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Unit 1Settling down at college around the world适应校园生活——来自世界各地的访谈Tanya Zarutskaya Moscow, Russia塔尼娅•扎茹茨卡娅莫斯科，俄罗斯This time last year I was nervous about my new life.去年的这个时候，我对新生活感到很紧张。
I didn't have any friends, and it was my first time away from home. 我没有朋友，也是第一次离开家。
At first I worked all the time, going to lectures and studying late into the night.一开始，我一天到晚都在忙功课：上课，并且学习到深夜。
But then I realized I was missing out on so many other things at university. 可后来我意识到我错过了大学里许多其他活动。
One day a girl in my hall of residence invited everyone in the dorm to a dinner party.一天，跟我住同一幢宿舍楼的一个女孩儿邀请全楼的人去参加一个晚宴。
I've no idea where she managed to buy the food, or how she had enough money. 我不知道她在哪儿买的那些吃的，也不清楚她怎么会有足够的钱。
And she dressed like a model.而且她穿得像个模特儿。
I don't know why she was bothering with university!我真不知道她干嘛还要费那劲儿上大学！I've got to know lots of interesting people and I now enjoy myself as well as study hard.现在我结识了许多有趣的人，既努力学习，也快乐地生活。
文化在跨文化交流的英语四级作文English: Culture plays a crucial role in cross-cultural communicationas it shapes a person's values, beliefs, behaviors, and communication styles. When engaging in cross-cultural interactions, individuals must be aware of cultural differences in order to effectively communicate and avoid misunderstandings. For example, certain gestures or phrases that are considered polite in one culture may be offensive in another. In addition, cultural differences in communication styles, such as direct vs. indirect communication, may lead to misinterpretations if not understood. Therefore, having a basic understanding of different cultural norms and practices is essentialfor successful cross-cultural communication. By actively listening, showing respect, and adapting to the customs of other cultures, individuals can build connections, foster understanding, and bridge the gap between different cultural groups.中文翻译: 文化在跨文化交流中起着至关重要的作用，因为它塑造了一个人的价值观、信仰、行为和沟通风格。
跨文化Chapter 1P1~2Chapter 1 前三段判断题范围THE ONLY TIME WHEN TRUE SUFFERING OCCURS ISWHEN TWO CULTURES COLLIDE. —— HERMANN HESSE只有苦难发生，当两种文化碰撞时。
anyone who has done business internationally knows that dreadful feeling brought on by the blank stares,任何人做国际业务的都知道，空洞的眼神所带来的可怕感觉，the forced half-smiles, the murmured comments in a language that seems indecipherable—强迫半微笑，用似乎难以辨认的语言低声评论——when what you say doesn't connect, and when something seems missing.当无法和你说什么事情联系上时，有些事情似乎就错过了，The paranoia is inescapable. You had your checklist of cultural do's and don'ts and followed them religiously.偏执是不可避免的。
你有你的该做什么和不该做什么的文化清单，并且虔诚地遵守着。
You broke no taboos, committed no cultural faux pas, insulted no one—yet you failed to break through. Why?你不打破任何禁忌，不犯任何文化失礼，不侮辱任何人——但你却未能突破文化差异。
为什么呢？Distance and time were once the biggest obstacles to doing business internationally.距离和时间，一度成为做国际业务的最大障碍。
The relationship between language and culture is very close.然而，每一种语言都是在具体、特定的社会、历史环境中产生和发展起来。
每一种语言中的形象意义都是在自己独特的历史、社会条件和民族风俗语境下形成。
与语言的发展很相似，文化也是社会发展到一定阶段的产物。
However, every language is produced and developed in the concrete, specific social, historical env ironment. Every language’s meaning is formed in its own unique history, social conditions and national customs. What’s more, the development of culture it’s very similar of language.首先，“语言是文化的一个组成部分”文化包括了语言，是语言最重要的属性之一。
