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2012八级翻译真题1.泊珍到偏远小镇的育幼院把生在那里养到1岁的孩子接回来。
但泊珍看他第一眼，仿似一声雷劈头而来。
令她晕头胀脑，这l岁的孩子脸型长得如此熟悉，她心里的第一道声音是，不能带回去!痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。
院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。
她在孩子所待的房里来回踱步，这房里还有其他小孩。
整个房间只有一扇窗，窗外树影婆娑。
就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。
这孩子是她的秘密，她将秘密留在这树林掩映的建筑里。
她将秘密留在心头。
参考答案：With pains gathering in her heart, she felt something burning hot between her eyebrows. Her chest was brimmed with depression and sorrow which was about to run out of her throat in any moment. She could not think straight when the headmaster told her that the child suffered from developmental retardation. She strode up and down in the room where other children were staying. There was only one window in the room, out of which some shady trees were dancing. “Just leave it here”, she thought to herself, “This might be the best choice. There are kind-hearted priests and nuns and the place will be renovated into a Medicare Center”. The child would be her secret kept in the buildings behind the woods.2011年专八真题1.现代社会无论价值观的持有还是生活方式的选择都充满了矛盾。
2002年-2011年英语专业八级翻译汉译英参考答案2002年大自然对人的恩赐;无论贫富，一律平等。
所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。
尤其在乡间.上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。
种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒。
喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花;在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌;往日的田园依旧是今日的温璐家园。
这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。
Poor or rich, people are favored by the Nature equally. So all the humans are uniformly and deeply dependent upon the nature, especially in the countryside, where people lived in the same ways of life for thousands of years. They plant crops and grapes, brew and drink wine, feed and milk cows, weed and plant flowers, go to church at weekends, and play music instruments on the plaza on festivals, dancing and singing. The fields of the past remain today's pleasant home. In this way every place has its own legends and the customs hand down.2003年得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿觉打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。
一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。
2002二、试题具体解析21. 要使自己的幽默让人发笑，你应当 _ 。
[A] 利用不同类型的听众[B] 取笑杂乱无章的人[C] 对不同的人谈不同的问题[D] 对你的听众表示同情[答案] C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：段落主旨题。
本题考查的是局部信息，考生关键要理解第一段。
该段首句指出，如果你想在谈话中用幽默使人发笑，你就必须知道如何辨别共同的经历和共同的问题。
接着作者又对此进行了解释，即：你的幽默必须与听众相关，显示你是他们中的一员，或你理解他们的处境并赞成他们的观点。
作者在第三句得出结论，即“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different（针对不同的听众，谈及不同的问题）”。
由此可知，C选项恰好是对该段中心的概括，为正确答案。
A选项虽然在某种程度上谈到了“不同的听众”的重要性，但没有接着阐述听众不同应该怎样做，而且它出现了文中没有的内容：利用听众。
B选项是该段最后举例说明的内容，if you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses。
但这只是用来论证“听众不同问题不同”这个论点的一个具体个案，缺乏普遍性，无法由此而得出取笑他们就总会使幽默起作用的结论，因此不能选。
D选项就是该段第二句谈到的in sympathy with their point of view，但是它仅仅是“对不同的人谈不同的问题”这个中心论点的部分解释，不具备完整性和概括性。
答题技巧：本题要求考生透过字里行间去把握段落主题句。
113 专八翻译历年真题与答案（2002-2014）2014专八翻译真题及答案1．汉译英当我小学毕业的时候，亲友一致地愿意我去学手艺，好帮助母亲。
我晓得我应当去找饭吃，以减轻母亲的困苦。
可是，我也愿意升学。
我偷偷地考入了师范学校——制服、饭食、书籍、住处，都由学校供给。
只有这样，我才敢对母亲说升学的话。
入学，要交十元的保证金。
这是一笔巨款！母亲作了半个月的难，把这巨款筹到，而后含泪把我送出门去。
当我由师范毕业，被派为小学校的校长，母亲与我都一夜不曾合眼。
我只说了句：“以后，您可以歇一歇了！”她的回答只有一串串的眼泪。
After I graduated from primary school, relatives and friends all suggested that I should drop out and learn a trade to help my mother. Although I knew that I ought to seek a livelihood to relieve mother of hard work and distress, I still aspired to go on with study. So I kept learning secretly. I had no courage to tell mother about the idea until admitted to a normal school which provided free uniforms, books, room and board. To enter the school, I had to pay ten Yuan as a deposit. This was a large sum of money for my family. However, after two weeks’ tough effort, mother managed to raise the money and sent me off to school in tears afterwards. She would spare no pains for her son to win a bright future. On the day when I was appointed the schoolmaster after graduation, mother and I spent a sleepless night. I said to her, "you can have a rest in the future." but she replied nothing, only with tears streaming down her face.2．英译汉The physical distance between speakers can indicate a number of things and can alsobe used to consciously send messages about intent. Closeness, for example, indicates intimacy or threat to many speakers whilst distance may denote formality or a lack of interest. Proximity is also both a matter of personal style and is often culture-bound so that what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a speaker from another. And, standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in some situations such as informal party, but completely out of place in others, such as meeting with a superior. Posture can convey meaning too. Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of mood. A lowered head when speaking to a superior (with or without eye contact) can convey the appropriate relationship in some cultures.演说者与听众之间的实际距离通常来是用来传送演说内容的最佳途径但是同时可以表明很多问题。
历年专八短文改错试题2014年英语专八改错真题答案There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s to early 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions ( a 前面加also) have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: (possessed 改为captured)Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? (one前面加as )What is the explanation for the fact adults have (fact后面加that) more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have? What motivates p eople to acquire additional languages?What is the role of the language teaching in the (language前面去掉the) acquisition of an additional language?What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying the learning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all (去掉the)the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far have one thing in commo n: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do (attempts改为attempting)so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under (or 改为and) focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of an individual. That is, t he spotlight is on what mental capabilities are involving, what psychological factors pla y a role in the learning(involving改为involved) or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers.(touch改为contact)2013年英语专八改错真题答案Psycho_linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes invo lved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding,production and remembering language, and hence are concerned with (1) _____ listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually (2) ______ happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. (3) ______ Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, (4) ______ you normally cannot help but understand it. It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of the complexity (5) ______involved: if we are searching for a word but cannot remember it;if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has influenced (6) ______ their language; if we observe a child acquire language; if (7) ______we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if we are visually impair ed or hearing-impaired or if we meetanyone else who is. As we shall see, all these examples (8) ______of what might be called “language in exceptional circumstances”reveal a great deal about the processes evolved in speaking, (9) ______ listening, writing and reading. But given that language processeswere normally so automatic, we also need to carry out careful (10) ______ experiments to get at what is happening.1. production改成producing2. 去掉the3. 去掉accurately前面的so4. looking改为look5. we前面加that6. 去掉colleague后面的has7. their改成his8. anyone改成 pure老师someone9. evolved改成involved10. were改成are2012年英语专八改错真题答案The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. Theargument has been going since at least the first (1) ______ century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writersfavoured certain kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the (2) ___ __ sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) ______ _the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _______ wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 19th (5) _____ century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _______was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible (7) ____ __ gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) __ ___ literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the (9) _______extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov. The argument was the oretical: the purpose of the translation, the nature of the readership, the type of the t ext, was not discussed. Toooften, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. (10) __ _1.going后加on2. 2. certain改为a certain3. 3. rather改为not4. 4. is 改为was5. 5. in 改为 at6. 6. 去掉第二个the7.7. view后面加that8. 8. 去掉 was9. culminated后面加in10. and 改为but2011年英语专八改错真题答案From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knewthat when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages of about 1_________ _ seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that 2_________ __ soon or later I should have to settle down and write books. 3__________ _ I was the child of three, but there was a gap of five years 4__________ on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. For this and other rea sons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developeddisagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my 5____________ _ schooldays. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories andholding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from 6_________the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of 7________being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with wordsand a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created 8________a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure 9________in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious — i.e. seriously 10________intended _ writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would n ot amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.1.在grow后加up, 考固定短语2. 改consience为consciousness 考词语区别，consience翻译为“良心，道德心”, consiousness翻译为“意识”3.改soon为sooner，sooner or later是固定短语4. 在child前加middle, 考上下文理解。
【2001年8级测试英译汉】Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau’s idea of the low levels1. The active discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high2. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.Effort is the gist of it3. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties4. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “The pleasure of taking pains”5. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless6.We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard of the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty7. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun.【概述】这是一篇说理性的议论文，文章评论美国19世纪哲学家、思想家、作家亨利·大卫·梭罗对人生幸福的看法。
2002年Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B, C ORD on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries。
Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before，it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre—electronic_ 3 _ ,following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical。
It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up， beginning with transport， the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio， and motion pictures 7 the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane。
Not everyone sees that Process in 8 。
