Grain Boundary Defect Elimination in a Zeolite Membrane by Rapid Thermal Processing (SI)

一种CT二次回路安全短接测试线的研制杨洪涛，杨长存，周玉秀(淮浙煤电有限责任公司凤台发电分公司，安徽 淮南 232131)Development of a Safety Short Connected Test Line for CT Secondary CircuitYANG Hongtao, YANG Changcun, ZHOU Yuxiu(Fengtai Power Generation Branch of Huaizhe Coal Power Co., Ltd., Huainan 232131)〔摘 要〕 在日常消缺、检修、异动、技改时，经常需要短接(或跨接)运行中CT 的二次回路端子，如果发生误短接其他运行中的CT 二次回路，就可能造成保护误动、开关误跳、机组停机等严重事故。

为了避免此种现象的发生，提出研制一种CT 二次回路安全短接测试线，采用并联电阻分流原理判断被短接CT 二次回路正确性，给操作者提供容错机会，避免电力事故的发生。

〔关键词〕 误短接；保护误动；CT 二次回路；测试线Abstract :In the routine defect elimination, maintenance, operation switching and technical modification, it is necessary to short connect (or bridge connect) the CT secondary circuit terminal during operation. If misconnection occurs in other CT secondary circuits in operation, it may cause serious accidents such as protection false operation, switch malfunction, unit shutdown, etc. In order to avoid the occurrence of this phenomenon, a safety short connected test line of CT secondary circuit is developed, which uses the shunt principle with electric resistors in parallel to determine the correctness of the CT secondary circuit to be shorted. It provides the operator with a fault-tolerance opportunity to avoid the occurrence of power accidents.Key words :misconnectior; protection false operation; CT secondary circuit; test line 中图分类号:TM451 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-6226 (2020) 03-0068-041 常规CT 二次短接步骤及误短接事故案例1.1 常规CT 二次短接步骤常规CT 正常运行时及短接时的回路如图1，2所示。

1．PSE -Process Systems Enterprises Inc2．PSE - PROCESS SAFETY EVENT3．BSW -is the percentage of basic sediment and water. 4．WCT - Well Control Team5．ESD - EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN6．PSD - PRODUCTION SHUTDOWN7．PSD- Production Skills Development8．PSD- PROCESS SHUTDOWN9．PSD- Public Security Directorate10．S AP - Safety Action Plan /安全调整计划，安全行动计划。

11．S AP－System Application Products / 系统应用程序12．O DP - Overall Development Program /综合开发程序13．O DP - Overall Development Plan /综合开发计划，综合发展计划。

14．E IA - Environmental Impact Analysis /环境影响分析（环评，环境影响评估）15．E IA-environment impact assessment report/ 环境影响评估报告（环评报告）16．N C - Non Conformance /不符合，不一致17．N GP/Number of revolution gas producer . N-指转数之意18．G VF－Gas Volume Fraction / (天然气)体积分数, 体积分率, 容积率19．G VF－Gas Void Fraction / （天然气）空隙组分20．B OPD－Barrels Oil Per Day21．22．R T/Runing tool/ 送入或下入工具 (钻井用词)23．P RAC—preliminary risk assessment checklist/预风险评估检查表24．T DR/ Time-Depth Recorder25．T WCV-two way check valve/被压阀（钻井用词）26．E UE tbg－external upset enhance./ 外加厚油管27．E C reactor plates/ 新STU用词28．P BU-pressure build up/建立压力29．M L/ multi-lateral /多支，分支（井之意）30．D E-Defect Elimination/消除缺陷（不足，故障）31．B V-Fair weather (嘉航，丝索和救生艇检验)32．C OOBC / 通讯公司33．Q POC(QDOP )/ 青岛太平洋（康菲的承包商）34．B WPD / barrels water per day /35．I CC-incident command / 事故指挥（OIM）36．H azop—hazard operability/ 危险与可操作性37．E RP- emergency response plan/ 应急反应计划38．I CS- incident command system / 事故管理体系39．I AP/incident action plans 事故(件)行动（反应）计划40．M OME－management of major emergencies/重大应急管理382.LBS－load breaker switch/383.MSDS-material safety data sheet / 材料安全数据表384.CDR－component defect report / 结构缺陷报告385.HLO-helicopter landing officer/（直升机）接机员386.GOR- gas oil rate/油气比387.PFD-process flow diagram / 工艺流程图388.PID－piping &instrument diagram / 管线设备图389.STU-sanitary treatment unit/卫生处理装置，生活污水处理装置，大便处理装置390.FRP- fiberglass reinforced plastics / 玻璃纤维管391.SCBA-self contained breathing apparatus/392.TRR-total recordable rate、全部可记录率，总的可记录率，所有可记录率。

第 4 期第 120-126 页材料工程Vol.52Apr. 2024Journal of Materials EngineeringNo.4pp.120-126第 52 卷2024 年 4 月固溶参数对镍基高温合金K439B 显微组织及力学性能的影响Effect of solution parameters on microstructures and mechanical properties of K439B nickel -based superalloy张雷雷1，2，陈晶阳2*，任晓冬2，张明军2，汤鑫2，肖程波2，杨卿1*（1 西安理工大学 材料科学与工程学院，西安 710048；2 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 先进高温结构材料重点实验室，北京 100095）ZHANG Leilei 1，2，CHEN Jingyang 2*，REN Xiaodong 2，ZHANG Mingjun 2，TANG Xin 2，XIAO Chengbo 2，YANG Qing 1*（1 School of Materials Science and Engineering ，Xi ’an University ofTechnology ，Xi ’an 710048，China ；2 Science and Technology on Advanced High Temperature Structural Materials Laboratory ，AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials ，Beijing 100095，China ）摘要：采用金相显微镜和场发射扫描电子显微镜 （FE -SEM ） 研究不同固溶温度（1140，1160 ℃及1180 ℃）及固溶冷却方式（AC ，FC -900 ℃+AC ，FC ）等热处理参数对K439B 合金显微组织及力学性能的影响。

