英汉翻译教程
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1 / 1 英汉翻译教程
张培基
第一讲 翻译原则简介
一、教学目的:了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题
二、教学过程:
1.翻译的定义和内涵:(Definition and Connotation)
Translation is an art/ science/craft?
2. 中国几位翻译家的理论(influential translation principles):
严复:信达雅--- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a
plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖。矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖賃。
傅雷:神似---spiritual conformity. Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the
original.强调原作神韵再现。聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净。聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净祸。
钱钟书:化境---sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese
version for the sake of the Chinese reader.残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟。残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟婭。
刘重德:信、达、切---faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.
3.中国翻译史上的论争:
鲁迅:宁信而不顺---rather to be faithful than smooth。 目的:引入英文句式的表达法酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥。酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥顧。
梁实秋、赵景深:宁顺而不信---rather to be smooth than faithful 目的:可读性强,便于交流。彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑。彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑诒。
4.直译与意译:
直译---literal translation 意译:free translation
直译的例子:crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿; chain reaction连锁反应; gentlemen’s agreement君子协定; one country, two systems 一国两制;謀荞抟箧飆鐸怼类蒋薔。謀荞抟箧飆鐸怼类蒋薔點。
The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流; paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s
last---断气; go to one’s external rest---安息; the long sleep---长眠; see Marx 见马克思;厦礴恳蹒骈時盡继價骚。厦礴恳蹒骈時盡继價骚卺。
Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂; blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡 茕桢广鳓鯡选块网羈泪。茕桢广鳓鯡选块网羈泪镀。
kick the bucket 蹬腿: You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket 鹅娅尽損鹌惨歷茏鴛賴。鹅娅尽損鹌惨歷茏鴛賴縈。
直译不等于死译(dead translation):
街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生:Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.籟丛妈羥为贍偾蛏练淨。籟丛妈羥为贍偾蛏练淨槠。
“In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”.預頌圣鉉儐歲龈讶骅籴。預頌圣鉉儐歲龈讶骅籴買。
她一大早起床,进城,见到了她的公爹:She got up early, went to the town and saw her public
father. Public father should be father in law.渗釤呛俨匀谔鱉调硯錦。渗釤呛俨匀谔鱉调硯錦鋇。
意译的例子:It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adam’s apple铙誅卧泻噦圣骋贶頂廡。铙誅卧泻噦圣骋贶頂廡缝。
句子比较:Little fish does not eat big fish
直译:小鱼不吃大鱼 意译:胳膊拧不过大腿
试译:天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福:
直译:Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.擁締凤袜备訊顎轮烂蔷。擁締凤袜备訊顎轮烂蔷報。
意译:The weather and human life are both unpredictable贓熱俣阃歲匱阊邺镓騷。贓熱俣阃歲匱阊邺镓騷鯛。
有人说,翻译是带着镣铐跳舞(translation is like dancing in fetters);还有人说,翻译像女人,忠实的不漂亮,漂亮的不忠实。实际上,忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。坛摶乡囂忏蒌鍥铃氈淚。坛摶乡囂忏蒌鍥铃氈淚跻。
5.归化与异化(domestication/adaptation or foreignization / alienation)蜡變黲癟報伥铉锚鈰赘。蜡變黲癟報伥铉锚鈰赘籜。
归化的翻译在理论上是把语言看作交际工具;在实践上,强调通俗易懂,避免多义或歧义。习惯认为,当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时,“要用译语文化替代原语文化”即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面,或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表个人资料整理,仅供个人学习使用
1 / 1 达法,把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象。買鲷鴯譖昙膚遙闫撷凄。買鲷鴯譖昙膚遙闫撷凄届。
归化派代表人物尤金•奈达(Eugene A. Nida): Functional Equivalence 功能对等綾镝鯛駕櫬鹕踪韦辚糴。綾镝鯛駕櫬鹕踪韦辚糴飙。
What is functional equivalence?
“The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in
essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”;驅踬髏彦浃绥譎饴憂锦。驅踬髏彦浃绥譎饴憂锦諑。
“Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the
original”---- Nida猫虿驢绘燈鮒诛髅貺庑。猫虿驢绘燈鮒诛髅貺庑献。
For instance: as white as snow 通常译为白如雪 / 但没有见过雪的人可以将其翻译为“白如白鹭毛”,以达到功能对等的目的。锹籁饗迳琐筆襖鸥娅薔。锹籁饗迳琐筆襖鸥娅薔嗚。
Spring up like mushrooms---雨后春笋
Everybody's business is nobody's business. 三个和尚无水喝
Among the blind the one -eyed man is king. 山中无老虎,猴子称霸王構氽頑黉碩饨荠龈话骛。構氽頑黉碩饨荠龈话骛門。
然而,翻译负有文化交流的使命,即尽可能把一个民族的语言和文化习惯介绍给另一个民族。鲁迅先生就特别强调译文要“保留原文的丰姿”。 在南京大学姜秋霞教授举办的一次翻译调查中,多数读者认为,读异国文学是为了欣赏异国作品特有的韵味和语言风格,他们在读译文之前就已经对不同文化的差异有了一定的心理准备,有些人读译文的目的之一是想了解外国人与中国人之间的异同究竟在什么地方。因此,从促进世界文化交流这个角度上讲,我们在处理英译汉或汉译英时,都应着力于全面、完整地向译语读者介绍对方(己方)的全部意蕴,包括文化。特别要强调的是,在汉译英中,我们尤其要树立这种文化意识,积极创造条件,弘扬中华文化,帮助英语读者扩大加深对中华文化的了解。异化的翻译无疑在文化交流方面起了巨大的作用。輒峄陽檉簖疖網儂號泶。輒峄陽檉簖疖網儂號泶蛴。
异化派代表人物韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti ):
All roads lead to Rome: 条条大道通罗马 不能译成:殊途同归
To teach one’s grandmother to eat eggs: 教老祖母吃鸡蛋 不能译成:班门弄斧尧侧閆繭絳闕绚勵蜆贅。尧侧閆繭絳闕绚勵蜆贅瀝。
班门弄斧:show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.识饒鎂錕缢灩筧嚌俨淒。识饒鎂錕缢灩筧嚌俨淒侬。
Hence:
Make hay while it is sunshine: 不能译成:趁热打铁
If I slapped someone, He would see the way to Cracow: 要是我给谁一巴掌,准会把他扇到克拉科去。不能:一巴掌扇到西天去。凍鈹鋨劳臘锴痫婦胫籴。凍鈹鋨劳臘锴痫婦胫籴铍。
武松要吃酒,哪里听他人发说,一转身道:“放屁!放屁!”pass your wind/sheer nonsense恥諤銪灭萦欢煬鞏鹜錦。恥諤銪灭萦欢煬鞏鹜錦聰。
6.段落翻译练习:
沿着荷塘,是一条曲折的小煤屑路。这是一条幽僻的路;白天也少人走,夜晚更加寂寞。荷塘四面,长着许多树,蓊蓊郁郁的。路的一旁,是些杨柳,和一些不知道名字的树。没有月光的晚上,这路上阴森森的,有些怕人。今晚却很好,虽然月光也还是淡淡的。鯊腎鑰诎褳鉀沩懼統庫。鯊腎鑰诎褳鉀沩懼統庫摇。
Beside the lotus pond there is a small tortuous cinder path. This is a secluded road even by
day, more isolated still at night. Around the pond, there are many trees rich in leaves, lush and
green. There are some willows along the path, and some trees whose names I do not know. When