2012年The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least the first (1) ______ century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writersfav ored certain kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the(2) _______ sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) _______the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _______ wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 19th(5) _______ century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _______ was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible (7) _______ gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) _______ literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the (9) _______ extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, thenature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed. Toooften, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. (10) _______ 2011年From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knewthat when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages of about 1__________ seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did sowith the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that 2___________ soon or later I should have to settle down and write books. 3___________I was the child of three, but there was a gap of five years 4__________on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. Forthis and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developeddisagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my 5___________ schooldays. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories andholding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from 6_________the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of 7________ being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with wordsand a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created 8________a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure 9________in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious — i.e. seriously 10________ intended — writing which I produced all through my childhood andboyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my firstpoem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.2010年So far as we can tell, all human languages are equallycomplete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is,every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say 1_____________ the things their speakers want to say. 2_____________ There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive 3_____________ peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not allgroups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics orpsychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is not the 4_____________ fault of their language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak aboutsnow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in 5_____________ English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of thosesometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise andsubtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect 6_____________ in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position issimply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar 7____________ environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms 8____________ for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in whichEnglishwas habitually used made such distinction as important. 9_____________ Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo languagecould be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufactureor cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. 10____________09年The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passesfrom one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference (1)_______ between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse,learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the (2)__________ little listener has grown up, and has children of their own, or even (3)__________ grandchildren. The period between learning a nursery rhyme andtransmitting it may be something from twenty to seventy years. With (4)________ the playground lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed (5)________ on within the very hour it is learnt; and in the general, it passes ( 6)__________ between children of the same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommonfor the difference in age between playmates to be more than fiveyears. If ,therefore, a playground rhyme can be shown to have beencurrently for a hundred years, or even just for fifty, it follows that it (7)_______ has been retransmitted over and over; very possibly it has passed (8)_______ along a chain of two or three hundred young hearers and tellers, andthe wonder is that it remains live after so much handling, (9)_______ to let alone that it bears resemblance to the (10)_______2008年The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is avery natural one, and in result language has played a prominent ____1____part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate ____2____a given language to show that they are distinctive from another ____3____race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States ____4____split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals thatindependence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a ____5____ different language from those of Britain. There was even one ____6____ proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favouredthe adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things wouldcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English ____7____ and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone ____8____ knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution of carrying with the same language as before. ____9____ Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world ____10____ that political independence and national identity can be completewithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a commonlanguage.07年From what has been said, it must be clear that no one canmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1__________ records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2__________ emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language 3_________ originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4__________ necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remotetribes, no ancient records, providing evidence ofa language with a large proportion of such cries5__________ than we find in English. It is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in6__________ other grounds too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that 7___________ such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8___________ between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusementare largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, 9____________ whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are 10___________wholly conventional.2006年We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1________ to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2_______ message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3_______ set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4_______ thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5_______ speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses active-ly and that which he recognises, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. 