elasticitytheory of elasticity homogeneous state ofstressstress invariant strain invariant strain ellipsoid homogeneous state ofstrainequation of strain compatibilityLame constants isotropic elasticityrotating circular diskwedgeKelvin problemBoussinesq problemAiry stress functionKolosoff-Muskhelishvili methodKirchhoff hypothesisPlateRectangular plate Circular plate Annular plate Corrugated plate Stiffened plate,reinforced弹性力学 弹性理论 均匀应力状态 应力不变量 应变不变量 应变椭球 均匀应变状态应变协调方程拉梅常量各向同性弹性旋转圆盘楔开尔文问题布西内斯克问题 艾里应力函数 克罗索夫―穆斯赫利什维 利法基尔霍夫假设板 矩形板 圆板 环板 波纹板 加劲板PlatePlate of moderate thickness Stress function of bendingShell Shallow shell Revolutionary shell Spherical shell Cylindrical shell Conical shell Toroidal shell Closed shell Corrugated shell Stress function of torsionWarping function semi-inverse method Rayleigh-Ritz method Relaxation methodLevy method Relaxation Dimensional analysis self-similarity Influence surface Contact stress Hertz theory Conforming contact Sliding contact Rolling contact中厚板 弯［曲］应力函数壳 扁壳 旋转壳 球壳 ［圆］柱壳锥壳 环壳 封闭壳 波纹壳 扭［转］应力函数翘曲函数 半逆解法 瑞利―里茨法松弛法 莱维法 松弛 量纲分析 自相似［性］影响面 接触应力 赫兹理论 协调接触压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity 颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity 大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave 畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave 勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave 边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity 安定［性］理论Shake-down theory 运动安定定理kinematic shake-downtheoremStatic shake-down theorem rate dependent theoremload factor Loading criterion Loading function Loading surface Plastic loading Plastic loading waveSimple loading Proportional loadingUnloading Unloading wave Impulsive load step load pulse load limit load nentral loading instability in tension acceleration wave constitutive equation complete solution nominal stress over-stress true stress equivalent stressflow stress stress discontinuity静力安定定理 率相关理论 载荷因子 加载准则 加载函数 加载面 塑性加载 塑性加载波 简单加载 比例加载 卸载 卸载波 冲击载荷 阶跃载荷 脉冲载荷 极限载荷 中性变载 拉抻失稳 加速度波 本构方程 完全解 名义应力 过应力 真应力 等效应力 流动应力 应力间断stress space principal stress space hydrostatic state of stresslogarithmic strain engineering strain equivalent strain strain localizationstrain ratestrain rate sensitivitystrain space finite strain plastic strain incrementaccumulated plastic strainpermanent deformationinternal variable strain-softening rigid-perfectly plasticMaterialrigid-plastic materialperfectl plastic material stability of material deviatoric tensor of strain deviatori tensor of stress spherical tensor of strain spherical tensor of stresspath-dependency linear strain-hardening应力空间 主应力空间 静水应力状态 对数应变 工程应变 等效应变 应变局部化 应变率 应变率敏感性 应变空间 有限应变塑性应变增量累积塑性应变永久变形 内变量 应变软化 理想刚塑性材料刚塑性材料 理想塑性材料 材料稳定性 应变偏张量 应力偏张量 应变球张量 应力球张量 路径相关性strain-hardening kinematic hardening isotropic hardening strain-hardening moduluspower hardening plastic limit bendingMomentplastic limit torque elastic-plastic bending elastic-plastic interface elastic-plastic torsionViscoplasticityInelasticityelastic-perfectly plasticMaterial limit analysislimit design limit surface upper bound theorem upper yield point lower bound theorem lower yield point bound theorem initial yield surface subsequent yield surface convexity of yield surface shape factor of cross-section应变强化 随动强化 各向同性强化 强化模量 幕强化 塑性极限弯矩塑性极限扭矩 弹塑性弯曲 弹塑性交界面 弹塑性扭转粘塑性非弹性理想弹塑性材料极限分析 极限设计 极限面 上限定理 上屈服点 下限定理 下屈服点 界限定理 初始屈服面 后继屈服面 屈服面［的］外沙堆比拟屈服屈服条件屈服准则屈服函数屈服面塑性势能量吸收装置能量耗散率塑性动力学塑性动力屈曲塑性动力响应塑性波运动容许场静力容许场流动法则速度间断滑移线滑移线场移行塑性铰塑性增量理论米泽斯屈服准则普朗特―罗伊斯关系特雷斯卡屈服准则sand heap analogyYieldyield conditionyield criterionyield functionyield surfaceplastic potential energy absorbing device energy absorbing device dynamic plasticity dynamic plastic buckling dynamic plastic response plastic wave kinematically admissibleFieldstatically admissibleFieldflow rule velocity discontinuityslip-linesslip-lines field travelling plastic hinge incremental theory ofPlasticityMises yield criterion prandtl- Reuss relation Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数莱维―米泽斯关系亨基应力方程赫艾一韦斯特加德应力空间洛德应变参数德鲁克公设盖林格速度方程结构力学结构分析结构动力学拱三铰拱抛物线拱圆拱穹顶空间结构空间桁架雪载［荷］风载［荷］土压力地震载荷弹簧支座支座位移支座沉降Lode stress parameterLevy-Mises relation Hencky stress equation Haigh-Westergaardstress space Lode strain parameter Drucker postulateGeiringer velocityEquation structural mechanics structural analysis structural dynamicsArchthree-hinged archparabolic archcircular archDomespace structurespace trusssnow loadwind loadearth pressureearthquake loadingspring support support displacementsupport settlementdegree of indeterminacy kinematic analysis method of joints method of sectionsjoint forces conjugate displacementinfluence line three-moment equation unit virtual force stiffness coefficient flexibility coefficientmoment distributionmoment distribution methodmoment redistribution distribution factor matri displacement method element stiffness matrix element strain matrix global coordinates Betti theorem Gauss-Jordan eliminationMethod buckling mode mechanics of compositescomposite materialfibrous composite unidirectional composite超静定次数 机动分析 结点法 截面法 结点力 共轭位移 影响线 三弯矩方程 单位虚力 刚度系数柔度系数力矩分配力矩分配法 力矩再分配 分配系数 矩阵位移法 单元刚度矩阵 单元应变矩阵 总体坐标 贝蒂定理 高斯一若尔当消去法屈曲模态复合材料力学 复合材料foamed composite particulate compositeLaminate sandwich panel cross-ply laminate angle-ply laminatePlycellular solid ExpansionDebulk Degradation DelaminationDebond fiber stress ply stress ply strain interlaminar stress specific strength strength reduction factor strength -stress ratio transverse shear modulustransverse isotropyOrthotropyshear lag analysis chopped fiber continuous fiber fiber direction泡沫复合材料 颗粒复合材料层板 夹层板 正交层板 斜交层板 层片 多胞固体 膨胀 压实 劣化 脱层 脱粘 纤维应力 层应力 层应变层间应力比强度强度折减系数 强度应力比 横向剪切模量 横观各向同性 正交各向异 剪滞分析 短纤维 长纤维fiber break fiber pull-out fiber reinforcementDensification optimum weight design netting analysis rule of mixture failure criterion Tsai-W u failure criterionDugdale model fracture mechanics probabilistic fractureMechanicsGriffith theory linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFMelastic-plastic fracturemecha-nics, EPFMFracture brittle fracturecleavage fracture creep fracture ductile fracture inter-granular fracture quasi-cleavage fracture trans-granular fractureCrack纤维断裂 纤维拔脱 纤维增强 致密化 最小重量设计 网格分析法 混合律 失效准则 蔡一吴失效准则 达格代尔模型断裂力学概率断裂力学格里菲思理论线弹性断裂力学弹塑性断裂力学断裂 脆性断裂 解理断裂 蠕变断裂 延性断裂 晶间断裂 准解理断裂 裂纹Flaw Defect Slit MicrocrackKinkelliptical crack embedded crack penny-shape crackPrecrack short crack surface crack crack blunting crack branching crack closure crack front crack mouthcrack opening angle,COAcrack opening displacement,CODcrack resistancecrack surfacecrack tipcrack tip opening angle,CTOAcrack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD crack tip singularity裂缝 缺陷 割缝 微裂纹 折裂 椭圆裂纹 深埋裂纹 ［钱］币状裂纹预制裂纹 短裂纹 表面裂纹 裂纹钝化 裂纹分叉 裂纹闭合 裂纹前缘 裂纹嘴 裂纹张开角 裂纹张开位移裂纹阻力裂纹面裂纹尖端 裂尖张角裂尖张开位移Fieldcrack growth rate stable crack growth steady crack growth subcritical crack growthcrack retardation crack arrest arrest toughness fracture mode sliding mode opening mode tearing mode mixed mode Tearingtearing modulus fracture criterionJ-integral J-resistance curve fracture toughness stress intensity factor Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenFieldconservation integraleffective stress tensor strain energy density energy release ratecohesive zone裂纹扩展速率 稳定裂纹扩展 定常裂纹扩展 亚临界裂纹扩展 裂纹［扩展］减速 止裂 止裂韧度 断裂类型 滑开型 张开型 撕开型 复合型 撕裂 撕裂模量 断裂准则 J 积分 J 阻力曲线 断裂韧度 应力强度因子HRR 场守恒积分 有效应力张量 应变能密度 能量释放率塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontempe- rature剪切带shear band 剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bendingspecimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tensionspecimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic riskassessment, PRAdamage mechanicsDamagecontinuum damage mechanics microscopic damage mechanicsaccumulated damage brittle damage ductile damage macroscopic damage microscopic damage microscopic damagedamage criteriondamage evolution equationdamage softeningdamage strengtheningdamage tensor damage threshold damage variable damage vector damage zone Fatigue low cycle fatigue stress fatigue random fatigue creep fatigue corrosion fatigue fatigue damage 损伤力学 损伤 连续介质损伤力学 细观损伤力学 累积损伤 脆性损伤 延性损伤 宏观损伤 细观损伤 微观损伤损伤准则损伤演化方程损伤软化 损伤强化 损伤张量 损伤阈值 损伤变量 损伤矢量 损伤区 疲劳 低周疲劳 应力疲劳 随机疲劳 蠕变疲劳 腐蚀疲劳fatigue failure fatigue fracture fatigue crack fatigue life fatigue rupture fatigue strength fatigue striations fatigue threshold alternating load alternating stress stress amplitudestrain fatiguestress cyclestress ratio safe life overloading effect cyclic hardening cyclic softening environmental effectcrack gage crack growth, crackPropagation crack initiationcycle ratio experimental stressAnalysisactive[strain] gage疲劳失效 疲劳断裂 疲劳裂纹 疲劳寿命 疲劳破坏 疲劳强度 疲劳辉纹 疲劳阈值 交变载荷 交变应力应力幅值应变疲劳应力循环 应力比 安全寿命 过载效应 循环硬化 循环软化 环境效应 裂纹片 裂纹扩展裂纹萌生 循环比工作［应变］片backing material stress gage zero shift, zero drift strain measurementstrain gage strain indicator strain rosette strain sensitivity mechanical strain gage rectangular rosetteExtensometertelemetering of strain transverse gage factor transverse sensitivity weldable strain gage balanced bridge bonded strain gage bonded foiled gage bonded wire gage bridge balancing capacitance strain gage compensation technique compensation techniquereference bridge resistance strain gageself-temperature compensating gage基底材料 应力计 零［点］飘移 应变测量 应变计 应变指示器 应变花 应变灵敏度 机械式应变仪 直角应变花弓I 伸仪 应变遥测 横向灵敏系数 横向灵敏度 焊接式应变计 平衡电桥 粘贴式应变计 粘贴箔式应变计 粘贴丝式应变计桥路平衡 电容应变计 补偿片 补偿技术 基准电桥 电阻应变计semiconductor strainGageslip ring strain amplifier fatigue life gage inductance [strain] gagePhotomechanics Photoelasticity Photoplasticity Young fringe birefrigent effect contour of equal Displacement dark fringefringe multiplication interference fringeIsochromatic Isoclinic isopachic stress- optic lawIsostatic light fringe optical path differencephoto-thermo -elasticityphotoelastic coatingMethodphotoelastic sandwich半导体应变计集流器 应变放大镜 疲劳寿命计 电感应变计 光［测］力学光弹性 光塑性 杨氏条纹 双折射效应 等位移线暗条纹 条纹倍增 干涉条纹 等差线 等倾线 等和线 应力光学定律 主应力迹线亮条纹光程差热光弹性 光弹性贴片法Methoddynamic photo-elasticityspatial filtering spatial frequencyPolarizerreflection polariscope residual birefringentEffectstrain fringe valuestrain-optic sensitivitystress freezing effectstress fringe valuestress-optic pattern temporary birefringentEffect pulsed holographytransmission polariscope real-time holographic interfero - metrygrid methodholo-photoelasticityHologram Holographholographic interferometry holographic moire techniqueHolography whole-field analysis动态光弹性 空间滤波 空间频率 起偏镜 反射式光弹性仪 残余双折射效应应变条纹值应变光学灵敏度应力冻结效应应力条纹值 应力光图 暂时双折射效应脉冲全息法 透射式光弹性仪 实时全息干涉法网格法 全息光弹性法全息图 全息照相 全息干涉法 全息云纹法 全息术散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearinginterferometry,shearography散斑图Specklegram 白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry ［叠栅］云纹moire fringe［叠栅］云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method 参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method脆性涂层法brittle-coating method 条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation ofCoordinates计算结构力学computational structuralmecha-nics加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限［单］元法finite element method 配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variationalPrinciple 最小二乘法least square method胡［海昌］一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-ReissnerPrinciple修正变分原理modified variationalPrinciple约束变分原理constrained variationalPrinciple混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调兀conforming element非协调兀non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition自然边界条件natural boundary condition离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized straingeneralized stress interface variable node, nodal pointElement corner node mid-side node internal node nodeless variablebar element truss element beam elementtwo-dimensional elementone-dimensional elementthree-dimensional element axisymmetric elementplate element shell elementthick plate element triangular element quadrilateral element tetrahedral element curved element quadratic element linear element cubic element quartic element isoparametric element广义应力 界面变量 节点 ［单］元 角节点 边节点 内节点 无节点变量杆元 桁架杆元梁元二维元一维元 三维元 轴对称元厚板元 三角形元 四边形元 四面体元 曲线元 二次元 线性元 三次元 四次元 等参［数］super-parametric element sub-parametric element variable-number-nodeelement Lagrange element Lagrange family serendipity element serendipity family infinite element element analysis element characteristicsstiffness matrixgeometric matrixequivalent nodal forcenodal displacementnodal load displacement vectorload vector mass matrix lumped mass matrix consistent mass matrixdamping matrix Rayleigh damping assembly of stiffnessMatricesconsistent mass matrix assembly of mass matrices assembly of elements超参数元 亚参数元 节点数可变元 拉格朗日元 拉格朗日族 巧凑边点元 巧凑边点族 无限元 单元分析 单元特性刚度矩阵几何矩阵等效节点力节点位移 节点载荷 位移矢量 载荷矢量 质量矩阵 集总质量矩阵 相容质量矩阵 阻尼矩阵 瑞利阻尼 刚度矩阵的组集载荷矢量的组集 质量矩阵的组集local coordinate systemlocal coordinate area coordinates volume coordinates curvilinear coordinates static condensation contragradienttransformation shape function trial function test function weight function spline function substitute function reduced integration zero-energy mode p-convergenceh-convergenceblended interpolation isoparametric mapping bilinear interpolationpatch test incompatible modenode number element number band width banded matrix profile matrix局部坐标系 局部坐标 面积坐标 体积坐标 曲线坐标 静凝聚合同变换 形状函数 试探函数 检验函数 权函数 样条函数 代用函数 降阶积分 零能模式P 收敛H 收敛 掺混插值 等参数映射 双线性插值 小块检验 非协调模式 节点号 M 二 口. 单兀号minimization of band widthfrontal method subspace iteration method determinant search methodstep-by-step methodNewmark Wilsonquasi-Newton method Newton-Raphson method incremental method initial straininitial stresstangent stiffness matrixsecant stiffness matrix mode superposition method equilibrium iterationSubstructure substructure techniquesuper-element mesh generationstructural analysis programpre-processing post-processing mesh refinement stress smoothing composite structure带宽最小化 波前法 子空间迭代法 行列式搜索法逐步法 纽马克法 威尔逊法 拟牛顿法 牛顿-拉弗森法增量法初应变初应力切线刚度矩阵 割线刚度矩阵 模态叠加法 平衡迭代 子结构 子结构法 超单元 网格生成 结构分析程序前处理 后处理 网格细化 应力光顺。

