Extended Abstract 1 Keywords Virtual community, sense of virtual community, virtual communi
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C#中abstract的⽤法详解abstract可以⽤来修饰类,⽅法,属性,索引器和时间,这⾥不包括字段. 使⽤abstrac修饰的类,该类只能作为其他类的基类,不能实例化,⽽且abstract修饰的成员在派⽣类中必须全部实现,不允许部分实现,否则编译异常. 如:using System;namespace ConsoleApplication8{class Program{static void Main(string[] args){BClass b = new BClass();b.m1();}}abstract class AClass{public abstract void m1();public abstract void m2();}class BClass : AClass{public override void m1(){throw new NotImplementedException();}//public override void m2()//{// throw new NotImplementedException();//}}}Abstract classes have the following features:抽象类拥有如下特征:1,抽象类不能被实例化, 但可以有实例构造函数, 类是否可以实例化取决于是否拥有实例化的权限 (对于抽象类的权限是abstract, 禁⽌实例化),即使不提供构造函数, 编译器也会提供默认构造函数;2,抽象类可以包含抽象⽅法和访问器;3,抽象类不能使⽤sealed修饰, sealed意为不能被继承;4,所有继承⾃抽象类的⾮抽象类必须实现所有的抽象成员,包括⽅法,属性,索引器,事件;abstract修饰的⽅法有如下特征:1,抽象⽅法即是虚拟⽅法(隐含);2,抽象⽅法只能在抽象类中声明;3,因为抽象⽅法只是声明, 不提供实现, 所以⽅法只以分号结束,没有⽅法体,即没有花括号部分;如public abstract void MyMethod();4,override修饰的覆盖⽅法提供实现,且只能作为⾮抽象类的成员;5,在抽象⽅法的声明上不能使⽤virtual或者是static修饰.即不能是静态的,⼜因为abstract已经是虚拟的,⽆需再⽤virtual强调.抽象属性尽管在⾏为上与抽象⽅法相似,但仍有有如下不同:1,不能在静态属性上应⽤abstract修饰符;2,抽象属性在⾮抽象的派⽣类中覆盖重写,使⽤override修饰符;抽象类与接⼝:1,抽象类必须提供所有接⼝成员的实现;2,继承接⼝的抽象类可以将接⼝的成员映射位抽象⽅法.如:interface I{void M();}abstract class C: I{public abstract void M();}抽象类实例:// abstract_keyword.cs// 抽象类using System;abstract class BaseClass // 抽象类{protected int _x = 100; //抽象类可以定义字段,但不可以是抽象字段,也没有这⼀说法.protected int _y = 150;public BaseClass(int i) //可以定义实例构造函数,仅供派⽣的⾮抽象类调⽤; 这⾥显式提供构造函数,编译器将不再提供默认构造函数. {fielda = i;}public BaseClass(){}private int fielda;public static int fieldsa = 0;public abstract void AbstractMethod(); // 抽象⽅法public abstract int X { get; } //抽象属性public abstract int Y { get; }public abstract string IdxString { get; set; } //抽象属性public abstract char this[int i] { get; } //抽象索引器}class DerivedClass : BaseClass{private string idxstring;private int fieldb;//如果基类中没有定义⽆参构造函数,但存在有参数的构造函数,//那么这⾥派⽣类得构造函数必须调⽤基类的有参数构造函数,否则编译出错public DerivedClass(int p): base(p) //这⾥的:base(p)可省略,因为基类定义了默认的⽆参构造函数{fieldb = p;}public override string IdxString //覆盖重新属性{get{return idxstring;}set{idxstring = value;}}public override char this[int i] //覆盖重写索引器{get { return IdxString[i]; }}public override void AbstractMethod(){_x++;_y++;}public override int X // 覆盖重写属性{get{return _x + 10;}}public override int Y // 覆盖重写属性{get{return _y + 10;}}static void Main(){DerivedClass o = new DerivedClass(1);o.AbstractMethod();Console.WriteLine("x = {0}, y = {1}", o.X, o.Y);}}以上所述是⼩编给⼤家介绍的C#中abstract的⽤法详解,希望对⼤家有所帮助,如果⼤家有任何疑问请给我留⾔,⼩编会及时回复⼤家的。
C#中Abstract和Virtual的区别c# 中 Abstract和Virtual⽐较容易混淆,都与继承有关,并且涉及override的使⽤。
下⾯讨论⼀下⼆者的区别:⼀、Virtual⽅法(虚⽅法) virtual 关键字⽤于在基类中修饰⽅法。
virtual的使⽤会有两种情况: 情况1:在基类中定义了virtual⽅法,但在派⽣类中没有重写该虚⽅法。
那么在对派⽣类实例的调⽤中,该虚⽅法使⽤的是基类定义的⽅法。
情况2:在基类中定义了virtual⽅法,然后在派⽣类中使⽤override重写该⽅法。
那么在对派⽣类实例的调⽤中,该虚⽅法使⽤的是派⽣重写的⽅法。
⼆、Abstract⽅法(抽象⽅法)abstract关键字只能⽤在抽象类中修饰⽅法,并且没有具体的实现。
抽象⽅法的实现必须在派⽣类中使⽤override关键字来实现。
接⼝和抽象类最本质的区别:抽象类是⼀个不完全的类,是对对象的抽象,⽽接⼝是⼀种⾏为规范。
三、关键字Static:当⼀个⽅法被声明为Static时,这个⽅法是⼀个静态⽅法,编译器会在编译时保留这个⽅法的实现。
也就是说,这个⽅法属于类,但是不属于任何成员,不管这个类的实例是否存在,它们都会存在。
就像⼊⼝函数Static void Main,因为它是静态函数,所以可以直接被调⽤。
Virtua:当⼀个⽅法被声明为Virtual时,它是⼀个虚拟⽅法,直到你使⽤ClassName variable = new ClassName();声明⼀个类的实例之前,它都不存在于真实的内存空间中。
这个关键字在类的继承中⾮常常⽤,⽤来提供类⽅法的多态性⽀持。
overrride:表⽰重写这个类是继承于Shape类virtual,abstract是告诉其它想继承于他的类你可以重写我的这个⽅法或属性,否则不允许。
abstract:抽象⽅法声明使⽤,是必须被派⽣类覆写的⽅法,抽象类就是⽤来被继承的;可以看成是没有实现体的虚⽅法;如果类中包含抽象⽅法,那么类就必须定义为抽象类,不论是否还包含其他⼀般⽅法;抽象类不能有实体的。
abstract在c语言中的用法
在C语言中,abstract是用来描述抽象数据类型的关键字。
抽象数据类型是一种数据类型,它的行为仅由其操作定义,而不依赖于其实现方式。
这种抽象性允许程序员将数据类型的实现和使用分开。
在C语言中,我们可以使用struct关键字来定义抽象数据类型。
定义一个struct后,我们可以在其后面使用typedef来定义一个新的类型名,使其更加易用。
在使用抽象数据类型时,我们通常会将类型的实现细节放在一个源文件中,然后将接口(也就是操作)定义在一个头文件中。
这样,在使用该类型的程序中,我们只需要包含该头文件即可使用该类型的操作,而不需要了解其实现细节。
总的来说,abstract在C语言中的用法是为了定义抽象数据类型,将类型的实现与使用分开,并提供一个清晰的接口供使用者使用。
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第26卷㊀第12期2022年12月㊀电㊀机㊀与㊀控㊀制㊀学㊀报Electri c ㊀Machines ㊀and ㊀Control㊀Vol.26No.12Dec.2022㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀虚拟同步发电机暂态稳定性分析与控制策略王继磊,㊀张兴,㊀朱乔华,㊀韩峰,㊀付新鑫(合肥工业大学可再生能源接入电网技术国家地方联合工程实验室,安徽合肥230009)摘㊀要:虚拟同步发电机(VSG )通过模拟同步发电机的运行特性,主动参与并网点电压支撑和电网频率调节,可有效提高电力电子化电力系统的稳定性㊂当电网故障时,VSG 存在与同步发电机类似的功角失稳问题,此时传统的小信号稳定性分析理论已不再适用㊂针对这一问题,首先建立VSG 的数学模型,采用相平面法解析VSG 的暂态功角轨迹,研究电压跌落深度㊁控制参数和有功出力水平对VSG 暂态稳定性的影响,考虑阻尼情况下,根据扩展等面积法分析了VSG 的暂态稳定边界条件;然后,提出一种电网故障期间自适应调节有功功率参考值的暂态控制策略,降低有功功率不平衡,在电网严重故障期间确保稳态工作点的存在,提高系统的暂态稳定裕度;最后,通过基于RT-LAB 的半实物仿真平台验证理论分析的正确性和控制策略的有效性㊂关键词:虚拟同步发电机;电网故障;暂态稳定性;功角失稳;暂态控制策略DOI :10.15938/j.emc.2022.12.004中图分类号:TM46文献标志码:A文章编号:1007-449X(2022)12-0028-10㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀收稿日期:2022-01-07基金项目:国家自然科学基金(51937003)作者简介:王继磊(1997 ),男,博士研究生,研究方向为新能源并网系统的暂态稳定性;张㊀兴(1972 ),男,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为分布式发电及其电力电子化稳定控制技术;朱乔华(1998 ),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为储能系统及其虚拟同步发电机控制;韩㊀峰(1997 ),男,博士研究生,研究方向为储能系统及其虚拟同步发电机控制;付新鑫(1999 ),女,博士研究生,研究方向为分布式发电及其电力电子化稳定控制技术㊂通信作者:王继磊Transient stability analysis and control strategy of virtualsynchronous generatorWANG Ji-lei,㊀ZHANG Xing,㊀ZHU Qiao-hua,㊀HAN Feng,㊀FU Xin-xin(National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Renewable Energy Access to Grid Technology,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China)Abstract :The virtual synchronous generator (VSG)can effectively improve the stability of the power e-lectronic power system by simulating the operating characteristics of the synchronous generator and active-ly participating in the voltage support of the grid connection point and the frequency regulation of the grid.When the power grid fails,the VSG has the same power angle instability problem as the synchro-nous generator.At this time,the traditional small-signal stability analysis theory is no longer applicable.In order to solve this problem,the mathematical model of VSG is first established.Based on this,the phase portrait method was used to analyze the transient power angle trajectory of VSG,and the effects of voltage sag depth,control parameters,and active power output level on VSG transient stability were stud-ied.According to the extended equal area method,the transient stability boundary conditions of VSG con-sidering damping were given.Then,a transient control strategy that adaptively adjusts the active power reference value during grid faults was proposed to reduce the active power imbalance,ensure the exist-ence of steady-state operating points during severe grid faults,and improve the transient stability marginof the system.Finally,the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the control strat-egy were verified by the hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform based on RT-LAB. Keywords:virtual synchronous generator;grid fault;transient stability;power angle instability;transient control strategy0㊀引㊀言随着以光伏㊁风电为代表的新能源并网比例不断攀升,传统电流控制型并网逆变器低惯性㊁欠阻尼的特征给电力系统带来的稳定性影响已不可忽视[1]㊂虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous genera-tor,VSG)通过模拟同步发电机的运行特性,主动参与并网点电压支撑和电网频率调节,有望在高比例新能源并网系统中发挥重要作用[2]㊂VSG提供电压㊁频率支撑的前提是VSG能够稳定并网运行㊂文献[3]建立了VSG的功率闭环小信号模型,并给出了控制参数的设计方法㊂文献[4-5]采用谐波线性化方法对VSG的输出阻抗进行建模,分析了VSG的序阻抗特性,研究了VSG与弱电网的交互稳定性问题㊂文献[6]建立了VSG的时域状态空间小信号模型,研究了控制参数㊁线路参数和滤波器参数等对系统稳定性的影响㊂然而,这些研究忽略了VSG的非线性特性,当系统工作点发生较大改变时,难以适用于系统暂态稳定性的评估㊂相较于对小信号稳定性的充分研究,并网逆变器受到大信号干扰下的暂态稳定性问题尚在不断探索㊂文献[7-8]借鉴同步发电机的暂态稳定分析方法讨论了并网逆变器的暂态稳定性,提出相应的暂态控制方法㊂文献[9-10]研究了在电流限幅作用下,下垂控制型逆变器遭受大扰动时退化成电流控制型逆变器导致暂态失稳,提出一种带有电流限幅的并网逆变器暂态稳定性评估方法㊂文献[11]指出由于并网逆变器与同步发电机的实际动态特性不同,采用等面积判据分析逆变器暂态稳定性得到的结论存在偏差㊂文献[12-14]利用李雅普诺夫函数对并网逆变器进行暂态稳定性分析,然而非线性系统的李雅普诺夫函数一般较难被构造㊂上述文献在分析并网逆变器的暂态稳定性时,均未考虑控制参数㊁有功出力水平对VSG暂态稳定性的影响㊂文献[15]利用相平面法对不同控制策略的并网逆变器暂态稳定性进行分析,并讨论了控制器增益对暂态稳定性的影响㊂文献[16]提出一种针对直接电压式VSG的虚拟电阻和相量限流方法,有效抑制电网对称短路故障引起的电流冲击,却未考虑VSG 的暂态稳定性㊂文献[17]提出一种基于暂态功角与电流灵活调控的VSG故障穿越方法,假设功角在故障期间不发生改变,但考虑到VSG的功率响应特性,实际功角会有所增加㊂本文以VSG作为研究对象,采用相平面法分析电网故障下VSG的暂态稳定性,研究电压跌落深度㊁控制参数和有功出力水平对VSG暂态稳定性的影响,并讨论VSG暂态稳定的边界条件㊂在此基础上,提出一种根据电网故障程度自适应调节有功功率参考值的暂态控制策略,降低有功功率不平衡,从而避免暂态失稳㊂最后通过半实物仿真验证所提暂态控制策略的有效性㊂1㊀VSG的数学模型VSG主电路如图1(a)所示㊂图中:L f和C f分别为LC滤波器的电感和电容;L g是电网阻抗;V pcc㊁E g 和V r分别为PCC电压㊁电网电压和桥臂侧输出电压;U dc是直流侧电压;i表示输出电流㊂图1㊀VSG的主电路和控制框图Fig.1㊀Main circuit and control block diagram of VSG图1(b)为VSG的控制框图,P ref和P e分别为有功功率参考值和瞬时有功功率;Q ref和Q e分别为无功功率参考值和瞬时无功功率;J为虚拟惯性;D p和92第12期王继磊等:虚拟同步发电机暂态稳定性分析与控制策略D q 分别为有功功率下垂系数和无功功率下垂系数;ω和ωN 分别代表VSG 角频率和电网额定角频率;V 和V N 分别为VSG 电压幅值和电压参考值;i dref 和i qref 为电压控制环输出的电流参考值,e rabc 是调制波电压㊂由于电压电流内环的动态响应远快于功率环,在功率环时间尺度下将电压电流内环视为具有理想跟踪性能的单位增益,即V pcc 为电压幅值(V )和输出相位(θ)的合成[15]㊂由图1可知有功㊁无功功率环的控制方程分别为:㊀㊀J d ωd t=P ref -P e +D p (ωN -ω);(1)㊀㊀㊀V =V N +D q (Q ref -Q e )㊂(2)对式(1)进行拉普拉斯变换可得到ω=1Js +D p (P ref-P e +D p ωN )㊂(3)定义VSG 的功角为δ,其表达式为d δd t=ω-ωN ㊂(4)将式(4)代入式(3)中,式(3)化为δ㊃=D p Js +D p ωN +1Js +D p (P ref-P e )㊂(5)图2为VSG 并网运行时的等效电路图,其中Z VSG 为VSG 的输出阻抗㊂VSG 的输出外特性等效成幅值为V ,相位为δ的电压源㊂图2㊀VSG 的等效电路图Fig.2㊀Equivalent circuit diagram of VSG由图2可得到VSG 的输出功率为:㊀㊀㊀㊀P e =32E g V sin δX g;(6)㊀㊀㊀㊀Q e =32V 2-E g V cos δX g㊂(7)式中X g =ωL g ㊂考虑到有功回路和无功回路之间的交叉耦合,将式(7)代入式(2),此时V 的表达式为V =V N +D q (Q ref-32V 2-EV cos δX g)㊂(8)由式(8)可以得到V 关于δ的关系为V =1.5D q E g cos δ-X g3D q+(X g -1.5D q E g cos δ)2+6D q X g (V N +D q Q ref )3D q㊂(9)根据式(9)可以发现,当电网故障时,VSG 的输出电压不是恒定值,其受到功角㊁电网电压幅值㊁无功下垂系数和电网阻抗等因素的影响㊂2㊀VSG 的暂态稳定性分析等面积判据被广泛应用在同步发电机的暂态稳定性分析,但由于VSG 与同步发电机相比,其阻尼系数是可控的,当阻尼系数过大时,使用等面积判据分析VSG 暂态稳定性得到的结果不准确[11]㊂因此,本节采用相平面法对VSG 的暂态稳定性影响因素进行分析,结合相平面法所得数值解,通过扩展等面积法给出了暂态稳定的边界条件㊂2.1㊀相平面法相平面法是研究一阶㊁二阶非线性系统的一种图像方法,其主要思想是在相平面上根据初始条件绘制非线性系统的运动轨迹,从而研究非线性系统的稳定性和动态性能㊂设二阶非线性系统为x