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A Perspective on the SEC’s Proposal to Accept

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Accounting HorizonsV ol.22,No.2American Accounting Association 2008DOI:10.2308/acch.2008.22.2.241 pp.241–248A Perspective on the SEC’s Proposal to Accept Financial Statements Prepared in Accordance with International Financial ReportingStandards(IFRS)without Reconciliationto U.S.GAAPAmerican Accounting Association’sFinancial Accounting Standards Committee,Karim Jamal(principal author);George J.Benston;Douglas R.Carmichael; Theodore E.Christensen;Robert H.Colson(chair);Stephen R.Moehrle;Shivaram Rajgopal;Thomas L.Stober;Shyam Sunder;Ross L.WattsSYNOPSIS:The Securities and Exchange Commission͑SEC͒recently issued a call forcomment on a proposal to acceptfinancial statements prepared in accordance withInternational Financial Reporting Standards͑IFRS͒without reconciliation to U.S.GAAP.Accounting researchers have attempted to assess the quality of IFRS using differentmethods and criteria.While we are skeptical of drawing direct conclusions about theSEC’s proposal based on this research,there is adequate evidence that both IFRS andU.S.GAAP provide useful information to investors and other users offinancial state-ments.Moreover,we see no conclusive research evidence thatfinancial reports pre-pared using U.S.GAAP are better than reports prepared using IFRS.The prudentapproach when faced with alternatives with no clear difference in quality is to promotecompetition among them,which supports adopting the SEC’s proposal to permit foreignprivate issuers a choice between IFRS and U.S.GAAP.Furthermore,to help improveU.S.and international GAAP through standards-setting competition,we recommendthat the Commission extend the choice of IFRS to panies,and require allcompanies to indicate clearly whether they arefiling under U.S.GAAP or IFRS.Finally,we recommend that the Commission and its staff investigate and seek feedback on theeducational consequences of its proposed actions.This attention will help educators tobetter prepare future professionals to implement these proposed regulatory changes.INTRODUCTIONThe Securities and Exchange Commission͑SEC͒recently issued a call for comment on a proposal͑hereafter,Proposal͒to acceptfinancial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards͑IFRS͒without reconciliation to U.S.GAAP.Submitted:October2007Accepted:December2007Published Online:June2008241242AAA F ASC While this paper summarizes the comments of the Financial Accounting Standards Committee of the American Accounting Association to the SEC,it does not represent an official position of the American Accounting Association.The SEC’s call for comment is a121-page document that seeks advice on49separate issues with respect to private foreign issuers that do not use U.S.GAAP.Rather than commenting on each specific issue,we will discussfive key issues where extant accounting scholarly research has most relevance.Accounting researchers have attempted to assess the quality of IFRS using various ap-proaches.While we are skeptical of drawing direct conclusions about the SEC’s proposal based on this research,there is adequate evidence that IFRS and U.S.GAAP both meet a minimum quality threshold.Moreover,we see no conclusive research evidence that either is of higher quality than the other at this time.The prudent approach when faced with alternatives with no clear means of ranking on quality is to promote competition among them,which supports adopting the SEC’s basic proposal to permit foreign private issuers a choice between IFRS and U.S.GAAP.1 Another stream of academic research emphasizes that the quality offinancial accounting and reporting standards is not sufficient to ensure their comparable application because of differences across national,sovereign environments in which such standards are applied.Issues associated with reconciliation of IFRS with U.S.GAAP will depend as much on the legal,auditing,regula-tory,governance,enforcement,financing,and cultural environments of a country as on thefinan-cial accounting and reporting standards adopted.Delaying the adoption of IFRS,or insisting on convergence of IFRS with U.S.GAAP before permitting IFRS use,does not strike us as necessary while these other issues are dealt with.Since all foreign companies issuing shares in the United States will be subject to the SEC’s jurisdiction and enforcement,these national institutional dif-ferences are not relevant to companies listed on U.S.stock exchanges.To help improve U.S.and international GAAP through standards-setting competition,we recommend that the Commission should also consider extending the choice of IFRS to domestic ͑U.S.͒companies,and require all companies to indicate clearly whether they arefiling under U.S. GAAP or IFRS.We also recommend that the Commission and its staff should address and seek feedback on the educational consequences of its proposed actions as a part of its routine process going forward in the future.Such attention will help better implement the regulatory intent of the Commission.RESPONSE TO SEC QUESTIONSThe SEC proposes to acceptfinancial standards based on IFRS with no reconciliation to U.S. GAAP.Current scholarly research provides relevant insights on the followingfive issues raised in the SEC’s proposal:•Are IFRS“quality”accounting standards?͑Q1,p.27͒•Should acceptance of IFRS-based accounting standards be contingent on convergence of U.S.and IFRS standards?͑Q2,p.27͒•Should the timing of acceptance of IFRS-basedfinancial statements depend on foreign issuers,auditfirms,and other constituencies having more experience with preparing IFRS financial statements?͑Q6,p.34͒•How useful is the reconciliation to U.S.GAAP from IFRS for comparing companies?͑Q11,p.41͒1On November15,2007,the SEC voted to allow foreign issuers to use IFRS without requiring a reconciliation to U.S.GAAP.See the announcement at /index.htm#drop.Accounting Horizons June2008 American Accounting AssociationA Perspective on the SEC’s Proposal to Accept Financial Statements243•Do you agree with our assessments of costs and benefits?