申请文书Research proposal怎么写

How to write a research proposalYou are to write a research proposal of about 2000 words, maximum 8 type-written pages (including figures and tables), double-spaced. Fonts should be set at 12-point.ObjectivesThe idea behind this research proposal is I would like to see whether you are able to identify outstanding issues that more research could help to clarify. Writing the proposal will then help you achieve four important objectives:(1) to expand your knowledge of cognitive neuroscience by focusing on two areas that are of particular interest to you,(2) to further develop your skills as a critical reader of psychological research, and(3) to develop your scientific writing skills.General RequirementsIn this research proposal, you are asked to demonstrate your ability to integrate information across topics covered in the course. In the proposal, you should critically review two areas of cognitive neuroscience and then propose an experiment that would help to address an integrative question or issue.Choose any two sections from the course outline, such as Attention and Memory, and discuss how they are (or might be) related. For example, you might want to discuss the role of attention in memory. Alternatively, you might wish to discuss some general principles of cortical organization, such as modularity and central processing, and how they apply to two different areas you have studied. I guess you will find that there are a great number of potential topics you could pick. The best way would be to take something that interests you. You should then try to define what you picked narrowly. You need not deal with the entire topic area (e.g., all of language, all of perception), but choose smaller, more manageable topic (e.g., perception of living things and spatial attention; the function of the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). If you define your topic too generally there will simply be too much relevant research, making it very difficult to decide which the most relevant papers are.Required sections of the proposalThe proposal must contain the following sections: Title page – Abstract – Introduction – Methods – Predicted Results – References.• Title page• Abstract: One (1) paragraph that briefly describes the area of interest and the research question that will be addressed in the proposal. Put the abstract on a separate page, immediately following the title page.• Introduction: This section should describe the research area and findings from previous studies. Write in a goal-directed manner. By this I mean you will eventually be proposing some experiment in your proposal. Therefore, the literature review should be designed so that it discusses an issue or question that needs to be addressed in that area and provides a rationale for your proposed study. Moreover, you should structure your Introduction so that the motivation for your proposal becomes clear. To achieve that you should begin with a relatively big issue and then focus down to the specific issue you are interested in, highlighting the aspects of previous research (e.g. some methodological flaw in previous approaches) that your proposal is meant to address. By the end of the Introduction the reader should have a very good idea of what the central issue of your proposal will be. Your Introduction should reference at least three research articles (see the section about references). (Maximum length of the Introduction: 3 double-spaced pages).• Method: Now you are actually talking about what you are proposing. Again, be sure that this follows naturally from the introduction in which you should have set up and highlighted some critical issue that needs to be resolved. What you should do now is to tell the reader how you would resolve this issue. The Method section should describe the proposed method for the experiment, including who the participants will be (ages and where they will be recruited from), what equipment will be used, and the procedure that will be followed. You should specify the variables (independent and dependent) that will be used in the experiment. You do not have to format this section with separate subject, apparatus and procedure sections, but having that in mind can help to guide your thinking and writing. A clearly structured Method section is very important. (Maximum length of the Method section: 2 double-spaced pages).• Predicted Results: This section should describe the results you expect from your proposed experiment. (Maximum length: 1 double-spaced page). Please note: You should use the future tense. Do not create fake data and write the paper in past tense as if the experiment has already been conducted. Also, you may want to think about alternatives. That is, sometimes it is interesting to think about What if the results would turn out differently? Would there be any alternative interpretations?• References: You must have at least 3 primary sources (journal articles from the same list of journals as for reaction papers, that is: Brain, C erebral Cortex, C urrent Biology, E xperimental Brain Research, J ournal of Cognitive Neuroscience, J ournal of Neuroscience, J ournal of Neurophysiology, N ature, N ature Neuroscience, N eurology, N europsychologia, N euron,P sychological Science, S cience, V ision Research). The references should be from the last two years. You must format your references using the guidelines developed by the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual (5th edition).Use APA FormatYou should use the guidelines for scientific writing that have been developed by the American Psychological Association (APA). There you will find more details about what I was talking about in the previous paragraphs. The 5th edition of the APA Publication Manual is available at the UTSC Bookstore and at the Bladen Library: CALL NUMBER: BF 76.7 .P83 2001 SCAR -- BOOK – ShortTermLoan.Evaluation of Research ProposalsThis form is what will be used to both grade your proposal, and give you feedback about your proposal. One of these forms will be stapled to each proposal after it is marked and, when we return the proposal to you, you can use this sheet to see what things you may want to work on with respect to other written work you do.For each of the following, you will be given a 1-10 score, where 1 is very poor, and 10 is very well (perfect really). There are ten different issues outlined below. Thus, your final mark on the proposal (out of 100) will be calculated as you total score on these questions.Writing•How well did the author lay out the argument in the opening section of the paper? And, how obvious was it where the author was going with their argument as you read it. Thatis, was the information presented in a very scattered manner with no apparent direction, or was the argument (and the relevance of the sections of the paper to it) obviousthroughout?•How clearly did the author structure the Method section?•How well did the paper conform to the APA writing standard?Research•How appropriate was the chosen research papers with respect to the argument the author was suggesting?•How well did the author explain the relevant aspects of previous research? Did you understand the research, and what point it makes with respect to the author's argument? Proposed Experiment•How well do you think the experiment, as proposed, would deal with the argument the author suggested in the introduction?•How well did the author use the introduction to motivate reasonable predictions about the potential outcome(s) of the proposed experiment?•Was the experiment well designed? Did you see any obvious design flaws?•How clever was the suggested experiment? That is, did the author simply suggest looking at some existing issue as a function of some other variable with no apparent motivation, or did the experiment represent a real attempt to either confirm or deny some theory, or discriminate between existing views or theories? Let’s say, there is a lot of research on how quickly we respond to circular spots popping up on a computer screen.Then an experiment would be less clever if it just looked at how quick we are when the spots are square-shaped.•How realistic is the predicted outcome of the experiments? Does the author mention any alternatives?。