ᵡ=f (x ,x ᶄ)㊂(10)式中f 是x (t )和x ᶄ(t )对应的非线性函数㊂相平面图如图3所示,当x ᶄ(t )>0时,x (t )不断增加㊂当x ᶄ(t )<0时,x (t )不断减小㊂即在上半平面中,工作点沿相轨迹向x 轴正方向移动,上半部分相轨迹箭头向右,下半平面相轨迹箭头向左,也就是说,相平面图在相轨迹上总是按顺时针方向运动的㊂只有当x ᶄ(t )=0时,系统工作在稳定状态,否则系统工作点将持续变化㊂图3㊀相平面图Fig.3㊀Phase portrait3电㊀机㊀与㊀控㊀制㊀学㊀报㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀第26卷㊀2.2㊀VSG 暂态稳定性的影响因素电网发生短路故障导致电网电压跌落,VSG 有功功率输出减小㊂由式(5)可知,VSG 功角将持续增大直至δᶄ(t )=0,因此VSG 在遭受大干扰情况下的会出现类似传统同步发电机的功角失稳㊂为了避免这一状况,首先分析VSG 暂态稳定性的影响因素㊂由将式(6)代入式(5)进一步可得δ㊃㊃=-D p J δ㊃+1J (P ref -3E g sin δ2X g (1.5D q E g cos δ-X g 3D q+(X g -1.5D q E g cos δ)2+6D q X g (V 0+D q Q 0)3D q))㊂(11)由式(11)可以得到VSG 受到大扰动后的相平面图㊂图4展示了电压跌落深度对VSG 暂态稳定性的影响,a 点表示故障前系统的稳态工作点,b 点和c 点代表系统在不同程度电网故障后的稳态工作点㊂当电网电压跌落至0.6pu和0.4pu 时,功角先增大后减小,最终分别收敛至b 点和c 点,系统稳定㊂随着电网电压进一步降低至0.2pu,P ref >P emax =1.5EV /X g ,VSG 不存在稳态工作点,δᶄ(t )始终大于0,VSG 暂态失稳㊂图4㊀电网电压跌落深度对VSG 相平面图的影响Fig.4㊀Influence of grid voltage drop depth on VSGphase portrait在图5中电网电压跌落至0.4pu,图5(a)中J 分别为0.02和0.05kg㊃m 2时,功角从0.26rad 增加到1.11rad,不同J 的VSG 在故障前后有相同的稳态工作点㊂但J 的增大导致功角超调量增大,影响系统到达稳态工作点的动态过程㊂当J =0.1kg㊃m 2时,δᶄ(t )>0,功角持续增大,VSG 不能到达稳态工作点,从而暂态失稳㊂D p 对VSG 暂态稳定性的影响如图5(b)所示,正常工况下VSG 稳定运行在a 点,当D p =30时,故障后VSG 到达b 点,功角基本无超调㊂D p 减小至20时VSG 虽然最终到达b 点,但功角超调量增加㊂当D p 进一步减小至10时,功角持续发散,VSG 发生暂态失稳㊂图5(c)表明即使电网电压跌落深度相同,随着D q 的变化,VSG 的稳态工作点会发生变化,由式(6)和式(9)可知这是因为D q 的变化影响了VSG 的输出电压㊂随着D q 的增大,故障后系统稳态工作点对应的功角稳态值和暂态期间功角最大值都增大㊂当D q 增大至0.003时,VSG 发生暂态失稳㊂由上述分析可知,较小的J ㊁较大的D p 以及较小的D q 可以提高VSG 的暂态稳定性㊂图5㊀控制参数对VSG 相平面图的影响(E =0.4pu )Fig.5㊀Influence of control parameters on on VSG phase portrait (E =0.4pu )13第12期王继磊等:虚拟同步发电机暂态稳定性分析与控制策略图6展示了有功功率参考值对VSG 相平面图的影响,a ㊁b ㊁c 点分别对应正常工况下有功功率指令P ref 为5㊁12㊁20kW 的系统稳态工作点㊂随着P ref 的增大,VSG 稳态工作点对应的功角也增大㊂当电网电压跌落至0.2pu,当P ref =5kW 和P ref =12kW时,VSG 的功角增大,最终分别在d 点和e 点稳定运行,功角不再发生变化㊂当P ref =20kW 时,P ref >P emax ,VSG 不存在稳态工作点㊂故障后VSG 的功角不断增大,δᶄ(t )>0,系统暂态失稳㊂图6㊀有功功率参考值对VSG 相平面图的影响(E =0.2pu )Fig.6㊀Influence of active power reference on VSGphase portrait (E =0.2pu )2.3㊀VSG 暂态稳定的边界条件相平面分析法本质上是一种数值算法,可以针对特定系统分析暂态稳定性,实现面向系统的参数设计,具有工程价值,缺点是不具备物理意义㊂为此,针对传统等面积判据和相平面分析法的不足,根据扩展等面积法分析VSG 暂态稳定的边界条件㊂定义P n =P ref -D d δ/d t ,根据式(11)所得数值解,联立式(1),VSG 的功角曲线如图7所示㊂图7(a)中电网短路故障导致P e 下降,P n 随d δ/d t 动态变化,此时P n <P ref ,VSG 处于加速状态,功角由δ0增加至δ1㊂由于虚拟惯性的存在,Δω=ω-ωN 减小,VSG 进入减速状态,但S 加速>S 减速,δ仍持续增加,VSG 发生暂态失稳㊂图7(b)中,电网短路故障导致功角由δ0增加至δ1后,Δω减小,在a 点处Δω=0,然后δ开始减小㊂功角振荡过程结束后,VSG 最终稳定运行在c 点㊂因此,考虑阻尼后,基于式(11)所得到的数值解,VSG 暂态稳定需要满足ʏδ2δ0(P n -P e )d δɤ0㊂(12)3㊀VSG 的暂态控制策略电网故障导致P e <P ref ,由式(5)可知δᶄ(t )>0,功角不断增大,使VSG 出现类似传统同步发电机的功角失稳现象㊂与同步发电机不同的是,VSG 控制结构灵活,控制参数完全可控㊂为此,提出一种在电网故障期间自适应调节有功功率参考值的暂态控制策略,降低了有功功率不平衡,使系统在电网严重故障时仍存在稳态工作点,提高系统暂态稳定性㊂图7㊀基于扩展等面积法的VSG 功角曲线Fig.7㊀VSG power angle curve based on extended equalarea method定义有功功率差值ΔP =P ref -P e ,VSG 与电网的角频率差值Δω=ω-ωg ,由式(1)可得JdΔωd t=ΔP -D p Δω㊂(13)解线性微分方程式(13)得到Δω=ΔPD p(1-e -D p /Jt )㊂(14)则电网故障发生后功角变化量为Δδ=ʏΔωd t =ΔP D p (t +J D p e -D p /Jt -JD p)㊂(15)电网故障前VSG 有功功率输出为P ref =P eN =32V N E N sin δNX g㊂(16)23电㊀机㊀与㊀控㊀制㊀学㊀报㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀第26卷㊀电网故障后功角增大,δF =δN +Δδ,则此时VSG有功功率输出为P eF =32V F E F sin δFX g=32V F E FX g(sin δN cosΔδ+sinΔδcos δN )㊂(17)式中:P eN 是正常工况下VSG 有功功率输出;P eF 是电网发生故障后VSG 有功功率输出;δN 是电网故障前的VSG 功角;δF 是电网故障后的VSG 功角;V N 和E N 分别为正常工况下VSG 输出电压和电网电压;V F 和E F 分别为电网故障后VSG 输出电压和电网电压㊂假设电网发生故障后,VSG 输出有功功率和有功功率指令值近似相等,即δF ʈδN ,Δδ被认为是一个很小的值,此时cosΔδʈ1,sinΔδʈΔδ,式(17)可进一步推导表示为P eF =32V F E FX g(sin δN +Δδcos δN )㊂(18)结合式(17),电网故障前后VSG 有功功率输出的关系为F =P eF P eN =V F E F (1+Δδcos δN )V N E N㊂(19)当电网故障后,根据式(19)适当调节VSG 有功功率参考值,避免功角持续增加,设置电网发生故障后的有功功率参考值为P ᶄref =V F E F (1+Δδcos δN )V N E NP ref ㊂(20)联立式(9)㊁式(11)和式(20)可得δ㊃㊃=E F J (((X g -1.5D q E F cos δ)2+6D q X g (V 0+D q Q 0)3D q+1.5D q E F cos δ-X g 3D q )(1+Δδcos δN V N E N P ref -3sin δ2X g ))-Dp J δ㊃㊂(21)图8是采用所提暂态控制策略的VSG 有功控制框图㊂由于实际电网电压幅值在一定范围内波动,为避免有功功率随之频繁波动,系统检测到电压幅值低于阈值时所提暂态控制策略生效,本文中设置电压阈值为90%E N ㊂考虑到实际中难以获取远端电网电压信息,其实时变化信息不能准确掌握㊂因此需要研究不依赖电网电压如何实现所提暂态控制策略㊂图8㊀采用所提暂态控制策略的VSG 有功控制环框图Fig.8㊀VSG active power control loop adopts the pro-posed transient control strategy根据图2所示,考虑VSG 分压时远端电网电压可表示[18]为E g =Z VSG +X g Z VSG V PCC -Xg Z VSGV r ㊂(22)图9展示了采用所提暂态控制策略的VSG 在电压跌落至0.2pu 时的相平面图,稳态运行功率为20kW㊂由于采用所提暂态控制策略,故障期间根据式(20)功率等级被自适应调整为3.53kW㊂正常情况下VSG 稳定工作在a 点,对应功角为0.27rad㊂电网发生故障后,VSG 功角增加至0.28rad㊂结合图6可知,采用所提暂态控制策略大大减小了功角变化量,使VSG 在电网严重故障时也存在稳态工作点,提高了VSG 的暂态稳定性㊂图9㊀采用所提暂态控制策略的VSG 相平面图(E =0.2pu )Fig.9㊀Influence of active power reference on VSGphase portrait (E =0.2pu )图10(a)为未采用所提暂态控制策略的VSG 功角曲线,虽然P n 随d δ/d t 动态变化,相较于P ref 有所下降,但S 加速>S 减速,根据式(12)可知,此时不满33第12期王继磊等:虚拟同步发电机暂态稳定性分析与控制策略足VSG 的暂态稳定边界条件,VSG 的功角持续增加,导致暂态失稳㊂图10(b)中采用所提暂态控制策略后,自适应调节P ref ,使得P n ʈP e ,S 加速<<S 减速,使得VSG 在电网严重故障情况下仍能保持暂态稳定㊂图10㊀VSG 的功角曲线(E =0.2pu )Fig.10㊀Power angle curve of VSG (E =0.2pu )4㊀半实物仿真验证为了验证理论分析的正确性,本节基于RT-LAB 