Research Proposal 的模板、写作建议以及样本 计算机

How to write a research proposalYou are to write a research proposal of about 2000 words, maximum 8 type-written pages (including figures and tables), double-spaced. Fonts should be set at 12-point.ObjectivesThe idea behind this research proposal is I would like to see whether you are able to identify outstanding issues that more research could help to clarify. Writing the proposal will then help you achieve four important objectives:(1) to expand your knowledge of cognitive neuroscience by focusing on two areas that are of particular interest to you,(2) to further develop your skills as a critical reader of psychological research, and(3) to develop your scientific writing skills.General RequirementsIn this research proposal, you are asked to demonstrate your ability to integrate information across topics covered in the course. In the proposal, you should critically review two areas of cognitive neuroscience and then propose an experiment that would help to address an integrative question or issue.Choose any two sections from the course outline, such as Attention and Memory, and discuss how they are (or might be) related. For example, you might want to discuss the role of attention in memory. Alternatively, you might wish to discuss some general principles of cortical organization, such as modularity and central processing, and how they apply to two different areas you have studied. I guess you will find that there are a great number of potential topics you could pick. The best way would be to take something that interests you. You should then try to define what you picked narrowly. You need not deal with the entire topic area (e.g., all of language, all of perception), but choose smaller, more manageable topic (e.g., perception of living things and spatial attention; the function of the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). If you define your topic too generally there will simply be too much relevant research, making it very difficult to decide which the most relevant papers are.Required sections of the proposalThe proposal must contain the following sections: Title page – Abstract – Introduction – Methods – Predicted Results – References.• Title page• Abstract: One (1) paragraph that briefly describes the area of interest and the research question that will be addressed in the proposal. Put the abstract on a separate page, immediately following the title page.• Introduction: This section should describe the research area and findings from previous studies. Write in a goal-directed manner. By this I mean you will eventually be proposing some experiment in your proposal. Therefore, the literature review should be designed so that it discusses an issue or question that needs to be addressed in that area and provides a rationale for your proposed study. Moreover, you should structure your Introduction so that the motivation for your proposal becomes clear. To achieve that you should begin with a relatively big issue and then focus down to the specific issue you are interested in, highlighting the aspects of previous research (e.g. some methodological flaw in previous approaches) that your proposal is meant to address. By the end of the Introduction the reader should have a very good idea of what the central issue of your proposal will be. Your Introduction should reference at least three research articles (see the section about references). (Maximum length of the Introduction: 3 double-spaced pages).• Method: Now you are actually talking about what you are proposing. Again, be sure that this follows naturally from the introduction in which you should have set up and highlighted some critical issue that needs to be resolved. What you should do now is to tell the reader how you would resolve this issue. The Method section should describe the proposed method for the experiment, including who the participants will be (ages and where they will be recruited from), what equipment will be used, and the procedure that will be followed. You should specify the variables (independent and dependent) that will be used in the experiment. You do not have to format this section with separate subject, apparatus and procedure sections, but having that in mind can help to guide your thinking and writing. A clearly structured Method section is very important. (Maximum length of the Method section: 2 double-spaced pages).• Predicted Results: This section should describe the results you expect from your proposed experiment. (Maximum length: 1 double-spaced page). Please note: You should use the future tense. Do not create fake data and write the paper in past tense as if the experiment has already been conducted. Also, you may want to think about alternatives. That is, sometimes it is interesting to think about What if the results would turn out differently? Would there be any alternative interpretations?• References: You must have at least 3 primary sources (journal articles from the same list of journals as for reaction papers, that is: Brain, C erebral Cortex, C urrent Biology, E xperimental Brain Research, J ournal of Cognitive Neuroscience, J ournal of Neuroscience, J ournal of Neurophysiology, N ature, N ature Neuroscience, N eurology, N europsychologia, N euron,P sychological Science, S cience, V ision Research). The references should be from the last two years. You must format your references using the guidelines developed by the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual (5th edition).Use APA FormatYou should use the guidelines for scientific writing that have been developed by the American Psychological Association (APA). There you will find more details about what I was talking about in the previous paragraphs. The 5th edition of the APA Publication Manual is available at the UTSC Bookstore and at the Bladen Library: CALL NUMBER: BF 76.7 .P83 2001 SCAR -- BOOK – ShortTermLoan.Evaluation of Research ProposalsThis form is what will be used to both grade your proposal, and give you feedback about your proposal. One of these forms will be stapled to each proposal after it is marked and, when we return the proposal to you, you can use this sheet to see what things you may want to work on with respect to other written work you do.For each of the following, you will be given a 1-10 score, where 1 is very poor, and 10 is very well (perfect really). There are ten different issues outlined below. Thus, your final mark on the proposal (out of 100) will be calculated as you total score on these questions.Writing•How well did the author lay out the argument in the opening section of the paper? And, how obvious was it where the author was going with their argument as you read it. Thatis, was the information presented in a very scattered manner with no apparent direction, or was the argument (and the relevance of the sections of the paper to it) obviousthroughout?•How clearly did the author structure the Method section?•How well did the paper conform to the APA writing standard?Research•How appropriate was the chosen research papers with respect to the argument the author was suggesting?•How well did the author explain the relevant aspects of previous research? Did you understand the research, and what point it makes with respect to the author's argument? Proposed Experiment•How well do you think the experiment, as proposed, would deal with the argument the author suggested in the introduction?•How well did the author use the introduction to motivate reasonable predictions about the potential outcome(s) of the proposed experiment?•Was the experiment well designed? Did you see any obvious design flaws?•How clever was the suggested experiment? That is, did the author simply suggest looking at some existing issue as a function of some other variable with no apparent motivation, or did the experiment represent a real attempt to either confirm or deny some theory, or discriminate between existing views or theories? Let’s say, there is a lot of research on how quickly we respond to circular spots popping up on a computer screen.Then an experiment would be less clever if it just looked at how quick we are when the spots are square-shaped.•How realistic is the predicted outcome of the experiments? Does the author mention any alternatives?。