英文research proposal一、研究题目研究题目应该能够简洁明了地表达研究的目的和内容。

应该避免使用太过晦涩的名词或术语，以免读者难以理解。

二、研究背景在这一部分，需要提出研究的背景情况，包括相关领域已有的研究成果、问题和未解决的难点。

也可以简要说明自己选择这一课题的原因。

三、研究目的在这一部分，需要清晰地表达出自己这次研究的目的是什么，以及想要解决的问题是什么。

也可以阐述一下自己希望通过这次研究能够取得的成果和对学术界或者实际应用的意义。

四、研究内容和方法研究内容和方法是整个研究计划中最为重要的一部分。

在这一部分，需要清晰地阐述自己的研究将要进行的具体内容，以及采用的研究方法。

这一部分需要做到既全面、详细地描述研究过程中的每一个步骤，又尽量简洁明了，以便读者能够迅速理解。

五、研究预期结果在这一部分，可以预先设想一下自己这次研究可能得出的结论和结果。

也可以说明一下如果研究取得了预期的成果，对学术研究或者实际应用将会有怎样的帮助。

六、研究进度安排在这一部分，需要列出自己的研究进度安排，包括每个阶段具体需要做的工作内容、预计需要的时间，在研究过程中可能遇到的困难和问题以及相应的解决办法。

七、参考文献研究过程中所使用的参考文献应当列举清楚，并且按照一定的格式规范进行标注，以便审阅者查阅参考。

以上便是一份较为完整的英文research proposal的写作要点。

编写一份高质量的research proposal需要作者全面理解自己的研究内容，并清晰地向读者传达出来。

也需要遵循一定的格式规范，以便读者能够迅速理解并审阅。

希望以上内容对您有所帮助。

研究背景在研究背景部分，我将进一步详细介绍所选择的研究领域和当前的研究状况。

我们知道，现代社会信息爆炸，大数据时代已经到来。

在这个背景下，信息检索和数据挖掘变得尤为重要。

随着人工智能和机器学习等技术的飞速发展，自然语言处理也逐渐成为了研究的热点之一。

然而，当前自然语言处理领域依然存在着许多挑战和问题，比如语义理解、语言生成等方面的困难。

干货ResearchProposal写作方法Research Proposal（简称RP）也就是指研究报告或者开题报告，一般作为论文或者研究开始前的计划和纲要，比如毕业论文开题报告、申请博士的研究计划、国家基金类研究申报报告等。