文化社会学认为，文化涉及人类生活的各个方面，任何人类社会都离不开文化，而语言只是构成文化大系统的要素之一。
不同的语言社团各有独特看待世界的方式，形成了各自个性化的语言。
同时，他们的语言为我们提供了理解他们文化系统的线索。
First of all, “language is one part of the cultural”, is one of the most important attributes of culture. Cultural Sociology considers that culture is related to all aspects of human life. Any one can’t inseparable from the culture. Different language groups have their unique way to looking at the world, formed their own personalized language. At the same time, their languages provide clues for us to understanding their cultural system.其次，语言作为文化的一部分，又是文化的镜像反射，它忠实而全面地反映出民族文化的特征。
跨文化翻译
跨文化翻译是一种将文字、图像和音频等多种形式的信息从一种语言转
换成另一种语言的过程。
它不仅仅是一种文本翻译，而且要涉及到不同文化
的理解和融洽。
跨文化翻译的主要目的是把原文的意思保持完整，尊重不同
文化的差异，使读者更容易理解原文的内容和文体。
跨文化翻译不仅要求翻译人员熟悉双方语言，而且还需要精通语言学和
文化方面的知识，并较好地掌握双方文化之间的差异。
只有充分了解不同文
化背景下言谈举止中存在的差异，才能有效地完成翻译任务。
例如，英国人
和阿拉伯人在谈话时具有很大不同，阿拉伯人谈论话语要求礼貌，而英国人
则偏重有趣的话题。
当英译阿时，翻译人员需要注意这两种文化之间的差异，把意思正确地传达到另一方，从而才能达到翻译效果。
此外，跨文化翻译有可能出现字面上无法准确翻译、两语言表达法不同
而不能翻译相应意思的问题，这就要求对于跨文化翻译的翻译人员必须学习
更多的文化知识，掌握有效的翻译工具和途径从而让翻译达到最高质量。
总的来说，跨文化翻译不仅是文字翻译的过程，还涉及到不同文化的理
解和融洽。
它既要求翻译人员学习语言学和文化知识，又要提升他们的技能
去辨认文化差异，并对双方文化使用有效的翻译方式，使翻译保持原文的意
思完整，从而实现跨文化交流和理解。
fully by letter, telephone, fax or e-mail in such cultures. It is not necessary to meet face-to-face with a colleague to get things done.完全在这种文化的信函，电话，传真或电子邮件。
满足面对面与同事把事情做好是没有必要的。
High-context cultures are the exact opposite. Communication tends to be imprecise and as much attention is paid to the person delivering the message as to the message itself. In high-context cultures---most of Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa---personal encounters are essential before business can begin.高语境文化是完全相反的。
沟通往往是不精确的，对提供消息的人比对消息本身关注的更多。
高语境文化中---大多数拉丁美洲，亚洲，中东和非洲---个人遭遇实在业务开始之前必不可少的。
These people need as much ancillary information as possible. They pay more attention to physical surroundings, how a business colleague is dressed or coiffured---the general ambiance of the negotiations---than individuals from low-context countries. Body language, facial gestures and voice inflection are important methods of communication. The physical surroundings for a meeting or a business meal are just as important as the substance of the discussion.这些人需要尽可能多的辅助信息。
第一单元语言：汉语与英语Section A 汉语Passage 1 中文的方方面面1汉语是汉藏语系的一个分支，由数百种地方语言组成，其中许多语言互不相通。
据估计，10多亿人的第一语言是某种形式的汉语作。
历史2古汉语是经证明最古老的汉语，是所有现代汉语变体的始祖。
从先秦到晋代都使用过古文。
中国最早的文字记载出现在3000多年前，最早的例子是商代末年甲骨上的占卜铭文。
在随后的周朝，青铜器铭文变得丰富起来。
周朝后半期文学繁荣发展，包括《论语》、《孟子》、《春秋》等经典著作。
这些作品都是文言文的典范。
3中古汉语是南北朝和隋唐宋时期使用的语言，可以分为以韵书《切韵》为标志的早期中古汉语，和以切韵系统的指南“韵表”为标志的晚期中古汉语。
中古汉语是恢复早期汉语发音的口传的起点。
4北宋灭亡后，在晋朝和元朝时期，中国北方出现了一种通用语（现在称为旧官话）。
明清时期的官员们使用基于普通话变体的“官话”来管理国家。
在明清时期的多半时间里，这种语言是以南京地区的方言为基础的，但与任何一种方言都不完全相同。
到1909年，即将灭亡的清朝将北京话定为“国语”5中华人民共和国继续推行共同的国语，于1956年正式确定了中国的标准语言。
普通话是现代汉语的标准形式，以北京语音系统为发音规范，以北方方言为方言基础，以白话文学语言为语法规范。
在中国，普通话现在被用于教育、媒体和正式场合。
汉语是联合国六种官方语言之一。
发音7 汉字不能可靠地指明其发音。
因此，对于那些不识汉字的人来说，将汉语音译成拉丁字母是很有用的。
拼音系统是在20世纪50年代由许多语言学家在早期汉语罗马化形式的基础上发展起来的。
1958年由中国政府出版，并多次修订。
国际标准化组织（ISO）于1982年将拼音作为一项国际标准，随后于1986年被联合国采用。
8声母和韵母构成拼音的基本要素。
普通话的每个音节都可以用一个声母后跟一个韵母拼写，或者在某些情况下只有一个韵母，但特殊音节er或后缀-r被视为音节的一部分时除外。
浅析英汉跨文化翻译中的归化和异化作者：梁济韬来源：《校园英语·月末》2023年第03期摘要：英汉跨文化翻译中，译者面对文化背景的差异必须在归化与异化之间做出合理选择，以提高译文质量。
为做好跨文化翻译工作，本文将对归化与异化的基本概念、两者关系进行分析，然后提出了归化与异化翻译的基本要求与常用方法。
通过研究可知，归化与异化两者相互对立，但又相辅相成，彼此功能并不相同，在满足基本要求的条件下熟练应用归化与异化翻译策略，能有效提高英汉跨文化翻译质量。