EVERYDAY ENGLISH 1001、（检疫关卡）请出示黄皮书（健康证明书）。

Please show me your yellow paper (health certificate).[pliːz][ʃəʊ] [mi：] [jɔ:] ['jeləʊ] ['peɪpə] （[helθ][sə'tɪfɪkət]）2、（移民关卡）请出示护照。

刘先生，你打算在苏丹呆多久？Passport please. Mr. Liu, how long are you going to ['pɑ：spɔ：t] [pliːz]['mistə(r)] Liu[haʊ] [lɒŋ][ɑ:] [ju:] ['gəʊɪŋ][tu:] stay in Sudan?[steɪ] [ɪn] Sudan3. 大约两个月。

About two months.[ə'baʊt] [tu:] [mʌnθs]4.在苏丹期间你住哪？Where will you stay in Sudan?[weə] [wɪl] [ju:] [steɪ] [ɪn] Sudan5、（海关关卡）有要申报的吗？Have you got anything to declare?[hæv] [ju:] [ɡɒt]['enɪθɪŋ][tu:] [dɪ'kleə]6、有烟和烈性酒吗？Do you have any cigarettes or spirits?[du:] [ju:] [hæv] ['enɪ] [sɪgə'ret] [ɔ:] ['spirits]7、我确实带了30包烟，要上税吗？Yes, I do have 30 packs of cigarettes, do I have to pay [jes] [aɪ] [du:] [hæv] ['θɜːtɪ] [pæk] [əv] [sɪgə'ret] [du:] [aɪ] [hæv] [tu:] [peɪ] duty on them?['dju:tɪ] [ɒn] [ ðəm]8、我可以检查一下吗？May I check it?[meɪ] [aɪ] [tʃek] [ɪt]当然可以。

常用词汇1国际旅行 international travel2航空公司 airline3航班号 flight number4候机大厅 airport terminal5标牌，标记 sign6手提箱，衣箱 suitcase7纸板箱 carton8免税的 duty-free9中途停留 stopover10过境 transit11目的地 destination12直达航班 direct flight13航空小姐 stewardess14晕机 airsick15飞行时差 jet lag16药片 tablet17桔子汁 orange juice18牛肉 beef19炸鸡 fried chicken20同事 colleague21当地公司 local company22施工人员 construction crew23施工计划 construction plan24项目经理 project manager25助手，助理 assistant26现场管理机构（人员） site management 27技术资料 technical data28技术规范 specification29分包 sublet30报价 quotation31营地 camp32处理 disposal33推荐，建议 recommendation34具体要求 specific requirement 35机会 opportunity36生活安置 setting down37租房 rent a house38居住 accommodation39办公室 office40起居室 sitting room41淋浴 shower bath42浴室 bath room43有线电视 cable TV44传真机 fax machine45保证金，押金 security deposit46每月租金 monthly rent47征用 requisition48进场道路 access road49附属物，附录 appendix50给予许可 grant permission51申请函 letter of application52确认函 letter of confirmation53照明用电 lighting power54土地所有人 land owner55主管部门 authority56延误 delay57备件 spare parts58工地 job site59停车场 parking lot60修理间 repair shop61公制 metric system62英制 British system63自然保护区 natural protection area 64采购货物 procurement65采购人员 purchasing clerk66销售经理 sales manager67询价 inquiry68谈判 negotiation69手续 formality70海关代理 custom agent71订货 place an order72现有价格，时价 current rate73优惠价 favorable price74业务范围 line of business75集装箱 container76散装 bulk77承运人，运输公司 carrier78船运公司 shipping company 79内陆运输 inland transport80运输费 freight rate81装卸要求 handing requirement 82商品，产品 commodity83安全措施 precaution84保养 maintenance85消耗，消费 consume86分摊 spread out87履行 fulfill88会签，副暑 countersign89固定格式 set form90一式两份 in duplicate91经济的，合算的 cost-effective92友好，和善 goodwill93折扣，减扣 discount94草案，起草 draft95条款 clause96澄清 clarification97修正 amend98最终确定 finalize99自动到期 expire automatically 100交货 delivery101授权 authorize102获得 acquire103定期购买 regular purchase 104保证 guarantee105放弃（权利） waive106措辞 wording107无意义的 meaningless108评价，意见 comment109进口的货物 imported goods 110免除 be exempted from 111海关税 customs duty112有声誉的 reputable113装货，装运 shipment114平均 average115简述 brief description116最新的 up-to-date117操作手册 operation manual118零件手册 parts book119余额 balance120进口许可证 import license121发票 invoice122保险单 insurance policy123装箱单 packing list124进口报关单 customs entry125证明文件 supporting document126非常宝贵的 invaluable127劳动力 manpower128详细地址 detailed address129驾驶执照 driving license130推荐信 a letter of recommendation 131试用工 probationary worker132正式工 formal worker133加班工 extra pay for overtime work 134免费交通 free transportation135代表 representative136业主 owner137劳工问题 labour issues138劳动官员 labour officer139工作条件 working condition140投资者 investor141扣除 deductions142工资单 payroll143实得工资 take-home pay144出勤，产额 turnout145生产率，工作效率 productivity146劳动保护 work protection147工作时间 working hours148午饭时间 lunch break149有薪假 vacation with pay150有薪病假 sick leave with pay151有效的医疗证明 valid medical evidence 152公休日 public holiday153工人的福利 worker's warfare154商量，征求意见 consultation155定期会议，例会 regular meeting156现场治安 site security157参加者 participant158施工作业 construction activity159上游 upstream160下游 downstream161天气预报 weather forecast162洪水 flooding163修改计划 revision of the schedule164具体的措施 specific measure165障碍 obstacle166状况 status167无线电通信系统 radio communication system168现场协调和管理 site coordination and management 169双方努力 mutual efforts170关键因素 critical factor171质量控制 quality control172质量保证体系 quality assurance system173质量缺陷 quality defect174现场工程师 resident engineer175停工令 stop-work order176复工 resume the work177功能 function178技能 skills179能力 capacity180图纸 drawing181总图 general drawing182略图 outline drawing183详图 working drawing184工程发包图 contract drawing 185补救 remedy186书面确认 written confirmation 187看守，值班人员 watchman188边界 boundary189大门 main gate190专业人员 professional191保安人员 security guard192警告牌 warning sign193危险品 hazardous materials 194劳保鞋 sturdy shoes195灭火器 fire extinguisher 196急救站 first aid station197医疗站 medical station198医护人员 medical staff199事故 accident200救护车 ambulance201环境保护 environmental202执行 implementation203污染 contamination204沉淀 settlement205垃圾，废料 garbage(rubbish) 206污水 sewage207排水沟 outlet ditch208过滤装置 filtering device209支付 payment210银行帐户 bank account211预付款 advance payment212开证行 issuing bank213工程款余额 balance due214竣工报表 statement at completion 215索赔 claim216性能试验 performance tests217功能试验 functioning tests218竣工报告 completion report219书面保证 written undertaking220抗拉强度 tensile strength 221屈服极限 yield limit222冷却塔 cooling tower223脱气塔 degasifier224冷凝器 condenser225回收 recovery226淬火 quenching227停车 shut-down228大修 over haul229弯管 bend230法兰 flange现场常用英语100句1、（检疫关卡）请出示黄皮书（健康证明书）。