͑Q47,p.101͒Are International Financial Reporting Standards“Quality”Standards?The quality of IFRS is a critical question underlying the SEC proposal.Willfinancial reports prepared based on IFRS be as informative and useful asfinancial reports prepared under current U.S.GAAP?This is a difficult question to answer because the quality of accounting reports depends on a variety of environmental factors,such as accounting standards,auditing,governance practices,the accounting education system,the legal regime,information intermediaries,and various regulatory bodies,all of which influence the incentives and competence of preparers, auditors,and users offinancial reports.Accounting scholars have used a variety of research approaches to develop insights that may be useful to the SEC in addressing this issue.Four of these approaches have the most implications regarding the quality of IFRS.One approach focuses on behavioral changes by users and preparers after afirm adopts IFRS. This research presents evidence that after IFRS were adopted,analysts’forecast accuracy im-proved͑Ashbaugh and Pincus2001͒,analyst following increased͑Cuijpers and Buijink2005͒,and foreign mutual fund ownership was higher for adopters compared withfirms that used their own national GAAP͑Covrig et al.2007͒.Evidence also suggests that adoption of IFRS leads to better reporting͑less earnings management͒relative to the use of national GAAP in many countries ͑Barth,Landsman,and Lang2007;Barth,Landsman,Lang,and Williams2007͒.These studies indicate that adoption of IFRS provides benefits to users offinancial statements.It should be noted that this evidence is not conclusive because of the self-selection bias inherent in studies where firms are not assigned randomly to each condition.Consequently,IFRS adopters may vary from nonadopters on important variables other than IFRS.Therefore,differences between the two groups cannot be attributed solely to IFRS.This caveat notwithstanding,the results of these studies indicate that users and preparers offinancial statements benefit from adoption of IFRS.A second approach has sought to use the correlation between reported accounting earnings and stock returns as a measure of accounting quality͑called the“value-relevance”literature͒.This literature assumes that the higher the correlation between accounting numbers͑e.g.,earnings͒and stock returns,the higher the reporting quality.The use of this correlation criterion to measure quality has been controversial.Detractors͑e.g.,Holthausen and Watts2001͒have argued that these results are irrelevant for standard setting because of the use of an invalid quality criterion, self-selection problems,concerns about the valuation models used,and a host of other method-ological concerns.Proponents of this approach͑e.g.,Barth et al.2001͒have defended its use and argued that the methodological issues can be dealt with effectively.Although the committee is skeptical about this approach,it is widely used.Hence,its key results will be discussed without the committee’s endorsement of their relevance for SEC policy.Value-relevance studies͑e.g.,Alford et al.1993;Pope and Walker1999͒have found that countries with similar accounting standards͑the Anglo-Saxon countries:the United States,the United Kingdom,Canada,and Australia͒have similar market correlations with reported account-ing numbers.This is not surprising as the GAAP of these reporting regimes are similar,although U.S.GAAP is found to be slightly more conservative than the others.Reported accounting num-bers from some continental European companies that use their country’s national GAAP also have similar correlations with stock returns͑e.g.,German companies studied by Harris et al.͓1994͔and French companies studied by Alford et al.͓1993͔͒.National GAAP from other͑especially non-Anglo-Saxon͒countries can vary substantially from that of U.S.GAAP and are usually less highly correlated with stock returns.The general conclusion offered by value-relevance researchers is that U.S.GAAP is very similar to the national GAAP of developed countries such as the United Accounting Horizons June2008American Accounting Association244AAA F ASC Kingdom,Canada,Australia,France,and Germany.Given that IFRS draws on the expertise and GAAP reporting traditions of these countries,thesefindings suggest that it is likely that IFRS is on a quality par with U.S.GAAP.A third approach has tried to bypass concerns about value-relevance by looking at aggregate properties of the stock market.A study by Leuz͑2003͒provides the most direct and relevant evidence about the efficacy of U.S.versus IFRS GAAP.This study investigates information asymmetry between investors͑proxied by bid-ask spreads͒and liquidity͑proxied by trading vol-ume͒for companies listed in Germany’s Neuer Markt that could choose to use IFRS or U.S. GAAP for theirfinancial reporting.The underlying notion is that the better thefinancial reporting, the better the totalflow of information to the market and the lower the information asymmetry among investors,which results in greater liquidity.The results indicate no statistical or economi-cally significant differences in the bid-ask spreads or liquidity of companies that used IFRS compared with those that used U.S.GAAP.Again,the conclusion from this research is that IFRS is equivalent to U.S.GAAP.A fourth approach focuses on institutional factors in the reporting environment,such as the legal regime,auditing,securities regulation,the industry in which a company operates,and other factors that may affect the implementation of reporting standards͑e.g.,Ball et al.2003͒.Accord-ing to this view,accounting standards evolve in accordance with a country’s legal,auditing, regulatory,governance,andfinancing systems.Therefore,there is no“one”optimal set of account-ing