的半实物仿真平台进行实验验证,平台如图11所示㊂根据图1搭建系统模型,在TI 公司的DSP -TMS320F28335进行算法实现,系统参数如表1所示㊂图11㊀基于RT-LAB 的半实物仿真平台Fig.11㊀Hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform based on RT-LAB表1㊀系统参数Table 1㊀System parameters㊀㊀㊀参数数值直流侧电压U dc /V 780滤波电感L f /mH 0.9滤波电容C f /μF10电网阻抗L g /mH5.3虚拟惯性J /(kg㊃m 2)0.05有功下垂系数D p 20无功下垂系数D q 0.002电网额定电压E /V311设置P ref =20kW,Q ref =0㊂当电压跌落深度不同时VSG 的暂态响应如图12所示,由图12(a)可以发现正常工况下VSG 的功角为0.27rad,在电网电压跌落至0.4pu 情况下系统保持稳定,故障发生后的功角稳态值为1.11rad,功角最大值为1.35rad㊂图12(b )中VSG 在电网电压跌落至0.2pu 后功角持续增大,有功功率㊁电流和功角发生振荡,VSG 暂态失稳㊂图12㊀电网故障时VSG 的暂态响应Fig.12㊀Transient response of VSG during grid fault当电网电压跌落至0.4pu,不同J 下VSG 的暂43电㊀机㊀与㊀控㊀制㊀学㊀报㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀第26卷㊀态响应波形如图13所示,正常工况下VSG 功角都是0.27rad㊂从图13(a)中发现,当J =0.02kg㊃m 2时,故障发生后的功角稳态值为1.11rad,动态过程基本无超调㊂图13(b)中J =0.1kg㊃m 2,电压跌落导致功角持续增大,有功功率㊁电流和功角发生振荡,VSG 暂态失稳㊂图13㊀不同虚拟惯性下VSG 的暂态响应(E =0.4pu )Fig.13㊀Transient response of VSG under different vir-tual inertia (E =0.4pu )图14为不同有功下垂系数下VSG 暂态响应波形,正常工况下VSG 功角都是0.27rad㊂图14(a)中D p =30时在故障暂态期间功角基本无超调,故障后的功角稳态值为1.11rad㊂图14(b)中D p 减小至10,功角持续增加,VSG 发生暂态失稳㊂图15为改变无功下垂系数时VSG 的暂态响应波形,从图15(a)中观察到当D q =0.001时故障后功角的稳态值为0.93rad,故障暂态期间功角最大值为1.12rad㊂对比图12(a),D q 增大使得功角的稳态值和暂态期间最大值有所增大㊂图15(b)中D q 为0.003,功角持续增大,电网发生故障后有功功率㊁电流和功角振荡,VSG 暂态失稳㊂图14㊀不同有功下垂系数下VSG 的暂态响应(E =0.4pu )Fig.14㊀Transient response of VSG under differentactive droop coefficients (E =0.4pu )图15㊀不同无功下垂系数下VSG 的暂态响应(E =0.4pu )Fig.15㊀Transient response of VSG under differentreactive droop coefficients (E =0.4pu )53第12期王继磊等:虚拟同步发电机暂态稳定性分析与控制策略图16为采用所提控制策略VSG 的暂态响应实验波形,电网电压跌落至0.2pu㊂从图中观察到电网故障后由于根据电网跌落程度自适应调整有功功率参考值,降低了有功功率的不平衡㊂与图12(b)相比,故障后功角略有增加,避免了暂态失稳,VSG 在电网发生严重故障情况下仍能保持稳定㊂图16㊀采用所提控制策略VSG 的暂态响应(E =0.2pu )Fig.16㊀Transient response of VSG using the proposedcontrol strategy (E =0.2pu )电网对称故障相较于不对称故障危害更为严重,但不对称故障较为常见㊂图17中E a 和E b 分别跌落至0.4pu 和0.6pu,采用所提暂态控制策略后,有功功率输出降低,功角略有增加,说明所提暂态控制策略在电网不平衡故障仍然适用㊂图17㊀采用所提控制策略不平衡故障下VSG 的暂态响应Fig.17㊀Transient response of VSG under unbalancedfault with the proposed control strategy5㊀结㊀论本文建立了VSG 的数学模型,采用相平面法分析了在电网故障下VSG 的暂态稳定性,研究了VSG 暂态失稳的边界条件,并进行半实物仿真验证㊂研究结果表明:1)电压跌落程度越严重,系统越容易暂态失稳㊂VSG 的暂态稳定性与控制参数有关,J 越大㊁D p越小,功角超调量越大,降低了系统的暂态稳定裕度㊂D q 不仅影响暂态动态过程,也会改变稳态工作点,并且D q 增大会恶化VSG 的暂态稳定性㊂2)VSG 的暂态失稳是有功功率不平衡导致功角持续增大导致的㊂为了避免VSG 发生暂态功角失稳,提出一种自适应调节有功功率参考值的暂态控制策略,提高了VSG 的暂态稳定性㊂本文的重点是分析VSG 的暂态稳定性并提出暂态控制策略㊂由实验波形发现电网故障导致VSG 出现电流冲击现象,文献[17]通过降低电压参考值抑制电流冲击,但这会削弱VSG 的电压支撑特性,影响VSG 的小信号稳定性㊂因此VSG 的短路电流抑制方法将在后续进一步研究㊂参考文献:[1]㊀王涛,诸自强,年珩.非理想电网下双馈风力发电系统运行技术综述[J].电工技术学报,2020,35(3):17.WANG Tao,ZHU Ziqiang,NIAN Heng.Review of operatingtechnology of doubly-fed wind power generation system under non-ideal grid [J ].Transaction of China Electrotechnical Society,2020,35(3):17.[2]㊀郭建祎,樊友平.基于改进粒子群算法的VSG 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[15]㊀PAN D,WANG X,LIU F,et al.Transient stability of voltage-source converters with grid-forming control:a design-orientedstudy[J].IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics inPower Electronics,2020,8(2):1019.[16]㊀尚磊,胡家兵,袁小明,等.电网对称故障下虚拟同步发电机建模与改进控制[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(2):9.SHANG Lei,HU Jiabing,YUAN Xiaoming,et al.Modeling andimproved control of virtual synchronous generators under symmet-rical faults of grid[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(2):9.[17]㊀李清辉,葛平娟,肖凡,等.基于功角与电流灵活调控的VSG故障穿越方法研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2020,40(7):2071.LI Qinghui,GE Pingjuan,XIAO Fan,et al.Study on fault ride-through method of VSG based on power angle and current flexibleregulation[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2020,40(7):2071.[18]㊀教煐宗,孙丹,年珩.基于虚拟同步机的并网逆变器不平衡电压灵活补偿策略[J].电力系统自动化,2019,43(3):7.JIAO Yingzong,SUN Dan,NIAN Heng.A flexible compensationstrategy for unbalance voltage of grid-connected inverter based onvirtual synchronous machine[J].Automation of Electric PowerSystems,2019,43(3):7.(编辑:刘琳琳)73第12期王继磊等:虚拟同步发电机暂态稳定性分析与控制策略。
C#中Abstract、Virtual和Override的使⽤及区别1. abstract 修饰符指⽰所修饰的内容缺少实现或未完全实现。
abstract修饰符可⽤于类、⽅法、属性、索引器和事件。
在类声明中使⽤abstract修饰符以指⽰某个类只能是其他类的基类。
标记为抽象或包含在抽象类中的成员必须通过从抽象类派⽣的类来实现。
(1)抽象类具有以下特性:1) 抽象类不能实例化。
2) 抽象类可以包含抽象⽅法和抽象访问器。
3) 不能⽤sealed修饰符修饰抽象类,因为这两个修饰符的含义是相反的。
采⽤sealed修饰符的类⽆法继承,⽽abstract修饰符要求对类进⾏继承。
4) 从抽象类派⽣的⾮抽象类必须包括继承的所有抽象⽅法和抽象访问器的实际实现。
5) 在⽅法或属性声明中使⽤abstract修饰符以指⽰⽅法或属性不包含实现。
(2)抽象⽅法具有以下特性:1) 抽象⽅法是隐式的虚⽅法。
2) 只允许在抽象类中使⽤抽象⽅法声明。
3) 因为抽象⽅法声明不提供实际的实现,所以没有⽅法体;⽅法声明只是以⼀个分号结束,并且在签名后没有⼤括号({ })。
(3)在抽象⽅法声明中使⽤static或virtual修饰符是错误的。
除了在声明和调⽤语法上不同外,抽象属性的⾏为与抽象⽅法⼀样。
在静态属性上使⽤abstract修饰符是错误的。
在派⽣类中,通过包括使⽤override修饰符的属性声明,可以重写抽象的继承属性。