Aa series of 一系列的a set of 一组abnormalities 异常acidic 酸的acre 英亩acreage 农场，面积actual 有效的adapt 适合adaptability 适应性address 解决adequate 充足的adequate 足够的adhere 粘着adopted 采用advance 提升advent 生效adversely 负面的aerated 通气良好的affected 感病aggravate 加剧agronomic college 农学院agronomic 农作物agronomy 农学alfalfa 苜蓿algebra 代数alkalinity 碱性alleles 等位基因alleviate 消除alternative 可选择的amended 修正案amino acid 氨基酸ammonia 铵ammonium citrate柠檬酸铵ammonium nitrate二氧化氮ammonium 胺amplify 扩增anaemia 贫血anaerobic 无氧analyze 分析，分解angiosperm 被子植物animal manures 动物厩肥anticipate 预计anticipate 预见到application 接种application 应用apply 施用appropriate 适宜的arrange 安排，排布artificial mutation人工诱变asexual 无性的assist 帮助associate 联合associated with伴随…发生assurance 保证atmospheric 大气authority 授权availability 有效性available p 有效磷available soil moisture 土壤有效水分avoid 避免Bbarley大麦basic slag 托马斯磷肥basis 基础b-globin 球蛋白binary fissi二分裂binary 分裂biology 生物学biomass 生物量bionic仿生学bioplasm 原生质biosphere 生物圈biotechnology 生物技术blasting 萎蔫blend 混合blight 枯萎blood group 血型blotting 杂交技术breeder 育种学家breeding basis 育种基础breeding 育种bruising 挫伤b-thalassemia 地中海贫血buckwheat荞麦bulletin 公告bushel 蒲式耳（量词）Ccalculate 计算出canola 加拿大油菜canopy 冠层capacity 能力carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbonates 碳酸盐cash 兑现certified合格的，经过认证的chain 链条chance 漂变channel 渠，引导chemical 化学chromosome 染色体circumstances 区域citrate-soluble 柠檬酸溶解性磷civil 国内的civilian 平民的civility 礼貌的civilizable 可文明化的clay 粘质，粘土climate 气候climatic 气候上的clone 克隆close 缩短co-dominance 共显性codon 密码子colloidal phosphate 焦庄磷酸盐combination 合作，排列combination 混合物，综合combine 联合commercial 商用的commercially 商业上commit 趋近于compaction 压实，紧实competitive 竞争力concentrated 集中的concentration 含量concentration 浓度condition 处理conditions 情况，条件conduct 执行confuse…with 和…混淆conservation 保水consistently 持续contaminate 污染content 含量controversial 受争议的conventional 传统的converted 变成copy 复制corn 玉米correct amounts 适量correct 改正，修正corresponding 符合，一致cost 成本costly 贵cover crops 绿肥作物criteria 标准critical 关键的cropping pattern 种植方式cross 杂交组合crossingover 交换crust 板结cultivation 耕作cultural practices 栽培措施culture 培养物currently 最近cyst nematode 孢囊线虫cyst 孢囊cytoplasm 细胞质遗传Ddam 坝damping off 腐烂date资料decline 下降decompositio分解deduction 推论defect 缺陷deficiency 缺乏deficient 缺乏defoliation 落叶degradation 降解delay 推迟deletion 缺失demand 需求denitrification 反硝化denove 重新开始，从头合成dent corn 马齿形department 系，专业deposit 储存deposited 沉积depression 凹陷处derived 起源descendent 子代（个体）designate 特指的desire 渴望desired harvest moisture 适宜的收获含水量destruction确定detect 确定detection 检测determine 决定determining 确定detrimental 致命的develop 培育development 发育diagnosis 诊断diagnostic methods诊断方法diagnostic method诊断方法diameter 直径dideoxy 双脱氧differentiation分化dip to 下降disease intection 感病disease resistance 抗病性disorders 紊乱disprove 证明…是虚假的dissolve 溶解diverse 各种division 分裂domestication 驯化dominance 显性性状优势dominant 显性的double cross 双交double-haploid 双单倍体dhdraft 草图drain 沟drainage 排水drift 漂变drill 播种机dry down rate 干燥速率dry plant tissue 干物质duplication 重复Eear 穗economically 经济有效地effective 生效efficiency 效率，效果efficient 有效的element 元素elevator 传送带eliminate 消除emerge 伸出emmigation 淘汰劣质基因employ 聘请entries 列，项equilibrium 进化论equilibrium 平衡era 时代erosion 侵蚀erroneous 错误的establish 建立eukaryotes 真核细胞european corn borer 玉米螟evaluate 评价evaluation 评价evaporation 蒸发evaporative 蒸腾evenly 平坦地，均匀地evolution 进化examine 验证exceed 超过excess 过多的，多余的excessive 延长exchangeable 可交换态的ex-changeable 可中和的exclude 排除experiment station 实验站explanation 解释extension 推广extensive 广泛的extra 额外的Ffacilitate 为…提供便利facilities 设备factor 因素favorable microbial 有益微生物favorable 令人满意的fertility 肥力fertility可育性fertilizer 肥料filial 子代first era 早期时代fission 融合fixation 固定flax麻flow 水流foliar n“burn”氮肥灼伤foot 英尺forages 牧草foreign material 杂质forethought 事先计划formation 孕穗期formulation 剂型four popular 广泛应用的fraction 部分frequency 频率frequency-dependent频率依赖性frost 霜冻fructose 果糖function 功能fungicide 杀菌剂fuse 融合Ggametes 配子（体）gametogenesis 配子体形成过程garden 狩猎gene mapping 基因定位generate 产生，生殖genetics 遗传学genome 基因组genotype frequency 基因型频率genotype 基因型genotyping platform 基因型gently 轻轻地germ cell 生殖细胞germination 发芽率germplasm 种质get by 应付glucose 葡萄糖grade 筑坡/筑平grain drill 谷物播种机grain fill 灌浆期，鼓粒期grain 籽粒，谷粒，谷物gymnosperm 裸子植物Hhabitat 栖息地hail 冰雹halve 减半haploid 单倍体haploit单倍体hardy-weinberg equilibrium达尔文进化论harvest 收获harvestability 收获性herbicide damage 除草剂，药害herbicide-resistant抗除草剂herbicides 除草剂heredity 遗传（侧重理论）heterozygous 杂合的higher plant 高等植物high-magnesium高镁high-value crops 经济作物high-yielding 高产的home-grown 自产的homozygote 纯合子homozygous 纯和的horizontal leaf method水平叶host cell 寄生细胞humidity 空气湿度hunter采集hybrid vigor 杂种优势hybrid 混合物hybrid 杂交种，杂交hydroxides 氢氧化物Iimbalance 失衡immigation 添加优良基因impermeable 不可渗透的implies 暗示improper application 不当施用in essence 实际上inadequate 不足的inbred line 自交系inch 英寸incomplete dominance 不完全显性independent assortment 独立分配indicate 表明industrial 工业的infiltration 渗透性inherit 继承inheritance 遗产，遗传（侧重先天的）inherited 可以遗传的initiate 采用inoculant 接种剂inoculation 接种inoculum 施用inorganic 无机的insect feeding 虫食insecticide 杀虫剂insert 插入insoluble 非溶解性install 构建insufficient 不足的intake 吸收inter matter 无生命的物质interception 截获interest 目的基因interested 相关的intermediate 中间型introduce 提出，引进introduce 引进introduction 引种inversion 倒位investment 投资irregular 不规则的isoenzyme 同工酶isogamy 同形配对isoguafe 同形移植isolate 分离，使隔离Jjustify 证明…是正确的Kkernel row 粒行kernel 谷粒Llabel 标签，标注labeled标注，标签labeler 标注者land plain 土地平整机larvae 幼虫lateral drain 支渠layer 层layout 排布layout布局设计leaching淋失leaf blights 叶枯病legume 豆科植物lime-stone 石灰石liming material石灰性物质liming 石灰linkage 连续livestock 牲畜locus 位点（loci的复数）lodged 倒伏的lodging 倒伏率loss of stand 缺苗lower case 小写字母Mmaintain 保证maintenance 维护，维持mammals 哺乳动物management 管理manipulation 操作map 定位mark 纪念mass selection 大量（混合）选择materials 原料，材料maturity 熟期meadow 牧草means 方法mechanical cultivation 机械化耕作mechanisms 机制medium 中等的meet 满足meiosis 减数分裂metering 间距microbial 微生物micronutrients 微量元素microorganisms 微生物midseason 中期生长季migration 迁移，移民mild 中度的mineral 矿质元素mixture 混合物mo 钼modification 改变modified 改进的moist 湿润的moistened 湿润的moisture 含水量moisture 水分molecular markers 分子标记molecular 分子monocotyledon 单子叶植物monohybrid cross 单因子杂交育种monoploid 单倍体motion 概念multifactorial 多因子的multimedia 多媒体multiple alleles 复等位基因multiple cross 复交multiplying 扩繁mutation （诱导）突变mutation 突变NN-containing 含氮化合物nematode worm 线虫net profits 纯利润neutral 中性的nitrate硝酸盐nitrogen 氮nodules 瘤，根瘤nomadic 游牧的note that 注意no-tillage 免耕noxious 有毒害的nucleioc 细胞核遗传nucleotide 核苷酸nursery 实验圃nutrient deficiencies 缺素症状nutrient 营养Ooats 燕麦objective 目的observation 观察obtain 获得offset 补充offspring 子代（群体）oligogene 寡基因open-pollinated 自花授粉open-structured profiles 开放式结构土层operation 管理措施optimal 适宜的order 预定organic matter 有机质organic 有机的origin 起源original 最初的ounce 盎司outlet 出口over time 随时间的推移Pparallel 平行particular 指定的pass on to 传递给patch 斑点pattern 方式，模式PCR polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链式反应pea 豌豆pedigree 纯种的pedigree 家系percent base saturation 演技饱和度percent germination 发芽率perennial forages 多年生杂草perennial 多年生的performance tests 产量鉴别实验permeability 渗透性persist 保持，维持pest problem 病虫害问题pestcide 农药，杀虫剂pesticide 杀虫剂pests 病害petal 花瓣phenotype 表现型phenotypic information 表型数据采集phenotypic 表型的phosphate 磷phosphorus 磷photosynthesis光合作物physical condition理化性质phytophthora 腐酶根腐病pistil 雌蕊plane平面plow 犁，耕地pollen 花粉pollination 授粉，授粉期polymeranse聚合酶polymerase chain聚合酶polyploid 多倍体ponding 积水pone to 倾向于population genetics 群体遗传学population 密度porous 孔隙portion 部分possess 具有potassium 钾potassium—supplyingfertilizer 钾肥potential 潜力pound 磅pounding积水practical 可行的precipitation 降水量predict 预测predominant 占优势地位的pre-existing已存在premature 未成熟prevent 防止previous 前年primary 主要的principle 主要的prior 在…之前privately私人地probe 探测器procedure 过程，方式processing use 工业用途processing 处理produce 形成，产生production 生产professionally 专业的profile 土层，剖面progeny 子代progeny后代prohibited 禁止prolificacy 多穗性promote 促进prone to 易于propagation 繁殖，扩繁proper 最适宜的，正常的properly 适当地proprietary 品种权protection 保护法proteins 蛋白质public developed 公共培育的purchase 购买pure limes variety 纯系品种pure 纯度pure-breeding lines 纯系品种purify纯化purpose 目的Qquality 质量quantity 数量Rrace 亚种，小种radiative heat 辐射热radiative辐射random mating 随机交配rank order 顺序排列rapid 速度rariation 变异rariefy 品种ratio 比率real 最恰当的rearrange 重新排列recede 退却recession 衰退recessive 隐性的recessiveness 隐性recombinant gametes 重组形配子recombinant vector 重组载体recombinant 重组recommend 建议recovered 重获，回收recurrent parent 轮回亲本recurrent 轮回选择reduce 降低refer…as 定义成reflect反映regenerate 再生region 区域regularly 定期地relative maturity 相对成熟期relatively 相对地release 释放remove 排出/吸收repeat 重复represent 占，表现reproduce 繁殖reproduction 繁殖，生殖reproduction 授粉期，繁殖reproductive stages 生殖生长阶段requirement 需水量residual soil 原积土壤，残积土residual soils 冲积土residual 残留residue cover 残株覆盖residue 残渣respond…to 对…产生反应restrict 胁迫，限制return 收益rhizobium inoculation 根瘤菌接种rhizobium nodules 根瘤菌ridge 垄作ril recombinant inbred line 重组自交系rind 外皮rock phosphate 磷矿石rock 矿石rocombinant vector 重组载体root 根系rot 腐烂rotation 轮作rotation循环，轮作row application 条施row spacing 行距runoff 径流RZL重组自交系Ssaturated （水）饱和saturation 饱和度secure 确保sedentary 固定的seed coat 种皮seed vigor 种子活力seed 种子seeding rate 播种量seeding stage 苗期select 选择self-fertilize 自花授粉sensitive 敏感的sequence 序列sequencing 测序severity 严重程度sexual 有性的shallow depth 浅层shed 散，散布shell 壳shelled grain 脱壳粒shovel 土铲significant 明显的，严重的silage 青贮饲料silicates 硅酸盐single cross 单交site 地点skip-row 空行snapdragons 金鱼草snapshot 瞬间somewhat 一点儿sound 合理的soybean 大豆spacing 间距species 种类spores 孢子spread 延长stability 稳定性stage of development 生长阶段stait 特性stalk rots 茎腐病stalk 茎stand uniformity 群体整齐度stand 株丛（群体）standing 积水status 状态stay green 持绿性steadily 稳定地storage 储存store 储存stover 秸秆strain 小种，品系stress胁迫，压力strip rests 条状，小区试验stunted 发育迟缓的subject 使服从于submersion 淹没subsample 小铲substitute 代替sufficient 充足sulfur-free 无硫supersede 替代supplements 补充surface drainage 地表排水susceptible 敏感suspected 疑似symdrome 病症symptoms 症状Ttag 标签tassel blasting 雄穗萎蔫tasseling 抽穗tasseling-silking雄穗吐丝template 模板term 术语termination 终止testcross variety 测交种tester 测验种thalassemia 地中海贫血thawing 解冻the amount to apply 施用量the elevator 传送带therapy 治疗thermal time热量时间tile drains 瓦管tile 瓦管排水tillage 耕作tilth 耕地，耕性timely 及时地tip 小窍门tire 轮胎tissue analysis 组织分析tissue 组织tolerance 耐病性tolerant 耐，耐受tolerate 耐受total p 全磷toxic 有毒的track 痕迹traffic 机械trait 特点translocation 易位transpiration 蒸腾trials实验trillion 万亿two-way 双向的typically 通常地Uunbiased无偏差的，公正的unicellular 单细胞的uniform 均匀地uniformity 整齐度unpredictable 不可预测的upper case 大写字母upright 直立uptake 吸收urea 尿素V 1value 数据variance 方差variant 变异体variants （自然）变异体variation 变异varies widely 差异显著variety performance trials 品种产量鉴定试验variety 品种，多样性vary with 随…变化vector 载体vegetative growth 营养生长期vegetative propagation 营养体繁殖vegetative 植被vein叶脉vigor 活力vigorous 生长旺盛的violet 紫色virtually eliminate 从根本上杜绝vulnerable容易Wwater soluble 水溶性磷weed 杂草wet spot 水坑widespread 广泛地wilt 枯萎，萎蔫Yyeast 酵母yield 产量Zzigzag pattern 之字形zone 区域zygote 合子。