RP的内容通常为：你打算完成什么（what），为什么你要做这件事（why），以及你打算怎样去完成它（how）。

主要包括标题（Title）、摘要 (Abstract)、引言(Introduction)、文献综述(Literature Review)、方法(Methods)、结果(Result)、讨论(Discussion)七部分。

整体字数看学校要求，一般1500-2000.下面我们详细分析Research Proposal写作方法。

1.标题（Title）简明扼要，内容翔实又吸引人PS：其实和中文论文写作差不多，题目不要泛而空，尽量缩小话题范围，这样内容更有针对性。

题目要能体现你的研究对象和创新性，至少能勾起阅读全文的兴趣！2.摘要（Abstract）300字左右的简要归纳。

它应该包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说（如有的话），研究方法以及主要发现。

PS：重中之重，实际就是将RP再浓缩一次。

Title+ Abstract就一锤定生死了，剩下部分基本就是abstract的拓展了。

对于建筑类相关专业，empirical study(案例研究/场地调研/问卷访谈等等)非常重要，如果连实地都没有去过，何来一手的资料，一手的结论呢？此处会涉及到original contribution（原创贡献），你的原创性/你对这一议题的贡献值有多少。

所以摘要的实质也是一种游说/推销，推销你的研究意义所在。

3.引言（Introduction）主要目的是为你的研究问题提供必要的背景。

通常包含以下内容：某描述研究问题/目的；某为你的研究问题提供背景，设定其范围，以体现出它的必要性和重要性；某理论依据，要清楚的指出为什么该研究是值得去做的；某简要描述该研究要解决的主要及次要问题；某明确说明你想要研究的现象；某阐述你的假说或理论（如有的话）；某设定你研究计划的局限或边界，以提供一个清晰的研究重点；某给关键概念下定义（此项为可选）PS:不多说，基本就是介绍一下研究背景，为什么你的研究内容很有意义或必要性。

Research Proposal: PhD ApplicationIntroductionIn this research proposal, I outline my plan for a PhD application. The proposed research aims to address an important research gap in the field of [insert field of study]. The primary objective of this study is to [state the main goal of the research]. By conducting this research, I hope to contribute to the existing knowledge base and advance the field in a meaningful way.Research ProblemBackgroundProvide a brief overview of the current state of research in the field and highlight the existing research gaps. Discuss the importance of addressing the identified research problem and its implications for the field.Research QuestionFormulate a clear and concise research question that will guide the investigation. The research question should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).Literature ReviewOverviewPresent a comprehensive literature review on the topic. Summarize and analyze the existing research studies, theories, and concepts related to the research problem. Identify the key themes, controversies, and gaps in the literature.Theoretical FrameworkPropose a theoretical framework that will guide the research. Explain the rationale for selecting this framework and how it aligns with the research question. Discuss how the framework will help in analyzing and interpreting the data.MethodologyResearch DesignDescribe the research design that will be employed in this study.Justify the selection of the specific design and explain how it will address the research question. Discuss the advantages and limitations of the chosen design.Data CollectionExplain the methods and tools that will be used to collect data. Discuss the rationale for selecting these methods and their appropriateness for the research question. Provide a detailed description of the data collection process.Data AnalysisOutline the proposed data analysis techniques. Explain how the collected data will be analyzed to address the research question. Discuss the validity and reliability of the chosen analysis methods.Expected OutcomesDiscuss the potential outcomes of the research. Explain how the findings will contribute to the existing knowledge base and address the research gap. Highlight the practical implications of the research outcomes.TimelineProvide a detailed timeline for the completion of the proposed research. Break down the research process into specific tasks and allocate timefor each task. Ensure that the timeline is realistic and feasible.ConclusionSummarize the key points discussed in the research proposal. Emphasize the significance of the proposed research and its potential impact on the field. Reiterate the research question and the expected outcomes.。

