外文翻译--科隆大教堂

外文翻译--科隆大教堂外文原文Cologne CathedralFrom Wikipedia the free encyclopediaFind out more about navigating Wikipedia and finding information Jump to navigation searchCologne CathedralUNESCO World Heritage SiteState Party GermanyType CulturalCriteria i ii ivReference 292Region Europe and North AmericaInscription historyInscription 1996 20th SessionEndangered 2004-2006Name as inscribed on World Heritage ListRegion as classified by UNESCOThe Cologne Cathedral German Klner Dom officially Hohe Domkirche St Peter und Maria is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne under theadministration of the Roman Catholic Church and is renowned as a monument of Christianity of Gothic architecture and of the faith and perseverance of the people of the city in which it stands It is dedicated to Saint Peter and the Blessed Virgin MaryThe cathedral is a World Heritage Site being one of the best-known architectural monuments in Germany and Colognes most famous landmark described by UNESCO as an "exceptional work of human creative genius"[1] Cologne Cathedral is one of the worlds largest churches being the largest Gothic church in Northern Europe For four years 1880-84 it was the tallest structure in the world until the completion of the Washington Monument followed by the Eiffel Tower It has the second-tallest church spires only surpassed by the single spire of Ulm Cathedral completed ten years later in 1890 Because of its enormous twin spires it also presents the largest faade of any church in the worldThe choir of Cologne Cathedral measured between the piers also holds the distinction of having the largest height to width ratio of any Medieval church 361 exceeding even Beauvais Cathedral which has a slightly higher vault [2]Construction of the Gothic church began in 1248 and took withinterruptions until 1880 to complete –a period of over six hundred years It is 1445 metres long 865 m wide and its two towers are 157 m tall [3]Cologne Cathedral despite having been left incomplete during the medieval period eventually became unified as "a masterpiece of exceptional intrinsic value" and "a powerful testimony to the strength and persistence of Christian belief in medieval and modern Europe"[1] as was befitting a worship-place of the Holy Roman Emperor and the traditional shrine of the Three KingsHistoryThe Altarpiece of the Three Kings by Stephan Lochner[edit] Ancient siteWhen the present Cologne Cathedral was commenced in 1248 the site had been occupied by several previous structures the earliest of which may have been a grain store perhaps succeeded by a Roman temple built by Mercurius Augustus From the 4th century the site was occupied by Christian buildings including a square edifice known as the "oldest cathedral" and commissioned by Maternus the first Christian bishop of Cologne A second church the so-called "Old Cathedral" was completed in 818 This burned down on April 30 1248The massive facade was left incomplete for 400 years[edit] Medieval beginningIn 1164 the Archbishop of Cologne Rainald of Dassel had acquired relics of the Three Kings which had been taken from Milan in Italy by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all over Christendom It was important that they were properly housed The loss of the old five-aisled cathedral prompted a building program in the new style of Gothic architecture based in particular on the French Cathedral of AmiensThe foundation stone was laid on August 15 1248 by Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden The eastern arm was completed under the direction of Master Gerhard was consecrated in 1322 and sealed off by a temporary wall so it could be in use as the work proceededIn the mid 14th century work on the west front commenced under Master Michael This work halted in 1473 leaving the south tower complete up to the belfry level and crowned with a huge crane which was destined to remain in place and the landmark of Cologne for 400 years[4]Some work proceeded intermittently on the structure of the nave between the west front and the eastern arm but during the 16th centurythis ceased [5]The Cathedral in 1856 showing the unfinished South Tower with its ancient crane the Gothic eastern end and south transept[edit] 19th century completionWith the nineteenth century romantic enthusiasm for the Middle Ages and spurred on by the lucky discovery of the original plan for the facade it was decided with the commitment of the Prussian Court to complete the cathedral It was achieved by civic effort the Central-Dombauverein founded in 1842 raised two thirds of the enormous costs over US 1 billion in todays money while the Prussian state supplied the remaining thirdWork resumed in 1842 to the original design of the surviving medieval plans and drawings but utilising more modern construction techniques including iron roof girders The nave was completed and the towers were addedThe completion of Germanys largest cathedral was celebrated as a national event in 1880 632 years after construction had begun The celebration was attended by Emperor Wilhelm IAn American soldier and a destroyed Panther tank in front of the cathedral on 4 April 1945[edit] World War II and post-war historyThe cathedral suffered fourteen hits by aerial bombs during World War II It did not at all collapse but stood tall in an otherwise flattened city Believers said it was divine intervention The truth is however more prosaic In a world without GPS the tall building was perfect for allied aircraft to use as a landmark from which to calculate bearings to other bomb targets in Germany and southern Europe and thus was left intact for pilots of future missions use as reference points[citation needed]The repairs to the building were completed in 1956 In the northwest towers base an emergency repair carried out with bad-quality brick taken from a nearby war ruin see German Wikipedia "Klner Domplombe" remained visible until the late 1990s as a reminder of the War but then it was decided to reconstruct this section according to the original appearanceSome repair and maintenance work is almost constantly being carried out in some section of the building which is almost never completely free of scaffolding since wind rain and pollution slowly eat away at the stones The Dombauhütte which was established to build the cathedral and repair the cathedral is said to employ the best stonemasons of the Rhineland There is a common joke in Cologne that the leader of the Dombauhütte the Dombaumeister master builder of the cathedral has to be Catholic and free from giddiness The current Dombaumeisterin is