standards.Rather,accounting is an evolving process.Experimentation with a variety of ap-proaches has the potential to help identify better accounting standards,improve the education of future accountants,and provide managers with a better opportunity to communicate their results to investors.This research implies that regulatory competition would be beneficial to the develop-ment of good accounting standards͑Sunder2002;Benston et al.2003͒.Based on this evidence,we offer that not only should the SEC allow foreign companies to use IFRS͑as proposed͒,but it should also allow panies to choose IFRS if they wish.The reporting environment in the European Union is as conducive to good reporting as is the U.S.environment,and enforcement appears to be no less rigorous.Hence,there is no reason to believe that IFRS is not equal in quality to U.S.GAAP.In conclusion,four different approaches for assessing reporting quality support a similar conclusion:the quality of IFRS and U.S.GAAP is comparable and the proposal to allow foreign companies to use IFRS deserves support.Should Acceptance of IFRS-Based Accounting Standards be Contingent on Convergence of U.S.and IFRS Standards?The research results discussed in the previous section suggest that IFRS are of high quality and equivalent to U.S.GAAP in terms of providing usefulfinancial information,irrespective of any global standards convergence process.The research community has speculated that the lack of substantial differences between the national GAAP of various developed countries and U.S. GAAP could be caused by companies that cross-list in the United States adopting discretionary accounting choices close to U.S.GAAP.Leuz͑2003͒attempted to control for this U.S.market-listing effect.2The companies examined in that study are Germanfirms listed in Germany and not cross-listed in the United States.The IFRS adopters produce accounting reports whose informa-tion value to investors is equivalent to that of U.S.GAAP adopters.2The Leuz study is an archival study and thus has a potential self-selection problem.The control over listing is a nice feature,but not a perfect control.Accounting Horizons June2008 American Accounting AssociationA Perspective on the SEC’s Proposal to Accept Financial Statements245Facilitating the development of a harmonized set of global accounting standards is one of the motivations behind the SEC’s willingness to accept IFRS.On the contrary,harmonization per se is not necessary and need not be desirable.The research results discussed above are independent of any harmonization effort,yet theyfind that IFRS is equivalent to U.S.GAAP.Furthermore,there is some skepticism in the academic literature about the benefits of accounting-standard harmoni-zation͑Ball et al.2003;Dye and Sunder2001,Benston et al.2006͒,and some researchers have concluded that regulatory competition is beneficial to the development of good accounting stan-dards͑Sunder2002;Benston et al.2003͒.Skepticism about the potential benefits from harmonization arises from a concern that the quality of reported accounting numbers is determined by the incentives of preparers and auditors offinancial statements.These incentives are primarily influenced by legal,auditing,governance, and regulatory regimes—not primarily by accounting standards͑Ball et al.2003͒.An attempt to force an inexact practice like accounting into having one global“correct”accounting solution for all issues has the potential to promote form over substance,retard the development of thought among students aspiring to be accountants,and make it difficult for regulators and society to experiment with different approaches,and get feedback about effectiveness of alternative account-ing treatments͑Sunder2002͒.While AAA members have very diverse opinions about the benefits of harmonization or convergence,the preponderance of the academic research evidence does not support the view that harmonization is a necessary condition for high-quality GAAP.Conse-quently,IFRS-based accounting standards can and should be accepted by the SEC without requir-ing a convergence process between U.S.GAAP and IFRS.Should the Timing of Acceptance of IFRS-Based Financial Statements Depend on Foreign Issuers,Audit Firms,and Other Constituencies Having More Experience with Preparing IFRS Financial Statements?IFRS standards are not as comprehensive and detailed as U.S.GAAP.IFRS standards are in the process of being adopted by countries that previously had a highly regarded national GAAP ͑e.g.,the United Kingdom,Canada,and Australia͒as well as by many countries that lack the tradition of sound national GAAP.The evidence cited earlier about the quality of IFRS and the equivalence of the quality of accounting numbers in developed countries cannot be generalized on a global basis.Ball et al.͑2000͒and Ball et al.͑2003͒have reported evidence suggesting that quality of accounting numbers varies significantly among countries that have adopted IFRS.For countries that have had a tradition of sound national GAAP there is no need to wait for experience in adopting IFRS.The governance,education,audit,legal,and regulatory systems required to promote goodfinancial reporting are already in place.For countries that lack this broader reporting infrastructure,there is no evidentiary basis to conclude that the required report-ing infrastructure will evolve over time.3Moreover,it is unlikely that time is the key element in determining the proper adoption and implementation of IFRS.As noted earlier,the evidence from academic research indicates that IFRS adoption in coun-tries with developed governance,legal,auditing,and enforcement infrastructures offer accounting numbers that are the equivalent of numbers prepared and presented under U.S.GAAP,implying that there is no reason to impose costs on U.S.investors and foreign-listedfirms from those countries that want to offer their shares in U.S.stock markets͑Bushman and Piotroski2006͒. Furthermore,investors