publicabstractclassparent{protectedintx=100;protectedinty = 200;publicabstractvoidfunction();publicabstractintX {get; }publicabstractintY {get; }}publicclassnewperson:parent{publicoverridevoidfunction(){x++;y++;}publicoverrideintX{get{returnx+100; }}publicoverrideintYget{returny+100; }}}staticvoidMain(string[] args){newpersonp =newnewperson();Console.WriteLine(p.X);Console.WriteLine(p.Y);p.function();Console.WriteLine(p.X);Console.WriteLine(p.Y);Console.ReadKey();}2.virtual关键字⽤于修饰⽅法、属性、索引器或事件声明,并使它们可以在派⽣类中被重写。
基于自抗扰理论的欠驱动AUV无模型自适应路径跟踪控制付少波, 关夏威, 张 昊(武汉第二船舶设计研究所, 湖北 武汉, 430205)摘 要: 面向自主水下航行器(AUV)精准回收的任务需求, 针对AUV运动中模型不确定性、易受环境干扰导致的路径跟踪精度不足的问题, 从无模型控制的角度出发, 提出了一种适用于AUV的基于自抗扰控制理论的无模型自适应控制(ADRC-MFAC)算法。
该算法针对2阶系统模型特性, 结合视线角制导重新设计控制输入准则函数对无模型自适应控制(MFAC)进行了改进, 解决了MFAC只适用于自衡系统的问题。
引入跟踪微分器对期望信号进行指令平滑, 考虑未知复合干扰的影响设计了线性扩张状态观测器, 在控制器中对估计扰动进行补偿, 并证明了所提控制器的稳定性, 提升了系统鲁棒性。
在同样的干扰情况下, 文中控制方案相比传统比例-积分-微分控制器抗干扰能力提升了42.37%, 控制精度提高了45%, 表明ADRC-MFAC能够明显改善AUV的抗干扰性能, 提高路径跟踪精度。
关键词: 自主水下航行器; 无模型自适应控制; 路径跟踪; 自抗扰中图分类号: TJ63; U674 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 2096-3920(2024)02-0328-09DOI: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2023-0120Model-Free Adaptive Path Tracking Control Based on Active DisturbanceRejection Control for AUVsFU Shaobo, GUAN Xiawei, ZHANG Hao(Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China)Abstract: In view of the task requirements of accurate recovery of autonomous undersea vehicles(AUVs), a model-free adaptive control based on the active disturbance rejection control(ADRC-MFAC) algorithm was proposed from the perspective of model-free control, so as to improve the insufficient path tracking accuracy caused by model uncertainty and vulnerability to environmental interference in AUV motion. According to the characteristics of the second-order model system and line-of-sight guidance, the MFAC was improved by redesigning the control input criterion function, solving the problem that MFAC was only applicable to the self-balancing system. A tracking differentiator was introduced to smooth the desired signal, and a linear extended state observer was designed by considering the influence of unknown compound interference. The estimated disturbance was compensated for in the controller. The stability of the controller was verified, and system robustness was improved. Under the same interference, the proposed control scheme could improve the anti-interference ability and control precision by 42.37% and 45%, compared with the traditional proportional-integral-differential controller. The result shows that ADRC-MFAC can significantly improve the anti-interference performance of AUVs and enhance path tracking accuracy. Keywords: autonomous undersea vehicle; mode-free adaptive control; path tracking; active disturbance rejection收稿日期: 2023-10-10; 修回日期: 2023-12-02.基金项目: 湖北省青年拔尖人才基金资助.作者简介: 付少波(2000-), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为自主水下航行器导航与控制技术.第 32 卷第 2 期水下无人系统学报Vol.32 N o.2 2024 年 4 月JOURNAL OF UNMANNED UNDERSEA SYSTEMS Apr. 2024[引用格式] 付少波, 关夏威, 张昊. 基于自抗扰理论的欠驱动AUV无模型自适应路径跟踪控制[J]. 水下无人系统学报, 2024, 32(2): 328-336.0 引言海洋是人类赖以生存和发展的空间, 蕴藏着丰富资源[1]。
C++中abstract修饰类的用法1. 概述在C++中,我们经常会听到关于abstract类的概念。
那么,abstract 类到底是什么?它又有什么作用呢?2. 什么是abstract类在C++中,我们可以使用关键字“abstract”来修饰一个类,使其成为一个“abstract类”。
一个abstract类是一种不能被实例化的类,即不能创建它的对象。
abstract类通常用于定义接口和抽象的行为,它的目的是为了让其他类继承并实现它的纯虚函数。
3. abstract类的定义要定义一个abstract类,我们可以在类中声明纯虚函数。
纯虚函数是指在类中声明但没有实现的虚函数。
通过在函数声明后面加上“= 0”来将一个虚函数声明为纯虚函数。
例如:```C++class AbstractClass {public:virtual void pureVirtualFunction() = 0;};```4. abstract类的作用abstract类的作用主要有以下几点:- 定义接口:abstract类定义了一组接口,表示了一种抽象的行为。
其他类可以继承并实现这些接口。
这样一来,我们就可以通过基类指针来调用派生类的函数。
- 特定行为的约束:abstract类可以约束其派生类必须实现某些特定的行为。
这样一来,我们就可以确保派生类都具有相同的接口,从而提高代码的一致性和可维护性。
- 防止实例化:abstract类的对象不能被创建,这可以防止程序员错误地使用该类,从而避免一些潜在的错误。
5. 如何使用abstract类在C++中,我们可以通过继承abstract类并实现其中定义的纯虚函数来使用abstract类。
例如:```C++class ConcreteClass : public AbstractClass {public:void pureVirtualFunction() override {// 实现纯虚函数的具体逻辑}};```在上面的例子中,ConcreteClass继承了AbstractClass,并实现了其中定义的纯虚函数pureVirtualFunction。
2020.122020年第24期 · 中国农村卫生基于1+X 证书制度的老年照护拓展式课程的实践探索袁红网 李锦萍(通讯作者) 平步青(扬州市职业大学医学院临床教研室 江苏扬州 2225009)【摘 要】目的:总结我院基于1+X 证书制度的护理专业老年照护拓展式课程构建及实践效果。
方法:组建老年照护拓展式课程的构建团队,构建老年照护拓展式课程内容,并对我院100名三年制2018级护理学专业学生进行教学实践。
完成老年照护拓展式课程的教学内容培训后,100名学生参加老年照护职业技能等级证书(初级)考试,统计其理论考试和实操考试成绩及对教学的满意度。
结果:100名护理专业学生,老年照护职业技能等级证书(初级)考试理论成绩为60-90分,平均81.53分;实操考试成绩为40-90分,平均70.96分。
学生对教学态度、教学模式、教学效果、教学实训条件等方面的满意度为90.48%。
结论:基于1+X 证书制度的护理专业老年照护拓展式课程具有一定的可行性,待继续优化。
【关键词】 老年照护;1+X 证书制度;护理1+X 证书制度,“1”代表学历证书,“X”代表多个职业技能等级证书,1 + X 就是指将学历教育与技能等级标准考核相结合。
在1+X 证书制度下,各试点院校不仅要根据专业教学标准,还要按照职业等级标准的要求来培养人才,需将证书培训内容有机融入人才培养方案,优化课程设置和教学内容。
因此,深化教学方式方法的改革显得尤为重要。
作为首批老年照护职业技能等级证书的试点院校,2019年10月,我院在护理专业中构建基于1+X 证书制度的老年照护拓展式课程体系并实施教学,取得了良好的效果。
1对象按照自愿报名、自愿参加的原则,选取我校医学院三年制2018级护理学专业学生100名,其中男生13名,女生87名,年龄在19-22岁。
