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功能安全 Part 5 附录 D.2.1.1 解读1.简介在功能安全的领域中，标准I SO26262是一项重要的技术规范。
本文将着重解读该标准的P ar t5附录D.2.1.1，帮助读者更好地理解其中的内容。
2.标准背景I S O26262是为了应对汽车电子系统的功能安全而制定的国际标准。
其目的是确保车辆在出现故障时依然能提供足够的安全性能。
P a rt5则是该标准的重要部分，涵盖了许多关键的要求和指导。
3.附录 D.2.1.1 概述在I SO26262的Pa rt5附录D.2.1.1中，强调了根据系统安全等级设计和构建安全相关电子系统的重要性。
本附录还提供了与安全级别相关的开发和验证的要求指南。
3.1安全级别概述附录D.2.1.1首先详细介绍了安全级别的概念。
安全级别是根据系统的安全性能需求来确定的，分为A SI LA、A S IL B、AS IL C和AS I LD四个级别。
不同的安全级别对应着不同的安全性能需求和进行的验证工作。
3.2安全性能需求本附录还明确了根据不同的安全级别确定的安全性能需求。
对于每个安全级别，需要明确安全指标、失效几率和失效的严重性。
同时，必须将这些需求与系统的安全目标相一致。
3.3开发和验证附录D.2.1.1进一步对开发和验证进行了详细的要求和指导。
主要包括以下几个方面：3.3.1安全文档要求制定包含每个安全级别需求的安全文档，并确保文档的完整性和一致性。
文档应包括故障分析、安全概念等内容，以支持系统的安全性能。
3.3.2合理约束开发过程中，必须明确各个阶段的限制和约束条件。
这些约束包括错误假设、硬件和软件的限制等。
合理的约束有助于减少故障的出现，提高系统的安全性能。
3.3.3必要验证在各个开发阶段，必须进行必要的验证工作以确保系统的安全性能。
验证方法可以包括仿真、测试、评估等。
验证结果应与系统的安全性能指标相一致。
4.结论I S O26262的P ar t5附录D.2.1.1提供了一套详细的指南，帮助设计和构建安全相关电子系统。
Part FiveScattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from earth other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures（cracks）; in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability（inconstancy）.17. The author believes that _____ .A）the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interiorB）the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be trueC）the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directionsD）the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart18. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that _____ .A）the two continents are still moving in opposite directionsB）they have been found to share certain geological featuresC）the African plates has been stable for 30 million yearsD）over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe19. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining _____ .A）the structure of the African plates B）the revival of dead volcanoesC）the mobility of the continents D）the formation of new oceans20. The passage is mainly about _____ .A）the features of volcanic activitiesB）the importance of the theory about drifting platesC）the significance of hot spots in geophysical studiesD）the process of the formation of volcanoesUnit 5 （1998）Part 5重点词汇：1. interior （内部的；内部）←inter+ior，inter“在⾥⾯”，-ior后缀, n.2. milestone （⾥程碑）←mile+stone。
ket 听力part 5 例题一、KET听力Part 5简介KET（Key English Test）是剑桥英语考试体系中的初级水平考试，适用于年龄在14-16岁的青少年。
KET听力部分共分为四个部分，Part 5是其中的一项，主要测试考生在日常生活场景中的英语听力理解能力。
二、解题技巧1.关注问题类型在Part 5中，问题类型主要有三种：选择题、填空题和完成句子。
考生在做题时首先要明确问题类型，以便有针对性地寻找答案。
2.捕捉关键信息在听录音材料时，考生要关注对话中的细节，如人物关系、地点、时间等，以便在答题时能迅速找到正确答案。
此外，还要注意对话中的转折、强调等语调变化，这些地方往往隐藏着答案。
3.掌握推测能力在听录音材料时，考生要学会根据已知信息进行推测。
例如，当听到一个人表示喜欢某样事物时，可以推测他/她对此事物有较高的兴趣。
三、例题解析1.题目概述以下是一道KET听力Part 5的例题：M: Hi, can you tell me how to get to the post office?W: Sure.Go straight ahead, then turn left.The post office is on yourright.问：他们正在谈论什么？A.如何去图书馆B.如何去邮局C.如何去超市2.解题步骤（1）分析问题类型：此题属于选择题。
（2）捕捉关键信息：听到男子问如何去某个地方，女子回答说“go straight ahead, then turn left”，并指出目的地在右边。
（3）根据关键信息，判断正确答案：根据女子的回答，可知他们在谈论如何去邮局，故选B。
四、练习与提高1.推荐练习资源为了提高KET听力成绩，建议考生多练习剑桥英语考试官方教材及模拟试题。
此外，还可以关注一些英语听力教学网站和APP，如VOA、BBC等。
