跨文化中文翻译
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Unit 1Settling down at college around the world适应校园生活——来自世界各地的访谈Tanya Zarutskaya Moscow, Russia塔尼娅•扎茹茨卡娅莫斯科,俄罗斯This time last year I was nervous about my new life.去年的这个时候,我对新生活感到很紧张。
I didn't have any friends, and it was my first time away from home. 我没有朋友,也是第一次离开家。
At first I worked all the time, going to lectures and studying late into the night.一开始,我一天到晚都在忙功课:上课,并且学习到深夜。
But then I realized I was missing out on so many other things at university. 可后来我意识到我错过了大学里许多其他活动。
One day a girl in my hall of residence invited everyone in the dorm to a dinner party.一天,跟我住同一幢宿舍楼的一个女孩儿邀请全楼的人去参加一个晚宴。
I've no idea where she managed to buy the food, or how she had enough money. 我不知道她在哪儿买的那些吃的,也不清楚她怎么会有足够的钱。
And she dressed like a model.而且她穿得像个模特儿。
I don't know why she was bothering with university!我真不知道她干嘛还要费那劲儿上大学!I've got to know lots of interesting people and I now enjoy myself as well as study hard.现在我结识了许多有趣的人,既努力学习,也快乐地生活。
文化在跨文化交流的英语四级作文English: Culture plays a crucial role in cross-cultural communicationas it shapes a person's values, beliefs, behaviors, and communication styles. When engaging in cross-cultural interactions, individuals must be aware of cultural differences in order to effectively communicate and avoid misunderstandings. For example, certain gestures or phrases that are considered polite in one culture may be offensive in another. In addition, cultural differences in communication styles, such as direct vs. indirect communication, may lead to misinterpretations if not understood. Therefore, having a basic understanding of different cultural norms and practices is essentialfor successful cross-cultural communication. By actively listening, showing respect, and adapting to the customs of other cultures, individuals can build connections, foster understanding, and bridge the gap between different cultural groups.中文翻译: 文化在跨文化交流中起着至关重要的作用,因为它塑造了一个人的价值观、信仰、行为和沟通风格。
跨文化Chapter 1P1~2Chapter 1 前三段判断题范围THE ONLY TIME WHEN TRUE SUFFERING OCCURS ISWHEN TWO CULTURES COLLIDE. —— HERMANN HESSE只有苦难发生,当两种文化碰撞时。
anyone who has done business internationally knows that dreadful feeling brought on by the blank stares,任何人做国际业务的都知道,空洞的眼神所带来的可怕感觉,the forced half-smiles, the murmured comments in a language that seems indecipherable—强迫半微笑,用似乎难以辨认的语言低声评论——when what you say doesn't connect, and when something seems missing.当无法和你说什么事情联系上时,有些事情似乎就错过了,The paranoia is inescapable. You had your checklist of cultural do's and don'ts and followed them religiously.偏执是不可避免的。
你有你的该做什么和不该做什么的文化清单,并且虔诚地遵守着。
You broke no taboos, committed no cultural faux pas, insulted no one—yet you failed to break through. Why?你不打破任何禁忌,不犯任何文化失礼,不侮辱任何人——但你却未能突破文化差异。
为什么呢?Distance and time were once the biggest obstacles to doing business internationally.距离和时间,一度成为做国际业务的最大障碍。
The relationship between language and culture is very close.然而,每一种语言都是在具体、特定的社会、历史环境中产生和发展起来。
每一种语言中的形象意义都是在自己独特的历史、社会条件和民族风俗语境下形成。
与语言的发展很相似,文化也是社会发展到一定阶段的产物。
However, every language is produced and developed in the concrete, specific social, historical env ironment. Every language’s meaning is formed in its own unique history, social conditions and national customs. What’s more, the development of culture it’s very similar of language.首先,“语言是文化的一个组成部分”文化包括了语言,是语言最重要的属性之一。
文化社会学认为,文化涉及人类生活的各个方面,任何人类社会都离不开文化,而语言只是构成文化大系统的要素之一。
不同的语言社团各有独特看待世界的方式,形成了各自个性化的语言。
同时,他们的语言为我们提供了理解他们文化系统的线索。