Learning Supplementsin Organic Chemistry有机化学双语教学辅助材料（专业术语及英文解释）Glossary of Organic ChemistryAcetate(醋酸盐). (CH3COO-, C2H3O2-). acetate ion.1. an ion formed by removing the acidic hydrogen of acetic acid, HC2H3O2. 2. a compound derived byreplacing the acidic hydrogen in acetic acid. 3. A fiber made of cellulose acetate.Acetic acid(乙酸). (CH3COOH, C2H4O2). ethanoic acid; vinegar acid; methanecarboxylic acid.A simple organic acid that gives vinegar its characteristic odor and flavor. Glacial acetic acid is pureacetic acid.Acetone (丙酮).[CH3COCH3 or (CH3)2CO]. trivial name for propanone, formed by the oxidation of2-propanolwith KMnO4.Achiral(非手性的). A molecule that's superimposable on its mir ror image. Achiral molecules do not rotateplane-polarized light.Achiral molecule(非手性分子). a molecule that does not contain a stereogenic carbon; an achiral moleculehas a plane ofsymmetry and is superimposable on its mirror image.Acid anhydride（酸酐）[(RCO)2O]. Compare with acid .Nonmetallic oxides or organic compounds that react with water to form acids . For example, SO2, CO2,P2O5, and SO3 are the acid anhydrides of sulfurous, carbonic, phosphoric, and sulfuric acids, respectively. Acetic anhydride (CH3CO)2O) reacts with water to form acetic acid.Acid dissociation constant（酸电离常数）.(Ka) acid ionization constant. Compare with base hydrolysis constant.The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an acid into a hydrogen ion and an anion. For example, the acid dissociation constant for acetic acid is the equilibrium constant for HC2H3O2(aq)H+(aq) + C2H3O2-(aq), which is Ka = [H+][C2H3O2-]/[HC2H3O2].Acid halide(酰卤)（RCOX）. acid chloride; acyl halide; acyl chloride.Compounds containing a carbonyl group bound to a halogen atom.Acid(酸). (Lat. acidus, sour) Compare with base.A proton donor or an electron pair acceptor. 1. a compound which releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution (Arrhenius). 2. a compound containing detachable hydrogen ions (Bronsted-Lowry). 3. a compound that can accept a pair of electrons from a base (Lewis)..Acid-base indicator(酸碱指示剂).A weak acid that has acid and base forms with sharply different colors. Changes in pH around the acid's pKa are "indicated" by color changes.Acid/base reaction（酸/碱反应）. a reaction in which an acidic H atom is transferred from one molecule toanother.Addition compound(加成化合物). complex compound. Compare with hydrate.An addition compound contains two or more simpler compounds that can be packed in a definite ratiointo a crystal. A dot is used to separate the compounds in the formula. For example, ZnSO4·7 H2Oan addition compound of zinc sulfate and water. This represents a compound, and not a mixture, because there is a definite 1:7 ratio of zinc sulfate to water in the compound. Hydrates are a commontype of addition compound.Addition reaction(加成反应). A reaction in which two molecules are combined to yield asingle product. Typical of the reactions of alkenes and alkynes.-al(醛，后缀). A suffix added to the systematic names of organic compounds that contain an aldehyde group-(C=O)-H. For example, the systematic name of acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, is ethanal.Alcohol(醇). (ROH) Compare with phenol and hydroxide.A molecule containing a hydroxyl (OH) group. Also a functional group. An alcohol is an organic compound with a carbon bound to a hydroxyl group. Examples are methanol, CH3OH; ethanol, CH3CH2OH; propanol, CH3CH2CH2OH. Compounds with -OH attached to an aromatic ring are calledphenols rather than alcohols.Aldehyde(醛). (RCHO)A molecule containing a terminal carbonyl (CHO) group. Also a functional group. An aldehyde is anorganic compound with a carbon bound to a -(C=O)-H group. Examples are formaldehyde (HCHO),acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, and benzaldehyde, C6H6CHO.Aliphatic(脂肪族的). Compare with aromatic .An organic compound that does not contain ring structures.Alkaline earth(碱土金属). An oxide of an alkaline earth metal, which produces an alkaline solution inreaction with water.Alkali metal(碱金属). (a metal in Group IA on the periodic table): active metals which may be used to reactwith analcohol to produce the corresponding metal alkoxide and hydrogen gas.Alkaline(碱的，碱性的). Having a pH greater than 7.Alkane(烷烃). (RH，CnH2n+2) paraffin. Compare with hydrocarbon and alkene. A molecule containing onlyC-H and C-C single bonds. A series of organic compounds with general formula CnH2n+2. Alkane names endwith -ane. Examples are propane (with n=3) and octane (with n=8).Alkene(烯烃). (CnH2n) A molecule containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Also a functionalgroup. A compound that consists of only carbon and hydrogen, that contains at least one carbon-carbondouble bond. Alkene names end with -ene. Examples are ethylene (CH2=CH2); 1-propene (CH2=CH2CH3),and 2-octane (CH3CH=CH(CH2)4CH3).Alkoxide(醇盐, 烷氧根负离子). (RO- M+) alkoxide ion.An ionic compound formed by removal of hydrogen ions from the hydroxyl group in an alcohol usingreactive metals, e.g. sodium. For example, potassium metal reacts with methanol (CH3OH) to produce potassium methoxide (KOCH3).Alkoxy group（烷氧基）(RO-).a substituent containing an alkyl group linked to an oxygen.Alkyl benzene（烷基苯）(C6H5-R). a benzene ring that has one alkyl group attached; the alkyl group(exceptquaternary alkyl groups) is susceptible to oxidation with hot KMnO4 to yield benzoic acid (C6H5CO2H).Alkyl(烷基). (-CnH2n+1) alkyl group. A molecular fragment derived from an alkane by dropping a hydrogenatom from the formula. Examples are methyl (-CH3) and ethyl (-CH2CH3).Alkyne(炔烃). (CnH2n-2) A molecule containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. Also a functionalgroup. A compound that consists of only carbon and hydrogen, that contains at least one carbon-carbontriple bond. Alkyne names end with -yne. Examples are acetylene (CHidentCH); 1-propyne (CHidentCCH3), and2-octyne (CH3CidentC(CH2)4CH3).Allenes(丙二烯). Propa-1,2-diene (CH2=C=CH2) and derivatives. In allenes the two πbonds are orthogonal(see below), as are the two terminal hydrogens at one end, with respect to those at the other.Allo-(同分异构的). prefix that designates the more stable of a pair of geometric isomers. allo- is sometimesused less precisely to designate isomers or close relatives of a compound.Allyl(烯丙基). allylic; allyl group; allyl radical.A molecular fragment derived by removing a methyl hydrogen from propene (-CH2-CH=CH2). Forexample, "allyl chloride" is 3-chloropropene, Cl-CH2-CH=CH2.Allylic carbon(烯丙基正离子). (CH2=CH-CH2+)An sp3 carbon adjacent to a double bond.Amide(酰胺)(RCONH2). A molecule containing a carbonyl group attached to a nitrogen (-CONR2). Also afunctional group. An amide is an organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bound to nitrogen: .The simplest amides are formamide (HCONH2) and acetamide (CH3CONH2).Amine(胺)(RNH2). Compare with ammine.A molecule containing an isolated nitrogen = (NR3). Also a functional group. An amine is an organiccompound that contains a nitrogen atom bound only to carbon and possibly hydrogen atoms. Examples are methylamine, CH3NH2; dimethylamine, CH3NHCH3; and trimethylamine, (CH3)3N.Amino acid(氨基酸). Amino acids are molecules that contain at least one amine group (-NH2) and at leastone carboxylic acid group (-COOH). When these groups are both attached to the same carbon, the acid is an alpha-amino acid. alpha-amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins.Amino group（氨基）. the -NH2 group.Ammine(氨络物). Compare with amine.A metal ion complex containing ammonia as a ligand. The ammonia nitrogen is bound directly to ametal ion in ammines; amines differ in that the ammonia nitrogen is directly bound to a carbon atom.Ammonia(氨，氨水). (NH3) Compare with ammonium.Pure NH3 is a colorless gas with a sharp, characteristic odor. It is easily liquified by pressure, and isvery soluble in water. Ammonia acts as a weak base. Aqueous solutions of ammonia are (incorrectly)referred to as "ammonium hydroxide".Ammonium ion(铵根离子). (NH4+) ammonium.NH4+ is a cation formed by neutralization of ammonia, which acts as a weak base.Amphiprotic solvent(两性溶剂). Compare with aprotic solvent.Solvents that exhibit both acidic and basic properties; amphiprotic solvents undergo autoprotolysis.Examples are water, ammonia, and ethanol.Amphoteric(两性的). ampholyte.A substance that can act as either an acid or a base in a reaction. For example, aluminum hydroxidecan neutralize mineral acids ( Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl = AlCl3 + 3 H2O ) or strong bases ( Al(OH)3 + 3 NaOH =Na3AlO3 + 3 H2O).Aniline（苯胺；苯胺的）. (C6H5NH2).a primary (1) amine in which the NH 2 group is bonded directly to abenzene ring..ngstrom (.)(埃，1/10 纳米).Unit of length named after the Swedish physicist, now being superseded by nanometer (nm). 