Barbara Schock-WernerHalf of the costs of repair and maintenance are still borne by the DombauvereinOn August 25 2007 the cathedral received a new stained glass in the south transept window With 113 square metres of glass the window was created by the German artist Gerhard Richter It is composed of 11500 identically sized pieces of coloured glass resembling pixels randomly arranged by computer which create a colorful "carpet" Since the loss of the original window in World War II the space had been temporarily filled with plain glass[6] Joachim Cardinal Meissner who had preferred a figurative depiction of 20th-century Catholic martyrs for the window did not attend the unveiling[7]Cologne Cathedral across the Rhine[edit] World Heritage SiteIn 1996 the cathedral was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List of culturally important sites In 2004 it was placed on the "World Heritage in Danger" list due to nearby high-rise building and its visual impact upon the site as the only Western site in danger The cathedral was removed from the List of In Danger Sites in 2006 following the authorities decision to limit the heights of buildings constructed near and around the cathedralAs a World Heritage Site and with its convenient position on tourist routes Cologne Cathedral is a major tourist attraction the visitors including many who travel there as a Christian pilgrimage World Youth Day 2005 there were nearly 1 million visitorsThe cathedral is open every day from 600am to 730pm admission is free except for tower ascent and the treasury Visitors can climb 509 steps of the spiral staircase to a viewing platform about 98 metres above the groundOn May 12 2001 the American rock band com performed a free concert in Roncalliplatz the square to the south side of Cologne Cathedral The concert was organised to promote the eradication of violence in schools and was in part broadcast live on MTV EuropeOn August 18 2005 Pope Benedict XVI visited the cathedral as part of his apostolic visit to Germany as part of World Youth Day 2005 festivities An estimated 1 million pilgrims visited the cathedral during this time Also as part of the events of World Youth Day Cologne Cathedral hosted a televised gala performance of Beethovens Missa Solemnis performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Philharmonic Choir conducted by Sir Gilbert LevineThe nave looking east[edit] ArchitectureThe design of Cologne Cathedral was based quite closely on that of Amiens Cathedral in terms of groundplan style and the width to height proportion of the central nave The plan is in the shape of a Latin Cross as is usual with Gothic cathedrals It has two aisles on either side which help to support one of the very highest Gothic vaults in the world being nearly as tall as that of the ill-fated Beauvais Cathedral much of which collapsed Externally the outward thrust of the vault is taken up by flying buttresses in the French manner The eastern end has a single ambulatory the second aisle resolving into a chevette of seven radiating chapelsInternally the Medieval quire is more varied and less mechanical in its details than the 19th century building It presents a French style arrangement of very tall arcade a delicate narrow triforium gallery lit by windows and with detailed tracery merging with that of the windows above The clerestory windows are tall and retain some old figurative glass in the lower sectionsThe arcade gallery and clerestory of the east endThe whole is united by the tall shafts which sweep unbroken from floor to their capitals at the spring of the vault The vault is of plain quadripartite arrangementThe quire retains a great many of its original fittings including the carved stalls which is made the more surprising by the fact that Napoleonstroops had desecrated the building A large stone statue of St Christopher looks down towards the place where the earlier entrance to the cathedral was before its completion in the late 19th centuryThe nave is enhanced by a good many 19th century stained-glass windows including a set of five on the south side called the "Bayernfenster" which were a gift from Ludwig I of Bavaria a set highly representative of the painterly German style of that dateExternally particularly from a distance the building is dominated by its huge spires which are entirely Germanic in character being openwork like those of Ulm Vienna and Regensburg Cathedrals [8][edit] Treasures of Cologne CathedralThe Shrine of the Three KingsThe most celebrated work of art in the cathedral is the Shrine of the Three Kings a large gilded sarcophagus dating from the 13th century and the largest reliquary in the Western world It is traditionally believed to hold the remains of the Three Wise Men whose bones and 2000-year-old clothes were discovered at the opening of the shrine in 1864The Crucifix of Bishop Gero a unique 10th century sculptureNear the sacristy is the Gero-Kreuz[2] a large crucifix carved in oak and with traces of paint and gilding Believed to have been commissioned around 960for Archbishop Gero it is the oldest large crucifix north of the Alps and the earliest-known large free-standing Northern sculpture of the medieval period[9]In the Sacrament Chapel is the Mailnder Madonna "Milan Madonna" dating from around 1290 a wooden sculpture depicting the Blessed Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus The altar of the patron saints of Cologne with an altar piece by the International Gothic painter Stephan Lochner is in the Marienkapelle "St Marys Chapel" Other outstanding works of art are to be found in the Cathedral Treasury[edit] BellsThe cathedral has twelve church bells of which four are Medieval The first was the 38-ton Dreiknigenglocke "Bell of the Three Kings" cast in 1418 installed in 1437 and recast in 1880 Two of the other bells the Pretiosa 105 tons at that time the largest bell in the Occident and the Speciosa 56 tons were installed in 1448 and remain in place today The largest bell the 24-ton St Petersglocke "Bell of St Peter" "Dicke Pitter" in the Klsch dialect was cast in 1922 and is the largest free-swinging bell in the world [10] See below Gallery PetersglockeConsecration Bell - 0425 tonnesVespers Bell - 028 tonnesAngelus Bell - 0763 tonnesHail Bell - 083 tonnesChapter Bell - 14 tonnesSt Josephs Bell - 22 tonnesUrsula Bell - 255 tonnesBell of the Magi - 38 tonnesPretiosia - 56 tonnesSpeciosia - 105 tonnesPetersglocke - 24 tonnes[edit] Church music[edit] OrganistsJosef ZimmermannClemens Ganz 1985–2001Winfried Bnig 2001中文译文科隆大教堂从Wikipedia自由的百科全书了解更多有关浏览和寻找信息百科跳转到导航搜索科隆大教堂联合国教科文组织世界遗产。