First of all, “language is one part of the cultural”, is one of the most important attributes of culture. Cultural Sociology considers that culture is related to all aspects of human life. Any one can’t inseparable from the culture. Different language groups have their unique way to looking at the world, formed their own personalized language. At the same time, their languages provide clues for us to understanding their cultural system.其次,语言作为文化的一部分,又是文化的镜像反射,它忠实而全面地反映出民族文化的特征。
跨文化翻译
跨文化翻译是一种将文字、图像和音频等多种形式的信息从一种语言转
换成另一种语言的过程。
它不仅仅是一种文本翻译,而且要涉及到不同文化
的理解和融洽。
跨文化翻译的主要目的是把原文的意思保持完整,尊重不同
文化的差异,使读者更容易理解原文的内容和文体。
跨文化翻译不仅要求翻译人员熟悉双方语言,而且还需要精通语言学和
文化方面的知识,并较好地掌握双方文化之间的差异。
只有充分了解不同文
化背景下言谈举止中存在的差异,才能有效地完成翻译任务。
例如,英国人
和阿拉伯人在谈话时具有很大不同,阿拉伯人谈论话语要求礼貌,而英国人
则偏重有趣的话题。
当英译阿时,翻译人员需要注意这两种文化之间的差异,把意思正确地传达到另一方,从而才能达到翻译效果。
此外,跨文化翻译有可能出现字面上无法准确翻译、两语言表达法不同
而不能翻译相应意思的问题,这就要求对于跨文化翻译的翻译人员必须学习
更多的文化知识,掌握有效的翻译工具和途径从而让翻译达到最高质量。
总的来说,跨文化翻译不仅是文字翻译的过程,还涉及到不同文化的理
解和融洽。
它既要求翻译人员学习语言学和文化知识,又要提升他们的技能
去辨认文化差异,并对双方文化使用有效的翻译方式,使翻译保持原文的意
思完整,从而实现跨文化交流和理解。
fully by letter, telephone, fax or e-mail in such cultures. It is not necessary to meet face-to-face with a colleague to get things done.完全在这种文化的信函,电话,传真或电子邮件。
满足面对面与同事把事情做好是没有必要的。
High-context cultures are the exact opposite. Communication tends to be imprecise and as much attention is paid to the person delivering the message as to the message itself. In high-context cultures---most of Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa---personal encounters are essential before business can begin.高语境文化是完全相反的。
沟通往往是不精确的,对提供消息的人比对消息本身关注的更多。
高语境文化中---大多数拉丁美洲,亚洲,中东和非洲---个人遭遇实在业务开始之前必不可少的。
These people need as much ancillary information as possible. They pay more attention to physical surroundings, how a business colleague is dressed or coiffured---the general ambiance of the negotiations---than individuals from low-context countries. Body language, facial gestures and voice inflection are important methods of communication. The physical surroundings for a meeting or a business meal are just as important as the substance of the discussion.这些人需要尽可能多的辅助信息。
第一单元语言:汉语与英语Section A 汉语Passage 1 中文的方方面面1汉语是汉藏语系的一个分支,由数百种地方语言组成,其中许多语言互不相通。
据估计,10多亿人的第一语言是某种形式的汉语作。
历史2古汉语是经证明最古老的汉语,是所有现代汉语变体的始祖。
从先秦到晋代都使用过古文。
中国最早的文字记载出现在3000多年前,最早的例子是商代末年甲骨上的占卜铭文。
在随后的周朝,青铜器铭文变得丰富起来。
周朝后半期文学繁荣发展,包括《论语》、《孟子》、《春秋》等经典著作。
这些作品都是文言文的典范。
3中古汉语是南北朝和隋唐宋时期使用的语言,可以分为以韵书《切韵》为标志的早期中古汉语,和以切韵系统的指南“韵表”为标志的晚期中古汉语。
中古汉语是恢复早期汉语发音的口传的起点。
4北宋灭亡后,在晋朝和元朝时期,中国北方出现了一种通用语(现在称为旧官话)。
明清时期的官员们使用基于普通话变体的“官话”来管理国家。
在明清时期的多半时间里,这种语言是以南京地区的方言为基础的,但与任何一种方言都不完全相同。
到1909年,即将灭亡的清朝将北京话定为“国语”5中华人民共和国继续推行共同的国语,于1956年正式确定了中国的标准语言。
普通话是现代汉语的标准形式,以北京语音系统为发音规范,以北方方言为方言基础,以白话文学语言为语法规范。
在中国,普通话现在被用于教育、媒体和正式场合。
汉语是联合国六种官方语言之一。
发音7 汉字不能可靠地指明其发音。
因此,对于那些不识汉字的人来说,将汉语音译成拉丁字母是很有用的。
拼音系统是在20世纪50年代由许多语言学家在早期汉语罗马化形式的基础上发展起来的。
1958年由中国政府出版,并多次修订。
国际标准化组织(ISO)于1982年将拼音作为一项国际标准,随后于1986年被联合国采用。
8声母和韵母构成拼音的基本要素。
普通话的每个音节都可以用一个声母后跟一个韵母拼写,或者在某些情况下只有一个韵母,但特殊音节er或后缀-r被视为音节的一部分时除外。
浅析英汉跨文化翻译中的归化和异化作者:梁济韬来源:《校园英语·月末》2023年第03期摘要:英汉跨文化翻译中,译者面对文化背景的差异必须在归化与异化之间做出合理选择,以提高译文质量。
为做好跨文化翻译工作,本文将对归化与异化的基本概念、两者关系进行分析,然后提出了归化与异化翻译的基本要求与常用方法。
通过研究可知,归化与异化两者相互对立,但又相辅相成,彼此功能并不相同,在满足基本要求的条件下熟练应用归化与异化翻译策略,能有效提高英汉跨文化翻译质量。
关键词:英汉跨文化翻译;归化与异化;跨文化翻译策略作者简介:梁济韬(1998.06-),女,山西文水人,宁夏大学,研究生,研究方向:英语笔译。
英语与汉语在语言表达方式、语法逻辑、语义表达习惯等多个方面存在较大差异,要完成读者能够理解,又能体会到其中文化特征的英汉跨文化翻译是一项比较困难的工作,而要做好该项工作,就需要译者熟练掌握归化与异化这两种翻译策略。
同时从现实层面出发,熟练掌握归化与异化翻译策略,对于开展国际交流、文化输出等大有益处,因此有必要对比展开相关研究。
一、归化和异化理论(一)基本概念归化是指将外来语言及内在文化元素归入读者文化背景,用读者母语的语言逻辑等进行翻译,使得外来语言化为读者能够理解,且有认同感的译文。