research proposal 格式
编写研究提案（research proposal）的格式可能会有些变化，具体取决于学科、机构或项目的要求。

以下是一个一般性的研究提案的标准格式，供参考：
1. 标题：
-确定性而简明地概括研究内容。

2. 背景和引言：
-介绍研究问题的背景，阐明研究的重要性。

-提供相关文献综述，说明目前已有的研究和知识空缺。

3. 研究问题或目标：
-明确研究的主要问题或目标。

4. 研究设计/方法：
-描述研究设计，包括数据收集和分析方法。

-讨论实施研究的步骤，以及为什么选择这些方法。

5. 理论框架：
-如果适用，提供支持研究的理论基础。

6. 研究的意义和预期成果：
-阐述研究的理论和实际意义，以及预期的研究成果。

7. 研究计划和时间表：
-列出研究的阶段，包括起止日期。

8. 预算：
-提供研究所需的经费预算，包括任何可能的支出。

9. 参考文献：
-列举所有在研究提案中引用的文献。

10. 附录：
-如果需要，包含支持材料，例如调查问卷、图表、地图等。

请注意，研究提案的具体要求可能会因学科和项目而异。

在准备研究提案时，请仔细阅读和遵循特定机构或项目提供的指南和要求。

英文research proposal一、研究题目研究题目应该能够简洁明了地表达研究的目的和内容。

应该避免使用太过晦涩的名词或术语，以免读者难以理解。

二、研究背景在这一部分，需要提出研究的背景情况，包括相关领域已有的研究成果、问题和未解决的难点。

也可以简要说明自己选择这一课题的原因。

三、研究目的在这一部分，需要清晰地表达出自己这次研究的目的是什么，以及想要解决的问题是什么。

也可以阐述一下自己希望通过这次研究能够取得的成果和对学术界或者实际应用的意义。

四、研究内容和方法研究内容和方法是整个研究计划中最为重要的一部分。

在这一部分，需要清晰地阐述自己的研究将要进行的具体内容，以及采用的研究方法。

这一部分需要做到既全面、详细地描述研究过程中的每一个步骤，又尽量简洁明了，以便读者能够迅速理解。

五、研究预期结果在这一部分，可以预先设想一下自己这次研究可能得出的结论和结果。

也可以说明一下如果研究取得了预期的成果，对学术研究或者实际应用将会有怎样的帮助。

六、研究进度安排在这一部分，需要列出自己的研究进度安排，包括每个阶段具体需要做的工作内容、预计需要的时间，在研究过程中可能遇到的困难和问题以及相应的解决办法。

七、参考文献研究过程中所使用的参考文献应当列举清楚，并且按照一定的格式规范进行标注，以便审阅者查阅参考。

以上便是一份较为完整的英文research proposal的写作要点。

编写一份高质量的research proposal需要作者全面理解自己的研究内容，并清晰地向读者传达出来。

也需要遵循一定的格式规范，以便读者能够迅速理解并审阅。

希望以上内容对您有所帮助。

研究背景在研究背景部分，我将进一步详细介绍所选择的研究领域和当前的研究状况。

我们知道，现代社会信息爆炸，大数据时代已经到来。

在这个背景下，信息检索和数据挖掘变得尤为重要。

随着人工智能和机器学习等技术的飞速发展，自然语言处理也逐渐成为了研究的热点之一。

然而，当前自然语言处理领域依然存在着许多挑战和问题，比如语义理解、语言生成等方面的困难。

Research Proposal一、研究背景随着社会的发展和进步，科学技术得到了快速发展，人们对科学知识的渴望也越来越强烈。

作为一个研究人员，我们需要不断地深入研究各种领域的知识，为社会的发展做出贡献。

本课题选择了XXX为研究对象，主要是因为XXX有着广阔的研究空间，同时具有一定的实际应用价值。

二、研究目的我们的研究旨在探索XXX的XXX特性，并通过对XXX的深入研究，为XXX领域的发展做出贡献。

通过我们的研究，还可以为企业的XXX 提供一定的参考和指导。

三、研究方法为了达到以上研究目的，我们将采用XXX方法进行研究。

我们将通过实地调查、统计分析、专家访谈等方法，收集大量的XXX相关数据，并对这些数据进行深入、系统的分析和研究，从而揭示XXX的内在特性和规律。

四、研究内容1. XXX的定义和特性我们将通过文献综述和实地调查，对XXX的定义和特性进行界定和分析，从而深入探讨XXX的本质属性。

2. XXX的发展现状及问题我们将通过对XXX的发展现状进行调查和分析，发现其中存在的问题和矛盾，为我们进一步的研究提供依据。

3. XXX的发展趋势通过对XXX的发展趋势进行分析和研究，探讨XXX未来的发展方向和发展空间，为XXX领域的进一步研究提供参考。

五、研究意义我们的研究将有以下意义：1. 为XXX领域的发展提供理论指导和参考；2. 为企业的XXX提供决策支持和指导；3. 为相关研究人员提供研究思路和方法。

六、研究预期成果通过我们的研究，我们希望能够得到以下预期成果：1. 对XXX的定义和特性有更深刻、更系统的认识；2. 对XXX的发展现状、问题和趋势进行了深入的分析和探讨；3. 对XXX领域的发展提出了一定的见解和建议。

七、研究进度安排我们的研究将按以下进度安排进行：1. 月份：进行XXX的文献综述和调研；2. 月份：完成对XXX的实地调查和数据收集；3. 月份：进行数据分析和研究；4. 月份：撰写研究报告和论文。