who conclude otherwise can avoid purchasing the securities of companies 3The economic institutions of a country are influenced by complex political forces.It is thus hard to provide any general prediction about how the economic institutions of any country will evolve over time.Accounting Horizons June2008American Accounting Association246AAA F ASC whosefinancial statements use IFRS.Indeed,investors exhibit some home-country bias,and someof them will avoid buying securities of companies that report using IFRS͑Bradshaw et al.2004͒.In addition,the European Union͑EU͒has endorsed the current set of IFRS and requires it forfirms preparing consolidatedfinancial statements and trading their shares on an EU exchange.Although there is no research to cite,experience suggests that if the United States continues itsbias against IFRS,the EU is likely to retaliate by requiring panies to reconcile theirstatements to IFRS,which would be a costly and unnecessary process.There is nothing to begained from delaying the recognition of IFRS and much that could be lost to both U.S.investorsand companies.How Useful Is the Reconciliation to U.S.GAAP from IFRS-Based Financial Statements?Reconciliation between IFRS and U.S.GAAP has the potential to be useful to investors iffour conditions were met:͑1͒the differences in reported numbers are large in magnitude;͑2͒theitems causing the difference are hard to understand from reading thefinancial statements;͑3͒extensive judgment is required to determine the accounting numbers causing the differences,and ͑4͒the costs to companies of producing an audited reconciliation are not greater than the benefits that investors obtain from them.If we accept the Leuz͑2003͒result that IFRS standards produce accounting numbers that areof similar quality to those prepared under U.S.GAAP,then it is unlikely that the reconciliationschedule would provide useful information to investors,unless the IFRS were not implementedproperly.For developed countries with a tradition of a good national GAAP,a reconciliationschedule is a costly exercise with few apparent benefits.For countries where implementation ofIFRS is questionable,reconciliation to U.S.GAAP might be useful to investors.Do You Agree with Our Assessments of Costs and Benefits?There are direct costs involved with preparing and auditing the numbers in reconciliationschedules,and the SEC has made a reasonable attempt to quantify these costs.Given the contro-versy about excessive compliance costs of accounting-related mandates,such as Section404of theSarbanes-Oxley Act͑Brien2006͒,we can appreciate the SEC’s sensitivity to the magnitude ofsuch costs.There is no clear evidence of any corresponding benefit to justify forcing all foreign-listed companies to incur these costs.Since the SEC can use its enforcement power to compelregistrants to comply with its rules,there should be a clearly demonstrable benefit before compa-nies are compelled to incur substantial regulatory compliance costs.In addition,these direct costsare not the only costs that should be considered.There is a broader cost to society,to current andfuture accounting students,and to the feedback and learning opportunities available to regulatorsfrom acting as if U.S.GAAP is the only acceptable GAAP in the world,and from attempts toharmonize the whole world on one set of“correct”GAAP.CONSEQUENCES OF THE SEC PROPOSAL ON HIGHER EDUCATION While the primary criteria for the SEC’s decision relate to direct and immediate impact on capital markets,the SEC’s regulatory actions and policies have major educational consequences. The Commission has not solicited comments on the educational aspects of its proposed action,but AAA members are deeply interested in accounting education,research,and practice.As the Fi-nancial Accounting Standards Committee of the AAA,we would like to submit the following unsolicited comments on the educational consequences of the proposed action.We urge the Com-mission and its staff to consider the educational consequences of its proposed actions as a part of its routine process going forward.Such attention will help better implement the regulatory intent of the Commission.Accounting Horizons June2008 American Accounting AssociationA Perspective on the SEC’s Proposal to Accept Financial Statements247Over the seven decades since the passage of the federal securities laws,the scope of authori-tative standards has expanded so dramatically that the SEC has formed a special advisory committee to study the problems of excessive accounting complexity.This expansion has led to fundamental changes in textbooks,course content,classroom discourse,and examinations,includ-ing the AICPA’s exams for professional certification.In the absence of an authoritative standard for a class of transactions,textbooks,classroom discussion,and examinations were designed to explore various possible ways in which a transac-tion could be accounted for and the consequences of alternative accounting treatments for various parties and for the economy as a whole.Such discourse develops the minds of students to think fundamentally,does not allow for black-and-white answers,and helps attract to the accounting profession young people who like to think independently and abstractly.Judgment,after all,is a hallmark of a profession.With expansion in the scope of authoritative standards,however,educational discourse has progressively shifted toward rote memorization of written rules for regurgitation on exams.With the FASB’s monopoly status for accounting standards for public companies,and especially adop-tion of a GAAP hierarchy͑SAS No.69͒,which officially assigns a legally enforceable hierarchy of authority,intermediate accounting classes have moved toward focusing on literal application of those standards,rather than on critical examination of the merits of alternative accounting treat-ments for various classes of transactions.Such“memory-based”curricula tends not to be attractive to