关键词：英汉跨文化翻译；归化与异化；跨文化翻译策略作者简介：梁济韬（1998.06-），女，山西文水人，宁夏大学，研究生，研究方向：英语笔译。
英语与汉语在语言表达方式、语法逻辑、语义表达习惯等多个方面存在较大差异，要完成读者能够理解，又能体会到其中文化特征的英汉跨文化翻译是一项比较困难的工作，而要做好该项工作，就需要译者熟练掌握归化与异化这两种翻译策略。
同时从现实层面出发，熟练掌握归化与异化翻译策略，对于开展国际交流、文化输出等大有益处，因此有必要对比展开相关研究。
一、归化和异化理论（一）基本概念归化是指将外来语言及内在文化元素归入读者文化背景，用读者母语的语言逻辑等进行翻译，使得外来语言化为读者能够理解，且有认同感的译文。
译者在翻译时，既要考虑原作及原作作者，尽可能地将原作的内容和风格忠实地表达出来；同时，还要考虑译入语读者，尽量淡化原文的陌生感，使译文便于读者接受。
归化翻译的最大特点便是采用通顺地道的译入语进行翻译，使译文更加流畅自然。
我国翻译家傅雷和钱钟书先生便主张归化的翻译策略，傅雷曾坦言：“理想的译作仿佛是原作者的中文写作”。
异化是指在译文中保留外来语言的特有表达方式、语法逻辑的一种翻译策略。
简言之，异化就是要保留原文的原汁原味。
异化法要求在充分理解源文本语义的基础上，将源文本的意义转化为目的语的新结构，并赋予其新的表达意义，使源文本的精神能最大限度地保留下来。
跨文化翻译句子翻译Part II 句子翻译Uint1Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我幼稚可欺吗？Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.不必过早担心。
/不必自寻烦恼。
/ 船到桥头自然直。
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.”一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。
1.He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time.他是个神枪手，可这次却遭遇了滑铁卢（遭到惨败）。
2.After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground.他的上一本小说写砸了，名声从此岌岌可危。
3.Studies serve for delight, for ornament（装饰，美化）and ability. Their chief use fordelight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability,is in the judgment, and disposition（安排）of business.读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。
其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。
(王佐良译)1. Diction 选词用字the After-class Assignment-11.Microprocessors monitor tyre wear and brake power on cars. （根据词类选择词义）微机监测、检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。
The Nature of Organizational CultureThe Subsequent chapters so far have been concerned with the external culture.Regardless of whether this environment or cultural context impacts on the MNC,when individuals join an MNC,not only do they bring their national culture ,which greatly affects their learned beliefs,attitudes ,values,and behaviors ,with them,but at the same time they enter into an organizational culture. Employees of MNCs are expected to "fit in ".For example ,at PepsiCo,personal are expected to show self-confidence,assertiveness,and machismo.Regardless of the external environment or their national culture,managers and employees must understand and follow their organizational's culture to be successful.In this section,after first defining organizational culture,we analyze the interaction of national and organizational cultures.An understanding of this interaction has become recognized as vital to effective international management.组织文化的本质在下面的章节我们将关注外来文化。
不管这是否对跨国公司的环境或文化背景有影响，当个人加入跨国公司时，他们不仅仅带来了他们的文化，与之伴随的信仰、态度、价值观和行为也对跨国公司有着重大的影响，但是在这同时他们也加入到了组织的文化中。
跨国公司期望雇员们能够适应这种组织文化。
例如，百事公司，公司希望他们能展现出他们的自信和男子气概。
无论外部环境或本国文化，管理者和员工必须了解并遵循其组织的文化是成功的。
在这个部分，首先确定组织文化，分析相互作用的国家和组织文化。
了解这种互动已成为公认的重要的有效的国际管理。
Definition and CharacteristicsOrganizational culture has been defined in several different ways.In its most basic form,organizational culture can be defined as the shared values and beliefs that enable members to understand their roles and the norms of the organization.A more detailed definition is offered by organizational cultural theorist Edgar Schein,who defines it as a pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration,and that has worked well enough to be considered valid and,therefore,to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive,think,and