Title of research:An investigation into the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship.Objectives:•To identify key barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship•To administrate a national electronic survey to health librarians and information specialists in England, Scotland and Wales.Please give a brief justification of your proposed research project:The question this study aims to answer is: What are the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship? This question has been given minimal levels of consideration in the professional literature to date and is a question of importance for a number of reasons. There is now a growing literature base that recognises the need for librarians to engage more with research (Powell, Baker et al. 2002; Juznic and Urbanija 2003; Koufogiannakis and Slater 2004; Koufogiannakis and Crumley 2006). Within the current context of health librarianship strategies are neededto engage with this more fully and in order to effectively address the associated issues that relate to improved decision making skills, evidence based practice, and the improvement of patient care. This is particularly pertinent in light of the recent HillReport (Hill 2008, p35) which specifically recommends that “research to measure the impact of the application of best available evidence in decision making should continueto be pursued vigorously and routinely by health librarians, in partnership with researchers’.Much of the work health librarians are involved with is directly linked to evidence based health practice, and evidence based medicine and research forms a substantial aspectof this (Eldredge 2000; Hill 2008). Whilst there is a demand on health professionals to justify and base their practice on robust research based evidence, there is little evidence that health librarians are engaging with this in relation to their own professional practice. Largely, their involvement with evidence based practice is linked directly to health practice rather than the practice of librarianship. The lack of evidence based practice in librarianship jeopardises the credibility of health librarians in their involvement with evidence based health practice and it is widely reported that increased engagement with evidence based librarianship amongst the profession is becoming increasingly important. For health librarians to credibly support evidence based health practice / medicine it is arguable that the profession should be able to demonstrate evidence based practice in relation to its own professional practice (Eldredge 2000; Booth and Brice 2003; Grant 2003). This is particularly relevant since the end purpose of health librarianship is directly linked to the improvement of patient care (Hill 2008). For health librarians totake a truly evidence based approach to their professional practice, increased engagement with research activities is necessary. At present however, there is little evidence that health librarians are engaging with research in relation to their ownprofessional practice (Booth 2002; Booth and Brice 2003). Whilst some small pockets of active engagement exist, largely this remains a specialist interest area rather than something that is taken on board profession-wide (Booth 2002). Reluctance to conduct research in relation to health librarianship (rather than health practice) within the profession is widely documented (Booth 2002; Booth 2003). However, with the exception of a generic study (McNicol and Nankivell 2003) which aimed to survey librarians from all subject disciplines and which had poor coverage of health librarians, the reasons behind this have not as yet been fully investigated.The study by McNicol and Nankivell (2003) identified the LIS research agenda to be poorly organised and lacking in direction. It is expected that in carrying out this study a deeper understanding of the reluctance amongst health librarians to engage in research and other related issues they perceive create barriers to their engagement with research activity will be gained. The study will also aim to investigate what they feel are the priorities for research development to aid this current situation. It is anticipated that from the data collected, a clearer and deeper understanding of the issues can be acquired. This will inform the development of a framework which will provide clarity and direction for the profession. Furthermore, it will make recommendations as to how best research development can be taken forward in the profession based on sound evidence derived from the population to which it concerns. The use of a large scale electronic web based survey method will help to acquire a valid data set which is expected to make a substantial and effective contribution to answering the research question. The results and recommendations will be widely disseminated through a variety of appropriate channels.ReferencesBooth, A. (2002). "Mirage or reality." Health information and libraries journal 19(2): 56-58.Booth, A. (2003). "Bridging the research-practice gap: the role of evidence based librarianship." The New Review of Information and Library Research 9(1): 3-23.Booth, A. and A. Brice (2003). "Clear-cut?: facilitating health librarians to use information research in practice." Health information and libraries journal 20(S1): 45-52.Eldredge, J. D. (2000). "Evidence-based librarianship: an overview." Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 88(4): 289-302.Grant, M. L. (2003). "Journal clubs for continued professional development." Health information and libraries journal 20(1): 72-78.Hill, P. (2008). Report of a national review of NHS library services in England: from knowledge to health in the 21st century. Newcastle, Institute of Health and Society.Juznic, P. and J. Urbanija (2003). "Developing research skills in library and information studies." Library Management 274(6/7): 324-331.Koufogiannakis, D. and E. Crumley (2006). "Research in librarianship: issues to consider." Library Hi Tech 24(3): 324-340.Koufogiannakis, D. and L. Slater (2004). "A content analysis of librarianship research." Journal of Information Science 30(3): 227-239.McNicol, S. and C. Nankivell (2003). The LIS research landscape: a review and prognosis, Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals.Powell, R. R., L. M. Baker, et al. (2002). "Library and information science practitioners and research." Library and Information Science Research 24(1): 49-72.Please outline the proposed sample group, including any specific criteria: The sample group will aim to include representation from eight identified areas of health librarianship:Senior strategic health librariansClinical librariansHealth library service managersSenior information strategy managersAcademic health librariansIndependent health librariansResearch librariansAcademicsThe qualifying criteria required for inclusion in the survey will be health librarians and information specialists working in the above context areas, and who hold a professional LIS qualification (ie. degree level or above).Describe how the proposed sample group will be formulated:The study will aim to cover a wide sample group formulated from individuals working in the context areas identified above. Potential participants will be identified from LIS related JISCmail groups, professional directories, university LIS departments, special interest and professional groups, and cascades through senior managers and group Chairs.Indicate clearly what the involvement of the sample group will be in the research process:The involvement of the sample group in the study will extend to the completion of an electronic survey which will be sent via email.Specify how the consent of participants will be obtained. Please include within this a description of any information with which you intend to provide the subjects:Consent will be gained from respondents immediately before participants complete the survey. An invitation email will be sent out to potential participants containing details about the study and a link to the survey. Consent will be obtained from respondents through the inclusion of a statement of consent which will be embedded at the beginning of the survey before the respondent commences with completion of their response. Upon accessing the survey link, respondents will be directed to read the statement of consent and offered the option to consent to their involvement in the study or not. Provided the participant opts to consent to their participation, the survey will then open for them to complete. From the time of sending out the invitation to participate and link to the survey, potential respondents will be given six weeks in which to complete the survey (with a reminder being sent out at three weeks), if they decide to do so after having read the statement of consent.Indicate any potential risks to subjects and how you propose to minimise these:Participation in this survey presents no potential risks to the participants. Participants and their organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publication.Describe the procedures you intend to follow in order to maintain the anonymity and confidentiality of the subjects:The email addresses from which responses will be sent will be automatically removed by the survey software used (SurveyMonkey). The identity of respondents will therefore not be known to the researchers at the survey return stage. Participants and their organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publication.RESEARCH CONSENT FORMTitle of studyAn investigation into the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianshipPlease read and complete this form carefully. If you are willing to participate in this study, ring the appropriate responses and sign and date the declaration at the end. If you do not understand anything and would like more information, please ask.I have had the research satisfactorily explained to me in written form by the researcher. YES / NOI understand that the research will involve:•The completion of an electronic survey on the topic of research development issues in health librarianship.YES / NOI understand that I may withdraw from this study at any time without having to give an explanation.YES / NOI understand that all information about me will be treated in strict confidence and that I will not be named in any written work arising from this studyYES / NOI understand that any data collected will be used solely for research purposes and will be erased on completion of your research.YES / NOI understand that the data will only be discussed within the research teamYES / NOI understand that survey participants and their respective organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publicationYES / NOI freely give my consent to participate in this research study and have been given a copy of this form for my own information.Signature: ………………………………………………………Name (capital letters)…………………………………………..Date: ……………………………………………………………Contact details: (include address, email and telephone number) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Thank you for your interest in the study.。

research proposal的写作框架
写作研究计划时可以按照以下框架进行构思和组织：
1. 引言
- 引入研究的背景和迫切性
- 提出研究目的和问题
- 阐明研究的重要性和潜在价值
2. 文献综述
- 对当前已有的相关研究和理论进行综述和总结
- 确定已有研究的不足之处，为本研究的合理性提供依据
3. 研究目标和研究问题
- 确定研究的主要目标和细分目标
- 提出研究的关键问题和假设
4. 研究方法与设计
- 描述选择的研究方法，如定量、定性、混合方法等
- 详细说明研究样本的选择和数据收集方法
- 解释研究数据的分析和解释方法
5. 预期结果和讨论
- 阐述预期研究结果
- 讨论结果对研究问题的回答以及对领域知识的贡献
- 分析可能的局限性和进一步研究的建议
6. 研究时间安排
- 列出研究各个阶段的时间计划和里程碑
- 说明可能的风险和应对措施
7. 参考文献
- 提供文章中引用的文献的完整引用信息
- 根据要求采用适当的引用格式，如APA、MLA等
8. 附录（可选）
- 包括需要的研究工具和调查问卷
- 其他可能有助于理解和复现研究的信息
注意：
- 写作过程中应该用简洁明确的语言，避免使用过多的技术术语或行话。

