt. 预期，预料，期望approval n.赞成，同意；认可，批准arctic a.北极区的n.北极，北极圈arrange vt.整理，排列；安排athlete n.运动员；田径运动员attractive a.有吸引力的belt n.带，腰带；地带biology n.生物学；生态学block n.阻塞，障碍物；街区；木料v.阻塞，拦阻，封锁branch n.枝条；支流；分部；部门broadcast n./v.广播，播音captive n.俘虏，被监禁的人a.被俘虏的，被监禁的charge n.费用，代价，电荷，负荷vt.索（价），收费；控告；充电cite vt.引用，引证，举例competitor n.竞争者，敌手concerning prep.关于。