申请文书Researchproposal怎么写？首先，先讨论最常见的SOP。

无论申请什么学校，一定都会要求SOP。

这份文件通常分以下几个部份：大学时期修过课程，大学时期研究，硕班时期修过课程，硕班时期研究，课外活动，打工或工作经验，毕业后的研究经验，未来研究计划。

Statement of purpose里的研究计划大概只有一段左右。

整篇statement大约为1000字上下最为常见。

Research proposal一般来说是申请博士才会需要，但是有一些硕士班申请也会要求。

通常research proposal会比statementof purpose长。

依学校要求可能少则1000字，多则高达十几二十页。

至于research proposal要写得多详细?有两种方式：一个是挑一个研究的方向，写得很详细，展现出现你有能力做深度的研究；另一个是挑两三个研究的主题，每一个都讨论一页左右，让学校觉得你是一个很有弹性，愿意多方学习的人。

最重要的是，一定要去学校的网站看有哪些研究者，哪些教授，这些教授最近的学生在做什么主题，他们自己又是做什么主题。

你写的研究方向如果是教授几年前在做的主题，可能他现在已经没有在做了，或是做腻了，教授可能就不会特别想收你。

教授最近在做什么研究，学校的网站会给你最初步的了解，但是最重要的是看教授最近发表的paper或是书，或是他的学生发表的paper或是书是在做什么主题。

Research proposal通常还会包含一个 literature review，也就是把目前为止学者们做的研究做到哪里了，写出来。

那接下来你得说明，你赞成哪些**，不赞成哪些**，以及最重要的是，你未来的研究，跟前人的研究有什么不同，你的学术贡献在哪里?如果是你比较top priority想申请的学校，建议博士班申请可以将自己的研究想法，过去做过的研究成果，以及未来想走的方向写一封大约500字的email给你中意的教授。

一份漂亮的ResearchProposal给你的申请加分一份漂亮的Research Proposal给你的申请加分Research Proposal是什么在申请研究型硕士或PhD时，有学校会要求提交一份Research Proposal，也就是你的选题报告，或者叫研究计划。

RP是衡量申请者的专业知识、研究能力和写作水平的文书，对录取来说也是一份核心的文书材料。

写好一份研究计划，是开展研究和撰写论文的第一步。

RP需要写什么RP有基本的写作架构，可以参考以下的结构，按照自己的研究主题来稍作调整。

Title Page 封面页写标题和作者。

Abstract摘要大约200字，这部分把研究主题、目标和研究方法简要概括。

Table of Contents 目录Introduction 介绍这部分可以陈述你的研究背景、研究问题、研究的目的和意义。

BackgroundLiterature Review研究背景这部分也可以作为文献综述部分，提出你的研究问题，回顾以往的研究来进行评论和分析。

因此你需要阅读相关主题的文献，通过搜索、阅读、分析文献，对以往的研究进行整理和分析。

这需要你有一定的检索能力，并阅读一定数量的论文和书籍，才能总结归纳写成文献综述，是耗时比较长的一部分。

MainbodyHypothesis, Methodology, Research Design RP 的主体部分可以阐述你的研究假设、采用的研究方法，或者是实验的步骤、实验结果的分析方法、处理数据的方法。

所提出的研究方法需要有理有据，而且是可行的。

Time Table 研究日程表这部分可以列出你进行研究的每个阶段，从准备、设计、修改、实施到后期写作阶段的步骤和时间，时间不需要太精准，只需要把大致的时间安排写下就好。

List of References参考文献列表引用的格式需要根据你的科目和学校的要求而定，可以参考APA、HARVAR、MLA 的格式。

Research proposal研究申请如何写一、什么是研究申请报告？研究申请报告就是你要研究项目的大纲，其中包括：1.定义一个清晰的问题，和寻求解答的方法2.强调原创性（博士生）或重要性3.解释如何发展或挑战了现有的文献4.向潜在导师或基金解释工作的重要性，和就是他们要的人研究报告的长度不超过2500字，或5页纸，2至3页一般就足够。