- 确保整个研究计划的逻辑和连贯性。

- 在编写研究计划时应注意符合所在学科领域的相关要求和规范。

英文research proposal格式A research proposal is an essential document that outlines the proposed research project in a clear and concise manner. It serves as a blueprint for the study, providing a detailed description of the research objectives, methodology, and timeline. In addition, a research proposal demonstrates the feasibility and significance of the proposed study, making it crucial for researchers to adhere to a specific format to ensure clarity and coherence. In this article, we will discuss the format and structure of an English research proposal.The format of an English research proposal generally follows a standard structure, which includes the following key sections:1. Title: The title should reflect the essence of the proposed research project and capture the interest of potential readers. It should be concise, clear, and informative.2. Abstract: The abstract provides a brief overview of the research project, summarizing the research objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should be concise yet comprehensive, allowing readers to grasp the essence of the proposal.3. Introduction: The introduction sets the stage for the research project by providing background information on the topic of study. It should highlight the significance of the research problem and clearly state the research objectives or research questions that the study aims to address.4. Literature Review: The literature review is a critical component of the research proposal that evaluates and synthesizes existing literature on the topic. It demonstrates the researcher's familiarity with the relevant literature and highlights the research gap that the proposed study intends to fill.5. Research Methodology: This section outlines the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques that will be used to address the research objectives. It should clearly explain the rationale for choosing specific methodologies and procedures.6. Expected Results: In this section, researchers should outline the expected findings and outcomes of the proposed study. They should be realistic and aligned with the research objectives.7. Significance and Implications: This section highlights the potential impact and contributions of the proposed research project. It should emphasize the significance of the study in advancing knowledge in the field and discuss potential implications for theory, practice, or policy.8. Timeline: A research proposal should include a timeline that outlines the key milestones and activities of the research project. It should be presented in a clear and logical manner, indicating the duration of each task or phase.9. References: A list of references should be included to acknowledge the sources cited in the proposal. It should follow a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA) and be organized alphabetically.10. Budget: If applicable, a research proposal may include a budget section that outlines the estimated costs associated with the proposed study. It should provide a breakdown of expenses, such as research materials, participant compensation, or travel fees.In conclusion, an English research proposal follows a specific format to effectively communicate the research objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes of a proposed study. By adhering to this format, researchers can ensure clarity and coherence in their proposals, enhancing their chances of obtaining approval and funding for the research project.。

research proposal 的格式-回复Research Proposal Format:Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisIntroduction:- Briefly explain the background and significance of the topic.- Highlight the existing gap in knowledge or controversy surrounding the impact of social media on mental health.- State the research questions and objectives.Literature Review:- Conduct a comprehensive review of studies exploring the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes.- Summarize the main findings and controversies in the existing literature.- Identify any limitations or gaps in the current research.Methodology:1. Research Design:- Specify whether the study will be a systematic review or ameta-analysis.- Justify the chosen methodology and explain how it will contribute to addressing the research questions.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:- Define the population of interest, including age range and social media platforms.- Specify the types of studies that will be included (e.g., experimental, correlational, longitudinal) and any language or date restrictions.3. Search Strategy:- Describe the databases and search engines that will be utilized. - Explain the keywords and search terms that will be used.- Discuss any additional strategies for identifying relevant studies (e.g., hand-searching reference lists, contacting experts).4. Study Selection:- Outline the process for screening and selecting studies based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.- Describe the number of reviewers involved and any measures toensure inter-rater reliability.5. Data Extraction:- Specify the data items that will be collected from each study (e.g., sample size, study design, outcome measures).- Indicate how the relevant data will be extracted and recorded (e.g., using standardized forms).6. Quality Assessment:- Explain the methods for assessing the quality and risk of bias of the included studies.- Discuss any tools or criteria that will be used for this purpose.Data Analysis:- Describe the statistical methods that will be employed for data synthesis (e.g., meta-analysis, qualitative synthesis).- Explain the rationale for pooling or comparing the results of the selected studies.Ethical Considerations:- Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during the research process.- Address how participant confidentiality, informed consent, and other ethical principles will be ensured.Timeline and Resources:- Provide a detailed timeline of the proposed research activities. - Specify any necessary resources, such as research assistants, software, or funding.Conclusion:- Summarize the main points of the research proposal.- Emphasize the potential contributions and implications of the proposed study.- Discuss the feasibility and limitations of the research.References:- Include a list of all the references cited in the proposal, following appropriate citation style guidelines (e.g., APA, MLA).。