talented students͑Albrecht and Sack2000͒.In a prescient paper published in1953,Professor Baxter anticipated that one consequence of the increased standardization of accounting and deference to authority would be diminishment not only of professional judgment,but also of accounting education͑Baxter1953͒.Unfortunately,his prediction appears to be coming true,and the outcome threatens the future health of the accounting profession.Accounting has largely become a service activity in M.B.A.programs and it is now rare for an M.B.A.student to major in accounting.An increased focus on asserting authority͑e.g., a GAAP hierarchy͒as the basis for understanding and applying accounting standards reduces the intellectual stimulation of accounting education and drives talented students to otherfields.On the other hand,if in the long-run interest of accounting education the Commission were to settle for a system of competitive standards offinancial reporting,then there would be some hope that the accounting educational system will be induced to move in the direction of teaching general principles.Students educated in such a higher-level system of education are more likely to develop the powers of abstraction that would allow them to pick up any book of standards and apply them to specific transactions using sound judgment derived from education in general principles.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONFinancial statements based on IFRS can providefinancial reports that are equivalent to those based on U.S.GAAP.While there are differences in thefinancial reporting environment͑gover-nance,legal regime,audit,and securities regulation͒among countries,the SEC should not wait until all elements of thefinancial reporting environment are harmonized on a global basis,even assuming that harmonization is possible and desirable.Allowing foreign companies to use IFRS without costly reconciliations to U.S.GAAP is likely to make U.S.stock exchanges more com-petitive and provide useful feedback to U.S.accounting standard-setters about the efficacy of their standards.Furthermore,allowing panies to use IFRS might also benefit investors.This change could also help shift U.S.accounting education toward a richer principles-based education steeped in critical analysis and evaluation of competing approaches.Accounting Horizons June2008American Accounting Association248AAA F ASCREFERENCESAlbrecht,S.A.,and R.J.Sack.2000.Accounting Education:Charting the Course through a Perilous Future.Accounting Education Series No.16.Sarasota,FL:American Accounting Association.Alford,A.,J.Jones,R.Leftwich,and M.Zmijewski.1993.The relative informativeness of accounting disclosures in different countries.Journal of Accounting Research31͑Supplement͒:183–223. Ashbaugh,H.,and M.Pincus.2001.Domestic accounting standards,international accounting standards,and the predictability of earnings.Journal of Accounting Research39:417–434.Ball,R.,S.Kothari,and A.Robin.2000.The effect of international institutional factors on properties of accounting earnings.Journal of Accounting and Economics29:1–51.——–,A.Robin,and J.Wu.2003.Incentives versus standards:Properties of accounting income in four East Asian countries.Journal of Accounting and Economics36:235–270.Barth,M.E.,W.H.Beaver,and ndsman.2001.The relevance of the value relevance literature for financial accounting standard setting:Another view.Journal of Accounting and Economics31͑Sep-tember͒:77–104.——–,ndsman,and ng.2007.International accounting standards and accounting quality.Manu-script,Stanford University.——–,——–,——–,and C.Williams.2007.Accounting quality:International accounting standards and U.S.GAAP.Manuscript,Stanford University.Baxter,W.T.1953.Recommendations on accounting theory.In Studies in Accounting Theory,edited by W.T.Baxter,and S.Davidson.London,U.K.:Blackwell.Benston,G.J.,M.Bromwich,R.E.Litan,and A.Wagenhofer.2003.Following the Money:The Enron Failures and the State of Corporate Disclosure.Washington,D.C.:AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies.——–,——–,——–,and——–.2006.Worldwide Financial Reporting:The Development and Future of Accounting Standards.Oxford,U.K.:Oxford University Press.Bradshaw,M.,B.Bushee,and ler.2004.Accounting choice,home bias,and U.S.investment in non-U.S.firms.Journal of Accounting Research42:795–841.Brien,P.2006.Reducing SOX Section404compliance costs.The CP A Journal͑July͒.Bushman,R.,and J.Piotroski.2006.Financial reporting incentives for conservative accounting:The influ-ence of legal and political institutions.Journal of Accounting and Economics42:107–148. Covrig,V.M.,M.L.DeFond,and M.Hung.2007.Home bias,foreign mutual fund holdings,and the voluntary adoption of international accounting standards.Journal of Accounting Research45:41–70. Cuijpers,R.,and W.Buijink.2005.V oluntary adoption of non-local GAAP in the European Union:A study of determinants and consequences.European Accounting Review14:487–524.Dye,R.,and S.Sunder.2001.Why not allow the FASB and the IASB standards to compete in the U.S.?Accounting Horizons15:257–271.Harris,T.S.,ng,and H.P.Moeller.1994.The value relevance of German accounting measures:An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting Research32:187–209.Holthausen,R.W.,and R.L.Watts.2001.The relevance of value-relevance literature forfinancial accounting standard setting.Journal of Accounting and Economics31͑September͒:3–75.Leuz,C.2003.IAS versus U.S.GAAP:Information asymmetry-based evidence from Germany’s new mar-ket.Journal of Accounting Research41:445–472.Pope,P.F.,and M.Walker.1999.International differences in the timeliness,conservatism and classification of earnings.Studies on Credible Financial Reporting.Journal of Accounting Research:53–87. Sunder,S.2002.Regulatory competition among accounting standards within and across international bound-aries.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy21͑3͒:219–234.Accounting Horizons June2008 American Accounting Association。