二、研究申请报告的用途导师用它来筛选你的想法、技术、批判性思维和研究项目的质量、原创性和可行性。

请特别注意研究内容与学习年限之间的关系，并且有效配置你的四年博士或两年硕士学习期间的时间规划。

研究报告同时也被用于考察你在本专业的专业程度，包括你对于现有文献的了解，和你课题如何发展现有成果。

也用于将你分配至合适的研究或导师团队。

在提出正式申请之前，一定要和潜在导师进行正是交流，确定具有共同感兴趣的内容、研究设计和课题的可行性。

更重要的是，研究报告也是你用于抒发自己对于课题热情并且说服对方你能完成课题。

申请书不仅可以含有时间线，也可以包含你用于说服导师的内容。

三、研究申请的内容是否就板上钉钉了？当然不是，这是研究的第一步，以后还能根据导师意见和研究内容进行精炼和调整。

申请人应该把研究申请书看做是初步计划而不是最终框架。

四、研究申请书结构1.标题2.课题摘要3.课题内容（1）研究的背景、主要问题（1-3条）、破题方法、重难点（2）研究目标和期望成果（3）研究意义切记一定要着重这几个部分内容：你预计的研究成果和对于研究方法的学术思考，你研究需要的物质条件，所需要的数据、专家、资源，研究难点，课题的道德审查，实地调研或考察4.研究计划和时间线（注意对于学习时间的规划）5.参考文献或准备阅读的文献。

Research Proposal怎么写在准备留学申请的时候，除了标化成绩之外，对软实力也格外的看重。

不仅要你GPA高，专业成绩好，是学校里的“拔尖生”。

还要你有丰富的对口实习经历、科研活动经历。

要GPA高，必然会花很多时间在专业课上。

又要软实力强，必然要花费格外的时间泡在实验室或者读文献上。

不过并不是像很多人都认为必须要发一篇高级别的SCI之类的论文才算有科研经历，没发表论文≠没有科研经历≠科研能力弱。

招生官之所以看重你的科研经历，是希望通过非标准化成绩来进一步了解你是一个怎样的人，了解你对所申专业的兴趣和探索。

因此，除了发表论文之外，你同样可以通过一个课题，来产出项目报告或者研究报告。

这也就是“Research Proposal”，用它来展现你的学术素养、科研能力以及对专业的兴趣。

毕竟录取过程中一个很重要的考察因素是，希望你在入学后，能够利用学校的学术资源做出成绩，从而为学校做贡献。

01 What | RP是什么？很多人可能是初次听说“Research Proposal”，RP作为科研项目产出的一种，也就是俗称的研究报告/计划。

Research Proposal其实是一种论文性文章，主要说明你作为申请人的研究领域和方向，具体的研究课题，采用的研究方法，研究进度安排，研究成果的实际应用价值等等。