6________ But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the systemremains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7_________ member of his linguistic community; he bas to give the system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most 8__________ common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 9__________ among most striking of human achievements. 10__________2005年The University as BusinesA number of colleges and universities have announced steeptuition increases for next year much steeper than the current,very low rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed becauseof a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common 1 ______ stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizesits net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the 2 ______ outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 3 _____ business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty 4_____ increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of beingin the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in 5 ______ graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor one's job prospects, 6 _______ the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education,in order to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students 7 ______ include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving studentsa governance role, and eliminate required courses. 8 _________ Sky-high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students ascustomers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the 9 ______ rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of theathletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the bestathletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlierfrom professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities,the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, byagreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purelyof need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best 10 ______ customer.2004改错One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - either standing committees, special committees set for a specific (1) ______ purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)______ Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)______ groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)______ and to make out detailed studies of issues. (5)______ There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most (6)______ committee hearings are open to public and are reported (7)______ widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)______ to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (9)________ Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury ofthese who give false testimony. (10)______ 2003改错Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwarperiod were more eager than ever to establish families. They quicklybrought down the age at marriage for both men and women and broughtthe birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred (1)______ years of a steady decline, produc ing the “baby boom.” These young (2)______ adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively largefamilies that went for more than two decades and caused a major (3)______ but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. Fromthe 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate (4)______ and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. (5)______ Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who (6)_______ formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the (7)________ divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact toa greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well (8)________ as later decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious (9)_________ distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, thetemporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in (10)________ Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.2002改错There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciationcomparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact thatpronunciation is lear nt…naturally‟ and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 1._____ deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds 2______ like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock when 3______we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a voice we recognize at once, 4_______ whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. 5_____We begin the …natural‟ learning of pronunciation long before we start learningto read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously 6._____ imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around usfor many more hours per every day than we ever have to spend 7._____ learning even our difficult English spelling. This is …natural‟, 8._____ therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our immediate circle;after all, as we have seen, speech operates as a means of holding a community 9._____ and giving a sense of' belonging'. We learn quite early to recognize a …stranger‟,someone who speaks with an accent of a different community-perhaps only a few miles far. 10._______。