译者在翻译时,既要考虑原作及原作作者,尽可能地将原作的内容和风格忠实地表达出来;同时,还要考虑译入语读者,尽量淡化原文的陌生感,使译文便于读者接受。
归化翻译的最大特点便是采用通顺地道的译入语进行翻译,使译文更加流畅自然。
我国翻译家傅雷和钱钟书先生便主张归化的翻译策略,傅雷曾坦言:“理想的译作仿佛是原作者的中文写作”。
异化是指在译文中保留外来语言的特有表达方式、语法逻辑的一种翻译策略。
简言之,异化就是要保留原文的原汁原味。
异化法要求在充分理解源文本语义的基础上,将源文本的意义转化为目的语的新结构,并赋予其新的表达意义,使源文本的精神能最大限度地保留下来。
跨文化翻译句子翻译Part II 句子翻译Uint1Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我幼稚可欺吗?Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.不必过早担心。
/不必自寻烦恼。
/ 船到桥头自然直。
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.”一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。
1.He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time.他是个神枪手,可这次却遭遇了滑铁卢(遭到惨败)。
2.After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground.他的上一本小说写砸了,名声从此岌岌可危。
3.Studies serve for delight, for ornament(装饰,美化)and ability. Their chief use fordelight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability,is in the judgment, and disposition(安排)of business.读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。
其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博采也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。
(王佐良译)1. Diction 选词用字the After-class Assignment-11.Microprocessors monitor tyre wear and brake power on cars. (根据词类选择词义)微机监测、检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。
关于跨文化交流,跨文化市场才是第一的真正的首要的范本。
考虑到古罗马帝国的市民,他们是第一个诞生商店的地球文明。
商人们通过在商店的上面树立旗帜来展示他们商品货物的图片来解决跨文化市场的困扰。
这种做法不仅能为罗马帝国中未受过教育的市民服务还能帮助罗马商人们获得被他们用武力征服的殖民地的商业信息。
回顾过去,我们会发现两千多年前的亚里士多德曾明确说过:“有效劝服基本的信念仍可以把他应用到今天的买卖商品上然而在古代的雅典可能会引起一场大的争论”。
很明显的可以看出,交流是现代市场的根基。
毋庸置疑,全球化市场的时代已经到来。
每年超过4万件的商品货物进入国际市场,其中超过一半是来自美国。
这里面85%的商品都不合格。
通往国际化市场成功的道路是建立在失败的市场垃圾碎片和广泛的广告活动之上的。
他们中的大多数之所以会失败,是因为跨文化交流被曲解了。
在跨文化市场里,如果你想把低劣的语言举止降低到最小,那么就不假定任何事情。
几乎我们都听说过关于美国通用汽车公司,他们尽力想把他们的雪佛兰牌汽车销往拉美国家。
但是雪佛兰在说西班牙语的拉美国家按字面意思是不能行走。
当公司发现汽车买不出去的原因时,他们就把车重新命名,然后销往这些国家。
福特汽车公司,美国又一个汽车界的领头羊,也有类似的问题。
他们的pinto 牌汽车在当地也没有达到预期的销售,原因时他们的汽车其意思在当地为男性生殖器。
最终福特公司把所有的名牌汽车重新命名为corcel,其意思为骏马。
伊莱克斯,一个日用电器制造者,其在英国获得了很大的成功。
不幸的是,他们的广告招牌的意思在美国和英国大不相同。
在美国,suck的意思是多虱子的。
英国的牙膏生产商在法国制造出来了一种牙膏叫cue。
它被人们所耻笑。
因为它的名字使人想起了臭名昭著的色情杂志——Cue。
但是市场中的文化意识更多于细心的翻译。
每一文化都有其微妙之处,当然也有其鲜明的禁忌。
尽管大多数的人不能列出他们自己文化的规则,但是他们很明白什么时候这些禁忌被触碰了。
Unit Two Task 11)A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 平静的大海决不能造就出熟练的水手。
/花盆里生长不出参天大树。
/温室里长不出栋梁之才。
2)He who would search for pearls must dive below.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
/ 欲寻珍珠就要潜到水里。
/ 欲寻珍珠欲潜入水。
3)Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标如同航行没有罗盘。
/没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。
4)To have another fish to fry另有要事/ 另有事情得做5)The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.水能载舟,亦能覆舟。
(The same knife cuts bread and fingers.)6)前人栽树,后人乘凉。
One sows and another reaps. / One man sows and another reaps. / One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests. / The precedence planted, the later generations enjoy its cool.7)斩草不除根,逢春又发青。
If the grass is only cut, then the next spring it will revive. / Cut weeds and dig up the roots.8)种田不用问,深耕多上粪。
Planting has no better measures but ploughing deeply and fertilizing much more.9)生米煮成熟饭。