不管你是申请硕士or博士，Research Proposal都是申请环节中很重要的一部分，可以说RP的质量就是你申请名校的敲门砖。

02 Why | 为什么需要RP？很多人觉得我有多的时间不如去做些能看到实际效果的事情，为什么要来写RP 呢？其实RP是一种非常重要的个人表现手段。

1.导师取向狙击大家会觉得我多参加点实际的科研项目比写一篇干瘪瘪的RP好得多吧，这样导师在提问时我才有东西可以讲。

多参加科研项目当然很好，也会给简历添彩。

但是耗费时间更多，并且记住你要申请的是Master/Phd,研究型人才，导师很看重你在相关领域的学术研究能力如何。

Research proposal1. Title：Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and American Modern EschatologyOr Modern Eschatology of the 21st century America in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road2. Introduction：1).about the author:a. Most Important achievements about Cormac McCarthy:Cormac McCarthy is an American novelist and playwright, who wasonce described as “the best unknown novelist in America”. So far McCarthy has written ten novels, one published five-act play, and one filmed screenplay, among which, novels are considered his most conspicuous literary achievements.On May 5th, 2009, Cormac McCarthy has won the biennial PEN/Saul Bellow award for lifetime achievement in American literature, for "a distinguished living American author of fiction whose body of work in English possesses qualities of excellence, ambition, and scale of achievement over a sustained career which places him or her in the highest rank of American literature".He received the Pulitzer Prize in 2007 for The Road, and his 2005 novel No Country for Old Men was adapted as a 2007 film of the same name,which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. He received a National Book Award in 1992 for All the Pretty Horses.His earlier Blood Meridian (1985) was among Time Magazine's poll of 100 best English-language books published between 1925 and 2005 and he placed joint runner-up for a similar title in a poll taken in 2006 by The New York Times of the best American fiction published in the last 25 years. Literary critic Harold Bloom named him as one of the four major American novelists of his time, along with Thomas Pynchon, Don DeLillo and Philip Roth. He is frequently compared by modern reviewers toWilliam Faulkner.b. His Life:Cormac McCarthy was born in Rhode Island on July 20, 1933. Cormac was raised Roman Catholic. He attended Catholic High School in Knoxville, and then went to the University of Tennessee in 1951-52. He majored in Liberal arts. His college experience could be considered a rewarding one with his debut publications :A Drowning Incident and Wake for Susan in the student literary magazine, The Phoenix, which won him the “Ingram-Merrill Award for Creative Writing” respectively in 1959 and 1960. McCarthy joined the U.S. Air Force in 1953; he served four years, spending two of them stationed in Alaska, where he hosted a radio show.Gradually his literary potential came into emergence and in 1960 he began to pursue his writing career in a small American town in Texas along the America-Mexico border.c. His Novels:Many of McC arthy’s works are said to be based on his own experiences or actual events.The Orchard Keeper (1965) and Outer Dark (1968) were completedafter his trips to Europe. His first book The Orchard Keep (1965) was recognized with the William Faulkner Award. In the next year he was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation grant. In 1969, his second novel Outer Dark won him Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Writing. Child of God was inspired by things that really happened in Sevier County, which garnered mixed reviews; some praised it as great, while others found it despicable. In 1979, McCarthy published Suttree, a book considered by some critics to be McCarthy’s best work to date. His fourth novel Suttree won him MacArthur Foundation Grant in 1979. The above fournovels are called Appalachian novels.Then McCarthy moved from Knoxville, Tennessee to El Paso, Texas, hence the shift of the geographical settings of his later novels. Hisfifth novel Blood Meridian (1986) caught the attention of the mainstream. But McCarthy didn’t finally receive widespread recognition until in 1992 with the publication of All the Pretty Horses, which won the National Book Award and was followed by The Crossing and Cities of the Plain, forming the so-called The Border Trilogy, as the events in the novels invariably happen round the American-Mexico Border. McCarthy's next book, 2005's No Country for Old Men, stayed with the westernsetting and themes yet moved to a more contemporary period. McCarthy's latest book, The Road, was published in 2006 and won international acclaim and the Pulitzer Prize for literature.d. His views on Writing:In one of his few interviews (with The New York Times), McCarthy is described as a "gregarious loner" and reveals that he is not a fan of authors who do not "deal with issues of life and death," citing Henry James and Marcel Proust as examples. "I don't understand them," he said. "To me, that's not literature. A lot of writers who are considered good I consider strange.” McCarthy remains active in the academic community of Santa Fe and spends much of his time at the Santa Fe Institute, which was founded by his friend, physicist Murray Gell-Mann. On June 5, 2007, in McCarthy’s only TV interview invited by Talk show host Oprah Winfrey; McCarthy told Winfrey that he does not know any writers and much prefers the company of scientists.e. Writing features:McCarthy’s works focus on the life experiences and human feelingsof the common people in the south and the west of America. Thesetouching epics are full of cruel violence, nightmarish murders as wellas the beautiful eclogue