2方法由我院护理专业带头人、实训基地负责人、核心骨干教师组成老年照护拓展式课程构建团队,设置基于1+X 证书制度的护理专业老年照护的培养目标、培养计划,构建老年照护拓展式课程内容、设计教学模式和评价等,组织老年照护拓展式课程教学及老年照护职业技能等级证书考试。
TPO53 阅读-1Evidence of the Earliest Writing原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (10)原文Evidence of the Earliest Writing①Although literacy appeared independently in several parts of the prehistoric world, the earliest evidence of writing is the cuneiform Sumerian script on the clay tablets of ancient Mesopotamia, which, archaeological detective work has revealed, had its origins in the accounting practices of commercial activity. Researchers demonstrated that preliterate people, to keep track of the goods they produced and exchanged, created a system of accounting using clay tokens as symbolic representations of their products. Over many thousands of years, the symbols evolved through several stages of abstraction until they became wedge-shaped (cuneiform) signs on clay tablets, recognizable as writing.②The original tokens (circa 8500 B.C.E.) were three-dimensional solid shapes—tiny spheres, cones, disks, and cylinders. A debt of six units of grain and eight head of livestock, for example might have been represented by six conical and eight cylindrical tokens. To keep batches of tokens together, an innovation was introduced (circa 3250 B. C. E.) whereby they were sealed inside clay envelopes that could be broken open and counted when it came time for a debt to be repaid. But because the contents of the envelopes could easily be forgotten, two-dimensional representations of the three-dimensional tokens were impressed into the surface of the envelopes before they were sealed. Eventually, having two sets of equivalent symbols—the internal tokens and external markings—came to seem redundant, so the tokens were eliminated (circa 3250-3100 B.C.E.), and only solid clay tablets with two-dimensional symbols were retained. Over time, the symbols became more numerous, varied, and abstract and came to represent more than trade commodities, evolving eventually into cuneiform writing.③The evolution of the symbolism is reflected in the archaeological record first of all by the increasing complexity of the tokens themselves. The earliest tokens, dating from about 10,000 to 6,000 years ago, were of only the simplest geometricshapes. But about 3500 B.C.E., more complex tokens came into common usage, including many naturalistic forms shaped like miniature tools, furniture, fruit, and humans. The earlier, plain tokens were counters for agricultural products, whereas the complex ones stood for finished products, such as bread, oil, perfume, wool, and rope, and for items produced in workshops, such as metal, bracelets, types of cloth, garments, mats, pieces of furniture, tools, and a variety of stone and pottery vessels. The signs marked on clay tablets likewise evolved from simple wedges, circles, ovals, and triangles based on the plain tokens to pictographs derived from the complex tokens.④Before this evidence came to light, the inventors of writing were assumed by researchers to have been an intellectual elite. Some, for example, hypothesized that writing emerged when members of the priestly caste agreed among themselves on written signs. But the association of the plain tokens with the first farmers and of the complex tokens with the first artisans—and the fact that the token-and-envelope accounting system invariably represented only small-scale transactions—testifies to the relatively modest social status of the creators of writing.⑤And not only of literacy, but numeracy (the representation of quantitative concepts) as well. The evidence of the tokens provides further confirmation that mathematics originated in people’s desire to keep records of flocks and other goods. Another immensely significant step occurred around 3100 B.C.E., when Sumerian accountants extended the token-based signs to include the first real numerals. Previously, units of grain had been represented by direct one-to-one correspondence―by repeating the token or symbol for a unit of grain the required number of times. The accountants, however, devised numeral signs distinct from commodity signs, so that eighteen units of grain could be indicated by preceding a single grain symbol with a symbol denoting “18.”Their invention of abstract numerals and abstract counting was one of the most revolutionary advances in the history of mathematics.⑥What was the social status of the anonymous accountants who produced this breakthrough? The immense volume of clay tablets unearthed in the ruins of the Sumerian temples where the accounts were kept suggests a social differentiation within the scribal class, with a virtual army of lower-ranking tabulators performing the monotonous job of tallying commodities. We can only speculate as to how high or low the inventors of true numerals were in the scribal hierarchy, but it stands to reason that this laborsaving innovation would have been the brainchild of the lower-ranking types whose drudgery is eased.译文最早文字的证据①虽然读写能力是在史前世界的几个地方分别出现的,但书写的最早证据是古代美索不达米亚泥板上的苏美尔楔形文字,根据考古探查工作揭示,它起源于商业活动的会计实践。