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英语六级观点类作文

英语六级观点类作文

英语六级观点类作文Here is an essay on the topic of "Perspectives on the CET-6 Exam" with over 1000 words, written in English without any additional titles or unnecessary punctuation marks.The CET-6, or College English Test-6, is a standardized English proficiency examination widely recognized in China. As a pivotal assessment for many university students, the CET-6 has garnered considerable attention and sparked diverse perspectives among students, educators, and policymakers. In this essay, we will delve into the multifaceted views surrounding this influential exam.One of the primary arguments in favor of the CET-6 is its role in enhancing English language proficiency among Chinese students. Proponents of the exam assert that it serves as a valuable benchmark, motivating students to improve their overall English skills, including reading, writing, listening, and speaking. The rigorous preparation process encourages students to engage in extensive language practice, ultimately strengthening their command of the English language. This enhanced proficiency can open doors to better academic and professional opportunities, both domestically and internationally, as English has become a global lingua franca.Moreover, supporters of the CET-6 emphasize its importance in maintaining educational standards. By establishing a standardized assessment, the exam ensures a certain level of English language competence among university graduates, which is crucial in an increasingly globalized world. Employers and academic institutions can rely on the CET-6 scores as a reliable indicator of an individual's English language abilities, facilitating the selection of candidates who possess the necessary linguistic skills to thrive in their chosen fields.However, critics of the CET-6 argue that the exam's focus on testing specific language skills may not accurately reflect a student's overall English proficiency. They contend that the exam's format, which typically includes multiple-choice questions and limited opportunities for free expression, fails to capture the nuances of language use in real-world scenarios. This narrow assessment, they assert, may lead to a disproportionate emphasis on test-taking strategies rather than the development of practical communication skills.Another concern raised by opponents of the CET-6 is the potential for the exam to create undue stress and pressure on students. The high-stakes nature of the CET-6, with its significant implications for academic and professional prospects, can contribute to an unhealthy obsession with test scores rather than a genuine love for the Englishlanguage. This pressure-filled environment may ultimately hinder students' intrinsic motivation to learn and use English effectively, undermining the very purpose of language education.Furthermore, critics argue that the CET-6 may perpetuate educational inequalities by favoring students from more privileged backgrounds who have access to better resources and support systems. The exam's standardized format and content may not adequately account for the diverse linguistic and cultural experiences of students from different socioeconomic and regional backgrounds, potentially disadvantaging those who do not fit the narrow mold of the "ideal" test-taker.In response to these criticisms, proponents of the CET-6 contend that the exam serves as a necessary tool for maintaining academic standards and ensuring a baseline of English proficiency among university graduates. They argue that the exam's format, while not perfect, provides a consistent and objective means of assessment that can be applied across the vast and diverse student population in China. Supporters also emphasize the importance of exam preparation as a valuable learning experience, which can instill discipline, time management, and test-taking skills that are transferable to various academic and professional settings.Additionally, proponents suggest that the CET-6 can be improvedand refined to better capture the nuances of language proficiency. They propose incorporating more diverse assessment methods, such as oral interviews, essay writing, and task-based evaluations, to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of students' English language abilities. By diversifying the assessment approach, the CET-6 can potentially address the concerns raised by critics and better align with the evolving needs of language education in the 21st century.In conclusion, the perspectives on the CET-6 exam are multifaceted and complex. While proponents argue that the exam serves as a valuable benchmark for English language proficiency and maintains educational standards, critics contend that it may not accurately reflect practical communication skills and can contribute to undue stress and educational inequalities. As the debate continues, it is crucial for policymakers, educators, and stakeholders to engage in constructive dialogue and explore ways to enhance the CET-6 exam, ensuring that it effectively supports the holistic development of English language skills among Chinese students.。

论证对的英语作文

论证对的英语作文

论证对的英语作文Title: A Persuasive Essay on the Importance of Exercise。

Exercise is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle.It not only helps to keep our bodies in shape, but also has numerous other benefits that contribute to our overallwell-being. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of exercise and provide evidence to support my argument.First and foremost, exercise is crucial for maintaining a healthy weight. In today's society, obesity has become a major health concern, leading to a wide range of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure. Regular physical activity can help to prevent and control obesity, thus reducing the risk of developing these serious health conditions.In addition to weight management, exercise also plays a key role in improving cardiovascular health. When we engage in physical activity, our heart rate increases, which helpsto strengthen the heart and improve circulation. This, in turn, can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. Studies have shown that individuals who exercise regularly have a lower incidence of cardiovascular problems compared to those who lead a sedentary lifestyle.Furthermore, exercise has been proven to have apositive impact on mental health. Physical activity releases endorphins, which are known as "feel-good" hormones. These hormones can help to alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as improve overall mood and mental well-being. Additionally, regular exercise has been linked to improved cognitive function and a reduced risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.Moreover, engaging in regular exercise can help to strengthen muscles and improve flexibility, which can reduce the risk of injury and improve overall physical performance. This is particularly important as we age, as it can help to maintain independence and quality of life.In conclusion, the benefits of exercise are undeniable.From weight management to cardiovascular health to mental well-being, regular physical activity is essential for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, it is important for individuals to make exercise a priority in their daily lives. Whether it's going for a brisk walk, hitting the gym, or participating in a team sport, finding an activity that you enjoy and can stick to is key. By making exercise a regular part of our routines, we can reap the numerous benefits that it has to offer.。

正反观点的英语作文

正反观点的英语作文

正反观点的英语作文英文回答：In the tapestry of our opinions, there lies a spectrum of perspectives—some vibrant with affirmation, others shadowed by dissent. As we navigate the intricate world of ideas, it is imperative to recognize the significance of both positive and negative viewpoints.The Power of Positive Perspectives。

Like a ray of sunshine cutting through thick clouds, positive perspectives illuminate our path, fostering hope, optimism, and motivation. By embracing the positive aspects of a situation or idea, we open ourselves up to a world of possibilities. For instance, when faced with a daunting task, a positive perspective empowers us to see it as an opportunity for growth and learning.Positive perspectives also act as a catalyst forinnovation and creativity. When we approach challenges with an open mind and a willingness to explore new possibilities, we are more likely to stumble upon groundbreaking solutions. History is replete with examples of individuals whose positive perspectives led to transformative discoveries and inventions.The Value of Negative Perspectives。