and the gentle requiem. They are admittedly called “symphony of hell and heavy”.The wilderness is a repeating image in his works. As a fan of outdoor life, McCarthy put most of his stories in Tennessee and Mexico. The tall timber, darkly fierce plots, simple but powerful language are the main features of his works.McCarthy’s works are also enriched with an imaginative power. Nature, as the greatest being in his works, watches every human deeds, whether stupid, evil, cruel, or good, honest, virtuous. The climax ofthe plots is often accompanied with signs from God, which categorizeshis some works into post-apocalyptic genres.2) The RoadAccording to the PEN, McCarthy is “a distinguish ed American writer whose critically acclaimed work helped readers understand the human condition in original and powerful ways”. As the climax of McCarthy’s writing career, The Road received so many encomium and awards.The Road is a post-apocalyptic tale of a journey taken by a father and his young son across a landscape blasted by an unnamed cataclysmthat destroyed all civilization and, apparently, most life on earth.McCarthy's inspiration for The Road came during a 2003 visit to El Paso, Texas, with his young son. Imagining what the city might look like in the future, he pictured "fires on the hill" and thought about his son. He took some initial notes but did not return to the idea until a few years later, while in Ireland. Then, the novel came to him quickly, and he dedicated it to his son, John Francis McCarthy.The Road follows a man and a boy, father and son, journeying together towards the sea for many months across a post-apocalyptic landscape, some years after a great, unexplained cataclysm. The boy's mother has committed suicide as an escape from the harsh landscape. The man, himself, has a pistol with two bullets meant for suicide.Civilization has been destroyed, and most species have become extinct. The sun is obscured by dark clouds, and the climate has been altered radically with cold "hard enough to crack stones." Plants do not grow.As the two travel across the landscape, they encounter horrific scenes that show the state of humanity. The scenes include an army of roving cannibals and their catamites and slaves; an infant roasting on a spit;and a basement where slaves, whose limbs are being harvested slowly for food, are kept, groaning and in terrible pain. As the journey progresses, the father begins to cough up blood and he knows that he is going to die, but he holds on only due to his love for the boy. Finally, after the two reach the sea, the man dies, and the boy goes on without him. The boy soon encounters a family of people who take him in and take care of him.The sight of the end of the human world is finely depicted by McCarthy, which reveals the writer’s concern on the human future and becomes the post-911 fable.The book, McCarthy's 10th, has been hailed by critics as a masterpiece but it has also achieved commercial success, having been featured by Oprah Winfrey's television book club. Talk show host Oprah Winfrey chose The Road as the April 2007 selection for her Book Club. The sales reached up to 10 million copies in a month.A film based on the novel was announced to be in development onApril 2, 2007. John Hillcoat is set to direct and the adaptation will be handled by Joe Penhall. The lead role of the father will be played by Viggo Mortensen. Also joining the cast is Charlize Theron as the wifeand Robert Duvall as the old man. The film is set to open on October 16, 2009.3. Proposed researched topicCormac McCarthy’s The Road and American Modern EschatologyOr Modern Eschatology of the 21st century America in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road4. Literature review:As Cormac McCarthy is a newly-rising writer, we can not see so many tremendous academic studies of him as of other classical writers.1) In USA, Cormac McCarthy didn’t receive critical attention until the 1990s.So far the American critics and postgraduates have conducted studies of him in the following aspects with a few achievements. Inspite of his numerous awards and prizes, McCarthy is frequently considered as the successor of William Faulkner; however, with the popularity of No Country for Old Men and the great success of The Road, more mainstream critics and media keep an eye on this unknown famous writer.a. Monologues, dialogues, sentence structures inspire scholars to explore autotextuality in McCarthy’s works. Christine Chollier brings forward the idea that the writer is a master in binding and interweaving different voices together to generate and enhance an impression of reality. It is the writer’s talent in picking and arranging words that renders his works an organic unity rarely found in other western novels.Another thing that keeps attracting scholar’s attention is protagonists’ dreams, which, Edwin T. Arnold thinks, represent McCarthy’s “unique way of sharing world experience with readers”. Other themes, like wars, ethics, and modern technology, have all become the focuses of study.Some scholars ponder over another important theme in McCarthy’s works: human-nature relations. George Guillemin raises the idea that the writer is advocating a biocentric concept in all his books, which runs incontrast to the anthropocentric stance many western novels have assumed before. Guillemin points out that people’s hope to get closer to nature has been ruined by modern civilization. Barcley Owens, too, expresses the same concern over