1 . = 10–10 m so that a bond length of 1.54 . is given by 0.154 nm.Anhydrous(无水的). anhydrous compound; anhydride. Compare with hydrate.A compound with all water removed, especially water of hydration. For example, strongly heating copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O) produces anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4).Anion(阴离子). Compare with cation.A negatively charged atom or molecule. An anion is a negatively charged ion. Nonmetals typically form anions.Anomers(异头物). Anomers are cyclic diastereoisomers that differ only at the hemiacetal carbon. Theanomeric carbon in a sugar is the only carbon that is bonded to two oxygen atoms.Anti(希腊字头，反；抗；对；阻) (see also Anti addition; Anti periplanar). Substituents are anti if they are onopposite sides of a defined reference plane in a molecule. Anti is used to assign stereochemistry toproducts of, for example, asymmetric aldol reactions. The main chain is drawn in the plane of the paper and substituents on opposite sides of the plane are termed anti.Anti addition(反式加成). A reaction in which the two groups of a reagent X-Y add on opposite faces of acarbon-carbon bond. Anti addition of X–Y occurs when X and Y are added to opposite faces of a double bond.Anti clinal(反错构象). When the C–C–C–C dihedral angle is between 90° and 150°, i.e. 120 .30°, theconformation is said to be anti clinal.Anti conformation(反式构象). A type of staggered conformation in which the two big groups are opposite ofeach other in a Newman projection.Anti periplanar (sometimes called Anti)(反式共平面). Term given to a molecular fragment, e.g.X–C(1)–C(2)–Y, or C(1)–C(2)–Y (in this second case, a lone pair of electrons in a p-orbital replacesthe X–C bond), in which the dihedral angle is 180°, or more generally 180 .30°.Anti-aromatic(反芳香性的). A highly unstable planar ring system with 4n pi electrons.Antibonding orbital(反键轨道). antibonding; antibonding molecular orbital.A molecular orbital that can be described as the result of destructive interference of atomic orbitals on bonded atoms. Antibonding orbitals have energies higher than the energies its constituent atomicorbitals would have if the atoms were separate.Anti-periplanar (a.k.a. anticoplanar)(反平面). The conformation in which a hydrogen and a leaving groupare in the same plane and on opposite sides of a carbon-carbon single bond. The conformation required for E2 elimination.Aprotic solvent(非质子溶剂；疏质子溶剂). Compare with amphiprotic solvent.Solvents that do not contain O-H or N-H bonds. A solvent that does not act as an acid or as a base; aprotic solvents don't undergo autoprotolysis. Examples are pentane, pet ether, and toluene.Aqua regia(王水).A mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, usually 1:3 or 1:4 parts HNO3 to HCl, used to dissolvegold.Arene(芳香烃). (ArH)A hydrocarbon that contains at least one aromatic ring.Aromatic(芳香族的). A planar ring system that contains uninterrupted p orbitals around the ring and a total of4n+2 pi electrons. Aromatic compounds are unusually stable compounds.Aromatic compound(芳族化合物).A compound containing an aromatic ring. Aromatic compounds have strong, characteristic odors. Aromatic ring(芳环). (Ar)An exceptionally stable planar ring of atoms with resonance structures that consist of alternating double and single bonds, e. g. benzene:Aryl(芳基). (Ar-) aryl group.An aromatic group as a substituent. A molecular fragment or group attached to a molecule by an atom that is on an aromatic ring.Aspirin（阿司匹林；乙酰水杨酸）.trivial name for the compound acetylsalicylic acid; formed by treating salicylicacid with aceticanhydride.Asymmetric carbon atom（不对称碳原子；手性碳原子）. a carbon atom with four different substituents; astereogenic carbon.Atactic(不规则的). This adjective describes a polymer whose stereogenic centres along the polymer chainare randomly oriented.Atropisomers(位阻异构体). Stereoisomers that arise from restricted rotation around a single bond in whichthe barrier to rotation is sufficiently high for the stereoisomers to be isolated. Certain ortho disubstituted biphenyls are atropisomers, and the stereoisomers referred to in this case are enantiomers.Average bond enthalpy(平均键焓). Compare with bond enthalpy.Average enthalpy change per mole when the same type of bond is broken in the gas phase for manysimilar substancesAxial bonds(直立键). A bond perpendicular to the equator of the ring (up or down), typically in a chaircyclohexane. In the chair conformation of cyclohexanes, axial bonds are described as being: (a) parallel to the C3 axis, or (b) perpendicular to a general plane that contains the majority of carbon atoms.Axial chirality(轴手性；轴不对称). Chirality that has its origins in the non-planar disposition of groups withrespect to an axis,and exemplified by 1,3-dichloroallene, certain alkylidenecyclohexanes and4-substituted cyclohexanone oximes.Axial(轴的).1. An atom, bond, or lone pair that is perpendicular to equatorial atoms, bonds, and lone pairs in a trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry.Azo(偶氮). azo compound; azo group; azo dye.The azo group has the general structure Ar-N=N-Ar', where Ar and Ar' indicate substituted aromaticrings. Compounds containing the azo compounds are often intensely colored and are economically important as dyes. Methyl orange is an example of an azo dye.Base hydrolysis constant(碱水解常数). (Kb) base ionization constant; basic hydrolysis constant. Comparewith acid dissociation constant.The equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis reaction associated with a base. For example, Kb for ammonia is the equilibrium constant for NH3(aq) + H2O(ell) doublearrowNH4+(aq) + OH-(aq), or Kb =[NH4+][OH-]/[NH3].Base(碱). alkali; alkaline; basic. Compare with acid.A proton acceptor or an electron pair donor.1. a compound that reacts with an acid to form a salt.2. a compound that produces hydroxide ions inaqueous solution (Arrhenius). 3. a molecule or ion that captures hydrogen ions.(Bronsted-Lowry).4. amolecule or ion that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond.(Lewis).Benzaldehyde（苯甲醛；安息香醛）.(C6H5CHO).simplest aromatic aldehyde, formed by the controlledoxidation of benzyl alcohol; vigorous oxidation yields benzoic acid.Benzene（苯）. an aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon of formula C6H6.Benzoic acid（苯甲酸）(C6H5CO2H): simplest aromatic carboxylic acid, formed by the vigorous oxidation ofalkyl benzene, benzyl alcohol, and benzaldehyde.Benzyl group(苄基；苯甲基) (C6H5CH2-). A benzene ring plus a methylene (CH2) unit (C6H5-CH2-).Benzylic position( ). The position of a carbon attached to a benzene ring.Benzyne(苯炔; 脱氢苯). A highly reactive intermediate. A benzene ring with a triple bond.Bicyclic(二环的). A molecule with two rings that share at least two carbons.Binary compound(二元化合物). Compare with compound.A compound that contains two different elements. NaCl is a binary compound; NaClO is not.Bond energy(键能). bond enthalpy(键焓).Compare with bond enthalpy.Energy change per mole when a bond is broken in the gas phase for a particular substance.Bond length(键长).The average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms in a stable molecule.Bond order(键级).1. In Lewis structures, the number of electron pairs shared by two atoms.2. In molecular orbital theory,the net number of electron pairs in bonding orbitals (calculated as half the difference between the number of electrons in bonding orbitals and the number of electrons in antibonding orbitals.Bridgehead carbon(桥头碳原子). In an unsubstituted hydrocarbon that consists of two or more fused orbridged rings, with two or more carbons in common, the bridgehead carbons are tertiary carbons common to two or more rings. Bridgehead carbons can be substituted by, for example, Cl,OH, etc. Inbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane the bridgehead carbons are C(1) and C(4); in bicyclo[4.4.0]decane they are C(1) and C(6).Br.sted acid(布朗斯特酸). Compare with acid.A material that gives up hydrogen ions in a chemical reaction.Br.sted base(布朗斯特碱). Compare with base.A material that accepts hydrogen ions in a chemical reaction.Brosylate (4-bromobenzenesulfonate, 4-BrC6H4SO3)(对甲基苯磺酸盐). Slightly mbetter leaving groupgroup than tosylate in substitution and elimination reactions. Usually abbreviated to OBs.Buffer(缓冲液). pH buffer; buffer solution.A solution that can maintain its pH value with little change when acids or bases are added to it. Buffer solutions are usually prepared as mixtures of a weak acid with its own salt or mixtures of saltsof weak acids. For example, a 50:50 mixture of 1 M acetic acid and 1 M sodium acetate buffers pHaround 4.7.Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) R/S convention(R/S构型命名法). The most widely used method for assignmentof configuration to stereogenic centres (and chiral axes). Substituents at stereogenic centres are given ranking numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4, associated with decreasing atomic number; configuration is then assigned as in Chapter 2.Canonical forms (also called resonance structures)(共振结构式). These are different mLewis structures thatare alternative ways of representing the actual structure of a molecule that contains delocalized bonds. One draws several possible structures that all have the same number of unpaired electrons, and in which the relative positions of the nuclei are the same. Each canonical structure contributes inproportion to its stability, so that the structure is a weighted average of all canonical structures. These delocalized canonical structures have no individual existence. As an example, aromatic compounds and amides are weighted averages of two or more canonical forms (or Lewis structures);in the case of an amide, these are, for example, R12N–C(=O)R2 and R12N+=C(O–)R2.Carbanion(负碳离子). A negatively charged carbon atom.Carbene(碳烯). A reactive intermediate, characterized by a neutral, electron-deficient carbon center with twosubstituents (R2C:).Carbocation(碳正离子). A positively charged carbon.Carbonyl(羰基). carbonyl group.A carbon double bonded to oxygen (C=O). A divalent group consisting of a carbon atom with a double-bond to oxygen. For example, acetone (CH3-(C=O)-CH3) is a carbonyl