1Keywords: Virtual community, sense of virtual community, virtual community origin.2001 — Twenty-Second International Conference on Information Systems 1SENSE OF VIRTUAL COMMUNITY:DETERMINANTS AND THE MODERATING ROLE OF THE VIRTUAL COMMUNITY ORIGIN 1Joon KohGraduate School of ManagementKorea Advanced Institute of Science andYoung-Gul Kim Graduate School of Management Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Extended AbstractINTRODUCTIONWith the rapidly broadening coverage of the Internet, the virtual community has become an interesting topic for IT professionals and management researchers. Despite the explosive growth of virtual communities on the Internet, limited empirical research has been conducted to study the issues related to the psychological states of the virtual community members.The objective of this study is to enhance the existing knowledge about virtual communities by introducing a new construct, sense of virtual community, and empirically validating the effects of virtual community characteristics on the sense of virtual community. This study intends to answer the following questions:•What is the sense of virtual community ? Is there any unique property differentiating it from a traditional community?•What are the key factors affecting the sense of virtual community at the individual level?•Does the origin of a virtual community moderate the relationship between virtual community characteristics and sense of virtual community?SENSE OF VIRTUAL COMMUNITY AND VIRTUAL COMMUNITY ORIGINComputer-mediated community environments need the commitment of their members just like traditional community environ-ments, based on the fact that we understand the virtual community to be “a community extended via emerging technologies.”Among the four elements (membership, influence, integration, and emotional connection) that McMillan and Chavis (1986) regard as the components of a sense of community, membership and influence are considered as common perception factors in both virtual and traditional communities. Reflecting on the unique characteristics of the virtual space, we introduce the new dimension of immersion , using an expanded concept of flow (Csikszentimihalyi 1975; Hoffman and Novak 1996). Thus, sense of virtual community is treated as having three dimensions: (1) membership —people experience feelings of belonging to their virtual community, (2) influence —people influence other members or their community, and (3) immersion —people feel the state of flow during virtual community navigation. We define sense of virtual community as the psychological state of perceiving the three dimensions of membership, influence, and immersion, formed through the activities of the virtual community.With respect to the origin of virtual communities, they can be dichotomized as online originated and offline originated . We are interested in examining the moderating effect of the virtual community origin on the proposed relationships between virtual community characteristics and sense of virtual community.Koh & Kim/Sense of Virtual CommunityRESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHESESWe concentrate our efforts on developing a conceptual foundation for understanding a virtual community, introducing sense of virtual community, its determinants, and the moderating variable. The research model is presented in Figure 1. The related hypotheses are:Hypothesis 1:There is a positive relationship between leaders’ enthusiasm and membership.Hypothesis 2:There is a positive relationship between similarity and membership.Hypothesis 3:There is a positive relationship between offline activities and membership.Hypothesis 4:There is a positive relationship between offline activities and influence.Hypothesis 5:There is a positive relationship between offline activities and immersion.Hypothesis 6:There is a positive relationship between playfulness and influence.Hypothesis 7:There is a positive relationship between playfulness and immersion.Hypothesis 8:The virtual community origin moderates the relationship between virtual community characteristics and membership.Hypothesis 9:The virtual community origin moderates the relationship between virtual community characteristics and influence.Hypothesis 10:The virtual community origin moderates the