landscape engineer园林工人tonsorial artist理发师sanitation engineer清洁工shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠soft in the head发疯的reckless disregard for truth说谎to take things without permission偷窃industrial climate劳资关系紧张nether garments下面穿的衣服trousers裤子plain(朴素的;简单的ugly丑陋的patient耐心的lunatic疯狂的call your carriage for you=ask you to go away请你离开a man of doubtful taste=a man of doubtful taste一个低级趣味的人a lady of the town=a prostitute妓女(镇上的女人)Justice has long arms.天网恢恢,疏而不漏Diamond cut diamond.棋逢对手golden saying金玉良言fat office肥缺You will cross the bridge when you get to it.船到桥头自然直Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.宁为鸡头,不为凤尾drink like a fish牛饮tread upon eggs如履薄冰Kill two birds with one stone.一箭双雕Haste makes waste.欲速则不达Beauty is only skin deep.美貌是肤浅的Spare the rod and spoil the child.玉不琢不成器Give a person a dose of his own medicine.以其人之道还治其人之身Frank’s advice is like good herbal medicine: hard to take, but ultimately beneficial.良药苦口利于病,忠言逆耳利于行An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一苹果,医生远离我Let sleeping dogs lie.莫惹是非You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.年逾花甲不堪教You can’t have your cake and eat it too.鱼与熊掌不可兼得Gilding the lily.画蛇添足(此文档部分内容来源于网络,如有侵权请告知删除,文档可自行编辑修改内容,供参考,感谢您的配合和支持)。
Speaki ng Englis h with a Japane se mind 日本人在达到上学年龄后就要学英语,这些人在学会英语之后就可能用英语进行对外交流,但是他们所使用的英语要受到他们本民族的语言和文化的影响。
因此这就会造成困扰和误解在与其他用英语的人交流时。
AM,当他作为索尼公司的首席执行官时,在一次给美国的商学会做报告时他指出了这两种语言的明显差异。
他举了一个例子,一个美国商人向他的一个日本生意上的伙伴提议了一项计划。
可是当美国人完成时,日本人才开始谈论这个项目听起来多么有趣并且他们公司也有同样的想法。
美国人认为这个项目肯定会被接受。
但是随着辩论的拖延,美国人的关注也开始减弱,然后日本人说,不管怎样。
AM告诫说,接下来就是你要仔细听的时候了。
因为真正的回答是在那个词语的后面。
他经常告诫他的部下官员要用一种大多数的使用英语的人都习惯的方式说话,如果他想被别人理解。
他还告诫说,在日本你可能是大多数,但是到了国外你就是一小部分。
要想用一种大多数人都能最大限度的理解你的方式说话需要更多的语法知识和大量的词汇。
你必须对你所谈话的那个人的交流方式,社交礼仪,价值观等等很熟悉。
日本人的说话顺序正好和说英语的人相反。
甚至就是一个非常简单的句子,比如英国人会说,你得带伞因为要下雨。
而日本人会说,因为会下雨所以你要带伞。
不管这种正常的表达方式的顺序是否会控制想法顺序还是什么,日本人这种用不同顺序的表达信息的方式会让那些说英语的国家的人且对日本语言不了解的人感到困惑。
另一个例子就是,一些说英语的日本人和美国的一些领导举行卫星电视会议来讨论两国间的经济和贸易关系。
日本的参会者说着流利的英语,同时会被翻译成日语以供那些不懂得英语的人理解。
翻译基础知识总结1.异化(foreignization) 和归化(domestication)保留原语所包含的文化、形象色彩,叫异化,读者通过这样的译文可以感受到异域文化的东西。
例如,把crocodile tears 译为鳄鱼泪,就是异化的翻译方法;舍弃原语所包含的文化、形象色彩,取而代之用译文的文化色彩,或者牺牲这种文化色彩而只翻译出其意义就是归化,就是让原文“归顺”于译文。
例如把crocodile tears 译为假惺惺的眼泪,就是归化的翻译方法。
2.直译(literal translation) 和意译(free translation) 直译即照着原文直接翻译,例如藏龙卧虎– Hidden dragons and hidden tigers. 意译就是抛弃原文形式而只传达其意义,例如Dutch courage –酒后之勇3.音译(transliteration) 比如:store –士多cheese –汁斯风水–fungshui4.翻译的标准:信达雅faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance “信”指的是忠实于原文的内容和风格(faithful to the content and style of the source text;“达”指的是译文语言流畅自然而不生硬阻滞(the translation or target text should be natural and expressive);“雅”指的是译文译文语言风格尽可能贴近原文风格。
5.词类的转化conversion :名词动词形容词副词根据表达需要,在翻译中,往往需要进行词类的转化,此外,还包括抽象与具体的转化。
6.增添法amplification 比如:增添连接词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等7.省略法omission比如:省略连接词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等8.汉语是意合(parataxis)语言,分句之间的关系是隐性的(covert),英语是形合(hypotaxis) 语言,分句之间关系还是显性的(overt)9.英语的54种基本句型:SV / SVC / SVO / SVOO / SVOC (参考教材15面)10.比较来说,汉语是动态(dynamic) 语言英语是静态( static) 语言;汉语更喜欢使用有灵主语(及人或其他有生命的词作主语animate subject),英语更喜欢无灵主语(inaminate subject),例如:The sight of the photo reminded me of ...(参考教材31面)11.句子层次来说,英译汉常要分division, 汉译英常要合combination.翻译部分题型:一、篇章汉译英(15分):请注意词的处理技巧的恰当运用,以及句子的组合。
跨文化交际实用教程判断题与翻译Unit 1T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years.作为一种现象,跨文化传播已经存在了数千年.然而,作为一门学科,它的历史只有大约五十年.F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe.跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F 3 Culture is a static entity< 静态的实体> while communication is a dynamic process.文化是一个静态的实体而沟通是一个动态的过程T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given <约定的特定的> culture.文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识,人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations<over-generalization>,it still contributes to a person’s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性,但仍有助于人的文化认知.T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization.在跨文化交际中,我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开.T 7 Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals.文化错误比语言错误更严重.语言错误意味着有人不能充分表达自己的想法,而文化上的错误会导致严重的误解,甚至个人之间的不适感F 8 All people of the same nationality will have the same culture.所有同一民族的人都会有相同的文化T 9 Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same. 虽然两国文化有着相同的想法,但它们的意义和意义可能不一样F 10 One’s actions are totally independent of his or her culture.个人的行为完全独立于他或她的文化Unit 2T 1、All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achievedmay vary significantly.所有的文化都需要和价值的礼貌,但礼貌的方式可能会有所不同T2、Don’t take offence-getting the form of address 〞wrong〞is rarely intended to be offensive.不要拿"错误〞的形式来攻击,这是很难得的进攻T3、Addressing forms like "Miss Mary〞, 〞Brown〞by the Chinese may be a form of cultural compromise.解决形式如"玛丽小姐〞,"棕色〞由中国可能是一种文化妥协的形式.T4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles.上校,上校,上校,可以用作头衔F5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means.西方人能够理解警察叔叔和解放军叔叔的手段.F6.We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas.我们可以解决杰森道格拉斯,他是个律师,律师道格拉斯.F7.Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated.中国人对西方人的热情好客是非常赞赏的.F8.The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.西方人对中国人的关注往往受到西方人的赞赏.F_9.〞Thank you for coming!〞is a typical expression used by Western hosts when the guests just arrived. 谢谢你的到来!"当客人刚到的时候,这是西方主人使用的一种典型的表达形式.T10.〞I’m sorry to have wasted your time〞or "I’m sorry to have taken up so much of yourtime〞are usually appropriate for the business visit.我很抱歉浪费了你的时间〞或者"我很抱歉占用了你这么多时间〞,通常都是适合商务拜访的.Unit 3T 1.sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments.有时,中国人表现出谦虚的方式可以被视为对赞美的赞美T2.The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.汉语和英语的社会功能大致相同.T 3.In informal situations, a large number of compliments are used to make people feel comfortable.在非正式场合,大量的赞美是让人感到舒服的F 4.The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures.文化的假设是文化的相同的.T 5.Adjectives and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese.形容词和动词常被用来传递英语中的恭维话,而形容词、副词和动词常被用在汉语里.F6. English compliments often begin with the word "you〞while Chinese compliments often start with the word "I〞. 英语的赞美常以"你〞一词开头,而中国人的赞美常以"我〞一词开头F 7. Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans.在日常生活中,中国人比美国人更为赞美.F8. Americans tends to be self-effacing in their compliments responses.美国人往往自谦在称赞别人的反应.F9. Compliments on other’s belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture.对他人财物的赞美有时是美国文化中的一种间接的方式T10. If a guest compliments something in another person’s home, the Chinese host or hostess will probably give that thing to the guest.如果一个客人在别人家里赞美别人的话,中国主人或女主人很可能会把这件事告诉客人.Unit 4F 1.Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication.言语交际比非语言交际更为重要F 2."Dragon〞means the same to the Westerner as "龙〞to the Chinese."龙〞是指同为西方人的"龙〞到中国.F 3.The Chinese phrase "知识分子〞has the same meaning as "intellectual〞.中国"知识分子〞具有相同的含义是"知识T 4.A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language.在一种语言中的一个术语在另一种语言中可能没有对等词F 5.In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always ,to use "公〞or "母〞to show whether a creature is male or female. This is the same with the English language.在谈到动物和鸟类,中国的做法是通常,但不总是,用"公〞或"母〞来表明该生物是否是男性或女性.这与英语是一样的.T 6. The following six English word: "vice〞, "associate〞, "assistant〞, "deputy〞, "lieutenant〞and "under〞can all mean "副〞in Chinese language.以下六个英文单词:"副〞、"联想〞、"助理〞、"副〞、"中尉〞和"下〞都是"副〞在汉语中F 7.There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs.有许多相似之处,英语谚语和汉语谚语的异同.T 8. Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo,违反文化禁忌的是严重违背了言语禁忌T 9.Patterns of thought varies with culture.思维方式随文化而变化.T10.Particular thought patterns predominate in each culture, e.g. American culture is predominantlyfactual-inductive, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are predominately intuitive-affective.在每一个特定的思维模式主导文化的,例如美国文化主要是事实的归纳,俄罗斯文化主要是公理化演绎,和阿拉伯文化以直观的情感.Unit 5T1.Speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others.说只是一种交流方式.还有许多人F2.Some researchers assert that in face-to-face communication, about 70%of information is communicated through speaking, and over 30% sis sent by nonverbal means.一些研究者断言,在面对面的交流中,约有70%的信息是通过说话,而超过30%则是通过非语言方式发送的T3.Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers.环境是非语言交际的五个研究领域之一T4.Much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to elusive, spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness.我们大部分的非语言行为,如文化,往往难以实现,自发的,往往超越我们的认识tin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures.拉丁美洲,非洲,阿拉伯和大多数亚洲文化是单一的文化.T6.Arab belongs to tough cultures.阿拉伯属于艰难的文化T7.In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience.在一些文化中,为了表示尊重或服从,应该避免使用目光接触T8.The appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures.身体接触的适宜性因不同的文化而不同F9.Western women usually like Chinese to touch their bodies or small children.西方妇女通常喜欢中国人接触他们的身体或小孩.F10.Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them.座位安排体现文化.中国人倾向于和他们说话,而不是坐在他们旁边的人Unit 6F1.Gender is the cultural meaning of "sex〞.性别是"性〞的文化内涵F2.Sex and gender are synonymous.同义的性别和性别是同义词T3.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both.一位女士可能是女性,男性或两者的结合T4.Women are generally comfortable with building close relationships and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure.女性一般舒适与建筑密切关系和信任别人,而大多数人都保留对参与和披露.F5.Most men use communication to create connection or equality between people.大多数人用沟通来建立联系或平等的人F6.Women usually use communication to establish status and power.女性通常使用沟通来确立地位和权力T7.In feminine culture, communication is a way—probably the primary way—to express and expand closeness.在女性文化中,传播是表达和扩大亲密关系的主要途径.T8.Masculine socialization stresses doing things and regards action as primary ways to create and express closeness.男性社会化强调做事情,把行动视为创造和表达亲密的主要方式.T9.The first and last principal for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.有效的跨性别传播的第一个和最后一个主要是中止判断.T10.It is difficult but possible to seek translation cues that will facilitate our communication.这是困难的,但可能寻求翻译线索,将有利于我们的沟通.跨文化交际实用教程复习总结简单版1、外国人指下星期六是指这个周六,而我们中过人说下星期六是这个星期后的星期六,参照时间点不同2、外国人不喜欢人家说他/她老3、名字顺序:He Xiangu , Andrew LewisSurname given name ,given name Surname注意:surname =last name; given name=first name称呼职称时,中国:surname +title;外国:Title+surname 或Title +surname given name4、副的用法:vice associate assistant deputy under lieutenantEg:vice-chairman , associate proffessor , assistant mananger , deputy director , undersecretary , lieutenant governor5、西方人认为下面的东西是私隐的:age,salary,health,family,visiting〔拜访人家要提前通知〕,parting6、在西方,如果去拜访人家,来到主人家时,客人会被立刻问到要不要脱下大衣〔out-door clothing〕,如果客人说不脱了,表示他们只是stay a few minutes.7、在中国,It is acceptable 留下东西在盘子里,但是在西方,这是不礼貌的,要finish eating.8、In English, only a few titles can be used: Doctor, Judge,Governor, Major,Professor, Nurse, Captain, Colonel.9、西方人可以当面指出朋友的错误,东方人不行.10、加拿大人:No seeing out when Guest leaves.No stand-up when your leaders comes in.No help for old people.11、Positively commenting on somenting can indicate that the speaker like to possess it.