2020高考英语新创新一轮复习语法第一部分第四讲词性转换(构词法)学案(含解析)北师大版

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第四讲词性转换(构词法)英语构词法主要有三种:合成、转化和派生。

合成是指将两个意思不同的单词结合成一个新词;转化是指一个单词的词形不变而由一种词性转化为另一种词性;派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀变成另一个词。

前缀一般改变词义而不改变词性,后缀一般改变词性而不改变词义。

将构词法置于此处讲解,一是对前面基础词法的汇总,二是为攻克后面的重难动词做铺垫。

动词、形容词转换为名词[全析考法]单句语法填空/单句改错1.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased ________ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.解析:pollution decrease“降低,减少”,为及物动词,后接名词作宾语,故填名词pollution。

2.(2018·6月浙江高考)Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in ________(weigh) problems.解析:weight 根据语境可知,此处表示体重方面的问题,故此处填名词作定语。

3.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ________ (educate).解析:education 前面有形容词性物主代词her,此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education作宾语。

4.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top ________ (attract).解析:attraction 此处作表语且前面由its top修饰,应该用attract的名词形式attraction,意为“吸引人之物,诱惑物”。

5.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the __________ (develop) of chopsticks.解析:development 根据空前面的the和空后面的of可知,此处需填develop的名词形式development。

6.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.________________解析:honest→honesty 根据句意和结构可知,此处应该使用名词形式。

[谨记规则]1.动词变名词的后缀2.形容词变名词的后缀disable→disability 无能;伤残responsible→responsibility 责任名词、动词转换为形容词[全析考法]单句语法填空1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it's always ________ (energy).解析:energetic 根据句子结构可知,此处应该使用与其前的cheap, easy相同形式的形容词energetic作表语。

2.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total ________ (globe) fertilizer consumption.解析:global 此处和total一起修饰名词短语fertilizer consumption,意为“全世界的化肥总消耗量”,故用其形容词形式global作定语。

3.(2018·6月浙江高考)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ________ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.解析:affordable 根据语境可知此处作表语,所以要用形容词形式。

4.(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and ________ (disappoint).解析:disappointed 和前面的anxious并列,表示人的内心活动,应使用­ed形式的形容词,此处表示“他们中有些人看起来既焦虑又失望”。

[谨记规则]后缀例词­able accept→acceptable 可接受的comfort→comfortable 舒适的fashion→fashionable 时髦的suit→suitable 合适的reason→reasonable 有道理的­al music→musical 音乐的origin→original 最初的person→personal 个人的;私人的self→selfish 自私的[特别注意] ­ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态,意为“感到……的”,通常修饰人;­ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征,意为“令人……的”,通常修饰物或事。

形容词转换为副词[全析考法]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is ________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.解析:actually 此处用副词作状语修饰系动词is。

2.(2018·11月浙江高考)________ (recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.解析:Recently 此处考查时间副词作状语,故填Recently。

3.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The title will be ________ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.解析:officially 此处表示(大使)这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式授予给我,分析句子结构可知,应该使用副词officially作状语修饰动词given。

4.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ______ (regular).解析:regularly 此处需要用副词修饰动词短语“take short breaks”。

5.(2015·广东高考)________ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.解析:Luckily 此处为副词用于句首修饰整个句子,表示状态。

Ⅱ.单句改错1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I felt happily that their life had improved.________________ 解析:happily→happy 动词felt在此处是系动词,意为“觉得,感觉”,其后应该使用形容词happy作表语。

2.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.________________解析:suddenly→sudden 此处需要用形容词修饰后面的名词stop,表示“突然的停止”。

3.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Instead, he hopes that his business will growsteady.________________解析:steady→steadily 谓语动词grow是不及物动词,意为“增长,增强”,此处应该使用副词steadily作状语修饰grow。

grow steadily意为“稳定地增长”。

4.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.________________解析:freely→free 此处需要用形容词作表语。

be free from them “摆脱他们”。

5.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Dad and I were terrible worried.________________解析:terrible→terribly 此处应用副词terribly修饰形容词worried。

[谨记规则]类别例词直接加­lyclear→clearly 清楚地great→greatly 很,大大地以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词,变y为i再加­lyhappy→happily 高兴地heavy→heavily 沉重地词尾为ble/le的形容词,去掉e,再加­yterrible→terribly可怕地;极度地gentle→gently 轻轻地词尾为ue的形容词,去掉e再加­ly true→truly 真实地词尾为ll的形容词,直接加­yfull→fully充分地;完全地dull→dully 迟钝地词尾为­ic的形容词,加­allybasic→basically主要地,基本上scientific→scientifically 合乎科学地语法填空解题“2策略”1.利用句子成分确定词性(1)如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语要考虑名词形式。