feel in relation to those problems.Regardless of how the term is defined,a number of important characteristics are associated with an organization's culture.These have been summarized as:1.Observed behavioral regularities,as typified by common language,terminology,and rituals.2.Norms,as reflected by things such as the amount of work to be done and the degree of cooperation between management and employees.3.Dominant values that the organization advocates and expects participants to share,such as high product and service quality,low absenteeism,and high efficiency.4.A philosophy that is set forth in the MNC's beliefs regarding how employees and customers should be treated.5.Rules that dictate the do's and don'ts of employee behavior relating to areas such as productivity,customer relations,and intergroup cooperation.anizational climate,or the overall atmosphere of the enterprise as reflected by the way that participants interact with each other,conduct themselves with customers,and feel about the way they are treated by higher-level management.定义和特点组织文化有多种不同的定义方式。
它最基本的定义形式为，组织文化可以定义为使成员了解他们的角色和组织规范的共同的价值观和信仰,。
一个更为详细的定义是由组织文化理论学家埃德加·郑海涛所给出的,他将此定义成一个一系列共通的基本假设，组织中的人使用它解决了自身外部相容和内部整合的问题,这已经足以被认为是有效的,所以,要教新成员如何以正确的方法来感知、思考、和感受之间的关系这些问题的方法。
不管它怎么样去定义,组织的文化总是有着一些重要的特点。
这些被概括为:1 观察到的行为规律,用普通的语言、术语和仪式来代表。
2 规范,反映为需要完成的业务的数量和管理层和雇员之间的合作程度。
3 组织主导的价值观提倡并希望参与者分享,例如高产量和优质的服务的质量,低旷工率和高生产效率。
4 应如何处理与雇员和顾客的关系的哲学思想被摆在MNC的第四项理念。
5 员工的行为规范，哪些该做哪些不该做与生产力、客户关系、成员的合作等有关系。
6 组织环境、或企业的整体氛围,通过成员间的交互,与客户之间的交流,和对高层管理者管理方式的感受所反映出来。
This list is not intended to be all-inclusive , but it does help to illustrate the nature of organizational culture . The major problem is that sometimes an MNC’s organizational culture in one country’s facility differs sharply from organizational cultures in other countries . For example , managers who do well in England may be ineffective in Germany , despite the fact that they work for the same MNC . In addition , the cultures of the English and German subsidiaries may differ sharply from those of the home U.S location . Effectively dealing with this multiculturalism within the various locations of an MNC in a major challenge for international management .这一清单并不打算包罗一切，但它确实有助于说明组织文化的性质。
主要的问题是，有时一个跨国公司的组织文化在一个国家的工厂与在其他国家，结果会大相径庭。
例如，在英格兰的高绩效经理在德国可能是无效的，尽管他们为同一跨国公司工作。
此外，英国和德国子公司的文化可能会因美国家庭的位置而有所不同。
在国际化管理中有效处理具有不同地点的跨国公司的多元文化是一个重大挑战。
A good example is provided by the German MNC Hoechst AG, the very large chemical company that employs more people on the other side of the Atlantic than in Germany. As its chairman has noted,“We are not merely a German company with foreign interests. One could almost say we are a nonnational company.”And because of the high labor costs in Germany, the firm has been expanding its operations to lower-cost regions. It has also been selling some of its German operations while purchasing businesses in other countries. In the process, Hoechst has also made its top management less German. For example, a Brazilian and an American are members of the firm’s nine-member board. The company is also trying to change its culture through new performance-based pay programs. However, getting people to buy into the new culture has proven a challenge.一个很好的例子是由德国跨国公司Hoechst AG提出的,大型化工公司在大西洋的另一边比在德国雇用的人更多。