2.制定学习计划考生应根据自己的实际情况制定学习计划。
Part 5 雅思阅读----Summary(摘要填空)1．题型特点1）按照范围分类------全文摘要//部分段落摘要2）按照填空内容分类-----原文原词//选词//自己写词3）遵循"顺序原则"4）答案多为名词原词重现2．解题步骤(1 ) 明确题目字数要求及原文范围（2）仔细读摘要的首末句，宏观确定原文范围。
（3）微观把控---空格定位词---语法词性//语义语义---利用逻辑：并列/递进/转折注意空格前后的词，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。
（4）原文对应----理解句意对应词的特点如下：A．原词B．词性变化；如空格前的词为threatening,是形容词，原文中的词为threat, 是名词。
C．语态变化D．同义词；throw away---discard(丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，它们是同义词。
NOTICE1．注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。
2．若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。
下列比较生僻的词如sustainable（可持续的）、biodegradable （可生物降解的）、contaminants（废物，杂物）、nostrils（鼻孔）都是一些题目的答案。
3．从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。
4．从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。
（1）原文原词（2）词性变化：necessary—necessi ty（3）语态变化（4）同义词：tight—restricted Policy--initiative （6）归纳：5．瞻前顾后，注意代词指代6．根据并列关系，迅速预判词性—语法7.根据逻辑关系词，迅速定位答案----语义8. 大小写。
Part5 Unit6 Craftsmanship教案-【中职专用】高一英语同步精品课堂（二）（高教版2021·基础模块2）Part 5 Unit 6 Craftsmanship教案教学目标：1.能够理解新单词和表达方式。
2.掌握对比和对话的语言结构和技巧，能够用英文谈论两种不同的工艺制作。
3.通过听取阅读材料、讨论和小组活动，提高阅读理解和交流技能，培养团队合作精神。
教学重点：学生能够用英文进行对话，练习并提高听写能力。
教学难点：正确使用新单词，理解听力材料并能够用英语讨论两种不同的工艺制作。
教学方法：交互式教学法，合作学习法，演练法教学手段：多媒体教学法，小组讨论法，PPT展示法教学过程：Step 1 Lead-in：1.介绍工艺制作的常见方式，引导学生自然对这一话题有了兴趣。
2.呈现图片库，让学生感受不同工艺的美好。
3.通过图片，学生可以探究不同工艺制品的优点和缺点，以及它们可以达到的效果。
Step 2 Vocabulary：1.通过互动研究的方式，引导学生了解技师、木工、马铃薯、陶工、石工、纺织者、编织者这些新单词。
学生可以将它们用于辨别不同的职业和技能。
2.给学生一些实用的生活和生态术语，例如法国的面包、规模和质量等，这些知识可以帮助学生更好地理解阅读材料，并更好地进行讨论。
Step 3 Listening and Speaking：1.通过听力实践，让学生加强听力技能。
2.通过对话演练，练习用英文表达对比，讨论两种不同的工艺制作。
Step 4 Reading and Discussion：1.呈现文章，学生独立阅读文章，既可以理解工艺制品制作的历史和原因，也可以理解人们对不同工艺制品的热爱和追求。
2.组织学生进行小组讨论，根据文章，探讨工艺制品在当今社会的价值，并能提出自己的看法。
Step 5 Practice：1.学生根据文章，完成练习，既锻炼了听力和口语，也巩固了他们的阅读和写作能力。
This is the VOA Special English Education Report.One job of an athletic trainer is to treat injured athletes. But does it make a difference if the trainer is male or female?Sometimes, yes , if an injury or condition is a "male problem" or a "female problem." Then athletes say they are more likely to want treatment by someone of their own sex.But what about a problem that could affect either sex, like a dislocated shoulder? Researchers at North Carolina State University asked male football players at two American colleges.The study found that those players would still probably choose a male trainer -- unless the injury made them feel depressed. Then they would most likely choose a female trainer.The researchers offer two possible explanations. They say football players might be seen as "weak" if they talk about their depression with a male trainer. Also, over half the players described female trainers with words like "caring," "nurturing" and "affectionate."The researchers say this shows that "gender stereotypes" have influenced the opinions of the players about women. They say the concern is that players might see the training room as not the place even for well-qualified women.The study, led by Heidi Grappendorf, is in the Journal of Athletic