Research ProposalN.MavaddatDepartment of Computer Science and Software EngineeringThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley,W.A.6009navid@.auApril2002A.Proposed Study1.TitleAutomatic Determination of Vanishing Points and Geometric Cues for Single View Rectification and Metrology.2.ContributionFrom a single two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object or scene it is possible to extract substantial information about the original object or even partially reconstruct the image of the object from a different viewing angle.[4]This has many applications in thefields of architecture, archaeology,forensic science and many others.This analysis can provide,in the case of metrology, measurement of the original scene,and in the case of rectification,the necessary information to construct a virtual model of the scene.A critical part of the analysis process is to accurately identify attributes of interest.One such attribute of interest are the‘vanishing points’of a scene.These are defined as points at which the extensions of parallel lines appear to converge in the perspective view of the image. In practice the detection of the vanishing points is made by visual inspection of the image and is both cumbersome and not very accurate.An automatic method of the vanishing point detection would eliminate the subjective inspection of the image and expedite the process.In my Honours project I was able to advance a method for automatic detection of the vanish-ing points through the combination of image analysis techniques and projective geometry.The method was successfully applied to the detection of the vanishing points for several images and reconstruction of images from different perspectives.However,the above method can only be readily implemented when there are sufficient straight lines in the image that can be detected by computational methods and their convergence point determined.In general the two-dimensional images may contain none or a very few straight lines.Hence the proposed method has to be much improved and augmented to be a useful tool for practical applications.The attributes of interest are not confined to vanishing points.Other attributes such a horizon lines are also useful for single view image analysis.These attributes have yet to be explored and their detection processes automated.Further work includes the development of prototypes for proposed applications of single view metrology and rectification.In addition to vanishing points,other geometrical cues can greatly assist the accuracy and feasi-bility of single view metrology.These geometrical cues include determination of right angles andcircles in a scene.B.Research Plan1.Time Estimates for CompletionDate Activity05/2002Literature review and research proposal.08/2002Comparison of current vanishing point detectors with respect to efficiency and accuracy 10/2002Extension of existing techniques beyond straight lines to include horizon detection11/2002Investigation of detection of known angles.02/2003Investigation of detection of known curve shapes.05/2003Analysis of textures.01/2004Error analysis of techniques investigated04/2004Thesis Outline.05/2004Thesis Composition.10/2004Thesis Review.11/2004Final Submission.2.Project Aims•Replicate process of single view rectification and metrology without the need of camera calibration.•Improve view reconstruction by the analysis of geometric cues.•Compare accuracy and efficiency of vanishing point detection algorithms.•Investigate the accuracy of geometric feature detection with relation to human interaction in the decision making scheme.•Investigate the significance of less commonly used geometric feature in the process of image rectification.3.Existing Approaches3.1.Manual Vanishing Point DetectionManual vanishing point detection involves visually isolating pairs of lines image that are knownto parallel in the scene,and interpolating their crossing points.These crossing points define the vanishing points.An image of a three dimensional scene has a vertical vanishing point and each plane with a horizontal component defines a vanishing point,which will lie on the horizon line. Lines that are known to be parallel in the scene and that are also parallel in2d image of the scene have vanishing points that lie infinitely far away.Only the direction of these vanishing points can be computed.This approach requires manual input and therefore its accuracy is dependant on the accuracyof the measurement of parallel lines.Vanishing points are often far offthe image and hence a slight inaccuracy in the measurement of a line will result in a larger error in the position of the calculated vanishing point.3.2.Vanishing Point Detection using Hough TransformWhen lines that are parallel in world coordinates are mapped through a projective transform to an image plane,they will no longer be parallel unless the vanishing point is at infinity.These line will in fact cross and this crossing point defines the vanishing point.The Hough Transform is a widely used algorithm for determining lines and other geometrical primitives in computer vision.For the purposes of vanishing point detection,the Hough Transform is optimised in order to detect lines that would be parallel in the world coordinates of a scene. Using these parallel lines,the vanishing point of the image can be calculated[22]3.3.Gaussian SphereMany vanishing point detection algorithms required the searching of many possible vanishing point candidates.Vanishing points and other possible points of interest often lie far outside the image area.To search through these the traditional way is a time consuming and cumbersome task as it is important to test each candidate relative to the others.This means that the space to be searched is not bounded.The time taken to evaluate each vanishing point candidate increases exponentially for each addition candidate,as it has to be tested against every other candidate. For this reason it is desirable to try to transform the candidates into a bounded search area.One method for making the search space bounded is using the Gaussian sphere.The Gaussian sphere is basically a unit sphere.The lines of interest are projected on it forming circles on its surface. The intersection of the different circles are analogous to the intersection of lines.In this manner vanishing points can be determined in a bounded space and then transformed back to the image coordinates.This method introduces complexity in the calculation of intersection point,as now the intersection of circles needs to calculated instead of simply lines.[13,25,16]3.4.Project GeometryEuclidean geometry is a special case of perspective geometry.Projective geometry deals with the geometry of the perspective projection.Projective geometry is a mathematical tool with numerous properties.There are four main prop-erties that facilitatefinding vanishing points.