2002年英语专业八级考试全真试卷试卷一(95min)PartⅠListening Comprehension(40 min)In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY.Listencarefully and then answer the questions that follow.Mark the correctanswer to each question on your Coloured Answer Sheet.SECTION A TALKQuestions1to5refer to the talk in this section.At the end of thetalk you w ill be given15seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the talk. 1.According to the passage,during the 18th and19th centuries citieswe are small in size mainly because___.A.the urban population was stableB.few people lived in citiesC.transport was backwardD.it was originally planned2.Cities survived in those days largely as a result of___.A.the trade activities they undertookB.the agricultural activities in the nearby areasC.their relatively small sizeD.the non-economic roles they played3.City dwellers were engaged in all the following economic activitiesEX CEPT___.merceB.distributionC.processingD.transportation2114.Urban people left cities for theC.more educational opportunitiesD.a more relaxed religious environment5.Why did the early cities fail to grow as quickly as expected throughout the18th century?A.Because the countryside attracted more people.B.Because cities did not increase in number.C.Because the functions of the cities changed.D.Because the number of city people was stable.SECTION B INTERVIEWQuestions6to10are based on an interview.At the end of the interview you will be given15seconds to answer each of the following fivequestions.Now listen to the interview.6.According to Janet,the factor that would most affect negotiationsis___.A.English language proficiencyB. different cultural practicesC.different negotiation tasksD.the international Americanizedstyle7.Janet’s attitude towards the Americanized style as a model for business negotiations is___.A.supportiveB.negativeC.ambiguousD.cautious8.Which of the following can NOT be seen as a difference betweenBrazilian and American negotiators? 212A.Americans prepare more points before negotiations.B.Americans are more straightforward during negotiations.9.Which group of people seems to be the most straightforward?A.The British.B.Germans.C. Americans.D.Not mentioned.10.Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Japanese negotiators?A.Reserved.B.Prejudiced.C.Polite.D.Prudent.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTQuestion11is based on the following news.At the end of the news item, you will be given15seconds to answer the question.Now listen tothe news.11.The news item is mainly about___.A.a call for research papers to be read at the conferenceB.an international conference on traditional Tibetan medicineC.the number of participants at the conference and their nationalitiesD.the preparations made by the sponsors for the international conferenceQuestions12and13are based on the following news.At the end of the news item,you will be given30seconds to answer the questions.Nowlisten to the news.12.The news item mainly concerns___ in Hong Kong.A.Internet centresB.an IBM seminar 213C.e-governmentD.broadcasting13.The aims of the three policy objectives include all the following EXCEPT___.A.improvement of governmentefficiency B.promotion of e-commercefollowing news.At the end of the news item,you will be given30seconds to answer the questions.Nowlisten to the news.14.Which of the following records was the second best time of the yearby Donovan Bailey?A.9.98.B.9.80.C.9.91.D.9.95.15.The record shows that Bailey was ___.A.still suffering from an injuryB. getting backin shapeC.unable to compete with GreeneD.less confident thanbeforePart Three答案部分英语专业八级考试历年全真试卷2002录音文字材料、参考答案及详细解答听力原文PARTⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A TALKThe first area in American urban history extended from the early17th cent ury to about1840.Throughout those years the total urban214population remained sm all and so with the cities.At the first federal census in1790,city dwellers made up nearly 5.1%of the totalpopulation and only two places had more than25,000inhabitants.Fiftyyears later only10.8%of the national population fell i nto the urbanthe more populous places in the early 19th century remained smallenough that peop le could easily walk from one end of the city to theother in those days.Though smaller in modern standards these walking cities,as it were, perfor med a variety of functions in those days.One was economic. Throughout the pre-mod ern era,this part of urban life remained so overwhelmingly commercial that almo st every city owed its developmentto trade.Yet city dwellers concerned themsel ves not only withpromoting agricultural activities in their own areas,they als ocollected and processed goods from these areas and distributed themto other c ities.From the beginning line and increasingly in the18th and early19th centu ries,cities served as centres of both commerce and simple manufacturing.Apart from the economical functions, the early cities also hadimportant no n-economic functions to play.Since libraries,museums, schools and colleges wer e built and needed people to go there to visitor to study,cities and the large early towns with their concentrationof population tended to serve as centres o feducational activities and as places from which information was spread to th e countryside.In addition,the town with people of different occupational,ethn ic, racial and religious affiliations became focuses of formal and informalpre-industrial city in America func tioned as a complex and varied organizing element in American life, not as a sim ple,heterogeneousand sturdy union.The variety of these early cities was reinforced by the nature oftheir loc ation and by the process of town spreading.Throughout thepre-industrial period of American history,the city occupied sites on the eastern portion of the the largely under-developed continent,and settlement on the countryside generally followed the expansion of townsin that region.The various interest groups in e ach city tended to compete with their counterparts in other cities for economic,social 215and political control first nearby and later more distant and largerare as.And always there remained the underdeveloped regions to be developed through the establishment of new towns by individuals andgroups.These individuals and groups sought economic opportunities or looked for a better social,political o r religious atmosphere.In