所以中国人一听到人家说"I love your scarf,It is really pretty〞赞美她的东西,就会坚持要送给人家.12、中国人赞美的语言特征:以"you〞"your〞开头,西方人则以"I〞开头.13、西方人认为losing weigh is good 中国人不认为good.14、M-time:西方-Northern American,Western and Northern EuropeanP-time:东方-Latin American,Afican,Arab,most Asian15、地中海文化:夸X/大悲痛,经常可以见到男性在公共场合哭.美国:男性压抑情感.日本:男性更加压抑情感,将生气、悲伤、失望用微笑掩埋.韩国:太多的微笑会被认为肤浅.泰国:The land of smiles.16、眼神接触西方人希望有眼神接触,阿拉伯人也同意.日本人、Latin American、加勒比海人不提倡太长时间眼神接触.17、谈话之间美国人不希望有silence,日本人很欣赏silence.18、Body contactAsia、地中海文化可以有同性之间的,但异性之间是禁止的.19、Negotiation日本、中国、中东、巴西、墨西哥认为relationship在negotiaton重要20、美国人见到别人打招呼用first name,也会touch people ,英国人则要熟络之后才用first name.21、英国人有很强的隐私22、西方人通常选择座位:主人指的或他们喜欢的, 中国人认为坐在不是很舒服的位置可显示出谦虚.23、adj. 和V经常被英语用来赞美,adj. adv.和V经常被东方人用来赞美.24、T aboos东西方都是禁忌的:关于排泄物、sexual intercourse and parts of the body、four-letter words、诅咒.25、Thought patterns美国:factual-inductive 事实归纳型Russian:axiomatic-deductive 推论/演绎型Arab:intuitive-affective 直觉/观型26、In Korea,女士如果有社会地位的一般穿dress或skirt,只有地位低得才穿trousers.27、"OK〞gesture:美国means good,Brazil means 下流的,不好的,Japan 和korea means money.28、美国人wil sit with their feet on the desk,which shows 他们舒服,但对于Latin American or Asians,这个行为是粗鲁的和自大傲慢的.29、personal spaceShort distance:Latins,地中海的ArabsMedium distance:Americans,Northern EuropeansLong distance:Japanese,地中海的Europeans30、Seating arrangements美国人:tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them.中国人:with people sitting next to each other.31、Point to objects美国人:用index fingerGerman:little fingerJapanese:entire handAsian:用index finger is considered rude.32、Beckoning sign〔示意叫唤〕中国人:By shaking the hand with palm turned downward,对于美国人,这个动作means wave goodbye. 美国人:one palm up,fingers more or less together,and moves toward his or her body.33、Counting with fingersChinese:bending the fingers from a stretcher palmAmerican:stretching the fingers from a cleachen fist.。
The Nature of Organizational CultureThe Subsequent chapters so far have been concerned with the external culture.Regardless of whether this environment or cultural context impacts on the MNC,when individuals join an MNC,not only do they bring their national culture ,which greatly affects their learned beliefs,attitudes ,values,and behaviors ,with them,but at the same time they enter into an organizational culture. Employees of MNCs are expected to "fit in ".For example ,at PepsiCo,personal are expected to show self-confidence,assertiveness,and machismo.Regardless of the external environment or their national culture,managers and employees must understand and follow their organizational's culture to be successful.In this section,after first defining organizational culture,we analyze the interaction of national and organizational cultures.An understanding of this interaction has become recognized as vital to effective international management.组织文化的本质在下面的章节我们将关注外来文化。
不管这是否对跨国公司的环境或文化背景有影响,当个人加入跨国公司时,他们不仅仅带来了他们的文化,与之伴随的信仰、态度、价值观和行为也对跨国公司有着重大的影响,但是在这同时他们也加入到了组织的文化中。
跨国公司期望雇员们能够适应这种组织文化。
例如,百事公司,公司希望他们能展现出他们的自信和男子气概。
无论外部环境或本国文化,管理者和员工必须了解并遵循其组织的文化是成功的。
在这个部分,首先确定组织文化,分析相互作用的国家和组织文化。
了解这种互动已成为公认的重要的有效的国际管理。