group linking twomethyl groups. Also refers to a compound of a metal with carbon monoxide, such as iron carbonyl,Fe(CO)5.Carboxylic acid(羧酸)(RCOOH). carboxyl; carboxyl group.A molecule containing a carboxyl (COOH) group.Also a functional group. A carboxylic acid is an organic molecule with a -(C=O)-OH group. The group is also written as -COOH and is called a carboxyl group. The hydrogen on the -COOH group ionizes in water; carboxylic acids are weak acids.The simplest carboxylic acids are formic acid (H-COOH) and acetic acid (CH3-COOH).Carotene(胡萝卜素).Carotene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon pigment found in many plants. Carotene is the basic buildingblock of vitamin A.Catalyst（催化剂）a substance which changes the rate of a chemical reaction but is unchanged at the end ofthe reaction; an example would be the Pt used in the hydrogenation of alkenes.Cation(阳离子). Compare with anion.A positively charged molecule or atom. A cation is a positively charged ion. Metals typically form cations.Chair conformation(椅式构象). Typically, the most stable cyclohexane conformation. Looks like a chair. Thelowest energy conformation of cyclohexane. All the vicinal C–H bonds are staggered; this conformation has very little angle strain or torsion strain.Chelate(螯合的).A stable complex of a metal with one or more polydentate ligands. For example, calcium complexeswith EDTA to form a chelate.Chemical bond(化学键). bond; bonding; chemical bonding.A chemical bond is a strong attraction between two or more atoms. Bonds hold atoms in moleculesand crystals together. There are many types of chemical bonds, but all involve electrons which areeither shared or transferred between the bonded atoms.Chemical shift(化学位移). The location of an NMR peak relative to the standard tetramethylsilane (TMS),given in units of parts per million (ppm).Chiral center(手性中心). asymmetric center.A carbon or other atom with four nonidentical substituents. An atom in a molecule that causes chirality,usually an atom that is bound to four different groups. A molecule can have chirality without having achiral center, and a molecule may also have more than one chiral centers.Chiral molecule(手性分子). A molecule that's not superimposable on its mirror image. Chiral molecules rotateplane-polarized light.Chiral(手性的). chirality(手性).Having nonsuperimposable mirror images. For example, a shoe or a glove is chiral.A chiral (or handed) molecule is one that is not superimposable on its mirror image. The adjective isideally restricted to single molecules. An object such as a helix can also be described as chiral.The property of non-identity of an object with its mirror image. An object, e.g. a molecule in a givenconfiguration or conformation, is said to be chiral when it is not identical with its mirror image.Cis(顺式). Groups or atoms are cis when they lie on the same side of an identifiable reference plane in amolecule.Two identical substituents on the same side of a double bond or ring.Concerted(一致的；协同的). In a concerted reaction the bonding changes occur in a single step andsimultaneously.Condensation reaction(缩合反应). A reaction in which a small molecule (usually HO or HX) is produced inthe combination of two other molecules.2Configuration(构型). The three-dimensional arrangement (or sequence) in space of atoms, or functionalgroups, that characterizes a stereoisomer. In order to change a configuration, bond breaking and bond re-forming in a different sequence must occur. Enantiomers have opposite configurations.Configurations are denoted by R/S; D/L; E/Z. Configuration should be contrasted withconformation, in which changes are brought about only by bond rotation.Conformation (boat)( 船式构象). A conformation of cyclohexane that, by virtue of two eclipsed C–C bondsand a 1,4 non-bonded H...H interaction, is of higher energy than the chair conformation. So called because it resembles a boat when viewed sideways on.Conformation (chair)( 椅式构象). The lowest energy conformation of cyclohexane, in which all C–C bondsare staggered, and which has very little angle or torsional strain. This conformation resembles a chair when viewed sideways on.Conformation (eclipsed)(重叠式构象). When, for example, in ethane the dihedral angle .between a pair ofhydrogens on adjacent carbons is 0°; this is the least stable conformation. In butane, both C–C–C–Cdihedral angles of 0.(synperiplanar) and 120.(anticlinal) are eclipsed; the C–H bonds are eclipsedhere also. Some rigid molecules, e.g. bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, have the C–H bonds at C(2), C(3), C(5)and C(6) locked in an eclipsed conformation.Conformation (skewed)(扭曲式构象). As above, but with the value of between 0° and 60°; there are aninfinite number of skewed conformations.Conformation (staggered)(交叉式构象). As above but with ..= 60°; in the case of ethane, the most stableconformation. Butane has a gauche staggered conformation in which the C–C–C–C dihedral angle is60°and an antiperiplanar staggered conformation in which the corresponding dihedral angle is 180°.Conformation(构象). The instantaneous spatial arrangements of atoms. Conformations can change byrotation around single bonds. The instantaneous spatial arrangements of atoms. Conformations can change by rotation around single bonds.Conformers(构象异构体). conformation(构象).Molecular arrangements that differ only by rotations around single bonds. For example, the "boat" and"chair" forms of cyclohexane are conformers.Conjugate acid(共轭酸). The acid that results from protonation of a base.Conjugate base(共轭碱). The base that results from the deprotonation of an acid.Conjugated double bonds(共轭双键). Double bonds separated by one carbon-carbon single bond. Alternating double bonds.Conjugation(共轭).A general feature of molecules which haveadjacent p-orbitals as in molecules withalternating multiple bonds. Electrons are said to be delocalized through extended π bonding.Conrotatory(顺旋). This adjective indicates that both p-orbitals at the terminal carbons (and the substituentsat these carbons) of a conjugated acyclic hydrocarbon rotate in the same sense, both clockwise or both anti-clockwise, during ring closure. Also applied to the reverse step, namely ring opening.Constitutional isomers(构造异构体). Molecules with the same molecular formula but with atoms attached indifferent ways.Coordination number(配位数).The number of bonds formed by the central atom in a metal-ligand complex.Coupling constant( 耦合常数). The distance between two neighboring lines in an NMR peak (given in unitsof Hz).Coupling protons(耦合质子). Protons that interact with each other and split the NMR peak into a certainnumber of lines following the n+1 rule.Covalent bond(共价键). covalent; covalently bound. Compare with covalent compound and ionic bond.Bond in which the two electrons are shared between the two atoms.A covalent bond is a very strong attraction between two or more atoms that are sharing their electrons.In structural formulas, covalent bonds are represented by a line drawn between the symbols of the bonded atoms.A compound made of molecules- not ions. The atoms in the compound are bound together by sharedelectrons. Also called a molecular compound.Cyclic compound（环状化合物）a molecule which has the two ends of the carbon chain connected togetherto form a ring.Crystal field splitting energy(晶体场分裂能). (Delta)Ligands*complexed to a metal ion will raise the energy of some of its d orbitals and lower the energyof others. The difference in energy is called the crystal field splitting energy.Crystal field theory( 晶体场理论). crystal field.The color, spectra, and magnetic properties of metal-ligand complexes can be explained by modelingthe effect of ligands on metal's d orbital energies.Cupric. (Cu2+) cupric ion(二价铜的).Deprecated. 1. the copper(II) ion, Cu2+. 2. A compound that contains copper in the +2 oxidation state.Cuprous. (Cu+) cuprous ion(亚铜的).Deprecated. 1. the copper(I) ion, Cu+. 2. A compound that contains copper in the +1 oxidationstate.Cycloaddition reaction( 环化加成反应). In the context of pericyclic reactions, this term refers to twomolecules, the same or different, with one or more .bonds, that combine to form a cyclic compound withcreation of two new .bonds in a concerted, bimolecular reaction. Of course, cycloaddition reactions mayproceed stepwise, but these are not pericyclic reactions.D-. D-isomer(D-异构体). Compare with L- .Prefix used to designate a dextrorotatory enantiomer .D-. D-isomer(D-异构体). Compare with L-.Prefix used to designate a dextrorotatory enantiomer.Dehydration（脱水）an elimination reaction in which an alcohol reacts with concentrated acid to yield analkene plus water.Dehydrogenases(脱氢酶). Enzymes that operate in conjunction with a cofactor,usually NADH. Despite thename, dehydrogenases catalyse both dehydrogenation (oxidation) and reduction reactions, under appropriate conditions.dehydrohalogenation(脱去卤化氢). Loss of a hydrohalic acid (like HBr, HCl, and so on) to form adouble bond.Delta value (a.k.a. d value)(δ：化学位移值). The chemical shift. The location of an NMR peak relative to thestandard tetramethylsilane (TMS), given in units of parts per million (ppm).Dextrorotatory (d)( 右旋的). Having the property of rotating plane-polarized light clockwise.Description given to a chiral compound that rotates the plane of polarized light (usually of wavelength589.6 nm, the sodium D line) in a clockwise sense as the observer looks into the propagating beam.Diastereoisomers(非对映异构体). Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Stereoisomers。