事前理性思考,做出有益选择英语作文

事前理性思考,做出有益选择英语作文

事前理性思考,做出有益选择英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Rational Foresight: Paving the Way for Beneficial ChoicesAs students, we often find ourselves at crossroads, faced with decisions that can profoundly impact our lives. In these moments, the path we choose can either propel us towards success or lead us astray. It is precisely during these pivotal junctures that the practice of rational foresight becomes invaluable, enabling us to make well-informed and beneficial choices.Rational foresight, at its core, is the ability to think critically about the potential consequences of our actions before we act. It involves stepping back, analyzing the situation from multiple angles, and considering the long-term implications of our choices. By adopting this mindset, we equip ourselves with the tools necessary to navigate the complexities of life with wisdom and clarity.One of the key benefits of rational foresight is its power to mitigate impulsive decision-making. As students, we are nostrangers to the allure of instant gratification – staying up late binge-watching our favorite shows, indulging in unhealthy snacks, or procrastinating on assignments. However, these momentary pleasures often come at the cost of our long-term well-being and academic success. Rational foresight enables us to pause, reflect on the potential ramifications of our actions, and make choices that align with our ultimate goals.Furthermore, rational foresight fosters a growth mindset, allowing us to view challenges as opportunities for learning and self-improvement. When faced with academic difficulties or setbacks, it is tempting to succumb to feelings of frustration and hopelessness. However, by exercising rational foresight, we can reframe these obstacles as stepping stones towards personal growth. We can analyze the root causes of our struggles, identify areas for improvement, and develop strategies to overcome them, ultimately emerging stronger and more resilient.In addition to academic pursuits, rational foresight plays a crucial role in shaping our personal and social lives. As we navigate the intricate web of interpersonal relationships, it is essential to consider the potential impacts of our actions on others. By employing rational foresight, we can cultivate empathy, understand different perspectives, and make choicesthat foster positive connections and promote harmony within our communities.Moreover, rational foresight is an invaluable asset in preparing for the future. As we approach pivotal life decisions, such as choosing a career path or determining our long-term goals, rational foresight enables us to envision the potential outcomes of our choices. We can explore various scenarios, weigh the pros and cons, and make informed decisions that align with our values and aspirations.Developing the skill of rational foresight, however, is a continuous journey that requires dedication and practice. It involves actively cultivating critical thinking, seeking diverse perspectives, and remaining open to new information. Engaging in thought experiments, discussing hypothetical scenarios with peers, and seeking guidance from mentors and advisors can all contribute to strengthening our ability to think rationally and foresee potential consequences.It is important to acknowledge that rational foresight is not a panacea for life's uncertainties. There will always be unforeseen circumstances and unpredictable events that challenge our best-laid plans. However, by embracing rational foresight, weequip ourselves with the tools to navigate these uncertainties with greater resilience and adaptability.As students, the choices we make today will undoubtedly shape our future trajectories. By cultivating rational foresight, we empower ourselves to make decisions that are not only beneficial in the present but also align with our long-term aspirations. It is a skill that transcends academic pursuits, enabling us to navigate personal relationships, contribute positively to our communities, and ultimately, lead fulfilling and purposeful lives.In a world that often prioritizes instant gratification and short-term gains, rational foresight stands as a beacon, guiding us towards a path of intentional living and well-informed decision-making. Embrace this mindset, and you will find yourselves equipped to make choices that not only benefit you but also contribute to the greater good of those around you.篇2Thinking Rationally in Advance to Make Beneficial ChoicesAs students, we are constantly faced with choices and decisions that can have a significant impact on our lives and futures. From choosing what classes to take and extracurricularactivities to pursue, to deciding on a major and career path, the decisions we make today can shape our trajectories for years to come. It's crucial, therefore, that we approach these choices with a rational and thoughtful mindset, considering not only our immediate desires but also the long-term consequences and potential benefits of our actions.One of the most important aspects of making beneficial choices is the ability to think rationally in advance. This means taking the time to carefully consider all the available options, weighing the pros and cons, and projecting potential outcomes before committing to a decision. It's easy to get caught up in the moment and make impulsive choices based on temporary emotions or peer pressure, but these decisions often lead to regret or unintended consequences down the line.To illustrate this point, let's consider a common scenario many students face: deciding whether to go out with friends or stay in and study for an upcoming exam. In the moment, the allure of socializing and having fun may seem more appealing than spending another night buried in textbooks. However, if we take a step back and think rationally about the potential consequences of each choice, the better decision becomes more apparent.By going out, we risk falling behind in our studies, potentially leading to poor performance on the exam and a lower grade in the class. This, in turn, could negatively impact our overall GPA, which is a crucial factor in determining future academic and career opportunities. On the other hand, by staying in and dedicating time to studying, we increase our chances of performing well on the exam and maintaining a strong academic record, which can open doors to scholarships, internships, and ultimately, a successful career.Of course, this is a simplified example, and real-life decisions often involve many more variables and nuances. But the principle remains the same: by taking the time to think rationally in advance, we can make choices that are more likely to benefit us in the long run, even if they require some short-term sacrifice or delayed gratification.Another crucial aspect of making beneficial choices is the ability to consider not only our own immediate interests but also the broader implications and potential impacts on others. As members of a larger community and society, our actions can have ripple effects that extend far beyond our personal lives.For instance, when deciding on a major or career path, it's important to think about not only our personal passions andinterests but also the potential contributions we can make to society. Choosing a field that aligns with our values and allows us to positively