human’s attitudes towar ds nature and argues eloquently that McCarthy reveals his worry through the depiction of wilderness in his Border Trilogy.In The Lay of the Land in Cormac McCarthy’s Appalachia, K. Wesley Berry shows his interest in examining the geological changes inM cCarthy’s Appalachia. A lot of data are brought in for a conclusion that human’s activities have already caused damages to natural environment, and if not stopped, will continue to harm the planet people are living on. In another essay by Sara Spurgeon, the idea that nature deserves to be explored and used by human is totally undermined through a closer examination of the message McCarthy tries to pass on to us in his works. The World on Fire deals with the same topic, but in a different way. Jacqueline Sco ones finds McCarthy’s interest in portraying products of modern civilization and putting them in a setting of nature. Scoones insists that McCarthy intends to generate an odd contrast between civilization and nature, and to arouse a spontaneous hatred agai nst people’s invasion into nature.Researchers also notice the animal images in his works. Major analysis include George Guillemin’s Some Site Where Life had not Succeeded, in which he mentions that John Grady’s attitude changes toward horses represent the wakening of his goodwill to nature. Western Myths in All the Pretty Horses and The Crossing by Barcley Owens explicitly affirms wolves as a “spokesman” of nature. And everything people could see from the animal and its relations with human may serveas the evidence that McCarthy hopes for a harmonious coexistence between human and nature.b）The Road has received numerous positive reviews and honors since its September 26, 2006 release. The review aggregator Metacritic reported the book had an average score of 90 out of 100, based on 31 reviews. Critics have deemed it "heartbreaking," "haunting," and "emotionally shattering. The Village Voice referred to it as "McCarthy's purest fable yet." In a New York Review of Books article, author Michael Chabon heralded the novel. Discussing the novel's relation to established genres, Chabon insists The Road is not science fiction: although "the adventure story in both its modern and epic forms… structures the narrative," Chabon says, "ultimately it is as a lyrical epic of horror that The Road is best understood." Entertainment Weeklyin June 2008 named The Road the best book, fiction or non-fiction, of the past 25 years, ahead of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Toni Morrison's Beloved.British environmental campaigner George Monbiot was so impressed by The Road that he declared McCarthy to be one of the "50 people who could save the planet" in an article published in January 2008. Monbiot wrote, "It could be the most important environmental book ever. It is a thought experiment that imagines a world without a biosphere, and shows that everything we value depends on the ecosystem.” This nomination echoes the review Monbiot had written some months earlier for the Guardian in which he wrote, "A few weeks ago I read what I believe is the most important environmental book ever written. It is not Silent Spring, Small Is Beautiful or even Walden. It contains no graphs, no tables, no facts, figures, warnings, predictions or even arguments. Nor does itcarry a single dreary sentence, which, sadly, distinguishes it from most environmental literature. It is a novel, first published a year ago, and it will change the way you see the world."Academic essays on The Road are out of steps with its high praises. In Life of War, Death of the Rest, Tim Blackmore considers the way new nuclear technologies are inherently determinist, and reflects on the threat of the apocalyptic world as seen in The Road. In Cormac McCarthy and the Myth of American Exceptionalism published in 2008, John Cant studies the intertextuality between The Road and McCarthy’s former works, and suggests the novel “declares the inevitability of cultural entropy, but is itself an example of cultural vitality”.2) Cormac McCarthy’s works are stil l far from familiar toChina’s literary circle.From the data from CNKI, it is clear that Cormac McCarthy hasgained Chinese Critics’ attention only in recent years, especiallyafter the release of the movie No country for Old Men. Before 2007,there are only two essays on Cormac McCarthy, while since 2007, 5 essays and 5 graduate theses have chosen this writer and his works, two ofwhich are based on The Road. However, those two just introduce the plots of the novel and some relevant information.3) About EschatologyEschatology (from the Greek , Eschatos meaning "last" and -logy meaning "the study of") is a part of theology and philosophy concerned with what is believed to be the final events in the history of the world, or the ultimate destiny of humanity, commonly referred to as the end ofthe world. While in mysticism the phrase refers metaphorically to the end of ordinary reality and reunion with the Divine, in many traditional religions it is taught as an actual future event prophesied in sacred texts or folklore. More broadly, eschatology may encompass related concepts such as the Messiah or Messianic Age, the end time, and the end of days.Most modern eschatology and apocalypticism, both religious and secular, involves the violent disruption or destruction of the world, whereas Christian and Jewish eschatologies view the end times as the consummation or perfection of God's creation of the world.。