火电厂设备PDCA闭环式消缺管理马 瑞(淮沪煤电有限公司田集发电厂，安徽 淮南 232098)PDCA Closed Loop Defect Elimination Management for Equipment ofThermal Power PlantMA Rui(Huaihu Coal and Electricity Co., Ltd., Tianji Power Plant, Huainan 232098)〔摘 要〕 借鉴全面质量管理、QHSE 管理体系的手段及方法，建立起设备运行、维护、检修一体化PDCA 闭环式消缺管理，并从计划、执行、检查、处理4个阶段详细阐述了田集发电厂的做法，为其他电厂设备运行消缺提供借鉴。

〔关键词〕 质量管理；点检；事故分析；消缺Abstract :By referring the means and methods of overall quality management and QHSE management system, a PDCA closed-loop defect elimination management system integrating equipment operation, maintenance and overhaul is established, and the practices of Tianji Power Plant are elaborated in four stages of planning, execution, inspection and treatment, providing reference for equipment operation defect elimination of other power plants.Key words :quality management; point check; accident analysis; defect elimination 中图分类号:TM08 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-6226 (2020) 02-0011-05新的管理方针，主动学习新的管理理念，深入挖掘设备管理的内涵，推出新的管理方法，提高设备的稳定运行能力，发挥生技部的真正作用。