impact the world around us can lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful life, both professionally and personally.Similarly, when faced with ethical dilemmas or situations that involve potential harm or injustice, it's crucial to think rationally and consider the broader consequences of our actions. While it may be tempting to take the easy way out or prioritize our own self-interests, a rational and thoughtful approach often reveals that the more ethical choice, though potentially more challenging in the short term, is ultimately more beneficial for all involved.By cultivating the habit of thinking rationally in advance and considering the long-term consequences of our choices, we equip ourselves with the tools to navigate the complexities of life and make decisions that are truly beneficial, not only for ourselves but also for those around us and society as a whole.Of course, this is not to say that every decision we make must be driven solely by rational analysis and devoid of emotion or spontaneity. There is value in embracing our passions, following our instincts, and allowing room for serendipity and unexpected opportunities. However, by striking a balancebetween rational thought and emotional intelligence, we can make choices that align with our values, aspirations, andlong-term well-being.In essence, thinking rationally in advance is not about suppressing our desires or denying ourselves opportunities for joy and fulfillment. Rather, it's about taking a holistic and mindful approach to decision-making, weighing all the variables, and making choices that not only bring us happiness and satisfaction in the present but also set us on a path towards continued growth, success, and positively impacting the world around us.As we navigate the challenges and opportunities of our academic journey and beyond, let us embrace the power of rational thought and foresight. By cultivating these skills, we can become more effective decision-makers, better equipped to make choices that truly benefit ourselves, our communities, and society as a whole.篇3Rational Thinking: The Key to Making Wise DecisionsAs a student, I'm constantly faced with choices – some small, like what to eat for lunch, and some major, like which classes to take or what career path to pursue. In the heat of the moment, itcan be tempting to go with my gut instinct or make an impulsive decision based on fleeting emotions. However, I've learned that taking the time to think rationally beforehand is crucial for making choices that align with my long-term goals and values.Rational thinking involves stepping back, considering all the relevant information objectively, and weighing the potential consequences of each option. It's about temporarily putting aside emotions and biases to analyze the situation logically. This approach doesn't mean ignoring my feelings altogether, but rather recognizing when they might be clouding my judgment and striving for a more balanced perspective.One area where rational thinking has been particularly valuable is in managing my academic responsibilities. At the start of each semester, I'm presented with a daunting list of assignments, projects, and exams. If I let anxiety or procrastination take over, I might be tempted to put everything off until the last minute or prioritize the easiest tasks first. However, by taking a step back and thinking rationally, I can create a realistic schedule that breaks down larger tasks into manageable chunks and allocates time for each commitment based on its level of difficulty and importance.This proactive approach not only helps me stay on top of my workload but also reduces stress in the long run. When I know I've made a well-thought-out plan, I can trust that I'm making progress toward my goals and feel more in control of the situation.Rational thinking has also been invaluable in navigating interpersonal relationships and social situations. In the heat of an argument or conflict, it's easy to get caught up in emotions and react defensively or lash out. However, by pausing and thinking rationally, I can try to understand the other person's perspective, consider the potential consequences of my words and actions, and choose a response that is more likely to resolve the issue constructively.Similarly, when faced with peer pressure or tempting social invitations, rational thinking allows me to weigh the potential risks and benefits objectively. Instead of impulsively going along with the crowd or giving in to short-term desires, I can make a conscious choice that aligns with my values and long-termwell-being.Of course, thinking rationally isn't always easy, especially when emotions run high or when I'm faced with complex decisions with multiple factors to consider. It takes practice andconscious effort to step back and analyze situations objectively. However, the more I've made rational thinking a habit, the easier it has become, and the more I've seen the benefits in terms of reduced stress, better decision-making, and a greater sense of control over my life.Rational thinking doesn't mean suppressing emotions entirely or ignoring my intuition. Emotions and gut instincts can be valuable sources of information, particularly when it comes to gauging my own values, preferences, and personal well-being. The key is to strike a balance, using rational analysis to inform my decisions while still honoring my authentic feelings and needs.Additionally, it's important to recognize that rational thinking isn't a one-size-fits-all approach. Depending on the situation, I may need to adjust the depth and breadth of my analysis. For relatively minor decisions with low stakes, a quick rational assessment might be sufficient. For more significant choices, however, it may be necessary to gather more information, consider a wider range of factors, and engage in deeper contemplation.Ultimately, the goal of rational thinking is to make choices that align with my core values, priorities, and long-term aspirations. By taking the time to analyze situations objectivelyand consider the potential consequences of my actions, I can increase the likelihood of making decisions that will lead to positive outcomes and a fulfilling life.As I look ahead to the future, with its myriad of choices and challenges, I know that the ability to think rationally will be an invaluable asset. Whether navigating academic demands, career decisions, personal relationships, or ethical dilemmas, approaching situations with a clear, logical mindset will help me make informed, purposeful choices that reflect my authentic self and contribute to my overall well-being and growth.Of course, the path to rational thinking is not always straightforward, and there will be times when emotions or biases threaten to derail my decision-making process. In those moments, it will be important to have a support system in place –whether it's trusted friends, mentors, or professionals who can offer objective guidance and help me realign my perspective.Ultimately, the ability to think rationally is a skill that will serve me well throughout my life, both personally and professionally. By cultivating this habit, I can approach challenges and opportunities with greater clarity, confidence, and intentionality, increasing the likelihood of making choices that will lead to a fulfilling and meaningful life journey.。