Training.Trainers are an important part of an athlete's life. But an organization based in California is working with coaches to help influence boys to show more respect toward girls and women.Feroz Moideen is director of the Coaching Boys into Men program of the Family Violence Prevention Fund. He says the nonprofit organization works with police, judges, teachers and coaches. He says the group used a million-and-a-half-dollar donation from the Nike Foundation to expand the program to cricket players in India.FEROZ MOIDEEN: "We tried to use the power of cricket coaches in that instance to reach young boys and, once again, to educate them about healthy relationships and to model healthy and respectful behavior toward women and girls."Written materials are also being provided to other countries through UNICEF, the United Nations children's and educational agency.Brian O'Connor of the Family Violence Prevention Fund says young men need guidelines in how to treat young women -- in person or online.BRIAN O'CONNOR: "Talking about unwanted or excessive text messaging, or breaking intosomeone's Facebook account. We're calling this digital dating abuse, another form of abuse that has been really heightened now through technology."And that's the VOA Special English Education Report. You can find our reports online at and on Facebook and Twitter at VOA Learning English. I'm Jim Tedder. 1.dislocated 【医】移位的,离位的,脱位的dislocate vt.使(骨头)关节脱位例句：The football player dislocated his shoulder.那足球运动员的肩关节脱臼了。
2.depressed adj.精神不振的,忧伤的,消沉的例句：He looked depressed,even suicidal.他看上去很沮丧,甚至于沮丧到想自杀。
He was really depressed about the business last week, but he’s all smiles now.A very big order has just come in.上个星期他还为生意愁眉苦脸的,可是现在卻喜形于色,因为刚接到一笔大订单。
3.affectionate adj.慈爱的,充满深情的,温柔亲切的,表示关爱的例句：His face took on an affectionate glow.他的脸上洋溢着热情的红光。
4.stereotype n.铅版,陈腔滥调,老套例句：He's the stereotype of an army officer.他属于把种老派的军官。
5.expand vt.vi.使…变大, 扩大, 扩张, 增强（尺码、数量或重要性）例句：The ranks of the teachers are constantly expanding.教师队伍日益扩大了。
6.instance n.例子,事例,实例;场合,情况例句：This is only one instance out of many.这不过是许多例子中的一个。
7.unwanted adj.不需要的;多余的,不受欢迎的;无用的例句：This notice should keep unwanted visitors out.这条启示能把闲人拒之门外。
Have you any unwanted articles for the jumble sale?你可有用不着的东西拿去当旧杂货拍卖吗?8.excessive adj.过度的, 过分的; 极度的例句：She takes an excessive interest in clothes.她过分注重衣着。
The prices at this hotel are excessive.这家旅馆的价钱贵得过分。
9.heighten vt.vi.(使)变高, (使)增大例句：Day by day the structure heightened.建筑物逐日增高。
(使)提高; (使)加强[重]例句：The news heightened my fears.这消息使我更加恐惧。
1.But does it make a difference if the trainer is male or female?make a difference紧要，有关系例句：It will make a very big difference.这将造成很大的差别。
It do not make a blind bit of difference.这根本没关系。
2.Then athletes say they are more likely to want treatment by someone of their own sex.“be of+ 表示年龄（age ）、大小（size ）、颜色（color ）、重量（weight ）、高度（height ）、价格（price ）、意见（opinion ）、形状（shape ）、种类（kind ）和方法（way ）等的名词”，表示“具有……”，说明主语的特征。
例如：When I was of your age，I entered the war.当我是你这个年龄的时候，我就去打仗了。
These flowers are of different colors.这些花的颜色都不同。