this sense,the cities better developed a succession of urban frontiers.While this kind of circumstance made Americans one o f the most prolific and self-conscious city-building peoples of their time,it d id not retard the steadily urbanizing society in the sense that decade bydecade an ever larger proportion of thethat was the end of the18thcentury,though24pla ces had2500 persons or more,city dwellers accounted for only 5.1%of the total population.For the next thirty years,the proportion remained relatively stabl e and it was not until 1830that the urban figure moved back up to the level of1690.In short,as the number of cities increased after1680,they sentlarge num bers of people into the countryside and their ratainers. Nonetheless the continuous movement of people into and out of thecities made life in the many but relativ ely small places lively and stimulating.SECTION B INTERVIEWM:I’m talking to Janet Holmes who has spent many years negotiatingfo r several well-known national and multi-national companies.Hello, Janet.W:Hello.M：Now Janet,you’ve experienced and observed the negotiationstrategies used by people from different countries and speakers of different languages.So befor e we comment on the differences,couldI ask you to comment,first of all,on what such encounters have in common?W：OK,well,I’m just going to focus on the situations where peopleare speakin g English in international business situations.so significant.Well,because,I mean,n egotiations between business partners from different216countries normally mean we have negotiations between individuals who belong to distinct cultural traditions M:Oh,I see.W:Well,every individual has a different way of performing various tasks in eve ryday life.M:Yes,but,but isn’t it the case that in the business negotiation,they must c ome together and work together to a certain extent.I mean, doesn’t that level up the style of,the style of differences orsomewhat?W:Oh,I am not so sure.I mean there’re people in the so-called WesternWorld w ho say that in the course of the past30or40years,thereare a lot of things that have changed a great deal globally,and thatas a consequence,national differences had diminished,giving way tosome sort of international Amer icanized style.M:Yeah,I’ve heard that.Now some people say this Americanized style has acted as a model for local patterns. W:Maybe it has,maybe it hasn’t. Because on the one hand,there does appear to be a fairly unified even uniform style of doing businesswith certain basic pri nciples and preferences,you know,like“timeis money”,that sort of thing.B ut at the same time,it is veryimportant to remember the way allgeneralize that to nationalcharacteris tic and stylistic type.It doesn’t help much.M:Yeah.You mentioned Americanized style.What is particular about American st yle of business bargaining or negotiating?W:Well,I’ve noticed that,for example, when Americans negotiate withpeople f rom Brazil,the American negotiators make their points in a direct,sophistical way.M:I see.W:While Brazilians make their points in a more indirect way.M:How?W:Let me give you an example.Brazilian importers look at peoplethey’re talki n g to straight in the eyes a lot.They spend time onwhat some people thinks to b e background information.They seem to be more indirect.M:Then,what about the American negotiators?W:American style of negotiating,on the other hand,is far more likethat of po int-making;first point, second point,third point,and so217on.Now of course,th is isn’t the only way in which one can negotiateand there’s absolutely no reason why t his should be considered asthe best way to negotiate.M:Right.Americans seem to have a different style,say,even from the British,do n’t they?W:Exactly,which just show how careful you must be about generalizing.Americans are too direct even blunt. M:Is that so?W:Yeah,at the same time,the British too.German negotiators canappear direc t and uncompromising in the negotiations,and yet if you experience Germans and Americans negotiating together,it often is the Americans who are too blunt for the German negotiators.M:Fascinating!So people fromdifferent European countries use different styles,don’t they?W:That’s right.M:OK.So what about the Japanese then?I mean,is their style differentfrom th e Americans and Europeans? W:Oh,well,yes,of course.Many Europeans nod its extreme politeness of their Japanese counterpart,the way they avoid giving the slightest defense,you know.They’re also very reserved to people they don’tknow well.At the first meeti ng s American colleagues have difficulties in finding the right approach sometimes. But then when you meet theJapanese negotiators again,thisinitial impression tends to disappear. But it is perhaps true to say the average Japanese business person does choose his or her words really very carefully.M:So can we say that whatever nationalities you are dealing with,you need to r emember that different nationalities negotiate in different ways?W:Well it’s perhaps more helpful to bear in mind that different peopleM:Right.It is definitely a very useful tip for our businessman whooften negot iate with their overseas partners,OK,Janet,thank youvery much for talking wi th us.W:Pleasure.SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST218News Item1(For Question11)The first International Tibetan Traditional Medicine Conferencewill be hel d July15th to17th in Lasa, capital city of Tibet autonomous region.China’s E thnic Medicine Institute,Tibetan Bureau and Tibetan Medical College will co-hos t the conference.The conference has received more than500research papers from China and abroad.Theorganizing committee primarily selected290articles to be discussed at the conference.More than50foreign guests from the United States, Russia,Britain,India,Germany, France,Italy and Nepal will attend the meeting.The China mainland has sent a delegation consisting of250Tibetan medicine expe rts to the conference.News Item2(For Questions12-13)The government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region wasactively adopting information technology and building an electronic government,a senior Hong Kong official said yesterday.This is anintegral part of Hong