relationship between virtual community characteristics and immersion.Figure 1. The Research ModelMETHODS, RESULTS, AND DISCUSSIONSWe developed the instruments for our variables based on the relevant literature, collected data with a convenient sampling method (172 responses with 76% response rate), and conducted the factor analysis, the reliability test, the multiple regression analyses, the moderated regression analyses (Atuahene-Gima and Li 2000), and others.22001 — Twenty-Second International Conference on Information SystemsKoh & Kim/Sense of Virtual Community By analyzing 172 usable paper-based questionnaires, virtual community characteristics affecting the sense of virtual community were detected at the individual level. Membership was significantly affected by (1) leaders’ enthusiasm, (2) perceived similarity, and (3) offline activities (Hypotheses 1, 2, and 3 are supported). Offline activities had the strongest impact on membership and influence in the virtual community. This is consistent with the results of prior studies: strong ties cannot be sustained without physical cues (e.g., Beniger 1987). However, the variable of offline activities does not seem to be a significant factor affecting immersion (Hypothesis 5 is not supported). We interpret this to mean that offline activities incur two effects: (1) fostering members to commit to the community and (2) preventing members from becoming fully immersed in the community online activity. We presume that the two contradicting effects of offline activities on immersion might cancel each other and suggest that further research will be necessary for developing a relevant contingency theory. Immersion was influenced only by playfulness (Hypothesis 7 is supported), while perceived influence was significantly affected by offline activities and playfulness (Hypotheses 4 and 6 are supported). The result implies that a virtual community should find and meet the needs of its members, supporting Kim’s (2000) observations that successful communities evolve to keep pace with the changing needs of their members. It also suggests that virtual communities should encourage their members to meet each other in the offline setting, so that their members may perceive high influence.Another important finding of this study is that the impacts of virtual community characteristics on the sense of virtual community are contingent on the virtual community origin. Both leaders’ enthusiasm and similarity affected membership more strongly in the case of an online originated virtual community than in the case of an offline originated one (Hypothesis 8 is supported). Also, offline activities affected influence more strongly in the online originated virtual community than in the offline originated one, which supports Hypothesis 9. The results imply that in the case of an online originated virtual community, practitioners should concentrate more on empowering active leaders, enhancing perceived similarity with other members, fostering interactions between members, and holding various events in an offline setting. However, no significant moderating effect of the virtual community origin on the relationships between virtual community characteristics and immersion was found (Hypothesis 10 is not supported).Since the data was collected only in Korea and the target communities were chosen with a convenient sampling method, the general applicability of the findings is limited. Also, there exist high correlations among independent variables, which seem to be caused by CMV (Common Method Variance). Nevertheless, we believe that establishing the sense of virtual community construct provides a valuable perspective for in-depth understanding of virtual community and its members’ behaviors. ReferencesAtuahene-Gima, K., and Li, H. “Marketing’s Influence Tactics in New Product Development: A Study of High Technology Firms in China,”Journal of Product Innovation Management (17), 2000, pp. 451-470.Beniger, J. “Personalization of Mass Media and the Growth of Pseudo-Community,”Communication Research (14), 1987, pp.352-371.Csikszentmihalyi, M. Beyond Boredom and Anxiety, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, 1975.Hoffman, D. L., and Novak, T. P. “Marketing in Hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environments: Conceptual Foundations,”Journal of Marketing (60:3), 1996, pp. 50-73.Kim, A. J. Community Building on the Web, Peachpit Press, Berkeley, CA, 2000.McMillan, D. W., and Chavis, D. M. “Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory,”Journal of Community Psychology (14), 1986, pp. 6-23.2001 — Twenty-Second International Conference on Information Systems 3。