[1]1.The cross product of two points in homogeneous coordinates results in a representation ofthe line they lie on.2.The cross product of two lines results in the point of intersection.3.Perspective,aspect ratio and sheer transformations do not cause the loss of dimensional dataas is the case in Euclidean geometry.4.Points and lines at infinity can be described and manipulated.These properties simplify the calculation of intersection points as they only require a simple cross product,and the result is kept intact even if at infinity.4.Research Method4.1.Types of Geometric CuesThe aim of geometric cue detection is to isolate features of the image that can be used to decipher the type of projective distortion it has gone through.I have identifiedfive main classifications of geometrical cues that are relevant to view reconstruction and metrology.Vanishing Points Vanishing points are primary geometrical cue used to determine projective distortion.Horizon Line Horizon lines are defined as the line formed by the vanishing points of all the planes that have a horizontal components.As well as being useful geometric cues,the horizon line can also assist in the error analysis of the vanishing points.Known-Angles If an image has a feature which forms a known angle then it is possible to determine the projection transformation it has undergone.This analysis is particularly well suited to images of architectural environments,with right angles being the most common angles to be used as cues.Simple Shapes These include triangles,quadrilaterals and simple curves and spheres. Textures Textures and repeating patterns that form surfaces can encode information about the perspective transformation they have undergone by how they have been distorted.4.2.Devising detection algorithmsThe aim of my investigation is to compare the efficiency of geometric cue detection schemes and more importantly the accuracy of these schemes.There has been a vast increase in computational power since this research in to automating the detection of vanishing points began.There are two main outcomes as a result of this.Firstly,new applications of view reconstruction and metrology that are now viable can be improved with accurate and robust vanishing point detection.Secondly, new methods of detection that require the processing of textures,for example can now been carried out within a useful period of time.4.3.Testing and analysis using generated control images.The accuracy of the geometric cue detection algorithms will be testing using artificially generated images.These images will be generated such that the position and nature of the cues are known and‘noise’in the image is controlled.This phase of testing will determine the usefulness of the detection algorithm proposed.4.4.Analysis of results using‘real world’images.After the algorithm has been validated using generated images,the real world applicability needs to be determined.Thefirst step would require testing of the algorithm with images of simple scenes where attributes of the cues can be manually determined.4.5.Applicability of detection techniques to view reconstruction and metrology The main use of geometric cues is in view reconstruction and metrology.It is important to determine the relative usefulness of the different cue detection techniques.I plan to investigate the significance of the different geometrical cues,such that more effort can be put into the accurate detection of cues so that errors in detection are not amplified when applied to practical situations.5.Duplicated WorkBoth my supervisor and I have conducted thorough searches of online indices and produced a comprehensive literature review.No material was found that duplicated this project.C.ScholarsDavid Liebowitz(dl@)Department of Engineering Science,University of OxfordOxford OX13PJ,UKAntonio Criminisi(antcrim@)Microsoft ResearchRedmond,WA98052-6399,USAAndrew Zisserman(az@)Department of Engineering Science,University of OxfordOxford OX13PJ,UKRichard Hartley(hartley@.au)Department of Systems Engineering,The Australian National UniversityCanberra ACT0200Frank A.van den Heuvel(F.A.vandenHeuval@geo.tudelft.nl)Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences,Delft University of Technology2629J Delft,The NetherlandsD.BibliographyReferences[1]S.Birchfield.An introduction to projective geometry.Unpublished.Avail-able:/˜birch/projective/,1998.[2]B.Brillault-O’Mahoney.New method for vanishing point puter Vision,Graph-ics,and Image Processing.Image Understanding,54(2):289–300,September1991.[3]A Criminisi,I.Reid,and A Zisserman.A plane measuring device.Image and Vision Com-puting,17(8):625–634,1999.[4]A.Criminisi,I.Reid,and A.Zisserman.Single view metrology.In Proc.7th InternationalConference on Computer Vision,Kerkyra,Greece,pages434–442,September1999.[5]A.Criminisi,A.Zisserman,L.Van Gool,Bramble S.,and pton.A new approachto obtain height measurements from video.In Proc.of SPIE,Boston,Massachussets,USA, volume3576,1-6November1998.[6]A.Criminisi.Accurate Visual Metrology from Single and Multiple Uncalibrated Images.PhDthesis,University of Oxford,Dept.Engineering Science,December1999.D.Phil.thesis. [7]A.Dick,P.Torr,and R.Cipolla.Automatic3d modelling of architecture.Proc.11th BritishMachine Vision Conference(BMVC’00)Bristol,pages372–381,September2000.[8]O.Faugeras.Three-Dimensional Computer Vision.The MIT Press,1993.[9]I.Faux and putational Geometry for Design and Manufacture.Ellis HorwardLimited,1979.[10]R.Gonzalez and P.Wintz.Digital Image Processing.Addison Wesley,1987.[11]Visual Geometry Group.Visual geometry group web page./˜v gg.[12]P.D.Kovesi.Invariant Measures of Image Features From Phase Information.PhD thesis,The University of Western Australia,May1996.[13]J.C.H.Leung and G.F.McLean.Vanishing point matching.International Conference onImage Processing,1996.Proceedings.,pages305–308,1996.[14]D.Liebowitz,A.Criminisi,and A.Zisserman.Creating architectural models from images.In Proc.EuroGraphics,volume18,pages39–50,September1999.[15]D.Liebowitz and A.Zisserman.Metric rectification for perspective images of planes.In Proc.IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,pages482–488,June1998.[16]E.Lutton,H.Maitre,and J.Lopez-Krahe.Contribution to the determination of vanish-ing points using hough transform.In IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence,volume16,pages430–438,1994.[17]M.J.Magee and J.K.Aggarwal.Determining vanishing points from perspective images.Computer Vision,Graphics,and Image Processing,26(2):256–267,May1984.[18]puter Vision IT412Lecture Notes,chapter1.University of Western Australia,1999.[19]C.Rother.A new approach for vanishing point detection in architectural environments.Pro-ceedings of the11th British Machine Vision Conference(BMVC’00),1:382–391,September 2000.[20]J.A.Shufelt.Performance evaluation and analysisof vanishing point detection techniques.In ARPA Image Understanding Workshop,pages1113–1132.Morgan Kaufmann Publish-ers,Palm Springs,1996.[21]M.Straforini,C.Coelho,and M Campani.Extraction of vanishing points from images ofindoor and outdoor scenes.In Image and Vision Computing,volume11(2),pages91–99, 1993.[22]T.Tuytelaars,M.Proesmans,and L.Van Gool.The cascaded hough transform.InternationalConference on Image Processing,1997.Proceedings,.[23]C.Tyler.The rules of perspective./CWTyler lab/CWTyler/PrePublications/ECVP1999/PerspectiveRules.html,1999.[24]Art Deparment University of Idaho.Introduction to perspective.Available at:/drawing/111/lectures/lecture04.html.[25]F.A.van den Heuvel.Vanishing point detection for architectural photogrammetry.In Inter-national Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Vol.XXXII part5,pages652–659, 1998.[26]G.Q.Wei and Z.Y.He.Determining vanishing point and camera parameter:New ap-proaches.In Ninth International Conference on Pattern Recognition(Rome,Italy,November 14–17,1988),pages450–452,Washington,DC,puter Society Press.E.Facilities1.SupervisionProfessor Robyn Owens and Dr Peter Kovesi are available to supervise this research project. 2.Special EquipmentThis project will require a computer terminal with a consumer-level3D graphics hardware.I currently have access to a computer terminal and have gained approval to purchase the necessary graphics hardware.3.Special TechniquesNo special techniques are required for this project.4.Special LiteratureNo special literature is required for this project.5.Statistical AdviceNo statistical advice is required for this project.F.Estimated CostsNo costs other than those normally borne by the Department are anticipated.G.Confidentiality and Intellectual PropertyI intend to make the products of this research(source code etc.)freely available to the academic community.H.ApprovalsNo ethical or medical approvals are required for this project.。