Definition and CharacteristicsOrganizational culture has been defined in several different ways.In its most basic form,organizational culture can be defined as the shared values and beliefs that enable members to understand their roles and the norms of the organization.A more detailed definition is offered by organizational cultural theorist Edgar Schein,who defines it as a pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration,and that has worked well enough to be considered valid and,therefore,to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive,think,and feel in relation to those problems.Regardless of how the term is defined,a number of important characteristics are associated with an organization's culture.These have been summarized as:1.Observed behavioral regularities,as typified by common language,terminology,and rituals.2.Norms,as reflected by things such as the amount of work to be done and the degree of cooperation between management and employees.3.Dominant values that the organization advocates and expects participants to share,such as high product and service quality,low absenteeism,and high efficiency.4.A philosophy that is set forth in the MNC's beliefs regarding how employees and customers should be treated.5.Rules that dictate the do's and don'ts of employee behavior relating to areas such as productivity,customer relations,and intergroup cooperation.anizational climate,or the overall atmosphere of the enterprise as reflected by the way that participants interact with each other,conduct themselves with customers,and feel about the way they are treated by higher-level management.定义和特点组织文化有多种不同的定义方式。
它最基本的定义形式为,组织文化可以定义为使成员了解他们的角色和组织规范的共同的价值观和信仰,。
一个更为详细的定义是由组织文化理论学家埃德加·郑海涛所给出的,他将此定义成一个一系列共通的基本假设,组织中的人使用它解决了自身外部相容和内部整合的问题,这已经足以被认为是有效的,所以,要教新成员如何以正确的方法来感知、思考、和感受之间的关系这些问题的方法。
不管它怎么样去定义,组织的文化总是有着一些重要的特点。
这些被概括为:1 观察到的行为规律,用普通的语言、术语和仪式来代表。
2 规范,反映为需要完成的业务的数量和管理层和雇员之间的合作程度。
3 组织主导的价值观提倡并希望参与者分享,例如高产量和优质的服务的质量,低旷工率和高生产效率。
4 应如何处理与雇员和顾客的关系的哲学思想被摆在MNC的第四项理念。
5 员工的行为规范,哪些该做哪些不该做与生产力、客户关系、成员的合作等有关系。
6 组织环境、或企业的整体氛围,通过成员间的交互,与客户之间的交流,和对高层管理者管理方式的感受所反映出来。
This list is not intended to be all-inclusive , but it does help to illustrate the nature of organizational culture . The major problem is that sometimes an MNC’s organizational culture in one country’s facility differs sharply from organizational cultures in other countries . For example , managers who do well in England may be ineffective in Germany , despite the fact that they work for the same MNC . In addition , the cultures of the English and German subsidiaries may differ sharply from those of the home U.S location . Effectively dealing with this multiculturalism within the various locations of an MNC in a major challenge for international management .这一清单并不打算包罗一切,但它确实有助于说明组织文化的性质。
主要的问题是,有时一个跨国公司的组织文化在一个国家的工厂与在其他国家,结果会大相径庭。
例如,在英格兰的高绩效经理在德国可能是无效的,尽管他们为同一跨国公司工作。
此外,英国和德国子公司的文化可能会因美国家庭的位置而有所不同。
在国际化管理中有效处理具有不同地点的跨国公司的多元文化是一个重大挑战。
A good example is provided by the German MNC Hoechst AG, the very large chemical company that employs more people on the other side of the Atlantic than in Germany. As its chairman has noted,“We are not merely a German company with foreign interests. One could almost say we are a nonnational company.”And because of the high labor costs in Germany, the firm has been expanding its operations to lower-cost regions. It has also been selling some of its German operations while purchasing businesses in other countries. In the process, Hoechst has also made its top management less German. For example, a Brazilian and an American are members of the firm’s nine-member board. The company is also trying to change its culture through new performance-based pay programs. However, getting people to buy into the new culture has proven a challenge.一个很好的例子是由德国跨国公司Hoechst AG提出的,大型化工公司在大西洋的另一边比在德国雇用的人更多。