Kong’s Digi t al 21Strategy formulated in1998to make Hong Kong both a regional and world-wi de internet centre,saidong Kong at the IBM Asian E-government Executive Seminar.The firstpolicy objec tive is to develop an electronic and peopleless government so as to improve the efficiency,cost-effectiveness and quality of public service.The second is to p romote the wide adoption ofE-commence with the government setting a leading exa mple.The thirdis,through the E-government program, to integrate service deliv eryacross motorable departments and agencies.News Item3(For Questions14-15) Canadian Olympic100-meter champion Donovan Bailey showed hewas on his w ay back to top form on Tuesday by winning the100-metersat the athletic mee ting in Switzerland in the time of9.98seconds.Despite unfavorable windy co nditions, Bailey recorded the second besttime of the year short of the9.91se t by double world champion Moris Greene of the United States on May13th in Noso ka,Japan.“I wouldhave run9.80if I’d really pushed myself.”said Bailey,1996Olympic and1995world champion.The Canadian has been fighting for219form since before the Sidney Olympics, following a long-term injurywhich resulted in a disappo inting series of starts in the season. SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING Study Activities in UniversityGood morning,today we’ll look at some study activities carrieddifficult to understand.However,some of the m find it hard to learnsome complex,abstract or unfamiliar subject matters.As a result,acentral problem in higher education is how to internalize academic k nowledge,that is how to make knowledge your own.In order to do sowe must conv ert knowledge from being other’s knowledge to being partof our own way of thin k ing.Then how are we going to do it?What’sthe means available to help us in t h e process of learning?Thereare four key study activities currently used in hig her education toencourage students to internalize knowledge.They are the ones we are familiar with:writing essays,going to classes and seminars,havingindi vidual tutorials and listening to lectures.The four activitiesare long-establi shed features of our higher education,and they areas important now as they wer e a hundred years ago.Now let’s lookat the features of them one by one. First,essay writing.The central focus of university work,especially in h umanities,for example in literature,history orpolitics,is on students’prod u cing regular essays or papers which summarize and express their personal underst anding of the topic.Thenwhat is good about essay writing? Firstly,writing ess ays forces youto select what you find interesting in books and journals and to expressyour understanding in the coherent form.them to give advice on how todevelop your strengths or count eract your stly,ofcourse,individual written work isstill the b asis of almost all assessment in higher education. Written assignments familiari ze you with the form your exams will take. The second key activity in colleges and universities is seminars220and class discussions.Their role is to help you to internalizeacademic knowledge by pro viding such contexts so that you can talkabout such difficult problems as the treatment of inflation and the unemployment in economic policy or the use of the metaphors inShakespeare’s plays.Talking is more active than written work.In conversation you know immediately how effective you are in expressingyour point and can modify what you are saying in response to people’sreaction s.In addition，a normal program of between10to25classes covers far more topic s than one subject. Then you can hope to manageyour written work.Participating in flexible conversations across this range of issues also allows you to practi se using the broader knowledge gained from other key activities such as lecturesNow let’s take a look at another activity,individual tutorials. Discussi o ns between the teacher and one or two students are used indirect explanation by teachers and are subject to flexibleconversational sessions which at their best are very effective in stimu lating students’mastery of a body of knowledge.The one-to-onequality of the pe r sonal interaction is very important in stimulating acceptance of ideas and produ cing fruitful interaction.In order to make individual tutorial really work, st udents should make goodpreparation beforehand,and during the tutorial they als o should ask questions to keep the ball rolling rather than let the teachers talk the vacuum.The last activity is lectures.As we all know,lectures play a largepart o f most students’timetable and occupy considerable proportionof teachers’eff or ts.However the major difficulty with lecturesis that they are not interactive like discussions or tutorials.Thelecturer normally talks for the whole time wi th minimal feed-back from questions.The science and making notes and the lecture while-concentrating on the argument being developed is often difficult to some students,especially when the argument is very complicated.We havesaid that lectures are clearly valuable in several specific ways.Theycan provide a useful overview i n every map,as it were,to familiarizeyou with the mainland features to be enc ountered during the course.Lectures typically give much morethere is a rapid pace of progress 221in theory or practice,lectures play an indispensable part in letting students know the d evelopment immediately,usually several years before the new material is include d in stly lectures areoften very useful in allowing you to see dir ectly how exponents ofdifferent views build up their arguments.The cues provid ed by someonetalking in person may seem irrelevant, but these cues are i mportantaids to understanding the subject matter better later.So far we’ve discussed four study activities and their respective features and roles in higher education.Of course study activities are not limited to just these four types.They’re other activities that are equally important,such,a s general reading, project learning,etc.We willcover them during our next lecture.答案与详解PAPER ONEPARTⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A TALK1.答案：B【问句译文】根据该短文，十八、十九世纪城市小的原因是什么？【试题分析】本题为细节理解题。