计算机博士研究计划书范文英文英文回答：Ph.D. Research Proposal in Computer Science.Introduction.The field of computer science is constantly evolving, with new technologies and applications emerging every day. In order to stay at the forefront of these developments, it is essential for researchers to have a strong foundation in the fundamentals of computer science, as well as theability to conduct original research.Research Interests.My research interests lie in the area of artificial intelligence, specifically in the development of deep learning models for natural language processing. I believe that deep learning has the potential to revolutionize theway we interact with computers, and I am excited to explore the possibilities that this technology offers.Research Objectives.The primary objective of my research is to develop a deep learning model that can accurately translate text between English and Chinese. This model will be based on the transformer architecture, which has been shown to achieve state-of-the-art results on a variety of natural language processing tasks.Methodology.I will use a variety of deep learning techniques to develop my model, including:Tokenization: I will tokenize the input text into individual words or characters.Embedding: I will convert the tokens into vectors that represent their meaning.Encoder: I will use an encoder to convert the input tokens into a fixed-length vector.Decoder: I will use a decoder to convert the encoder vector into the output text.Expected Outcomes.I expect my research to produce a deep learning model that can accurately translate text between English and Chinese. This model will have a number of potential applications, including:Machine translation: My model can be used to translate documents, websites, and other text content between English and Chinese.Language learning: My model can be used to help people learn English or Chinese.Cross-cultural communication: My model can be used tofacilitate communication between people who speak different languages.Significance.My research is significant because it has the potential to make a major contribution to the field of natural language processing. My model will be the first to use the transformer architecture to translate text between English and Chinese, and it is expected to achieve state-of-the-art results.中文回答：计算机科学博士研究计划书。